罗斯公司理财第九版第五章课后答案对应版说课讲解
Cha07罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题
Cha07罗斯公司理财第九版原版书课后习题to abandon, and timing options.4. Decision trees represent an approach for valuing projects with these hidden, or real, options.Concept Questions1. Forecasting Risk What is forecasting risk? In general, would the degree of forecasting risk begreater for a new product or a cost-cutting proposal? Why?2. Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis What is the essential difference betweensensitivity analysis and scenario analysis?3. Marginal Cash Flows A coworker claims that looking at all this marginal this and incrementalthat is just a bunch of nonsense, and states, “Listen, if our average revenue doesn’t exceed our average cost, then we will have a negative cash flow, and we will go broke!” How do you respond?4. Break-Even Point As a shareholder of a firm that is contemplating a new project, would yoube more concerned with the accounting break-even point, the cash break-even point (the point at which operating cash flow is zero), or the financial break-even point? Why?5. Break-Even Point Assume a firm is considering a new project that requires an initialinvestment and has equal sales and costs over its life. Will the project reach the accounting, cash, or financial break-even point first? Which will it reach next? Last? Will this order always apply?6. Real Options Why does traditional NPV analysis tend to underestimate the true value of acapital budgeting project?7. Real Options The Mango Republic has just liberalized its markets and is now permittingforeign investors. Tesla Manufacturing has analyzed starting a project in the country and has determined that the project hasa negative NPV. Why might the company go ahead with the project? What type of option is most likely to add value to this project?8. Sensitivity Analysis and Breakeven How does sensitivity analysis interact with break-evenanalysis?9. Option to Wait An option can often have more than one source of value. Consider a loggingcompany. The company can log the timber today or wait another year (or more) to log the timber.What advantages would waiting one year potentially have?10. Project Analysis You are discussing a project analysis witha coworker. The project involvesreal options, such as expanding the project if successful, or abandoning the project if it fails. Your coworker makes the following statement: “This analysis is ridiculous. We looked at expanding or abandoning the project in two years, but there are many other options we should consider. For example, we could expand in one year, and expand further in two years. Or we could expand in one year, and abandon the project in two years. There are too many options for us to examine.Because of this, anything this analysis would give us is worthless.” How would you evaluate this statement? Considering that with any capital budgeting project there are an infinite number of real options, when do you stop the option analysis on an individual project?Questions and Problems: connect?BASIC (Questions 1–10)1. Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Point We are evaluating a project that costs$724,000, has an eight-year life, and has no salvage value. Assume that depreciation is straight-line to zero over the life of the project. Sales are projected at 75,000 units per year. Price per unit is $39, variable cost per unit is $23, and fixed costs are $850,000 per year. The tax rate is 35 percent, and we require a 15 percent return on this project.1. Calculate the accounting break-even point.2. Calculate the base-case cash flow and NPV. What is the sensitivity of NPV to changes inthe sales figure? Explain what your answer tells you about a 500-unit decrease in projected sales.3. What is the sensitivity of OCF to changes in the variable cost figure? Explain what youranswer tells you about a $1 decrease in estimated variable costs.2. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, suppose the projections given for price, quantity,variable costs, and fixed costs are all accurate to w ithin ±10 percent. Calculate the best-case and worst-case NPV figures.3. Calculating Breakeven In each of the following cases, find the unknown variable. Ignoretaxes.4. Financial Breakeven L.J.’s Toys Inc. just purchased a $250,000 machine to produce toy cars.The machine will be fully depreciated by the straight-line method over its five-year economic life.Each toy sells for $25. The variable cost per toy is $6, and the firm incurs fixed costs of $360,000 each year. The corporate tax rate for the company is 34 percent. The appropriate discount rate is12 percent. What is the financial break-even point for the project?5. Option to Wait Your company is deciding whether to invest in a new machine. The newmachine will increase cash flow by $340,000 per year. You believe the technology used in the machine has a 10-year life; in other words, no matter when you purchase the machine, it will be obsolete 10 years from today. The machine is currently priced at $1,800,000. The cost of the machine will decline by $130,000 per year until it reaches $1,150,000, where it will remain. If your required return is 12 percent, should you purchase the machine? If so, when should you purchase it?6. Decision Trees Ang Electronics, Inc., has developed a new DVDR. If the DVDR is successful,the present value of the payoff (when the product is brought to market) is $22 million. If the DVDR fails, the present value of the payoff is $9 million. If the product goes directly to market, there is a50 percent chance of success. Alternatively, Ang can delay the launch by one year and spend $1.5million to test market the DVDR. Test marketing would allow the firm to improve the product and increase the probability of success to 80 percent. The appropriate discount rate is 11 percent.Should the firm conduct test marketing?7. Decision Trees The manager for a growing firm is considering the launch of a new product. Ifthe product goes directly to market, there is a 50 percent chance of success. For $135,000 the manager can conduct a focus group that will increase the product’s chance of success to 65 percent. Alternatively, the manager has the option to pay a consulting firm $400,000 to research the market and refine the product. The consulting firm successfully launches new products 85 percent of the time. If the firm successfully launches the product, the payoff will be $1.5 million. If the product is a failure, the NPV is zero. Which action will result in the highest expected payoff to the firm?8. Decision Trees B&B has a new baby powder ready to market. If the firm goes directly to themarket with the product, there is only a 55 percent chance of success. However, the firm can conduct customer segment research, which will take a year and cost $1.8 million. By going through research, B&B will be able to better target potential customers and will increase the probability of success to 70 percent. If successful, the baby powder will bring a present value profit (at time of initial selling) of $28 million. If unsuccessful, the present value payoff is only $4 million. Should the firm conduct customer segment research or go directly to market? The appropriate discount rate is15 percent.9. Financial Break-Even Analysis You are considering investing in a company that cultivatesabalone for sale to local restaurants. Use the following information:The discount rate for the company is 15 percent, the initial investment in equipment is $360,000, and the project’s economic life is seven years. Assume the equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the project’s life.1. What is the accounting break-even level for the project?2. What is the financial break-even level for the project?10. Financial Breakeven Niko has purchased a brand new machine to produce its High Flight lineof shoes. The machine has an economic life of five years. The depreciation schedule for the machine is straight-line with no salvage value. The machine costs $390,000. The sales price per pair of shoes is $60, while the variable cost is $14. $185,000 of fixed costs per year are attributed to the machine. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 34 percent and the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. What is the financial break-even point?INTERMEDIATE (Questions 11–25)11. Break-Even Intuition Consider a project with a required return of R percent that costs $I andwill last for N years. The project uses straight-line depreciation to zero over the N-year life; there are neither salvage value nor net working capital requirements.1. At the accounting break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?2. At the cash break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?3. At the financial break-even level of output, what is the IRR of this project? The paybackperiod? The NPV?12. Sensitivity Analysis Consider a four-year project with the following information: Initial fixedasset investment = $380,000; straight-line depreciation to zero over the four-year life; zero salvage value; price = $54; variable costs = $42; fixed costs = $185,000; quantity sold = 90,000 units; tax rate = 34 percent. How sensitive is OCF to changes in quantity sold?13. Project Analysis You are considering a new product launch. The project will cost $960,000,have a four-year life, and have no salvage value; depreciation is straight-line to zero. Sales are projected at 240 units per year; price per unit will be $25,000; variable cost per unit will be $19,500; and fixed costs will be $830,000 per year. The required return on the project is 15 percent, and the relevant tax rate is 35 percent.1. Based on your experience, you think the unit sales, variable cost, and fixed costprojections given here are probably accurate to within ±10 percent. What are the upper and lower bounds for these projections? What is the base-case NPV? What are the best-case and worst-case scenarios?2. Evaluate the sensitivity of your base-case NPV to changes in fixed costs.3. What is the accounting break-even level of output for this project?14. Project Analysis McGilla Golf has decided to sell a newline of golf clubs. The clubs will sell for$750 per set and have a variable cost of $390 per set. The company has spent $150,000 for a marketing study that determined the company will sell 55,000 sets per year for seven years. The marketing study also determined that the company will lose sales of 12,000 sets of its high-priced clubs. The high-priced clubs sell at $1,100 and have variable costs of $620. The company will also increase sales of its cheap clubs by 15,000 sets. The cheap clubs sell for $400 and have variable costs of $210 per set. The fixed costs each year will be $8,100,000. The company has also spent $1,000,000 on research and development for the new clubs. The plant and equipment required will cost $18,900,000 and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis. The new clubs will also require an increase in net working capital of $1,400,000 that will be returned at the end of the project. The tax rate is 40 percent, and the cost of capital is 14 percent. Calculate the payback period, the NPV, and the IRR.15. Scenario Analysis In the previous problem, you feel that the values are accurate to withinonly ±10 percent. What are the best-case and worst-case NPVs? (Hint: The price and variable costs for the two existing sets of clubs are known with certainty; only the sales gained or lost are uncertain.)16. Sensitivity Analysis McGilla Golf would like to know the sensitivity of NPV to changes in theprice of the new clubs and the quantity of new clubs sold. What is the sensitivity of the NPV to each of these variables?17. Abandonment Value We are examining a new project. We expect to sell 9,000 units per yearat $50 net cash flow apiece for the next 10 years. In otherwords, the annual operating cash flow is projected to be $50 × 9,000 = $450,000. The relevant discount rate is 16 percent, and the initial investment required is $1,900,000.