2011英语一模回答问题

2012届（2011学年）上海市高三英语一模——回答问题（宝山）Aware that the financial crisis could spread to other sections, the Fed has moved remarkably aggressively, cutting rates by 1.25 percentage points in eight days—a rate-cutting spree(无节制行为) almost unheard of in central banking history. The Fed now has cut rates five times by accumulative(累积的) 2.25 percentage points—and there is no sign that the Fed is done. Thanks to the strategies of Hank Paulson, George Bush soon will sign a bill that will pump some $150 billion into the American economy for U.S. consumers to spend. That kind of coordination(协调) between fiscal and monetary authorities is as exceptional as it is both swift and impressive.Sure, the Cassandras are disobeying the Fed‘s actions. Bernanke has been criticized f or everything from catering to Wall Street traders to still being behind the curve. But opinions are like a nose—everybody has one. The current noise of criticism against Bernanke is a lot like baseball fans, screaming ―throw the burn out‖ at the game or l etting out their depressions on post-game AM radio talk shows. But it‘s a lot easier to criticize than to step up to home plate and swing the bat.The reality is that few of Bernanke‘s most bitter critics were even smart enough to make it into an introductory economics class taught by Bernanke at Princeton—let alone to run the world‘s most influential Central Bank. And to assume that Fed policy is based on responses to such criticism would be as ridiculous as for baseball star Alex Rodriguez to walk over and hand his bat to an unpleasant critic in the seats of Yankee Stadium to take his place at home plate. Thankfully, airline pilots guiding a plane through rough instability play to a less noisy crowd.Here‘s the reality. Neither Bernanke‘s interest rate cu ts nor the federal stimulus package likely will hit the policy nail right on the head. But no real-time decision making is perfect. As John Maynard sKeynes, himself an academic with plenty of real world experience, observ ed: ―It‘s better to be nearly right than exactly wrong.‖ The Fed can‘t stop a decline, but it can help it be short and shallow. This is a complex, fast-changing situation. Let‘s give the Fed and the U.S. government some credit for acting swiftly and firmly.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS) 81.The Fed has cut its rates steeply in central banking history because it has recognized that _____________________________________________________________________________.82.With the help of Hank Paulson, George Bush agrees to give money to U.S. consumers tospend, which shows that the cooperation is unusually __________________________.83.The author‘s opinion about Bernanke‘s most rough critics is that they are ______ to run theworld‘s most influential Centra l Bank.84.Since the situation is complex and fast-changing, what does the author approve?81. the financial crisis could influence other parts82. swift and impressive83. not smart enough84. trusting and supporting the Fed and the U.S. government.（崇明）How would you cope if you had a terminal illness? What if your son or daughter had no hope of ever having a normal life due to a life-threatening condition? Do these terminally sick people have the right to die?In the UK, the question of assisted suicide or refusing medical treatment is extremely divisive(有分歧的); euthanasia is illegal in Britain, which is the act of helping a terminally-ill person to kill himself.However, a 13-year-old English girl has won the right to refuse medical treatment this week after a hospital dropped a legal attempt to force her to have a heart transplant. Hannah Jones, who has spent eight years in and out of hospital battling heart problems, told child protection officers she wanted to die with dignity rather than face the operation and have to take constant medical treatment afterwards. Despite initial efforts by her local health authority to remove Hannah from her family and force her to undergo the transplant, legal and medical experts said that a child of her age was able to make an informed decision to refuse treatment.Hannah‘s decision to stop treatment and spend the rest of her life at home with her family was made entirely by herself, according to her father, who spoke of his admiration for her. "Hannah made that decision consciously on her own, a bit like a grown-up, even though she was only 12 at the time, and she has maintained that decision," said Andrew Jones.The headmaster of Hannah‘s school described her as intelligent and capable of making her own decisions. "Her presence is a source of inspiration to us all through the courage and dignity that she displays," he said.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What is ―euthanasia‖ (in paragraph 2)?82. The hospital‘s original plan for Hannah was to _____________________________________.83. Hannah Jones prefers dying with dignity to ________________________________________.84. What does the writer intend to discuss with the example of Hannah?81. The act of helping a terminally-ill person to kill themselves.82. give Hannah a heart transplant83. facing the operation and having to take constant medical treatment84. Terminally sick people‘s right to die.