(完整版)英语专业毕业论文--中西方礼貌用语的文化差异

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浅谈中西方礼貌用语中的文化差异_王兴韬 - 副本

2011年第3期安徽文学浅谈中西方礼貌用语中的文化差异◎王兴韬（沈阳师范大学渤海学院中文系辽宁·兴城125105）摘要本文探讨了中西方语言交际中的礼貌用语使用的不同，分别从谦虚问题、称谓问题以及待人接物等方面分析了中西方语用习惯的差异，以期望学习语言的各国留学生能够注重语言的文化功能，更好地掌握语言交际技巧。

关键词中西方礼貌用语文化差异文章编号1671-0703（2011）03-262-01无论是学习英语的中国学生，还是学习汉语的外国留学生，都会经常感觉到中西方文化差异所带来的语言使用上的不同，语言不仅传递语意，还具有一定的文化符号功能。

中西方历史背景、生活习惯、宗教信仰、价值观等等方面都存在着很大的差异，形成了既有融合又有对立的两个文化圈，对某些总体的观念，人们有类似的认同，也有许多选择性和差异性。

比如，交际中最常见的礼貌问题，中西方语言的使用上就有不同的倾向性。

礼貌原则是语言交际中双方都会试图遵循的原则，为了能够顺利地完成语言交流，人们往往会注重交际中的礼貌用语与礼仪，这样显得更加得体，也容易得到他人的认同。

由于中西方生活习惯、文化背景等方面的差异，礼貌用语的使用就会有不同的侧重，如果不了解这些差异，交际过程就很难顺利地完成。

下面，就简单谈几点中西方在礼貌用语使用上的几点不同。

1关于“谦虚”的问题中国人自古就比较注重礼仪，而交际的基本原则之一就是“贬己抬人”。

往往对自己的称呼都用一些贬低的词汇，以表明自己的谦逊，如称自己为“鄙人”，称自己的家为“寒舍”，称自己的儿子为“犬子”等；而对待他人则要用一些赞扬或抬高的词汇，如询问别人姓氏时，要用“贵姓”，征求别人意见时会用“高见”，询问年龄的时候也会说“贵庚”。

西方人在这方面就显得更自然随意些，在语言上不体现出明显的差别。

当受到他人赞美的时候，中国人往往会极力表示自己的谦虚之意，比如，受到夸奖时，中国人往往会说“过奖了”、“哪里，哪里”、“还差得远呢”；而西方人则会欣然接受夸奖，并说“Thank you!”2关于“称谓”的问题中西方对他人的称谓方面也存在着很多不同，中国人不大喜欢直呼其名，除了父母对子女、老师对学生、比较要好的朋友，中国人是很少直接叫名字的。

中西文化中礼貌语的对比研究

英文：注重平等，如“ Mr.”、“Ms.”、“Miss”等
中文：使用尊称，如“老师”、“医生”、“律师”等
英文：使用职业名称，如“Professor”、“Doctor”、 “Lawyer”等
中文道谢：通常使用“谢谢”、 “非常感谢”等表达方式，语气较为正式和礼貌。
中文道歉：通常使用“对不起”、 “非常抱歉”等表达方式，语气较为正式和严肃。
Part Five
中国文化：注重礼仪，讲究谦逊，注重人际关系的和谐
西方文化：注重个人主义，强调平等，注重个人权利和自由
礼貌语的起源：源于古代社会，用于表达尊重和敬意礼貌语的发展：随着社会的发展和文化的交流，礼貌语逐渐演变为现代社会的礼仪规范
西方文化：注重个人主义，强调平等和尊重东方文化：注重集体主义，强调和谐和谦逊西方文化：礼貌语表达直接，注重表达自我东方文化：礼貌语表达含蓄，注重维护人际关系
中文：在公共场合，中国人通常会使用“请”、“谢谢”、“对不起” 等礼貌语。
英文：在公共场合，西方人通常会使用“Excuse me”、“Thank you”、“Sorry”等礼貌语。
差异：中文礼貌语通常比较正式，而英文礼貌语则更加随意。
原因：中文礼貌语受到中国传统文化的影响，而英文礼貌语则受到西方文化的影响。
英文问候语： Hello、 Good
morning、 Good
afternoon、 Good
evening等
中文问候语：英文问候语：中文问候语：英文问候语：
请问您贵姓？、 What's
请问您有什么 What can I
请问您怎么称 your name?、事吗？、请问 do for you?、
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中英礼貌用语的跨文化研究综述