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $1,300,000. If expectedsales are revised based on the first year’s performance, when would it make sense to abandon the investment? In other words, at what level of expected sales would it make sense to abandon the project?3. Explain how the $1,300,000 abandonment value can be viewed as the opportunity cost ofkeeping the project in one year.18. Abandonment In the previous problem, suppose you think it is likely that expected sales willbe revised upward to 11,000 units if the first year is a success and revised downward to 4,000 units if the first year is not a success.1. If success and failure are equally likely, what is the NPV of the project? Consider thepossibility of abandonment in answering.2. What is the value of the option to abandon?19. Abandonment and Expansion In the previous problem, suppose the scale of the project canbe doubled in one year in the sense that twice as many units can be produced and sold. Naturally, expansion would be desirable only if the project were a success. This implies that if the project is a success, projected sales after expansion will be 22,000. Again assuming that success and failure are equally likely,what is the NPV of the project? Note that abandonment is still an option if the project is a failure. What is the value of the option to expand?20. Break-Even Analysis Your buddy comes to you with a sure-fire way to make some quickmoney and help pay off your student loans. His idea is to sell T-shirts with the words “I get” on them. “You get it?” He says, “You see all those bumper stickers and T-shirts that say ‘got milk’ or ‘got surf.’ So this says, ‘I get.’ It’s funn y! All we have to do is buy a used silk screen press for $3,200 and we are in business!” Assume there are no fixed costs, and you depreciate the $3,200 in the first period. Taxes are 30 percent.1. What is the accounting break-even point if each shirt costs $7 to make and you can sellthem for $10 apiece?Now assume one year has passed and you have sold 5,000 shirts! You find out that the Dairy Farmers of America have copyrighted the “got milk” slogan and are requiring you to pay $12,000 to continue operations. You expect this craze will last for another three years and that your discount rate is 12 percent.2. What is the financial break-even point for your enterprise now?21. Decision Trees Young screenwriter Carl Draper has just finished his first script. It has action,drama, and humor, and he thinks it will be a blockbuster. He takes the script to every motion picture studio in town and tries to sell it but to no avail. Finally, ACME studios offers to buy the script for either (a) $12,000 or (b) 1 pe rcent of the movie’s profits. There are two decisions the studio will have to make. First is to decide if the script is good or bad, and second if the movieis good or bad. First, there is a 90 percent chance that the script is bad. If it is bad, the studio does nothing more and throws the script out. If the script is good, they will shoot the movie. After the movie is shot, the studio will review it, and there is a 70 percent chance that the movie is bad. If the movie is bad, the movie will not be promoted and will not turn a profit. If the movie is good, the studio will promote heavily; the average profit for this type of movie is $20 million. Carl rejects the $12,000 and says he wants the 1 percent of profits. Was this a good decision by Carl?22. Option to Wait Hickock Mining is evaluating when to open a gold mine. The mine has 60,000ounces of gold left that can be mined, and mining operations will produce 7,500 ounces per year.The required return on the gold mine is 12 percent, and it will cost $14 million to open the mine.When the mine is opened, the company will sign a contract that will guarantee the price of gold for the remaining life of the mine. If the mine is opened today, each ounce of gold will generate an aftertax cash flow of $450 per ounce. If the company waits one year, there is a 60 percent probability that the contract price will generate an aftertax cash flow of $500 per ounce and a 40 percent probability that the aftertax cash flow will be $410 per ounce. What is the value of the option to wait?23. Abandonment Decisions Allied Products, Inc., is considering a new product launch. The firmexpects to have an annual operating cash flow of $22 million for the next 10 years. Allied Products uses a discount rate of 19 percent for new product launches. The initial investment is $84 million.Assume that the project has no salvage value at the end of its economic life.1. What is the NPV of the new product?2. After the first year, the project can be dismantled and sold for $30 million. If theestimates of remaining cash flows are revised based on the first year’s experience, at what level of expected cash flows does it make sense to abandon the project?24. Expansion Decisions Applied Nanotech is thinking about introducing a new surface cleaningmachine. The marketing department has come up with the estimate that Applied Nanotech can sell15 units per year at $410,000 net cash flow per unit for the next five years. The engineeringdepartment has come up with the estimate that developing the machine will take a $17 million initial investment. The finance department has estimated that a 25 percent discount rate should beused.1. What is the base-case NPV?2. If unsuccessful, after the first year the project can be dismantled and will have an aftertaxsalvage value of $11 million. Also, after the first year, expected cash flows will be revised up to 20 units per year or to 0 units, with equal probability. What is the revised NPV?25. Scenario Analysis You are the financial analyst for a tennis racket manufacturer. Thecompany is considering using a graphitelike material in its tennis rackets. The company has estimated the information in the following table about the market for a racket with the newmaterial. The company expects to sell the racket for six years. The equipment required for the project has no salvage value. The required return for projects of this type is 13 percent, and the company has a 40 percent tax rate. Should you recommend the project?CHALLENGE (Questions 26–30)26. Scenario Analysis Consider a project to supply Detroit with 55,000 tons of machine screwsannually for automobile production. You will need an initial $1,700,000 investment in threading equipment to get the project started; the project will last for five years. The accounting department estimates that annual fixed costs will be $520,000 and that variable costs should be $220 per ton;accounting will depreciate the initial fixed asset investment straight-line to zero over the five-year project life. It also estimates a salvage value of $300,000 after dismantling costs. The marketing department estimates that the automakers will let the contract at a selling price of $245 per ton.The engineering department estimates you will need an initial net working capital investment of $600,000. You require a 13 percent return and face a marginal tax rate of 38 percent on this project.1. What is the estimated OCF for this project? The NPV? Should you pursue this project?2. Suppose you believe that the accounting department’sinitial cost and salvage valueprojections are accurate only to within ±15 percent; the marketing department’s price estimate is accurate only to within ±10 percent; and the engineering department’s net working capital estimate is accurate only to within ±5 p ercent. What is your worst-case scenario for this project? Your best-case scenario? Do you still want to pursue the project? 27. Sensitivity Analysis In Problem 26, suppose you’re confident about your own projections, butyou’re a little unsure about Detroit’s actual machine screw requirements. What is the sensitivity of the project OCF to changes in the quantity supplied? What about the sensitivity of NPV to changes in quantity supplied? Given the sensitivity number you calculated, is there some minimum level of output below which you wouldn’t want to operate? Why?28. Abandonment Decisions Consider the following project for Hand Clapper, Inc. The companyis considering a four-year project to manufacture clap-command garage door openers. This project requires an initial investment of $10 million that will be depreciated straight-line to zero over the project’s life. An initial investment in net working capital of $1.3 million is required to support spare parts inventory; this cost is fully recoverable whenever the project ends. The company believes it can generate $7.35 million in pretax revenues with $2.4 million in total pretax operating costs. The tax rate is 38 percent, and the discount rate is 16 percent. The market value of the equipment over the life of the project is as follows:Lumber is sold by the company for its “pond value.” Pond value is the amount a mill will pay for a log delivered to the mill location. The price paid for logs delivered to a mill is quoted in dollars per thousands of board feet (MBF), and the price depends on the grade of the logs. The forest Bunyan Lumber is evaluatingwas planted by the company 20 years ago and is made up entirely of Douglas fir trees. The table here shows the current price per MBF for the three grades of timber the company feels will come from the stand:Steve believes that the pond value of lumber will increase at the inflation rate. The company is planning to thin the forest today, and it expects to realize a positive cash flow of $1,000 per acre from thinning. The thinning is done to increase the growth rate of the remaining trees, and it is always done 20 years following a planting.The major decision the company faces is when to log the forest. When the company logs the forest, it will immediately replant saplings, which will allow for a future harvest. The longer the forest is allowed to grow, the larger the harvest becomes per acre. Additionally, an older forest has a higher grade of timber. Steve has compiled the following table with the expected harvest per