（奉贤）The scientists observed that the more junk food the rats ate, the more they wanted to eat – a behavior very similar to that of rats addicted(上了瘾的) to heroin, a dangerous drug. Johnson said the experiment shows that the brain chemistry of obesity(肥胖) and drug addiction may be quite similar.In their experiment, J ohnson and his team studied the ―pleasure center‖ of rats‘ brains. The pleasure center is a complicated network of nerve cells. If the animal exercises or eats, the cells reward the animal by releasing chemicals into the body that make it feel good. And when the body feels good, the animal – or person – will want to do the behavior again.For the experiment, Johnson fed foods like cheesecake to one group of rats. Food like this is high in calories and fat. Another group of rats got a regular diet. The rats that ate junk food started to eat more and more.―They‘re taking in twice the amount of calories as the control rats,‖ says Paul Kenny, one of Johnson‘s colleagues.Kenny and Johnson wanted to know what was going on in the brains of these rats. They first design ed a way to deliver a small electrical charge to the rats‘ brains. This electrical charge would stimulate the pleasure centers to release pleasure-causing chemicals. The rats could control how much stimulation – and how much pleasure – they received by running on a wheel. The more the rat ran, the more pleasure it received.The rats that had been eating junk food started running more and more. This behavior suggested that the junk-food-eating rats needed more brain stimulation to feel good compared with rats on a normal diet. In other words, their pleasure centers were becoming less sensitive and the junk food didn‘t make them feel good unless they ate more and more.Experiments like this one could help scientists understand how chemicals in the brain contribute to obesity. With that information, they may be able to help people avoid obesity in the first place.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The scientists suggested it was actually ___________________ that made the rats feel good.82. According to the scientists, the reason why rats wanted to eat more and more junk food wasthat ___________________.83. How did the scientist know what was happening in the brains of the junk-food-eating rats?84. What was the purpose of the experiment mentioned in the article?81. chemicals in the brain82. they needed more junk food to stimulate their pleasure centers/ needed more brain stimulationto feel good83. By delivering a small electrical charge to the rats‘ brains.84. To understand the role the brain plays in obesity/ how chemicals in the brain contribute toobesity.A newly-published study has shown that loneliness can spread from one person to another, like a disease.Researchers used information from the Framingham Study, which began in 1948. The Framingham Study gathers information about physical and mental health, personal behavior and diet. At first, the study involved about 5,000 people in the American state of Massachusetts. Now, more than 12,000 individuals are taking part.Information from the Framingham Study showed earlier that happiness can spread from person to person. So can behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking.University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo led the recent study. He and other researchers attempted to show how often people felt lonely. They found that the feeling of loneliness spread through social groups.Having a social connection with a lonely person increased the chances that another individual would feel lonely. In fact, a friend of a lonely person was 52% more likely to develop feelings of loneliness. A friend of that person was 25% more likely. The researchers say this shows that a person could indirectly be affected by someone‘s lonelines s.The effect was strongest among friends. Neighbors were the second most affected group. The effect was weaker on husbands and wives, and brothers and sisters. The researchers also found that loneliness spread more easily among women than men.The New York Times newspaper reports that, on average, people experience feelings of loneliness about 48 days a year. It also finds that every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about five percent, or two and a half fewer lonely days.Loneliness has been linked to health problems like depression and sleeping difficulties. The researchers believe that knowing the causes of loneliness could help in reducing it.The study suggests that people can take steps to stop the spread of loneliness. They can do this by helping individuals they know who may be experiencing loneliness. The result can be helpful to the whole social group.