中英礼貌用语的跨文化研究综述中英礼貌用语是两种不同文化背景下人们表达礼貌的方式。

虽然两种文化区别较大，但礼貌用语是交流的基础，因此跨文化研究中英礼貌用语非常重要。

本文将从四个方面介绍中英礼貌用语的跨文化研究——文化差异、社会等级、语境和年龄。

一、文化差异中英两国的文化差异很大，这导致了两种语言中的礼貌用语存在差异。

例如，中文中对对方年龄、职位的称呼非常重要，而英文中对个人信息的强调不如中文，更多的是通过称呼方式来表达礼貌。

与此同时，西方社会中提倡直白、开放的交流方式，人们较为直接地表达自己的观点和想法，而中国文化则更加注重面子和优雅，更倾向于使用婉转的措辞表达。

二、社会等级在中国文化中，社会等级是非常重要的因素，工作用语中使用合适的称呼也受到了极大的重视。

例如，某些职位，如老板或领导，在不同的场合下有不同的称呼，这取决于场合、人际关系和年龄等因素。

而英国文化对社会等级的关注不如中国文化那么细致入微。

在普通社交场合，英国人可能会使用比较随便的称呼，例如名字或者对方的职业，而不会像中文中一样直接使用对方的职务或称呼。

三、语境语境是指用语所处的情况或环境，它可以影响礼貌用语的具体表达。

在不同的语境中，人们可能会使用不同的礼貌用语。

比如，在欧洲英语文化中，"please"被认为是非常重要的礼貌用语，在英国人的日常交流中十分常见。

而在中国文化中，虽然"请"也是表示礼貌的重点用语之一，但它的使用情境却与英语不尽相同。

除了称呼外，还需要关注听众的年龄、社会地位、性别等细节。

因此，在不同的语境中，如何选择合适的用语来表达礼貌至关重要。

四、年龄在中文文化中，对长辈的尊重是非常重要的传统，在怎么称呼一个人和如何表达谦卑方面有很多特别的用语和习惯。

年轻一代的中国人已经开始跟进西方的潮流，开始变得更加开放和直接，但在家庭环境中，尊重长辈的惯例仍然得到遵守。

而在英文文化中，虽然老年人的地位也是非常重要的，但在称呼方式和用语表达中，没有那么强调对长辈的尊重。

中西方礼仪文化差异英语作文

中西方礼仪文化差异英语作文Here is the English essay on the cultural differences in etiquette between the East and West, with a word count of over 600 words:In the vast and diverse world we inhabit, the nuances of cultural etiquette play a significant role in shaping our social interactions and understanding of one another. The divergent traditions and norms governing manners and conduct in the East and the West present a fascinating study in the tapestry of human civilization. By exploring these differences, we can gain valuable insights into the underlying philosophies and worldviews that have informed the development of these distinct cultural practices.At the heart of Eastern etiquette lies a deep-rooted emphasis on harmony, respect, and the collective well-being of the community. In many Asian cultures, the concept of "face" – the preservation of one's social standing and dignity – is paramount. This manifests in a heightened awareness of social hierarchies, a tendency to avoid direct confrontation, and a preference for subtle, implicit forms of communication. The act of bowing, for instance, is a widespread custom in countries like Japan and Korea, serving as a gesture of respect, deference, and humility.Mealtimes in the East are often imbued with elaborate rituals and unspoken rules. In China, it is considered impolite to begin eating before the eldest or most senior person at the table. Slurping one's food and leaving chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice are also frowned upon, as these behaviors are associated with funerary rites. The act of sharing communal dishes and encouraging others to partake reflects the collectivist nature of many Asian societies.In contrast, Western etiquette tends to place a greater emphasis on individualism, directness, and personal space. The handshake, a ubiquitous greeting in the West, is a testament to this cultural difference. While a firm handshake is often seen as a sign of confidence and assertiveness in European and North American contexts, it may be perceived as overly aggressive or intrusive in parts of Asia, where a gentler, more subtle touch is preferred.Additionally, the Western dining experience is often marked by a greater degree of formality and adherence to specific rules. The placement of utensils, the proper way to hold a fork and knife, and the etiquette surrounding the use of napkins are all meticulously observed. Failure to abide by these norms can be viewed as a breach of social protocol, whereas in many Eastern cultures, the focus is more on the enjoyment of the meal and the quality of the conversation.The concept of time also differs markedly between the East and the West. In societies like the United States and the United Kingdom, punctuality is highly valued, and tardiness is often interpreted as a sign of disrespect or lack of organization. In contrast, the notion of "time is money" is less prevalent in many Asian cultures, where a more relaxed, fluid approach to scheduling is the norm. The concept of "island time" in places like Hawaii and the Caribbean is a testament to this cultural difference.Furthermore, the gestures and body language employed in social interactions vary significantly between the two spheres. In the West, direct eye contact is often seen as a sign of confidence and trustworthiness, whereas in parts of Asia, prolonged eye contact may be perceived as confrontational or disrespectful. The act of pointing with one's index finger, which is widely accepted in the West, is considered rude and impolite in countries like Japan, where pointing is typically done with an open hand or the thumb.These divergent cultural practices and their underlying philosophies are a testament to the rich diversity of human civilization. By understanding and respecting these differences, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding, facilitate more meaningful and respectful interactions, and ultimately, contribute to a more harmonious global community. As we navigate the increasinglyinterconnected world, the ability to navigate the nuances of etiquette across cultures becomes an invaluable asset, allowing us to forge stronger connections and bridge the divides that have long separated East and West.。