acre in thousands of board feet, along with the breakdown of the timber grades:The company expects to lose 5 percent of the timber it cuts due to defects and breakage.The forest will be clear-cut when the company harvests the timber. This method of harvesting allows for faster growth of replanted trees. All of the harvesting, processing, replanting, andtransportation are to be handled by subcontractors hired by Bunyan Lumber. The cost of the logging is expected to be $140 per MBF. A road system has to be constructed and is expected to cost $50 per MBF on average. Sales preparation and administrative costs, excluding office overhead costs, are expected to be $18 per MBF.As soon as the harvesting is complete, the company will reforest the land. Reforesting costs include the following:All costs are expected to increase at the inflation rate.Assume all cash flows occur at the year of harvest. For example, if the company begins harvesting the timber 20 years from today, the cash flow from the harvest will be received 20 years from today. When the company logs the land, it will immediately replant the land with new saplings. The harvest period chosen will be repeated for the foreseeable future. The company’s nominal required return is 10 percent, and the inflation rate is expected to be 3.7 percent per year. Bunyan Lumber has a 35 percent tax rate.Clear-cutting is a controversial method of forest management. To obtain the necessary permits, Bunyan Lumber has agreed to contribute to a conservation fund every time it harvests the lumber. If the company harvested the forest today, the required contribution would be $250,000. The company has agreed that the required contribution will grow by 3.2 percent per year. When should the company harvest the forest?。
公司理财第九版罗斯课后案例答案 Case Solutions Corporate Finance
公司理财第九版罗斯课后案例答案 Case Solutions CorporateFinance1. 案例一：公司资金需求分析问题：一家公司需要资金支持其新项目。
通过分析现金流量，推断该公司是否需要向外部借款或筹集其他资金。
解答：为了确定公司是否需要外部资金，我们需要分析公司的现金流量状况。
首先，我们需要计算公司的净现金流量（净收入加上非现金项目）。
然后，我们需要将净现金流量与项目的投资现金流量进行对比。
假设公司预计在项目开始时投资100万美元，并在项目运营期为5年。
预计该项目每年将产生50万美元的净现金流量。
现在，我们需要进行以下计算：净现金流量 = 年度现金流量 - 年度投资现金流量年度投资现金流量 = 100万美元年度现金流量 = 50万美元净现金流量 = 50万美元 - 100万美元 = -50万美元根据计算结果，公司的净现金流量为负数（即净现金流出），意味着公司每年都会亏损50万美元。
因此，公司需要从外部筹集资金以支持项目的运营。
2. 案例二：公司股权融资问题：一家公司正在考虑通过股权融资来筹集资金。
根据公司的财务数据和资本结构分析，我们需要确定公司最佳的股权融资方案。
解答：为了确定最佳的股权融资方案，我们需要参考公司的财务数据和资本结构分析。
首先，我们需要计算公司的资本结构比例，即股本占总资本的比例。
然后，我们将不同的股权融资方案与资本结构比例进行对比，选择最佳的方案。
假设公司当前的资本结构比例为60%的股本和40%的债务，在当前的资本结构下，公司的加权平均资本成本（WACC）为10%。
现在，我们需要进行以下计算：•方案一：以新股发行筹集1000万美元，并将其用于项目投资。
在这种方案下，公司的资本结构比例将发生变化。
假设公司的股本增加至80%，债务比例减少至20%。
根据资本结构比例的变化，WACC也将发生变化。
新的WACC可以通过以下公式计算得出：新的WACC = (股本比例 * 股本成本) + (债务比例 * 债务成本)假设公司的股本成本为12%，债务成本为8%：新的WACC = (0.8 * 12%) + (0.2 * 8%) = 9.6%•方案二：以新股发行筹集5000万美元，并将其用于项目投资。
罗斯《公司理财》第9版英文原书课后部分章节答案
罗斯《公司理财》第9版精要版英文原书课后部分章节答案详细»1 / 17 CH5 11，13，18，19，20 11. To find the PV of a lump sum, we use: PV = FV / (1 + r) t PV = $1,000,000 / (1.10) 80 = $488.19 13. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for r, we get: r = (FV / PV) 1 / t –1 r = ($1,260,000 / $150) 1/112 – 1 = .0840 or 8.40% To find the FV of the first prize, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $1,260,000(1.0840) 33 = $18,056,409.94 18. To find the FV of a lump sum, we use: FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $4,000(1.11) 45 = $438,120.97 FV = $4,000(1.11) 35 = $154,299.40 Better start early! 19. We need to find the FV of a lump sum. However, the money will only be invested for six years, so the number of periods is six. FV = PV(1 + r) t FV = $20,000(1.084)6 = $32,449.33 20. To answer this question, we can use either the FV or the PV formula. Both will give the same answer since they are the inverse of each other. We will use the FV formula, that is: FV = PV(1 + r) t Solving for t, we get: t = ln(FV / PV) / ln(1 + r) t = ln($75,000 / $10,000) / ln(1.11) = 19.31 So, the money must be invested for 19.31 years. However, you will not receive the money for another two years. From now, you’ll wait: 2 years + 19.31 years = 21.31 years CH6 16，24，27，42，58 16. For this problem, we simply need to find the FV of a lump sum using the equation: FV = PV(1 + r) t 2 / 17 It is important to note that compounding occurs semiannually. To account for this, we will divide the interest rate by two (the number of compounding periods in a year), and multiply the number of periods by two. Doing so, we get: FV = $2,100[1 + (.084/2)] 34 = $8,505.93 24. This problem requires us to find the FV A. The equation to find the FV A is: FV A = C{[(1 + r) t – 1] / r} FV A = $300[{[1 + (.10/12) ] 360 – 1} / (.10/12)] = $678,146.38 27. The cash flows are annual and the compounding period is quarterly, so we need to calculate the EAR to make the interest rate comparable with the timing of the cash flows. Using the equation for the EAR, we get: EAR = [1 + (APR / m)] m – 1 EAR = [1 + (.11/4)] 4 – 1 = .1146 or 11.46% And now we use the EAR to find the PV of each cash flow as a lump sum and add them together: PV = $725 / 1.1146 + $980 / 1.1146 2 + $1,360 / 1.1146 4 = $2,320.36 42. The amount of principal paid on the loan is the PV of the monthly payments you make. So, the present value of the $1,150 monthly payments is: PV A = $1,150[(1 – {1 / [1 + (.0635/12)]} 360 ) / (.0635/12)] = $184,817.42 The monthly payments of $1,150 will amount to a principal payment of $184,817.42. The amount of principal you will still owe is: $240,000 – 184,817.42 = $55,182.58 This remaining principal amount will increase at the interest rate on the loan until the end of the loan period. So the balloon payment in 30 years, which is the FV of the remaining principal will be: Balloon payment = $55,182.58[1 + (.0635/12)] 360 = $368,936.54 58. To answer this question, we should find the PV of both options, and compare them. Since we are purchasing the car, the lowest PV is the best option. The PV of the leasing is simply the PV of the lease payments, plus the $99. The interest rate we would use for the leasing option is the same as the interest rate of the loan. The PV of leasing is: PV = $99 + $450{1 –[1 / (1 + .07/12) 12(3) ]} / (.07/12) = $14,672.91 The PV of purchasing the car is the current price of the car minus the PV of the resale price. The PV of the resale price is: PV = $23,000 / [1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $18,654.82 The PV of the decision to purchase is: $32,000 – 18,654.82 = $13,345.18 3 / 17 In this case, it is cheaper to buy the car than leasing it since the PV of the purchase cash flows is lower. To find the breakeven resale price, we need to find the resale price that makes the PV of the two options the same. In other words, the PV of the decision to buy should be: $32,000 – PV of resale price = $14,672.91 PV of resale price = $17,327.09 The resale price that would make the PV of the lease versus buy decision is the FV ofthis value, so: Breakeven resale price = $17,327.09[1 + (.07/12)] 12(3) = $21,363.01 CH7 3，18，21，22，31 3. The price of any bond is the PV of the interest payment, plus the PV of the par value. Notice this problem assumes an annual coupon. The price of the bond will be: P = $75({1 – [1/(1 + .0875)] 10 } / .0875) + $1,000[1 / (1 + .0875) 10 ] = $918.89 We would like to introduce shorthand notation here. Rather than write (or type, as the case may be) the entire equation for the PV of a lump sum, or the PV A equation, it is common to abbreviate the equations as: PVIF R,t = 1 / (1 + r) t which stands for Present V alue Interest Factor PVIFA R,t = ({1 – [1/(1 + r)] t } / r ) which stands for Present V alue Interest Factor of an Annuity These abbreviations are short hand notation for the equations in which the interest rate and the number of periods are substituted into the equation and solved. We will use this shorthand notation in remainder of the solutions key. 18. The bond price equation for this bond is: P 0 = $1,068 = $46(PVIFA R%,18 ) + $1,000(PVIF R%,18 ) Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error we find: R = 4.06% This is thesemiannual interest rate, so the YTM is: YTM = 2 4.06% = 8.12% The current yield is:Current yield = Annual coupon payment / Price = $92 / $1,068 = .0861 or 8.61% The effective annual yield is the same as the EAR, so using the EAR equation from the previous chapter: Effective annual yield = (1 + 0.0406) 2 – 1 = .0829 or 8.29% 20. Accrued interest is the coupon payment for the period times the fraction of the period that has passed since the last coupon payment. Since we have a semiannual coupon bond, the coupon payment per six months is one-half of the annual coupon payment. There are four months until the next coupon payment, so two months have passed since the last coupon payment. The accrued interest for the bond is: Accrued interest = $74/2 × 2/6 = $12.33 And we calculate the clean price as: 4 / 17 Clean price = Dirty price –Accrued interest = $968 –12.33 = $955.67 21. Accrued interest is the coupon payment for the period times the fraction of the period that has passed since the last coupon payment. Since we have a semiannual coupon bond, the coupon payment per six months is one-half of the annual coupon payment. There are two months until the next coupon payment, so four months have passed since the last coupon payment. The accrued interest for the bond is: Accrued interest = $68/2 × 4/6 = $22.67 And we calculate the dirty price as: Dirty price = Clean price + Accrued interest = $1,073 + 22.67 = $1,095.67 22. To find the number of years to maturity for the bond, we need to find the price of the bond. Since we already have the coupon rate, we can use the bond price equation, and solve for the number of years to maturity. We are given the current yield of the bond, so we can calculate the price as: Current yield = .0755 = $80/P 0 P 0 = $80/.0755 = $1,059.60 Now that we have the price of the bond, the bond price equation is: P = $1,059.60 = $80[(1 – (1/1.072) t ) / .072 ] + $1,000/1.072 t We can solve this equation for t as follows: $1,059.60(1.072) t = $1,111.11(1.072) t –1,111.11 + 1,000 111.11 = 51.51(1.072) t2.1570 = 1.072 t t = log 2.1570 / log 1.072 = 11.06 11 years The bond has 11 years to maturity.31. The price of any bond (or financial instrument) is the PV of the future cash flows. Even though Bond M makes different coupons payments, to find the price of the bond, we just find the PV of the cash flows. The PV of the cash flows for Bond M is: P M = $1,100(PVIFA 3.5%,16 )(PVIF 3.5%,12 ) + $1,400(PVIFA3.5%,12 )(PVIF 3.5%,28 ) + $20,000(PVIF 3.5%,40 ) P M = $19,018.78 Notice that for the coupon payments of $1,400, we found the PV A for the coupon payments, and then discounted the lump sum back to today. Bond N is a zero coupon bond with a $20,000 par value, therefore, the price of the bond is the PV of the par, or: P N = $20,000(PVIF3.5%,40 ) = $5,051.45 CH8 4，18，20，22，244. Using the constant growth model, we find the price of the stock today is: P 0 = D 1 / (R – g) = $3.04 / (.11 – .038) = $42.22 5 / 17 18. The price of a share of preferred stock is the dividend payment divided by the required