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What personal behaviors can spread from person to person like loneliness and happinessaccording to the Framingham Study?82. What group of people was affected most by loneliness according to the passage?83. According to the New York Times newspaper report, if you want to reduce the feelings ofloneliness, you‘d better .84.The researchers who make the study believe that loneliness is caused by _____.81. Behaviors like littering and the ability to stop smoking can (spread).82. Friends were the most affected by loneliness. / Friends were affected most by loneliness.83. make more friends. / make as many friends as possible / you can.84. health problems like depression and sleeping difficultiesMany expensive nutrition additives advertised on TV say they can improve your memory, but only ordinary food and health habits have been shown to work.A research team from UCLA (University of California at Los Angeles) has designed a four-step plan to improve your memory in just 14 days. ―It sounds like another advertisement, but it really works,‖ says UCLA professor Gary Small.The team found the four-step plan improved memory function in teenagers under stress and older people. After a two-week study that included crossword puzzles, exercise and diet changes, test subjects‘ memories work ed more efficiently.Here‘s the program:Memory training: Train yourself with brain-teaser, crossword puzzles and memory exercises that train verbal skills throughout the day.Healthy diet: Eat five rather than three meals a day. The food should be rich in omega-3 fats, such as whole grains and vegetables that contain antioxidants(抗氧化剂). Having frequent meals helps increase blood glucose (血糖), the primary energy source for the brain.Physical fitness: Have regular physical exercise such as walking, basketball or running, every day.Stress reduction: Perform stretching and relaxation exercises. Stress causes the body to release a chemical that can shrink the memory centers in the brain.Before-and-after brain scans showed that test subjects experienced on the average a 5 per cent increase in working memory. This suggests they were using their brains more efficiently. A control group that didn‘t follow the plan showed no big changes.―We‘ve known for years that diet and exercise can help people keep their ph ysical health, which is a key part of healthy aging,‖ said Small. ―But keeping mental health is just as important. Now we have evidence that people can improve their memories through a program of memory exercises and stress reduction.‖(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.) 81. __________ are more likely to be influenced by the 14-day program.82. What is ―healthy diet‖ according to the passage?83. When you are under high pressure, how does your body react?84. Besides diet and exercise, __________ are also vital for memory improvement.81. The teenagers under stress and older people82. (Having) five meals rich in Omega-3 fats a day.83. It releases a chemical that can shrink the memory centers.84. memory exercise / training and stress reductionFrom now on, never spend your precious time thinking of reasons for your failures and shortcomings. Instead, realize that the seeds of success were planted within you when you were born. Only you have the power to make those seeds grow.The seeds, and the power to grow them, are contained in the most awesome machine ever created: the human mind. Success is a choice and not a chance. You were born a winner. You were born rich. You can be a success only if you make the right choice.You cannot be successful without first developing your self-esteem. Your level of self-esteem is always based on the degree of control that you are able to exercise over yourself, and thus over your life. People with low self-esteem are people who do not believe that they have any power, or responsibility for their lives. They are the perennial (长期的) victims and martyrs. They are leaves tossed (摇摆) by the winds of chance blown about with any sudden change in the weather.You can exercise control over your life only to the degree that you believe that you are responsible for everything that happens in your life. Failures think that everything happens by accident and chance. Successful people realize that they are responsible.Everything happens as a result of something. If we can identify the cause, we can control the effect. We are responsible for what we choose to think and believe. One generally rises to the level that one expects. We are responsible for setting our expectations. Our success is dependent upon our level of confidence.If you associate with positive-thinking people, you are definitely going to achieve success. On the contrary, the opposite happens. We are responsible for finding, planting, and nurturing the seeds that contain future victory, born from setbacks.In short, in all areas of your life, whether they be financial, physical, emotional, or spiritual, you are responsible. Once you recognize this, accept it, and firmly believe it, you are on the road to success.(Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12 WORDS)81. Why are people with low self-esteem compared to leaves?_________________________________________________________.82. What do losers think about their failures?