中西礼貌用语的差异与文化影响精品

中西礼貌用语的差异与文化影响Culture Differences Between Chinese and Western Courtesy Language郭靖经济学系经济Q0941班摘要:生活在不同文化背景与地域的人,由于道德价值观、文化习俗、行为规范上的差异,对礼貌语言的理解能力是不同的。

因此我们在与西方各国人交往时,要全面地了解中西文化的差异,以避免礼貌语言使用不当的情况出现,造出误会，不能使交往和谐友好地进行。

关键词:礼貌语言;中西文化;差异；影响KeyWords: courtesy language; Chinese andWestern cultures; difference一、中西文化对“礼貌”一词的解释不同，文化是一个群体（可以是国家、也可以是民族、企业、家庭）在一定时期内形成的思想、理念、行为、风俗、习惯、代表人物，及由这个群体整体意识所辐射出来的一切活动。

社会学家告诉我们:一切文化都是独特的,互不相同的。

《辞源》上说:“礼”是规定社会行为的法则、规范、仪式的总称。

尊敬、敬意是现代礼貌的社会功能,强调的是人与人之间关系的融洽与和谐,消除抵触,促成合作。

于是出现了“礼貌语言”、“礼貌待人”等礼貌语言,那么,什么样的言语行为才被称得上是礼貌行为呢?本人认为,要注意礼貌语言的两层含义:一是内容上要礼貌;二是表达方式上要礼貌。