return. We know the dividend payment in Year 20, so we can find the price of the stock in Y ear 19, one year before the first dividend payment. Doing so, we get: P 19 = $20.00 / .064 P 19 = $312.50 The price of the stock today is the PV of the stock price in the future, so the price today will be: P 0 = $312.50 / (1.064) 19 P 0 = $96.15 20. We can use the two-stage dividend growth model for this problem, which is: P 0 = [D 0 (1 + g 1 )/(R – g 1 )]{1 – [(1 + g 1 )/(1 + R)] T }+ [(1 + g 1 )/(1 + R)] T [D 0 (1 + g 2 )/(R –g 2 )] P0 = [$1.25(1.28)/(.13 –.28)][1 –(1.28/1.13) 8 ] + [(1.28)/(1.13)] 8 [$1.25(1.06)/(.13 – .06)] P 0 = $69.55 22. We are asked to find the dividend yield and capital gains yield for each of the stocks. All of the stocks have a 15 percent required return, which is the sum of the dividend yield and the capital gains yield. To find the components of the total return, we need to find the stock price for each stock. Using this stock price and the dividend, we can calculate the dividend yield. The capital gains yield for the stock will be the total return (required return) minus the dividend yield. W: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50(1.10)/(.19 – .10) = $55.00 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(1.10)/$55.00 = .09 or 9% Capital gains yield = .19 – .09 = .10 or 10% X: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50/(.19 – 0) = $23.68 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50/$23.68 = .19 or 19% Capital gains yield = .19 – .19 = 0% Y: P 0 = D 0 (1 + g) / (R – g) = $4.50(1 – .05)/(.19 + .05) = $17.81 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(0.95)/$17.81 = .24 or 24% Capital gains yield = .19 – .24 = –.05 or –5% Z: P 2 = D 2 (1 + g) / (R – g) = D 0 (1 + g 1 ) 2 (1 +g 2 )/(R – g 2 ) = $4.50(1.20) 2 (1.12)/(.19 – .12) = $103.68 P 0 = $4.50 (1.20) / (1.19) + $4.50(1.20) 2 / (1.19) 2 + $103.68 / (1.19) 2 = $82.33 Dividend yield = D 1 /P 0 = $4.50(1.20)/$82.33 = .066 or 6.6% Capital gains yield = .19 – .066 = .124 or 12.4% In all cases, the required return is 19%, but the return is distributed differently between current income and capital gains. High growth stocks have an appreciable capital gains component but a relatively small current income yield; conversely, mature, negative-growth stocks provide a high current income but also price depreciation over time. 24. Here we have a stock with supernormal growth, but the dividend growth changes every year for the first four years. We can find the price of the stock in Y ear 3 since the dividend growth rate is constant after the third dividend. The price of the stock in Y ear 3 will be the dividend in Y ear 4, divided by the required return minus the constant dividend growth rate. So, the price in Y ear 3 will be: 6 / 17 P3 = $2.45(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)(1.05) / (.11 – .05) = $65.08 The price of the stock today will be the PV of the first three dividends, plus the PV of the stock price in Y ear 3, so: P 0 = $2.45(1.20)/(1.11) + $2.45(1.20)(1.15)/1.11 2 + $2.45(1.20)(1.15)(1.10)/1.11 3 + $65.08/1.11 3 P 0 = $55.70 CH9 3，4，6，9，15 3. Project A has cash flows of $19,000 in Y ear 1, so the cash flows are short by $21,000 of recapturing the initial investment, so the payback for Project A is: Payback = 1 + ($21,000 / $25,000) = 1.84 years Project B has cash flows of: Cash flows = $14,000 + 17,000 + 24,000 = $55,000 during this first three years. The cash flows are still short by $5,000 of recapturing the initial investment, so the payback for Project B is: B: Payback = 3 + ($5,000 / $270,000) = 3.019 years Using the payback criterion and a cutoff of 3 years, accept project A and reject project B. 4. When we use discounted payback, we need to find the value of all cash flows today. The value today of the project cash flows for the first four years is: V alue today of Y ear 1 cash flow = $4,200/1.14 = $3,684.21 V alue today of Y ear 2 cash flow = $5,300/1.14 2 = $4,078.18 V alue today of Y ear 3 cash flow = $6,100/1.14 3 = $4,117.33 V alue today of Y ear 4 cash flow = $7,400/1.14 4 = $4,381.39 To findthe discounted payback, we use these values to find the payback period. The discounted first year cash flow is $3,684.21, so the discounted payback for a $7,000 initial cost is: Discounted payback = 1 + ($7,000 – 3,684.21)/$4,078.18 = 1.81 years For an initial cost of $10,000, the discounted payback is: Discounted payback = 2 + ($10,000 –3,684.21 –4,078.18)/$4,117.33 = 2.54 years Notice the calculation of discounted payback. We know the payback period is between two and three years, so we subtract the discounted values of the Y ear 1 and Y ear 2 cash flows from the initial cost. This is the numerator, which is the discounted amount we still need to make to recover our initial investment. We divide this amount by the discounted amount we will earn in Y ear 3 to get the fractional portion of the discounted payback. If the initial cost is $13,000, the discounted payback is: Discounted payback = 3 + ($13,000 – 3,684.21 – 4,078.18 – 4,117.33) / $4,381.39 = 3.26 years 7 / 17 6. Our definition of AAR is the average net income divided by the average book value. The average net income for this project is: A verage net income = ($1,938,200 + 2,201,600 + 1,876,000 + 1,329,500) / 4 = $1,836,325 And the average book value is: A verage book value = ($15,000,000 + 0) / 2 = $7,500,000 So, the AAR for this project is: AAR = A verage net income / A verage book value = $1,836,325 / $7,500,000 = .2448 or 24.48% 9. The NPV of a project is the PV of the outflows minus the PV of the inflows. Since the cash inflows are an annuity, the equation for the NPV of this project at an 8 percent required return is: NPV = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA 8%, 9 ) = $40,036.31 At an 8 percent required return, the NPV is positive, so we would accept the project. The equation for the NPV of the project at a 20 percent required return is: NPV = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA 20%, 9 ) = –$23,117.45 At a 20 percent required return, the NPV is negative, so we would reject the project. We would be indifferent to the project if the required return was equal to the IRR of the project, since at that required return the NPV is zero. The IRR of the project is: 0 = –$138,000 + $28,500(PVIFA IRR, 9 ) IRR = 14.59% 15. The profitability index is defined as the PV of the cash inflows divided by the PV of the cash outflows. The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 10 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.1 + $6,900/1.1 2 + $5,700/1.1 3 ] / $14,000 = 1.187 The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 15 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.15 + $6,900/1.15 2 + $5,700/1.15 3 ] / $14,000 = 1.094 The equation for the profitability index at a required return of 22 percent is: PI = [$7,300/1.22 + $6,900/1.22 2 + $5,700/1.22 3 ] / $14,000 = 0.983 8 / 17 We would accept the project if the required return were 10 percent or 15 percent since the PI is greater than one. We would reject the project if the required return were 22 percent since the PI。
第九版-公司理财-罗斯-中文答案-第五章汇编
1、如果项目带来的是常规的现金流，而且其回收期短于该项目的生命周期，还不能准备判断其净现值的正负。
仍需要其采用的折现率和其内部收益率IRR 做对比。
当折现率小于IRRA时，净现值为正值，当折现率大于IRRA时，净现值为负值，两者相等时，净现值为零。
如果一个项目的折现回收期短于该项目的生命周期，则净现值一定为正值。
2、项目有常规的现金流，且NPV为正值，则各期流入的现金流折现总和一定大于期初项目资金流出。
而各期流入的现金流总和肯定大于折现总和，所以该项目的回收期一定短于其生命周期。
同时折现回收期是用和净现值同样的NPV计算出来的，所以折现回收期也一定短于其生命周期。
同样净现值为正值，说明初始投资所带来的后续现金流的现值大于初始投资，所以盈利指数PI一定大于1。
如果使用内部收益率折现各期现金流量时，净现值为零。
而以折现率折现各期现金流量时，净现值为正，说明折现率小于内部收益率。
3、a 回收期是指投资引起的现金流入累计到与投资相等所需要的时间。
它代表收回投资所需要的年限。
回收年限越短，方案越有利。
其缺陷就是忽略了回收期内现金流量的时间序列，也忽略了回收期以后的现金支付，同时对于回收期的选择也存在主观臆断。
选择一个具体的回收期决策标准，当项目的回收期小于标准的就可行，大于标准的则拒绝。
b 平均会计收益率是指为扣除所得税和折旧之后的项目平均收益除以整个项目期限内的平均账面投资额。
其缺陷是使用账面收益而非现金流量，忽略了折旧对现金流量的影响，忽视了净收益的时间分布对项目经济价值的影响。
当项目的平均会计收益率小于目标平均会计收益率时，则拒绝项目，反之接受。
c 内部收益率就是令项目净现值为0的折现率。
其缺点是对于特殊项目无法用一般原则进行判断，并且有些项目可能会出现多个收益率的现象。
同时对于互斥项目容易忽视其规模问题和时间序列问题。
一般原则是当折现率小于IRR时，接受该项目，反之则拒绝。
d 盈利指数是初始投资所带来的后续现金流的现值和初始投资的比值。
精编版罗斯《公司理财》中文版第九版课件资料
现值是指未来一定时间的特定货币按一定利率折算 到现在的价值。
终值是指现在一定数额的资金按一定的利率计算的 一定时间后的价值。
2.1资金时间价值观念
复利终值与现值
复利终值，是指一次性的收、付款项经过若干期的使用 后，所获得的包括本金和利息在内的未来价值。
因为永续年金无终止时间，所以不存在终值问题，永续 年金推倒公式如下：
2.1资金时间价值观念
资金时间价值计算中的几个特殊问题
不等额系列款项现值的计算：为求得不等额的系列付 款的现值之和，可以先计算每次付款的复利现值， 然后加总。
年金与不等额的系列付款混合情况下的现值：如果在 一组不等额的系列款项中，有部分是连续发生的 等额付款，则可分段计算其年金现值及复利现值， 然后加总。
式中： 是第j种证券的预期报酬率； 是第j种证券在全部投 资额中的比重；m是组合中证券种类总数。
2.2风险与收益权衡观念
组合投资的风险及度量。证券组合的风险不仅仅取决 于组合内各种证券的风险，还取决于各个证券之 间的关系。投资组合报酬率概率分布的标准差的 计算公式为：
式中：m是组合内证券种类总数； 是第j种证券在投资总额中 占的比例； 是第k种证券在投资总额中占的比例； 是第j种 证券与第k种证券报酬率的协方差。
1.4公司理财的原则与职能
公司理财原则
资金合理配置原则 财务收支平衡原则 成本－效益原则 风险与收益均衡原则 利益关系协调原则
1.4公司理财的原则与职能
公司理财职能
财务预测 财务决策 财务预算 财务控制 财务分析
1.5公司理财环境
公司理财的宏观环境
经济环境
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]（股票估值）【圣才出品】
![罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]（股票估值）【圣才出品】](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e1dcbc711fb91a37f111f18583d049649b660eea.png)
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]（股票估值）【圣才出品】罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]第9章股票估值9.1复习笔记1．不同类型股票的估值（1）零增长股利股利不变时，一股股票的价格由下式给出：在这里假定Div1=Div2=…=Div。
（2）固定增长率股利如果股利以恒定的速率增长，那么一股股票的价格就为：式中，g是增长率；Div是第一期期末的股利。
（3）变动增长率股利2．股利折现模型中的参数估计（1）对增长率g的估计有效估计增长率的方法是：g=留存收益比率×留存收益收益率（ROE）只要公司保持其股利支付率不变，g就可以表示公司的股利增长率以及盈利增长率。
（2）对折现率R的估计对于折现率R的估计为：R=Div/P0+g该式表明总收益率R由两部分组成。
其中，第一部分被称为股利收益率，是预期的现金股利与当前的价格之比。
3．增长机会每股股价可以写做：该式表明，每股股价可以看做两部分的加和。
第一部分（EPS/R）是当公司满足于现状，而将其盈利全部发放给投资者时的价值；第二部分是当公司将盈利留存并用于投资新项目时的新增价值。
当公司投资于正NPVGO的增长机会时，公司价值增加。
反之，当公司选择负NPVGO 的投资机会时，公司价值降低。
但是，不管项目的NPV是正的还是负的，盈利和股利都是增长的。
不应该折现利润来获得每股价格，因为有部分盈利被用于再投资了。
只有股利被分到股东手中，也只有股利可以加以折现以获得股票价格。
4．市盈率即股票的市盈率是三个因素的函数：（1）增长机会。
拥有强劲增长机会的公司具有高市盈率。
（2）风险。
低风险股票具有高市盈率。
（3）会计方法。
采用保守会计方法的公司具有高市盈率。
5．股票市场交易商：持有一项存货，然后准备在任何时点进行买卖。
经纪人：将买者和卖者撮合在一起，但并不持有存货。
9.2课后习题详解一、概念题1．股利支付率（payout ratio）答：股利支付率一般指公司发放给普通股股东的现金股利占总利润的比例。
《公司理财》第九版经典习题及解题步骤
social and environmental
understand how to maintain
business objectives with
responsibility.
sound financial practices
social responsibility and
while making socially
Strategies
Venture Capital
Investment Banking
Portfolio Management
Explore the world of venture
Discover the intricacies of
Maximize returns and
capital investments,
Become fluent in cash flow analysis and
financial statements and ratios like an
valuation to better manage capital
expert.
budgeting and working capital.
R isk Manag em ent and Financial
taxation.
3
Investing in Internatio nal Markets
Expand your horizons with insights into international financial management.
Innovative Financing and Investment
right capital structure for your business.
公司理财 罗斯 第9 版Chap005
Advantages:
5-10
IRR: Example
Consider the following project:
$50 $100 $150
0 -$200
1
2
3
The internal rate of return for this project is 19.44%
$50 $100 $150 NPV 0 200 2 (1 IRR ) (1 IRR ) (1 IRR ) 3
You first enter your range of cash flows, beginning with the initial cash flow. You can enter a guess, but it is not necessary. The default format is a whole percent – you will normally want to increase the decimal places to at least two.