_______________________________________________________.83. According to the writer, whether one will succeed ____________________________.84. The writer holds the view that he who connects with negative-thinking people will __________________________________________.81. they can‘t exercise control over themselves.82. They think that their failure is only because of bad luck.83. depends on one‘s attitude/level of self-confidence84. no doubt fail/lose/achieve nothing（金山）The West began to take more notice of the East. The fifth volume of an enormous work re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology is to be published next year. The first volume, which was published twenty years ago, set the tone for the whole work. In it,evidence was given to show that many inventions which, until then, western historians had claimed for Europe, were made first in China. The attempt to rewrite the intellectual history of the world was not received without protest by some respectable historians. However, the evidence that has been presented so far in the first four volumes has persuaded many historians who were doubtful at first. China‘s invention of paper, printing, the magnetic compass and gunpowder has never been quarrelled, but this new history has added advanced bridge design, mechanical clocks, paddle boats and many other inventions to the list.In the four volumes published so far no attempt has been made to explain why China has not kept up with the West in science and technology in modern times. It is probable that the answer is to be found in the social and economic history of China, where an unchanged society under a relatively kind regime（政治制度）of upper classes contrasts with the potentially revolutionary and energetic society of the West at the end of the Middle Ages. In recent years, the Chinese government has been making every effort to catch up with the West again, and there is little doubt that the gap is being reduced year by year. But will China avoid the West‘s mistakes?(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. So far, how many volumes have been published?_________________________________________________________.82. When was the first volume published?_________________________________________________________.83. The subject of this five-volume work is _______________________________________.84. According to the passage, w hat‘s the probable reasons for China not keeping up with the west?_________________________________________________________.81. Four82. Twenty years ago / (In 1992)83. re-assessing the Chinese contribution to science and technology84. China‘s (the) unchanged society and the revolutionary and energetic society of the West（静安）Years ago, when 1 started looking for my first job, wise advisers urged, "Barbara, be enthusiastic! Enthusiasm will take you further than any amount of experience."How right they were. Enthusiastic people can turn a boring drive into an adventure, extra work into opportunity and strangers into friends."Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm," wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is the paste that helps you hang in there when the going gets tough. It is the inner voice that whispers, "I can do it!" when others shout, "No, you cant."It took years and years for the early work of Barbara McClintock, a geneticist who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in medicine, to be generally accepted. Yet she didn't let up on her experiments. Work was such a deep pleasure for her that she never thought of stopping.We are all born with wide-eyed, enthusiastic wonder as anyone knows who has ever seen an infant's delight at the jingle of keys or the scurrying of a beetle.It is this childlike wonder that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air, whatever their age.At 90, cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing Bach. As the music flowed through his fingers, his stooped shoulders would straighten and joy would reappear in his eyes. Music, for Casals, was a medicine that made life a never ending adventure. As author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote," Years wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul."How do you rediscover the enthusiasm of your childhood? The answer, I believe, lies in the word itself. "Enthusiasm" comes from the Greek and means "God within." And what is God within is but an abiding sense of love ~ proper love of self (self-acceptance) and, from that, love of others.Enthusiastic people also love what they do, regardless of money or title or power. If we cannot do what we love as a full-time career, we can as a part-time avocation, like the head of state who paints, the nun who runs marathons, the executive who handcrafts furniture.Elizabeth Layton of Wellsville, Kan, was 68 before she began to draw. This activity ended bouts of depression that had plagued her for at least 30 years, and the quality of her work led one critic to say, "I am tempted to call Layton a genius." Elizabeth has rediscovered her enthusiasm. We can't afford to waste tears on "might-have-been." We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after "what-can-be."We need to live each moment wholeheartedly, with all our senses ~ finding pleasure in the fragrance of a back-yard garden, the crayoned picture of a six-year-old, the enchanting beauty of a rainbow. It is such enthusiastic love of life that puts a sparkle in our eyes and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS.)81. What is this passage mainly about?82. "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm," means we can achieve nothing83. "God within"( in para.8 ) means .84. The last sentence (in para.10)We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after "what-can-be." Means .81. Enthusiasm. / People should be enthusiastic about their lives and work. / People should be enthusiastic about what they have done.82. if we do not have passion in doing our work / in studying83. (proper)love of self and love of