内容上要礼貌就是要遵循社会的礼貌法则,礼貌待人;表达方式上要礼貌就是使用语言时要尊重听话人,对听话人要有敬意。

西方礼貌又是什么样的呢? 在《英汉辞海》中, polite解释的第三条是:属于高度文化的,或有特点的,表示出有修养、教养、雅致和温文的,有高度的受尊敬的习惯的。

第四条是:有礼貌的、客气的,有时是由于真心实意地体贴人,有时只是出于顾全社会礼节的那种体贴,应付得体、尊重、客气或宽厚的。

如polite answer (有礼貌的回答) , polite letter (客气的信) 。

英语专业毕业论文---浅谈英汉委婉语的文化差异

Contents Acknowledgements (I)English Abstract (II)Chinese Abstract (III)Chapter1 Introduction........................................................................ (1)1.1The definition of euphemism (1)1.2The features of euphemism (2)1.2.1National characteristic (2)1.2.2Regional feature (2)1.2.3Indirect a nd Implicit (3)1.2.4Universality (3)1.2.5Humor (3)1.2.6Vagueness (4)Chapter 2 Euphemism, Language and Culture (5)2.1The definition of culture (5)2.2Language and culture (6)2.3Euphemism and culture (6)Chapter 3 A Comparison About English and Chinese Euphemism (8)3.1Euphemisms for death (8)3.2Euphemisms for old age (9)3.3Euphemisms for poverty (10)3.4Euphemisms for marriage and pregnancy (11)3.5Euphemisms for disease (12)Chapter4 Conclusion (14)References (15)AcknowledgementsThis thesis is a result of contributions from many supporting individuals.During the process of writing, I have received various kinds of help from many people. Because of their help, I have finished writing this thesis so smoothly. Here, I want to render my sincere thanks to all the teachers and classmates who have given me their help in the last four years. The help is not only one of the most important treasures deserving cherishing all my life, but also will be a perfect guide in my life in the future.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor – Ms. Peng Qiying. In this short but sufficient period, she has given me many good suggestions for the materials and the ways of organizing ideas. Without her consistent instructions, this thesis would not have reached its present form.My sincere thanks are also owed to all the teachers who have taught me during the four years of my university study. I also thank the library of Guizhou University and the library of our college for providing me with the facilities and sources that I needed for my research and writing.I also acknowledge my sincere thanks to all my classmates and friends who have enriched my life with their generous help and precious friendship.The finishing of my thesis is not an end but a new beginning. I believe that I can do better and better in my future life. Thank you again, my supervisor, my classmates and my teachers.AbstractOne of the most important ways for our human beings to communicate with others is language. Language is an important means for people to maintain their social relationship. However, there are many things which are supposed to be unspeakable. Many words also make people embarrassed and unhappy. So, in order to avoid the offensiveness and misunderstandings, people usually use the indirect or pleasant expressions to replace with those unpleasant and rude words in communication. We call that euphemism. Euphemism plays an important role in people’s social communication and exists in almost every culture and society. In order to help the language learner to understand euphemism better, this thesis mainly explores the cultural differences between English and Chinese euphemisms. In chapter one, the author introduces the definition and features of euphemism. In chapter two, the author introduces the relationship between euphemism, language and culture. Chapter three is mainly a contrastive study of English and Chinese euphemism from these aspects: euphemisms of death, poverty, marriage, pregnancy and disease. Then the author brings to the conclusion that if the language learners want to learn a foreign language well, it is better that he has a good knowledge of its culture.Key Words：euphemism, definition, feature, culture, difference摘要语言是人与人交流的最重要的方法，也是保持社会关系的重要方法。

中西礼节差异英文作文

中西礼节差异英文作文英文：As someone who has experienced both Western and Chinese cultures, I can say that there are definitely differencesin etiquette between the two. Let me give you some examples.In Western culture, it is common to shake hands when meeting someone new or in a professional setting. This is a way of showing respect and establishing a connection. In Chinese culture, however, there are different ways of greeting someone depending on the relationship and the occasion. For example, a younger person may bow slightly to an elder as a sign of respect, or two friends may give each other a hug.Another difference is in gift-giving. In Western culture, it is common to wrap gifts in colorful paper and present them to the recipient. However, in Chinese culture, the wrapping is not as important as the gift itself. It isalso customary to give gifts in pairs, such as two oranges or two red envelopes with money inside.One more example is in dining etiquette. In the West,it is polite to wait for everyone to be seated before beginning to eat. In China, it is customary to begin eating as soon as the dishes are served. In addition, it is common to use chopsticks in China, while in the West, knives and forks are more commonly used.Overall, these are just a few examples of the differences in etiquette between Western and Chinese cultures. It is important to be aware of these differences when interacting with people from different cultures, as it can avoid misunderstandings and show respect.中文：作为一个经历过西方和中国文化的人，我可以说两者之间的礼节确实有所不同。

中英礼貌用语差异对比研究毕业论文

毕业设计（论文）题目：中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究A Constructive Study of Politeness in ChineseAnd English Culture学生姓名：蔡美玲学号：0807060128专业班级：B08英语（国际商务）1班指导教师：唐红梅学院：外国语学院2012年4 月中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究摘要语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。

它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。

随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越重要。

在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。

本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。

通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语，避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。