5-5
5.2 The Payback Period Method
How long does it take the project to “pay back” its initial investment? Payback Period = number of years to recover initial costs Minimum Acceptance Criteria:
$150.00 $100.00 NPV $50.00 $0.00 -1% ($50.00) ($100.00) Discount rate
5-12
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解[视频详解](公司理财导论)【圣才出品】
【圣才出品】](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b63331b352d380eb62946dff.png)
罗斯《公司理财》第9版笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解[视频详解]第1章公司理财导论[视频讲解]1.1复习笔记公司的首要目标——股东财富最大化决定了公司理财的目标。
公司理财研究的是稀缺资金如何在企业和市场内进行有效配置，它是在股份有限公司已成为现代企业制度最主要组织形式的时代背景下，就公司经营过程中的资金运动进行预测、组织、协调、分析和控制的一种决策与管理活动。
从决策角度来讲，公司理财的决策内容包括投资决策、筹资决策、股利决策和净流动资金决策；从管理角度来讲，公司理财的管理职能主要是指对资金筹集和资金投放的管理。
公司理财的基本内容包括：投资决策（资本预算）、融资决策（资本结构）、短期财务管理（营运资本）。
1．资产负债表资产负债表是总括反映企业某一特定日期财务状况的会计报表，它是根据资产、负债和所有者权益之间的相互关系，按照一定的分类标准和一定的顺序，把企业一定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益各项目予以适当排列，并对日常工作中形成的大量数据进行高度浓缩整理后编制而成的。
资产负债表可以反映资本预算、资本支出、资本结构以及经营中的现金流量管理等方面的内容。
2．资本结构资本结构是指企业各种资本的构成及其比例关系，它有广义和狭义之分。
广义资本结构，亦称财务结构，指企业全部资本的构成，既包括长期资本，也包括短期资本（主要指短期债务资本）。
狭义资本结构，主要指企业长期资本的构成，而不包括短期资本。
通常人们将资本结构表示为债务资本与权益资本的比例关系（D/E）或债务资本在总资本的构成（D/A）。
准确地讲，企业的资本结构应定义为有偿负债与所有者权益的比例。
资本结构是由企业采用各种筹资方式筹集资本形成的。
筹资方式的选择及组合决定着企业资本结构及其变化。
资本结构是企业筹资决策的核心问题。
企业应综合考虑影响资本结构的因素，运用适当方法优化资本结构，从而实现最佳资本结构。
资本结构优化有利于降低资本成本，获取财务杠杆利益。
3．财务经理财务经理是公司管理团队中的重要成员，其主要职责是通过资本预算、融资和资产流动性管理为公司创造价值。
(完整版)公司理财-罗斯课后习题答案
(完整版)公司理财-罗斯课后习题答案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN第一章1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。
股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。
企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。
管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。
在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。
2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。
非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。
3.这句话是不正确的。
管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。
4.有两种结论。
一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。
因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。
另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。
一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。
然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。
请问公司应该怎么做呢?”5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。
6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。
如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。
如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。
然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。
现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。
7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。
较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。
罗斯公司理财第九版第五章课后答案对应版
第五章：净现值和投资评价的其他方法1.如果项目会带来常规的现金流，回收期短于项目的生命周期意味着，在折现率为0 的情况下，NPV 为正值。
折现率大于0 时，回收期依旧会短于项目的生命周期，但根据折现率小于、等于、大于IRR 的情况，NPV 可能为正、为零、为负。
折现回收期包含了相关折现率的影响。
如果一个项目的折现回收期短于该项目的生命周期，NPV 一定为正值。
2.如果某项目有常规的现金流，而且NPV 为正，该项目回收期一定短于其生命周期。
因为折现回收期是用与NPV 相同的折现值计算出来的，如果NPV为正，折现回收期也会短于该项目的生命周期。
NPV 为正表明未来流入现金流大于初始投资成本，盈利指数必然大于1。
如果NPV 以特定的折现率R 计算出来为正值时，必然存在一个大于R 的折现率R’使得NPV 为0，因此，IRR 必定大于必要报酬率。
3.（1）回收期法就是简单地计算出一系列现金流的盈亏平衡点。
其缺陷是忽略了货币的时间价值，另外，也忽略了回收期以后的现金流量。
当某项目的回收期小于该项目的生命周期，则可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
回收期法决策作出的选择比较武断。
（2）平均会计收益率为扣除所得税和折旧之后的项目平均收益除以整个项目期限内的平均账面投资额。
其最大的缺陷在于没有使用正确的原始材料，其次也没有考虑到时间序列这个因素。
一般某项目的平均会计收益率大于公司的目标会计收益率，则可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
（3）内部收益率就是令项目净现值为0 的贴现率。
其缺陷在于没有办法对某些项目进行判断，例如有多重内部收益率的项目，而且对于融资型的项目以及投资型的项目判断标准截然相反。
对于投资型项目，若IRR 大于贴现率，项目可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
对于融资型项目，若IRR 小于贴现率，项目可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
（4）盈利指数是初始以后所有预期未来现金流量的现值和初始投资的比值。
必须注意的是，倘若初始投资期之后，在资金使用上还有限制，那盈利指数就会失效。
罗斯《公司理财》(第9版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
罗斯《公司理财》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解第1章公司理财导论1.1复习笔记公司的首要目标——股东财富最大化决定了公司理财的目标。
公司理财研究的是稀缺资金如何在企业和市场内进行有效配置，它是在股份有限公司已成为现代企业制度最主要组织形式的时代背景下，就公司经营过程中的资金运动进行预测、组织、协调、分析和控制的一种决策与管理活动。
从决策角度来讲，公司理财的决策内容包括投资决策、筹资决策、股利决策和净流动资金决策；从管理角度来讲，公司理财的管理职能主要是指对资金筹集和资金投放的管理。
公司理财的基本内容包括：投资决策（资本预算）、融资决策（资本结构）、短期财务管理（营运资本）。
1．资产负债表资产负债表是总括反映企业某一特定日期财务状况的会计报表，它是根据资产、负债和所有者权益之间的相互关系，按照一定的分类标准和一定的顺序，把企业一定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益各项目予以适当排列，并对日常工作中形成的大量数据进行高度浓缩整理后编制而成的。
资产负债表可以反映资本预算、资本支出、资本结构以及经营中的现金流量管理等方面的内容。
2．资本结构资本结构是指企业各种资本的构成及其比例关系，它有广义和狭义之分。
广义资本结构，亦称财务结构，指企业全部资本的构成，既包括长期资本，也包括短期资本（主要指短期债务资本）。
狭义资本结构，主要指企业长期资本的构成，而不包括短期资本。
通常人们将资本结构表示为债务资本与权益资本的比例关系（D/E）或债务资本在总资本的构成（D/A）。
准确地讲，企业的资本结构应定义为有偿负债与所有者权益的比例。
资本结构是由企业采用各种筹资方式筹集资本形成的。
筹资方式的选择及组合决定着企业资本结构及其变化。
资本结构是企业筹资决策的核心问题。
企业应综合考虑影响资本结构的因素，运用适当方法优化资本结构，从而实现最佳资本结构。
资本结构优化有利于降低资本成本，获取财务杠杆利益。
3．财务经理财务经理是公司管理团队中的重要成员，其主要职责是通过资本预算、融资和资产流动性管理为公司创造价值。
公司理财-罗斯05
4
60
40.98
60
40.98
60000 40980.81
回收期
3
3.47
3
3.36
3
3.00036
决策法则：如果折现后的回收期在许可范围内，则接受项目 不过，若能计算出折现的现金流量，计算NPV也就很容易了。
5-10
5.3 内部收益率法
5.3.1 内部收益率的计算方法 5.3.2 内部收益率存在的问题 5.3.3 内部收益率与净现值法的比较
5-11
5.3.1 内部收益率
内部收益率：简称IRR，是使NPV等于零时的贴现率
NPV
NPV
C0
C1 1 R
C2 (1 R)2
Ct (1 R)t
当未来现金流量不改变方向时，NPV是折 现率R的单调递减函数。
IRR
折现率R（%）
T
C0 Ct (1 IRR)t 0 t 1
折现率小于IRR时，净现值为正； 折现率大于IRR时，净现值为负。
例5-3 项目A、B、C的预期现金流量 （折现率为10%）
年份
A
现金流
折现现金流
B
现金流
折现现金流
C
现金流
折现现金流
0
-100
-100
-100
-100
-100 -100
1
20
18.18
50
45.45
50 45.45
2
30
24.79