others84. We cannot regret what we did and we should try our best（卢湾）It is foolish to dream of reversing history. We cannot pass laws forbidding science and technology. The computing machines are here, and they will not merely stay, they will grow smarter, faster, and more useful every year. They will continue growing because engineers want to build them, scientists want to use them, industrialists want to employ them, scientists want to enlist them in new weapons systems, politicians want their help in the processes of government. In short, they will flourish（兴旺）because they enable us to finish tasks that could never before have been undertaken, no matter how many unskilled laborers we might have set to work. Computers will continue to improve our intelligence for the same reason that engines continue to strengthen our muscles. The question we must ask is not whether we shall have computers or not, but rather, since we are going to have them, how can we make the most intelligent use of them?Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.Questioning and routine double-checks must continue to be as much a part of good business as they were in pre-computer days. Maybe each computer should come with the warning: For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. How will the computing machines change every year?82. Why will the computing machines keep growing?83. The question we must ask mentioned in Para. 1 is _____________.84. From the warning at the end of the passage, we can conclude computers should not be used to_____________.81. They‘ll grow smarter, faster, and more useful every year.82. Because computers help us finish tasks never having been undertaken./Because people want to use computers in different fields.83. how we can make the most intelligent use of computers84. take the place of fundamental thinking and reasoning skills(闵行)All over the world mentioning of English education suggests a picture of the ―public schools‖, and it suggests in particular the names of certain very famous institutions — Eton, Oxford and Cambridge; but people do not always realize what place these institutions occupy in the whole educational system. Oxford and Cambridge are universities each having about 12,000 students out of a total of over 250,000 students at all British universities. Eton is a public school, and the best known of the public schools, which, in spite of their name, are not really public at all, butindependent and private secondary schools taking boys from the age of thirteen to eighteen years. The public schools in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary education; only about one out of forty English boys go to a public school, and one out of 1,500 goes to Eton.Apart from the so-called public schools there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education, which resembles in its general form the state education in most other countries. All children must, by law, receive full-time education between the ages of five and sixteen. Any child may attend, without paying fees, a school provided by the public authorities, and the great majority attend such schools. They may continue, still without paying fees, until they are eighteen. In presenting an overall picture of English education it would be reasonable to concentrate on the state system alone and refer briefly to the public schools. However, although the public schools are not important numerically, they have been England‘s most peculiar and characteristic contribution to educational methods, and they have an immense influence on the whole of English educational practice and on the English social structure. For a hundred years most men in leading positions in banking, insurance, high finance, some industries, the army, the church and conservative politics have been educated at public schools.(Note: Answer the question or complete the statements in no more than 12 words.)81. British public schools are not as their names suggests because they are ______________.82. The public schools are not important in certain senses because _____________________.83. Why must all British children between the age of five and sixteen attend a school?84. Why do people easily think of public schools when British education is mentioned?81. in reality independent and private (actually)82. only a small number of children are studying there83. Because it is required by law.84. Because they have great influence on English education and society.(浦东)"Severe fatigue(疲乏), very weak. I could hardly walk down the block," says Wendy Moro. Why, she wondered, then, Wendy and her doctor begin to suspect her plate. "A few times a week I was having fish, whether it was once or four times," says Wendy. "What kind of fish? Swordfish, tuna and sea bass, the highest mercury- content fish sold in the commercial market," says Dr. Jane Hightower.Mercury(汞) enters the ocean with commercial pollution. It works its way up the food chain, and apparently into some of the most popular fish on the market. Wendy's doctor, Dr. Jane Hightower, was so suspicious that she began testing her Bay Area patients. All consumed large amounts offish, and an overwhelming majority tested high for mercury in their systems."I was seeing hair loss, fatigue, muscle ache, headache, feeling just an ill feeling." Hightower。