同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。

最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。

关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESEAND ENGLISH CULTUREABSTRACTLanguage Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the people's social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony,and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students' comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture;Contents1. Introduction (1)2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English (1)2.1 Politeness Principles of English (1)2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theory (1)2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle (2)2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle (2)2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese (3)3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness (5)3.1 Terms of Address (5)3.2 Humility Language and Formal L anguage (5)3.3 Terms of Privacy (6)3.4 Terms of Greeting (6)3.5 Terms of Thanks (7)3.6 Terms of Goodbye (8)3.7 Terms of Invitation (8)3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture (8)3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on T able (8)3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on T able (9)4. Reasons for the different & countermeasures (9)4.1 Reasons for the Difference (9)4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity (10)4.1.2 Philosophy D ifferences (10)4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and V alue (10)4.2 Countermeasures (11)4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching (11)4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication (11)5. Conclusion (13)References (14)1.Introduction“As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”[1]Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.2.Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and EnglishPoliteness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theoryPoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. [2]Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior T heory”from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face T heory”which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the firsttime to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face i s ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each other's face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications.Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politenes s is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. [3]2.1.2 Grice Cooperative PrincipleGrice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in people’s conversation. He thought that, “in all the communicati on, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, justthe right amount(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. [4]But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle can't completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles — Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict people's conversation behaviors.2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness PrincipleEnglish scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational people’s conversation as well. It is closelyconnected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leech’s Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximizeagreement between self and other.(6). Maxim of sympathy: min imize antipathy between self and other’, maximize s ympathybetween self and other. [5]This is the main content of Leech’s politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood.2.2 Politeness Principles of ChineseLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。

中英礼貌用语对比研究毕业论文

Cultural Differences between Chinese and English on Politeness中英礼貌用语对比研究摘要礼貌是人类文化的普遍现象，广泛的存在于人类社会生活之中，它不仅是人类社会活动的重要准绳，也是人类文明的主要标志。

文明古国中国和西方处于不同的地域，有着不同的文化背景，道德价值观，风土人情等等，中英文化的巨大差异必然导致其礼貌用语的使用差异。

本文将从文化价值角度对中英两种礼貌用语进行对比分析，旨在使交流顺利进行，提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词礼貌用语；英语；汉语；差异对比绪论礼貌作为一种文化习俗，在人脑中是根深蒂固的，它以巨大的力量促使人们按照本民族的习惯进行交际。

即使是许多有文化有教养，知道入乡随俗的人也难以摆脱文化习俗的羁绊，在跨文化交际中有意无意的触犯对方的禁忌，造成语用失误。

跨文化交际中关键性的问题，就是人们能否冲破各自文化的约束去领略认可，或接受其他文化中多重且隐蔽的特性。

为了顺利融洽的进行交际，除了建立良好的习俗差异意识，遵守“入境问禁，入国问俗，入门问佛”的礼仪，规范，更重要的还应重视移情，不管是说话人还是听话人，在认知心理上都要乐于接受对方d 的不同文化，想方设法去理解对方的用意。

在跨文化交流中我们会轻松地发现，英汉两种语言的礼貌用语存在很大的不同，下面我将从以下几个方面进行分析。

一、中英称呼语的文化差异中国人较习惯于非对等式的称呼类型，称呼要讲究“长幼尊卑贵贱”之分，体现出一种权势倾向，是垂直社会关系的标志。

而英语国家受西方文化影响，较崇尚对等式称呼，表现出平等的文化取向。

（一）、姓名。

比如，在中国，下属不能叫上司的名字，学生不能直接叫老师的名字，孩子不能直呼父母的名字。

否则就会被认定为没有礼貌，缺乏教养。

而英语文化中的称呼语注重双方亲近，表现出平等的文化取向。

在英语国家，一般来说，不论对方年龄多大，地位和级别多高，人们更愿意直呼其名，以示亲近。

(英语毕业论文)广告语中的中西方文化价值观的差异

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中西方语言礼貌文化差异

三、结论
语用能力必须跟随语言能力提到同等重要的位置上。语言所传递的文化信息是英语教学内容中不可忽视的重要组成部分。
6）另外，英语教学中，词汇的学习比重很大，而且大量的英语单词、短语、成语都具有和英语文化密切相关的内涵。Peter trudgill在《社会语言学》一书中指出：“一个社会所用语言中的词汇体现出该文化与其他文化的主要要差别”。
1、一个常见的英语与汉语之间内涵和词汇之间差别的词是“亲爱的（dear）”，在英语中，dear这个词可用在许多场合下表示对某人的尊敬、羡慕、爱情或是作为称呼别人的一种习惯，不表示任何特殊的感情。而英语国家的人们在夫妻、情人或父母和孩子之间，如想表达非常亲密的关系时，他们常常用“亲爱的（darling）”来表示。中国人在感情表达方面趋于含蓄，所以很少用“亲爱的”来称呼别人。
3）中西方跨文化交际通常是通过谈话的方式来进行的。但要注意同外国人交际时要选用恰当的话题才能与外国人愉快的交流，学到更多的东西。而中国人常常不会选择恰当的话题而遭到外国人的拒绝。中国学生和外国人初次见面就常问：
——what’s your name?
------where are you from?
------how old are you?
------Are you married?
甚至会问：
------How much do you earn every month?
------How much is your coat?
------What religion do you believe in?
——OH, your drsee is really nice.
------well, it is just so—so.