30
24.79
30 24.79
3
50
37.57
20
15.03
20 15.03
价值可加性: 企业价值是不同项目、部门以及公司中其他实体价 值的总和。任意项目对公司价值的贡献仅仅是该项目的净现值。
罗斯公司理财精要版9光盘各章习题
====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====附录B各章习题及部分习题答案APPENDIX B目录Contents第一部分公司理财概览第三部分未来现金流量估价第1章公司理财导论3 第5章估价导论：货币的时间价值39 概念复习和重要的思考题 4 本章复习与自测题40微型案例麦吉糕点公司 5 本章复习与自测题解答40第2章财务报表、税和现金流量6 概念复习和重要的思考题40 本章复习与自测题7 思考和练习题41本章复习与自测题解答7 第6章贴现现金流量估价43概念复习和重要的思考题8 本章复习与自测题44思考和练习题9 本章复习与自测题解答44微型案例Sunset Boards公司的现金流量和概念复习和重要的思考题46财务报表13 思考和练习题4652第二部分财务报表与长期财务计划微型案例读MBA的决策第7章利率和债券估价54第3章利用财务报表17 本章复习与自测题55本章复习与自测题18 本章复习与自测题解答55本章复习与自测题解答19 概念复习和重要的思考题55概念复习和重要的思考题20 思考和练习题56思考和练习题21 微型案例基于债券发行的S&S飞机公司的微型案例针对S&S飞机公司的财务比率扩张计划59分析24 第8章股票估价60第4章长期财务计划与增长27 本章复习与自测题61本章复习与自测题28 本章复习与自测题解答61本章复习与自测题解答28 概念复习和重要的思考题61概念复习和重要的思考题29 思考和练习题62思考和练习题30 微型案例Ragan公司的股票估价64微型案例S&S飞机公司的比率与财务计划35III第四部分资本预算第9章净现值与其他投资准绳69 第六部分资本成本与长期财务政策第14章资本成本111本章复习与自测题70 本章复习与自测题112本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题7071本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题112112思考和练习题73 思考和练习题113第10章资本性投资决策77 第15章筹集资本117 本章复习与自测题78 本章复习与自测题118本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题7880本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题118118思考和练习题80 思考和练习题120微型案例贝壳共和电子公司（一）85 微型案例S&S飞机公司的上市121 第11章项目分析与评估86 第16章财务杠杆和资本结构政策123 本章复习与自测题87 本章复习与自测题124本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题8787本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题124124思考和练习题88 思考和练习题125微型案例贝壳共和电子公司（二）第五部分风险与报酬第12章资本市场历史的一些启示95 91 微型案例斯蒂芬森房地产公司的资本重组127第17章股利和股利政策129概念复习和重要的思考题130本章复习与自测题96 思考和练习题130本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题思考和练习题97 9696微型案例电子计时公司133第七部分短期财务计划与管理微型案例S&S飞机公司的职位99 第18章短期财务与计划137第13章报酬、风险与证券市场线101 本章复习与自测题138 本章复习与自测题102 本章复习与自测题解答138本章复习与自测题解答概念复习和重要的思考题102103概念复习和重要的思考题139思考和练习题140思考和练习题104 微型案例Piepkorn制造公司的营运成本管微型案例高露洁棕榄公司的 值108 理145IV第19章现金和流动性管理147本章复习与自测题148本章复习与自测题解答148概念复习和重要的思考题148思考和练习题149微型案例Webb公司的现金管理150 第20章信用和存货管理151本章复习与自测题152本章复习与自测题解答152概念复习和重要的思考题152思考和练习题153微型案例豪利特实业公司的信用政策155第八部分公司理财专题第21章国际公司理财159本章复习与自测题160本章复习与自测题解答160概念复习和重要的思考题160思考和练习题161微型案例S&S飞机公司的国际化经营163 部分习题答案165PART 1第一部分公司理财概览====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====第1章公司理财导论CHAPTER 14附录概念复习和重要的思考题1.财务管理决策过程财务管理决策有哪三种类型？就每一种类型，举出一个相关的企业交易实例。
公司理财罗斯课后习题答案
第一章1.在所有权形式的公司中,股东是公司的所有者。
股东选举公司的董事会,董事会任命该公司的管理层。
企业的所有权和控制权分离的组织形式是导致的代理关系存在的主要原因。
管理者可能追求自身或别人的利益最大化,而不是股东的利益最大化。
在这种环境下,他们可能因为目标不一致而存在代理问题。
2.非营利公司经常追求社会或政治任务等各种目标。
非营利公司财务管理的目标是获取并有效使用资金以最大限度地实现组织的社会使命。
3.这句话是不正确的。
管理者实施财务管理的目标就是最大化现有股票的每股价值，当前的股票价值反映了短期和长期的风险、时间以及未来现金流量。
4.有两种结论。
一种极端,在市场经济中所有的东西都被定价。
因此所有目标都有一个最优水平，包括避免不道德或非法的行为，股票价值最大化。
另一种极端,我们可以认为这是非经济现象,最好的处理方式是通过政治手段。
一个经典的思考问题给出了这种争论的答案:公司估计提高某种产品安全性的成本是30美元万。
然而,该公司认为提高产品的安全性只会节省20美元万。
请问公司应该怎么做呢?”5.财务管理的目标都是相同的,但实现目标的最好方式可能是不同的,因为不同的国家有不同的社会、政治环境和经济制度。
6.管理层的目标是最大化股东现有股票的每股价值。
如果管理层认为能提高公司利润，使股价超过35美元,那么他们应该展开对恶意收购的斗争。
如果管理层认为该投标人或其它未知的投标人将支付超过每股35美元的价格收购公司,那么他们也应该展开斗争。
然而,如果管理层不能增加企业的价值,并且没有其他更高的投标价格,那么管理层不是在为股东的最大化权益行事。
现在的管理层经常在公司面临这些恶意收购的情况时迷失自己的方向。
7.其他国家的代理问题并不严重,主要取决于其他国家的私人投资者占比重较小。
较少的私人投资者能减少不同的企业目标。
高比重的机构所有权导致高学历的股东和管理层讨论决策风险项目。
此外,机构投资者比私人投资者可以根据自己的资源和经验更好地对管理层实施有效的监督机制。
公司理财-罗斯 (第9版) 第5章 净现值和投资评价
多个内部收益率的问题
下面这个项目具有两个IRR: $200 $800
0 -$200
NPV
$100.00 $50.00 $0.00 -50% ($50.00) ($100.00) 0% 50% 100% 150%
我们应使用哪一个 3 - $800
1
2
IRR呢?
100% = IRR2
200%
Discount rate
若PI>1，项目可以接受 若PI<1，项目不可接受
盈利指数(PI)
可能会有多个IRR 是投资还是融资
规模问题
时间序列问题
互斥项目与独立项目 Mutually Exclusive vs. Independent
互斥项目：指在多个潜在的项目中只能选择一个进行 投资
将所有的可选项目进行排序，然后选择最棒的一个
独立项目：接受或拒绝某项目并不会影响到其他项目 的决策。
每个项目必须至少要满足最低接受法则的要求
如果 PI > 1，则可接受项目
最低接受法则：
排序法则：
选择PI最高的项目
盈利指数 (PI)
赫尔姆·芬尼根(Hiram Finnegan)公司有以下两个投资 机会，贴现率设定为12％，计算两个项目的盈利指数 PI。
盈利指数 (PI)
我们分三种情况对盈利指数进行分析：
独立项目 如果两个都是独立项目，根据净现值法的基本投 资法则，只要净现值为正就可以采纳。净现值为 正，也就是盈利指数(PI)大于1。因此，对于独 立项目，PI的投资法则为：
5.3 折现回收期法 The Discounted Payback Period Method
考虑了时间价值后，需要多长时间才能“收回”项目 的初始投资？
罗斯公司理财(第9版)题库(视频讲解)+课后习题+模拟试题】
B．C+D，剩下的钱投资于证券市场 C．D+E，剩下的钱投资于证券市场 D．D+F
【答案】D 查看答案 【解析】所谓现值指数法又称盈利指数法，是指未来收益的现值总额和初始投资 现值总额之比，其实质是每一元初始投资所能获取的未来收益的现值额，盈利指 数可以表示为：
当资金不足以支付所有净现值为正的项目时，就需要进行资本配置。在资本配置 时就应该优先考虑盈利指数大的项目。D 项，现值指数为：
，为最大。
13 下面对资本资产定价模型的描述中错误的是（ ）。[中央财经大学 2012 金融硕士] A．单个证券的期望收益率由两部分组成，无风险利率以及风险溢价 B．风险溢价的大小取决于β值的大小 C．β越大，单个证券的风险越高，得到的风险补偿也越高
D．β度量的是单个证券的全部风险，包括系统性风险和非系统性风险 【答案】D 查看答案 【解析】根据 CAPM 模型，股票的期望收益率为： RS=RF+β×（RM-RF） 上式表明：单个证券的期望收益率由两部分组成，一是资金的时间价值，即无风 险利率；二是投资者因承担系统风险而得到的风险报酬，即风险溢价。其中风险 溢价的大小取决于β值的大小，是用来度量系统风险的，β越大，单个证券的风 险越高，得到的风险补偿也越高。
Байду номын сангаас
第 8 篇 理财专题 第 29 章 收购、兼并与剥离 第 30 章 财务困境 第 31 章 跨国公司财务
第四部分 模拟试题 罗斯《公司理财》配套模拟试题及详解（一） 罗斯《公司理财》配套模拟试题及详解（二）
内容简介
本书是罗斯《公司理财》（第 9 版）教材的配套题库，主要包括以下内容：
第一部分为名校考研真题【视频讲解】。本部分按选择题、判断题、概念题、简答题、 计算题、论述题等题型，对近年来众多名校考研涉及到罗斯《公司理财》的真题进行详细解 析。方便考生熟悉考点，掌握答题方法。部分考研真题提供高清视频讲解，圣才名师从考查 知识点、试题难度、相关考点等方面进行全方位的讲解。
公司理财精要版(罗斯第9版)-56货币的时间价值
多期现金流量
0
1
2
3
4
178.57
200 400
600 800
318.88
427.07
508.41
1,432.93
现值 < 成本 → 不应购入
5-26
5.3 复利计息期数
如果在T年中每年对一项投资复利 m 次，则 在T期末的财富终值将为：
FV
C0
1
r
mT
m
5-27
EAR
lim
1
rnom
m
1
e rnom
1
m
m
5-33
5.4 年金计算
年金
指一系列稳定有规律的、持续一段固定时期的现金收付 活动。
永续年金
一系列无限持续的恒定的现金流。
增长年金
是一种在有限时期内以固定增长率保持增长的现金流。
1
r
m
1
.18
12
(1.015)12
1.1956
m 12
5-31
连续复利
某项投资在经过多个连续复利投资期后 的终值，可用下述通常的公式来予以表 达： FV = C0×erT
式中，C0 为时刻0时的现金流量,r 为名义 年利率, T 为年数, e 为常数，其值大 约等于2.718。
如果我们今天将5 000美元存入一个收益率为10%的
账户中，则需要多长时间我们的账户金额才能增长
到 10 000美元?