浅议中西方礼貌用语差异

４８０）０００
礼貌是一种普遍现象。由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。中西方文化中，貌一直被在礼视为语言不可缺少的一部分，存在一种礼貌和广泛使用礼貌语言．楚地表明人们的喜爱和重视这一特定语言。中西方清在文化中．貌在这两种文化的社会功能相同，它们在实际使礼但用中有所不同。就是说在此文化是礼貌的语言行为，也在彼文化中则是不礼貌的语言行为。研究礼貌用语已成为不可忽视的问题这些差异往往成为跨文化交际失败的根源。文将从本以下四个部分讨论这些差异。问候语作为交际用语的重要组成部分，问候语普遍存在，成了构礼貌用语的一部分。在日常生活中，只要一遇到别人，论他无或她．候均被认为是礼貌的行为。在社会交往中起着重要问它作用，一种道德修养准则。然而，同的文化产生不同的问是不候方式。是传统型的社会，成员似乎越不喜欢使用情境问越其候。众所周知，国是一个有着悠久传统的国家，么中国的中那问候更不依赖于情境和公式化的问候，问话内容具体，类繁种多，式灵活，要是根据见面时的具体情况而定。而美国的形主问候往往有明确的模式化的套语和对方打招呼问候。在汉语中，家平常打招呼就是 “ 吃了吗？ ” 者就是 “ 到哪儿大你或你去？，示对对方友好和关心。这种问题对英美人来说就是 ”表而种冒犯。这些友好的寒暄语在两方人听来不仅感到奇怪而且感到不快。当你使用 “ ｅｅｒｏｏｎ？打招呼时，们Ｗｈｒｅｕｉｇ ” ａｙｇ他就会感到不高兴，为你在打听他人的私事。而当你用 “ ａｅ以Ｈｖｙｕｈｄｌｎｈ ” 他们打招呼时．于一些西方人．个问题ｏａｕｃ？向对这可能意味着 “ 也没有吃。让我们一起去吃点东西。” 者 “ 我或如果你没有．想邀请你到我家并邀请你来吃晚饭。。西方文我 ”在化中，人们更愿意谈论天气作为问候的手段，如 “ｓｈｓｏＩｔｉｎｔｇｏｅｔｅ？，ｏｄｗａｈｒ ” 而不是对个人的事务性的候。美熟人之间英碰面，道声 “ ｉ或 “ ｌ ” 表示打招呼了。互Ｈ ’ Ｈｅｏ就＇ｌ在中国使用的一些问候不带任何信息．人们并不需要回答诸如 “ 去哪儿？ ” “ 吃饭了没有？ ” “ 么风把你吹来你、你和什了？ ” 汉语里询问他人行动去向或询问个人情况的问候语让，英语国家的人无法接受甚至反感。这是因为不同的问候语方式受制于不同的文化规范，在西方这些问候语被认为是入侵他们的个人生活，不是友好的祝福，以应避免这种问候方而所式。在英美一般是这样的口头模式：Ｇｏｒｉｇ”“ ． “ ｏｄｍｏｎｎ．Ｈｉ ” “ ｅｏ” Ｗｈｔｏｄｙ” 。Ｈｌ．ｌ “ ａａｏｄａ！等中英文问候语言形式不同．它ｇ但们的语用功能是相似的。现代中国，来越多的人通过这些在越方式向别人打招呼 “ 你好 ” “ 上好 ” 和早等二、维与应答恭恭维语作为一种社会言语行为在不同的环境中可以完成不同的功能。维是称赞某人的价值，于讨好对方的目的而恭出去称赞、扬。中文和英文在恭维方面有明显的差异。在英美颂国家人心中每个人都是平等的。这个概念在他们头脑中深深扎根，因此当他们赞美一个人通常是客观的。例如．当一个人称赞你做饭很好吃时，应该回答：Ｔａｋｖｕ他们的赞美你 “ ｈｎ０！”

浅谈中西方礼貌用语的差异

（三）致谢语和道歉语
致谢是人们日常交往中重要的语言行为，是不同社会人民共同遵循的礼仪规范准则，是促进人际关系和谐的文明举动。西方社会特别重视致谢，对一件再小的事都会表示感谢之情，即使是亲密无间的朋友或家庭成员之间，也会对对方真诚致谢。而传统的中国社会不太注重这一方面，关系密切的朋友、亲人之间，往往都是不大言谢的。另外，当中国人收到别人的感谢或赞誉时，往往会说 “ 不用谢，应该的、 “ 别客气，这算
不了什么、 “ 哪里哪里过奖了之类的话，以示自己的谦逊；而西方人则会直白的说 “ Ｔｈａ￣ｏｕ～Ｙｏｕａｒｅｗｅｌｃｏｍｅ，大方的接受他人的赞美与感谢。
辛Ｌ貌准月４：１．称呼准则：指用适当的称呼问候对方。现代也存在着差异。由于中国文化属于差序格局的社会结构，英语文化属于平行的社会结构，所以在中国，老师向学生道歉、领导向下级道歉、父母向子
女道歉的现象不太常见，因为“ 长幼尊卑” 的传统观念左右着
中国人在生活中的言行举止；而西方社会不分长幼、上下、尊卑。无论是谁犯了错，都会向对方表示歉意。三、中西方礼貌用语差异的成因
一
、
文化中的上下有异，贵贱有分，长幼有序” 的封建社会的宗法血亲关系，又受社会地位、职业、性别、年龄等多重因素制约。在中国，人们对亲人的称呼种类非常多，舅舅～姑妈～姨爹” “ 表兄等等，对亲戚的尊称非常繁琐。而在英语里这些称谓则比较笼统、模糊，一词多义。他们的称呼很简单， “ ｓｉｓｔｅｒ ” “ ｂｒｏｔｈｅｒ～ｕｎｄｅ～ａｕｎｔ等。此外，在社交场合上，中国人大多以 “ 姓＋职位的模式来称呼他人，如王医生、吴书记、陈老板等。而西方人则简单的用 “ Ｍｒ．／Ｍｉｓｓ＋姓来称呼。

中西方礼貌的差异英语作文

中西方礼貌的差异英语作文In Western culture, people tend to be more direct and straightforward when communicating, often expressing their opinions and thoughts openly without much hesitation.In contrast, in Eastern culture, particularly in China, people tend to be more indirect and subtle in their communication, often using implicit language and non-verbal cues to convey their meaning.In Western culture, it is common to express one's gratitude and appreciation openly and directly, often with a simple "thank you" or a compliment.In Eastern culture, particularly in China, people may be more reserved in expressing their gratitude, often downplaying compliments and showing humility.In Western culture, it is considered polite to maintain eye contact when speaking with someone, as it showsattentiveness and respect.In Eastern culture, particularly in China, prolonged eye contact may be seen as impolite or confrontational, and people may avert their gaze as a sign of respect.In Western culture, it is common to address people by their first names, even in professional settings, as a way of showing friendliness and equality.In Eastern culture, particularly in China, people often use titles and formal terms of address to show respect and hierarchy in social and professional interactions.In Western culture, it is common to engage in smalltalk and casual conversation as a way of building rapport and establishing a friendly atmosphere.In Eastern culture, particularly in China, people may be more reserved in their communication, often avoiding personal topics and focusing on more formal or neutral subjects.。

英语专业毕业论文--从礼貌用语看中西文化差异

AbstractLanguage, as part of culture, is influenced by culture. So is courtesy. Courtesy language is the important part of the culture. All the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. Different cultures between China and West lead to different politeness principles. Courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. It is the basic element to keep a good relationship. Whether the use of courtesy languages is proper or not will directly influence the communication. This article tries to analyze the cultural differences between Chinese and Western courtesy languages in their causes and effects on the cross-cultural communication, such as: addressing, greeting, compliments and responses and taboos. And, the paper deeply analyzes the causes for the differences from the histories, customs and social norms. The purpose is to know the use of the courtesy language and improve cross-cultural communication.Key words: courtesy language; cultural difference; cross-cultural communication摘要语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的一部分，语言受到文化的影响，是文化的一面镜子。