FV C0 (1 r)T
$10,000 $5,000 (1.10)T
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第五章：净现值和投资评价的其他方法1.如果项目会带来常规的现金流，回收期短于项目的生命周期意味着，在折现率为0 的情况下，NPV 为正值。
折现率大于0 时，回收期依旧会短于项目的生命周期，但根据折现率小于、等于、大于IRR 的情况，NPV 可能为正、为零、为负。
折现回收期包含了相关折现率的影响。
如果一个项目的折现回收期短于该项目的生命周期，NPV 一定为正值。
2.如果某项目有常规的现金流，而且NPV 为正，该项目回收期一定短于其生命周期。
因为折现回收期是用与NPV 相同的折现值计算出来的，如果NPV为正，折现回收期也会短于该项目的生命周期。
NPV 为正表明未来流入现金流大于初始投资成本，盈利指数必然大于1。
如果NPV 以特定的折现率R 计算出来为正值时，必然存在一个大于R 的折现率R’使得NPV 为0，因此，IRR 必定大于必要报酬率。
3.（1）回收期法就是简单地计算出一系列现金流的盈亏平衡点。
其缺陷是忽略了货币的时间价值，另外，也忽略了回收期以后的现金流量。
当某项目的回收期小于该项目的生命周期，则可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
回收期法决策作出的选择比较武断。
（2）平均会计收益率为扣除所得税和折旧之后的项目平均收益除以整个项目期限内的平均账面投资额。
其最大的缺陷在于没有使用正确的原始材料，其次也没有考虑到时间序列这个因素。
一般某项目的平均会计收益率大于公司的目标会计收益率，则可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
（3）内部收益率就是令项目净现值为0 的贴现率。
其缺陷在于没有办法对某些项目进行判断，例如有多重内部收益率的项目，而且对于融资型的项目以及投资型的项目判断标准截然相反。
对于投资型项目，若IRR 大于贴现率，项目可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
对于融资型项目，若IRR 小于贴现率，项目可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
（4）盈利指数是初始以后所有预期未来现金流量的现值和初始投资的比值。
必须注意的是，倘若初始投资期之后，在资金使用上还有限制，那盈利指数就会失效。
对于独立项目，若PI 大于1，项目可以接受；反之，则拒绝。
（5）净现值就是项目现金流量（包括了最初的投入）的现值，其具有三个特点：①使用现金流量；②包含了项目全部现金流量；③对现金流量进行了合理的折现。
某项目NPV 大于0 时，项目可接受；反之，则拒绝。
4.对于一个具有永续现金流的项目来说，回收期为：内部收益率为：所以可得：这意味着对一个拥有相对固定现金流的长期项目而言，回收期越短，IRR越大，并且IRR 近似等于回收期的倒数。
5.原因有很多，最主要的两个是运输成本以及汇率的原因。
在美国制造生产可以接近于产品销售地，极大的节省了运输成本。
同样运输时间的缩短也减少了商品的存货。
跟某些可能的制造生产地来说，选择美国可能可以一定程度上减少高额的劳动力成本。
还有一个重要因素是汇率，在美国制造生产所付出的生产成本用美元计算，在美国的销售收入同样用美元计算，这样可以避免汇率的波动对公司净利润的影响。
6.最大的问题就在于如何估计实际的现金流。
确定一个适合的折现率也同样非常困难。
回收期法最为容易，其次是平均会计收益率法，折现法（包括折现回收期法，NPV 法，IRR 法和PI 法）都在实践中相对较难。
7.可以应用于非盈利公司，因为它们同样需要有效分配可能的资本，就像普通公司一样。
不过，非盈利公司的利润一般都不存在。
例如，慈善募捐有一个实际的机会成本，但是盈利却很难度量。
即使盈利可以度量出来，合适的必要报酬率也没有办法确定。
在这种情况下，回收期法常常被用到。
另外，美国政府是使用实际成本/盈利分析来做资本预算的，但需要很长时间才可能平衡预算。
8.这种说法是错误的，如果项目B 的现金流流入的更早，而项目A 的现金流流入较晚，在一个较低的折现率下，A 项目的NPV 将超过B 项目。
不过，在项目风险相等的情况下，这种说法是正确的。
如果两个项目的生命周期相等，项目B 的现金流在每一期都是项目A 的两倍，则B 项目的NPV 为A项目的两倍。
9.尽管A 项目的盈利指数低于B 项目，但A 项目具有较高的NPV，所以应该选A 项目。
盈利指数判断失误的原因在于B 项目比A 项目需要更少的投资额。
只有在资金额受限的情况下，公司的决策才会有误。
10. （1）如果两个项目的现金流均相同，A 项目将有更高的IRR，因为A 项目的初期投资低于项目B。
（2）相同，因为项目B 的初始投资额与现金流量都为项目A 的两倍。
11. B 项目将更加敏感。
原因在于货币的时间价值。
有较长期的未来现金流会对利率的变动更加敏感，这种敏感度类似于债券的利率风险。
12. MIRR 的计算方法是找到所有现金流出的现值以及项目结束后现金流入的未来值，然后计算出两笔现金流的IRR。
因此，两笔现金流用同一利率（必要报酬率）折现，因此，MIRR 不是真正的利率。
相反，考虑IRR。
如果你用初始投资的未来值计算出IRR，就可以复制出项目未来的现金流量。
13. 这种说法是错误的。
如果你将项目期末的内部现金流以必要报酬率计算NPV 和初始投资，你将会得到相同的NPV。
但是，NPV 并不涉及内部的现金流再投资的问题。
14. 这种说法是不正确的。
的确，如果你计算中间的所有现金的未来价值到项目结束流量的回报率，然后计算这个未来的价值和回报率的初步投资，你会得到相同的回报率。
然而，正如先前的问题，影响现金流的因素一旦产生不会影响IRR。
15. 1. a. The payback period is the time that it takes for the cumulative undiscounted cash inflows to equal the initial investment.Project A:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $6,500 = $6,500Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $6,500 + 4,000 = $10,500Companies can calculate a more precise value using fractional years. To calculate the fractional payback period, find the fraction of year 2‘s cash flows that is needed for the company to have cumulative undiscounted cash flows of $10,000. Divide the difference between the initial investment and the cumulative undiscounted cash flows as of year 1 by the undiscounted cash flow of year 2. Payback period = 1 + ($10,000 – $6,500) / $4,000 = 1.875 yearsProject B:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $7,000 = $7,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $7,000 + 4,000 = $11,000Cumulative cash flows Year 3 = $7,000 + 4,000 + 5,000 = $16,000To calculate the fractional payback period, find the fraction of year 3‘s cash flows that is needed for the company to have cumulative undiscounted cash flows of $12,000. Divide the difference between the initial investment and the cumulative undiscounted cash flows as of year 2 by the undiscounted cash flow of year 3.Payback period = 2 + ($12,000 – 7,000 – 4,000) / $5,000Payback period = 2.20 yearsSince project A has a shorter payback period than project B has, the company should chooseproject A.b. Discount each project‘s cash flows at 15 percent. Choose the project with the highest NPV. Project A:NPV = –$10,000 + $6,500 / 1.15 + $4,000 / 1.152 + $1,800 / 1.153= –$139.72Project B:NPV = –$12,000 + $7,000 / 1.15 + $4,000 / 1.152 + $5,000 / 1.153= $399.11The firm should choose Project B since it has a higher NPV than Project A has.16. When we use discounted payback, we need to find the value of all cash flows today. The value today of the project cash flows for the first four years is:Value today of Year 1 cash flow = $6,000/1.14 = $5,263.16Value today of Year 2 cash flow = $6,500/1.142 = $5,001.54Value today of Year 3 cash flow = $7,000/1.143 = $4,724.80Value today of Year 4 cash flow = $8,000/1.144 = $4,736.64To find the discounted payback, we use these values to find the payback period. The discounted first year cash flow is $5,263.16, so the discounted payback for an $8,000 initial cost is: Discounted payback = 1 + ($8,000 – 5,263.16)/$5,001.54 = 1.55 yearsFor an initial cost of $13,000, the discounted payback is:Discounted payback = 2 + ($13,000 – 5,263.16 – 5,001.54)/$4,724.80 = 2.58 yearsNotice the calculation of discounted payback. We know the payback period is between two and three years, so we subtract the discounted values of the Year 1 and Year 2 cash flows from the initial cost. This is the numerator, which is the discounted amount we still need to make to recover our initial investment. We divide this amount by the discounted amount we will earn in Year 3 to get the fractional portion of the discounted payback.If the initial cost is $18,000, the discounted payback is:Discounted payback = 3 + ($18,000 – 5,263.16 – 5,001.54 – 4,724.80) / $4,736.64 = 3.64 years 17. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. So, the equation that defines the IRR for this project is:0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = –$11,000 + $5,500/(1 + IRR) + $4,000/(1 + IRR)2 + $3,000/(1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 7.46%Since the IRR is less than the required return we would reject the project.18. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. So, the equation that defines the IRR for this Project A is:0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = – $3,500 + $1,800/(1 + IRR) + $2,400/(1 + IRR)2 + $1,900/(1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that:IRR = 33.37%And the IRR for Project B is:0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = – $2,300 + $900/(1 + IRR) + $1,600/(1 + IRR)2 + $1,400/(1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 29.32%19. The profitability index is defined as the PV of the cash inflows divided by the PV of the cash outflows. The cash flows from this project are an annuity, so the equation for the profitability index is:PI = C(PVIFAR,t) / C0 PI = $65,000(PVIFA15%,7) / $190,000 PI = 1.42320. a. The profitability index is the present value of the future cash flows divided by the initial cost. So, for Project Alpha, the profitability index is:PIAlpha = [$800 / 1.10 + $900 / 1.102 + $700 / 1.103] / $1,500 = 1.331And for Project Beta the profitability index is:PIBeta = [$500 / 1.10 + $1,900 / 1.102 + $2,100 / 1.103] / $2,500 = 1.441b. According to the profitability index, you would accept Project Beta. However, remember the profitability index rule can lead to an incorrect decision when ranking mutually exclusive projects. Intermediate21. a. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. So, the IRR for each project is: Deepwater Fishing IRR:0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = –$750,000 + $310,000 / (1 + IRR) + $430,000 / (1 + IRR)2 + $330,000 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 19.83%Submarine Ride IRR:0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = –$2,100,000 + $1,200,000 / (1 + IRR) + $760,000 / (1 + IRR)2 + $850,000 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 17.36%Based on the IRR rule, the deepwater fishing project should be chosen because it has the higher IRR.b. To calculate the incremental IRR, we subtract the smaller project‘s cash flows from the larger project‘s cash flows. In this case, we subtract the deepwater fishing cash flows from the submarine ride cash flows. The incremental IRR is the IRR of these incremental cash flows. So, the incremental cash flows of the submarine ride are:Year 0Year 1Year 2Year 3Submarine Ride–$2,100,000$1,200,000$850,000Deepwater Fishing–750,000310,000430,000330,000Submarine – Fishing–$1,350,000$890,000$330,000$520,000Setting the present value of these incremental cash flows equal to zero, we find the incremental IRR is: 0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = –$1,350,000 + $890,000 / (1 + IRR) + $330,000 / (1 + IRR)2 + $520,000 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: Incremental IRR = 15.78%For investing-type projects, accept the larger project when the incremental IRR is greater than the discount rate. Since the incremental IRR, 15.78%, is greater than the required rate of return of 14 percent, choose the submarine ride project. Note that this is not the choice when evaluating only the IRR of each project. The IRR decision rule is flawed because there is a scale problem. That is, the submarine ride has a greater initial investment than does the deepwater fishing project. This problem is corrected by calculating the IRR of the incremental cash flows, or by evaluating the NPV of each project.c. The NPV is the sum of the present value of the cash flows from the project, so the NPV of each project will be: Deepwater fishing:NPV = –$750,000 + $310,000 / 1.14 + $430,000 / 1.142 + $330,000 / 1.143 NPV = $75,541.46 Submarine ride:NPV = –$2,100,000 + $1,200,000 / 1.14 + $760,000 / 1.142 + $850,000 / 1.143 NPV =Since the NPV of the submarine ride project is greater than the NPV of the deepwater fishing project, choose the submarine ride project. The incremental IRR rule is always consistent with the NPV rule.22. a. The payback period is the time that it takes for the cumulative undiscounted cash inflows to equal the initial investment.Board game: Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $700 = $700Payback period = $600 / $700 = .86 yearsCD-ROM:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $1,400 = $1,400Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $1,400 + 900 = $2,300Payback period = 1 + ($1,900 – 1,400) / $900Payback period = 1.56 yearsSince the board game has a shorter payback period than the CD-ROM project, the company should choose the board game.b. The NPV is the sum of the present value of the cash flows from the project, so the NPV of each project will be:Board game: NPV = –$600 + $700 / 1.10 + $150 / 1.102 + $100 / 1.103 NPV = $235.46CD-ROM: NPV = –$1,900 + $1,400 / 1.10 + $900 / 1.102 + $400 / 1.103 NPV = $417.05 Since the NPV of the CD-ROM is greater than the NPV of the board game, choose the CD-ROM. c. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of a project equal to zero. So, the IRR of each project is:Board game: 0 = –$600 + $700 / (1 + IRR) + $150 / (1 + IRR)2 + $100 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 42.43%CD-ROM: 0 = –$1,900 + $1,400 / (1 + IRR) + $900 / (1 + IRR)2 + $400 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 25.03%Since the IRR of the board game is greater than the IRR of the CD-ROM, IRR implies we choose the board game. Note that this is the choice when evaluating only the IRR of each project. The IRR decision rule is flawed because there is a scale problem. That is, the CD-ROM has a greater initial investment than does the board game. This problem is corrected by calculating the IRR of the incremental cash flows, or by evaluating the NPV of each project.d. To calculate the incremental IRR, we subtract the smaller project‘s cash flows from the larger project‘s cash flows. In this case, we subtract the board game cash flows from the CD-ROM cash flows. The incremental IRR is the IRR of these incremental cash flows. So, the incremental cash flows of the CD-ROM are:Year 0Year 1Year 2 year3CD-ROM–$1,900$1,400$900$400Board game–600700150100CD-ROM – Board game–$1,300$700$750$300Setting the present value of these incremental cash flows equal to zero, we find the incremental IRR is: 0 = C0 + C1 / (1 + IRR) + C2 / (1 + IRR)2 + C3 / (1 + IRR)30 = –$1,300 + $700 / (1 + IRR) + $750 / (1 + IRR)2 + $300 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: Incremental IRR = 18.78%23. a. The payback period is the time that it takes for the cumulative undiscounted cash inflows to equal the initial investment.AZM Mini-SUV: Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $270,000 = $270,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $270,000 + 180,000 = $450,000Payback period = 1+ $30,000 / $180,000 = 1.17 years AZF Full-SUV:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $250,000 = $250,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $250,000 + 400,000 = $650,000Payback period = 1+ $350,000 / $400,000 = 1.88 yearsSince the AZM has a shorter payback period than the AZF, the company should choose the AZM. Remember the payback period does not necessarily rank projects correctly.b. The NPV of each project is:NPVAZM = –$300,000 + $270,000 / 1.10 + $180,000 / 1.102 + $150,000 / 1.103NPVAZM = $206,912.10NPVAZF = –$600,000 + $250,000 / 1.10 + $400,000 / 1.102 + $300,000 / 1.103NPVAZF = $183,245.68The NPV criteria implies we accept the AZM because it has the highest NPV.c. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. So, the IRR of the AZM is:0 = –$300,000 + $270,000 / (1 + IRR) + $180,000 / (1 + IRR)2 + $150,000 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that:IRRAZM = 51.43%And the IRR of the AZF is:0 = –$600,000 + $250,000 / (1 + IRR) + $400,000 / (1 + IRR)2 + $300,000 / (1 + IRR)3Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that:IRRAZF = 26.04%The IRR criteria implies we accept the AZM because it has the highest IRR. Remember the IRR does not necessarily rank projects correctlyd. Incremental IRR analysis is not necessary. The AZM has the smallest initial investment, and the largest NPV, so it should be accepted.24. a. The profitability index is the PV of the future cash flows divided by the initial investment. The profitability index for each project is:PIA = [$140,000 / 1.12 + $140,000 / 1.122] / $200,000 = 1.18PIB = [$260,000 / 1.12 + $260,000 / 1.122] / $400,000 = 1.10PIC = [$150,000 / 1.12 + $120,000 / 1.122] / $200,000 = 1.15b. The NPV of each project is:NPVA = –$200,000 + $140,000 / 1.12 + $140,000 / 1.122 NPVA = $36,607.14NPVB = –$400,000 + $260,000 / 1.12 + $260,000 / 1.122 NPVB = $39,413.27NPVC = –$200,000 + $150,000 / 1.12 + $120,000 / 1.122 NPVC = $29,591.84c. Accept projects A, B, and C. Since the projects are independent, accept all three projects because the respective profitability index of each is greater than one.d. Accept Project B. Since the Projects are mutually exclusive, choose the Project with the highest PI, while taking into account the scale of the Project. Because Projects A and C have the same initial investment, the problem of scale does not arise when comparing the profitability indices. Based on the profitability index rule, Project C can be eliminated because its PI is less than the PI of Project A. Because of the problem of scale, we cannot compare the PIs of Projects A and B. However, we can calculate the PI of the incremental cash flows of the two projects, which are: ProjectC0C1C2B – A–$200,000$120,000$120,000When calculating incremental cash flows, remember to subtract the cash flows of the project with the smaller initial cash outflow from those of the project with the larger initial cash outflow. This procedure insures that the incremental initial cash outflow will be negative. The incremental PI calculation is:PI(B –A) = [$120,000 / 1.12 + $120,000 / 1.12⌒2] / $200,000 = 1.014The company should accept Project B since the PI of the incremental cash flows is greater than one.e. Remember that the NPV is additive across projects. Since we can spend $600,000, we could take two of the projects. In this case, we should take the two projects with the highest NPVs, which are Project B and Project A.25. a. The payback period is the time that it takes for the cumulative undiscounted cash inflows to equal the initial investment.Project A:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $190,000 = $190,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $190,000 + 170,000 = $360,000Payback period = 1 + ($90,000/$170,000) = 1.53 yearsProject B:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $270,000 = $270,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $270,000 + 240,000 = $510,000Payback period = 1 + ($120,000/$240,000) = 1.50 yearsProject C:Cumulative cash flows Year 1 = $160,000 = $160,000Cumulative cash flows Year 2 = $160,000 + 190,000 = $350,000Payback period = 1 + ($70,000/$190,000) = 1.37 yearsProject C has the shortest payback period, so payback implies accepting Project C. However, the payback period does not necessarily rank projects correctly.b. The IRR is the interest rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero, so the IRR of each project is:Project A: 0 = –$280,000 + $190,000 / (1 + IRR) + $170,000 / (1 + IRR)⌒2Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRRA = 18.91%And the IRR of the Project B is:0 = –$390,000 + $270,000 / (1 + IRR) + $240,000 / (1 + IRR)2Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRRB = 20.36%And the IRR of the Project C is:0 = –$230,000 + $160,000 / (1 + IRR) + $190,000 / (1 + IRR)2Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRRC = 32.10%The IRR criteria implies accepting Project C.c. The profitability index is the present value of all subsequent cash flows, divided by the initial investment. We need to discount the cash flows of each project by the required return of each project. The profitability index of each project is:PIA = [$190,000 / 1.10 + $170,000 / 1.10⌒2] / $280,000 PIA = 1.12PIB = [$270,000 / 1.20 + $240,000 / 1.20⌒2] / $390,000 PIB = 1.00PIC = [$160,000 / 1.15 + $190,000 / 1.15⌒2] / $230,000 PIC = 1.23The PI criteria implies accepting Project C.d. We need to discount the cash flows of each project by the required return of each project. The NPV of each project is:NPVA = –$280,000 + $190,000 / 1.10 + $170,000 / 1.10⌒2 NPVA = $33,223.14NPVB = –$390,000 + $270,000 / 1.20 + $240,000 / 1.20⌒2 NPVB = $1,666.67NPVC = –$230,000 + $160,000 / 1.15 + $190,000 / 1.15⌒2 NPVC = $52,797.73The NPV criteria implies accepting Project C. In the final analysis, since we can accept only one of these projects. We should accept Project C since it has the greatest NPV.26. The equation for the IRR of the project is:0 =–$504 + $2,862/(1 + IRR) –$6,070/(1 + IRR)⌒2 + $5,700/(1 + IRR)⌒3 –$2,000/(1 + IRR)⌒4Using Descartes rule of signs, from looking at the cash flows we know there are four IRRs for this project. Even with most computer spreadsheets, we have to do some trial and error. From trial and error, IRRs of 25%, 33.33%, 42.86%, and 66.67% are found.We would accept the project when the NPV is greater than zero. See for yourself that the NPV is greater than zero for required returns between 25% and 33.33% or between 42.86% and 66.67%.27. a. The project involves three cash flows: the initial investment, the annual cash inflows, and the abandonment costs. The mine will generate cash inflows over its 11-year economic life. To express the PV of the annual cash inflows, apply the growing annuity formula, discounted at the IRR and growing at eight percent.PV(Cash Inflows) = C {[1/(r –g)] –[1/(r –g)] ×[(1 + g)/(1 + r)]⌒t}PV(Cash Inflows) = $175,000{[1/(IRR –.08)] –[1/(IRR –.08)] ×[(1 + .08)/(1 + IRR)]⌒11}学习-----好资料At the end of 11 years, the Utah Mining Corporate will abandon the mine, incurring a $125,000 charge. Discounting the abandonment costs back 11 years at the IRR to express its present value, we get: PV(Abandonment) = C11 / (1 + IRR)⌒11PV(Abandonment) = –$125,000 / (1+ IRR)⌒11So, the IRR equation for this project is:0 = –$900,000 + $175,000{[1/(IRR –.08)] –[1/(IRR –.08)] ×[(1 + .08)/(1 + IRR)]⌒11}–$125,000 / (1+ IRR)⌒11Using a spreadsheet, financial calculator, or trial and error to find the root of the equation, we find that: IRR = 22.26%b. Yes. Since the mine‘s IRR exceeds the required return of 10 percent, the mine should be opened. The correct decision rule for an investment-type project is to accept the project if the discount rate is above the IRR. Although it appears there is a sign change at the end of the project because of the abandonment costs, the last cash flow is actually positive because of the operating cash in the last year.28. To answer this question, we need to examine the incremental cash flows. To make the projects equally attractive, Project Billion must have a larger initial investment. We know this because the subsequent cash flows from Project Billion are larger than the subsequent cash flows from Project Million. So, subtracting the Project Million cash flows from the Project Billion cash flows, we find the incremental cash flows are:IncrementalYear cash flows0 –Io + $1,2001 2402 2403 400Now we can find the present value of the subsequent incremental cash flows at the discount rate, 12 percent. The present value of the incremental cash flows is:PV = $1,200 + $240 / 1.12 + $240 / 1.122 + $400 / 1.123PV = $1,890.32更多精品文档。