中西方礼貌原则的文化差异英语毕业论文

中西方礼貌原则的文化差异英语毕业论文渭南师范学院本科毕业论文题目：中西方礼貌原则的文化差异Study on the Cultural Differences between Chinese and EnglishPoliteness PrinciplesByYang XueA Thesis Presented to School of Foreign Languages ofWeinan Normal Universityas Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay 13, 2012Class: Class 1 of 2008Advisor: Yang Xue毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。

对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。

作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文

中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文Contents摘要...……………………………………………………......………….i Abstract……………………………………………….……….….……..i i Introduction............................................................. . (1)Chapter 1 A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Maxims inE n g l i s h a n dChinese…........................................(2)1.1E n g l i s h P o l i t e n e s sM axims…..….............................................…(2)1.2C h i n e s e P o l i t e n e s sM axims…...................................................(3)Chapter 2 The Main Performance of Different Expression BetweenC h i n e s e a n d E n g l i s h o nP o l i t e n e s s (5)2.1T e r m s o f Address……………...............…………….................(5)2.2T e r m s o f G r e e t i n g s a n d Farewells (7)2.3T e r m s i n C o m p l i m e n t s a n d t h e R e s p o n s e s t oC o m p l i m e n t s (9)2.4T e r m s o f E u p h e m i s m a n d Taboo......................................................1 3 Chapter 3 The Reasons, Effects and Strategies of DifferentE x p r e s s i o nB e t w e e nC h i n e s e a n d E n g l i s h o nP o l i t e n e s s (18)3.1 The Reasons of Different Expression Between Chinese andE n g l i s ho n Politeness.............................................(18)3.2 The Influence of the Different Expression Between Chinesea n dE n g l i s h o n Politeness................................................. ......................2 23.3 The Strategies to the Different Expression Between Chinesea n dE n g l i s h o nPoliteness................................................. ......................2 4 Conclusion.................................................................... .......2 6 Bibliography............................................................... .. . (27)AcknowledgementIntroductionWhen we communicate with other people, we have to obey a lot of rules of manners which have rooted in our daily life. If not, there would appear many misunderstandings. Every nation has its politeness. People use different politeness language in different situations. And we can say politeness language plays an important role in our communication with people around us.People from different countries may have different manners,thus they could encounter difficulties in their communication. As the development of our country, the internationalism is becoming more and more rapidly. We need to communicate with people of the world. But they have their own attitudes towards things which maybe a little bit different or totally different from ours. If we do not understand the cultures of them, absolutely, we will have a lot of difficulties in this process. Sometimes, we are likely to understand one thing in our own perspective. Today, a better understanding of people who come from other cultures is very important. Especially in the cross-culture communication. This article is written tointroduce the different expression between Chinese and English on politeness from different perspectives.Chapter 1A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Maxims in Englishand ChineseIn the past decades, researchers focused on the politeness principle as an important pragmatic principle. The function of politeness, as a social phenomenon, is maintaining social order, reducing conflicts and misunderstanding in communications. We can make our behavior polite with the help of some politeness maxims, such as Cr ice’s Cooperative Principle, Leech’s politeness principles and Gu Yueguo’s politeness principles.1.1 English Politeness MaximsAmong the principles proposed by pragmaticists to explain the phenomena in the use of language in conversation, Crice’s Cooperative Principle is one of the basic ones. But Leech thinks that it fails to explain all the phenomena in language use, especially fails to explain why people tend to use many indirect speech acts to violate Cooperative Principle, so he puts forwardthe Politeness Principle. Here are his six politeness maxims.(1)T act Maxim: It means minimize cost and maximize benefit toothers.(2)G enerosity Maxim: It means minimize benefit and maximizecost to selfs.(3)A pprobation Maxim: It means minimize dispraise and maximizepraise of others.(4)M odesty Maxim: It means minimize praise and maximizedispraise of self.(5)A greement Maxim: It means minimize disagreement betweenself and others while maximize agreement between self and others.(6)S ympathy Maxim: It means minimize antipathy between self andothers while maximize sympathy between self and other.1.2 Chinese Politeness MaximsIn China, the real study of politeness only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China. The most important figure in this area is Gu Yueguo. He is a student of Leech and comes from Beijing Foreign Studies University. On the basis of Chinese culture, Gu used L eech’s principle of politeness for reference and summed up four features of Chinese politeness, and later developed them into five politeness。