常用航空发动机试车技术术语
CFM56系列航空发动机试车知识（6）--发动机正常起动程序（CFM56-7B）
CFM56系列航空发动机试车知识（6）--发动机正常起动程序（CFM56-7B）一、概要1.本案仅讨论正常天气条件下（低温除外）起动发动机的概要；2.EEC (FADEC)控制发动机的起动程序：a.正常起动（增强型人工模式）时，·如果有超温趋势或点火不成功，EEC (FADEC) 会自动断油关车。
·驾驶舱的试车人员也可通过起动电门或启动手柄来控制发动机启动和关车。
b.如果发生超温或即将超温，EEC的起动监控功能作动：1）EGT显示超温状态。
2）切断燃油。
3）关断点火。
c.如果发动机没起动，EEC 将执行下列步骤：1）切断供油。
2）关断点火。
3.起动过程中，还需监控发动机其他的参数，确认未超限。
a.起动中的发动机滑油压力、N1 和 N2 转速以及振动指示。
4.如发动机参数不正常，必须中止起动程序。
5.起动过程中，保证引气压力符合要求，并且附件的载荷为最小。
6.振动指示空白表明系统有故障。
7.燃油泵低压灯亮，应立即关闭相应的燃油泵，否则有点燃油箱内燃油蒸汽的可能！8.可以使用单或双点火；如果使用单点火，则下次起动时要转换到另一个点火；如果仅用电瓶电源起动发动机，则应将点火选择电门置于R（右点火）。
9.如果用电瓶电源起动，开始时只显示N1和N2，当N2达到12-15%后其他参数指示才会显示。
10.起动发动机时，使用地面气源车或交叉引气时，则管道引气压力下降；使用APU引气时，则管道引气压力上升(MES模式)。
11.最大冷转速度：N2转速在5秒内增加小于1%时的转速，最大冷转速度的最低值是20%N2；低于20%N2转速时提起动手柄会导致热起动或起动悬挂。
12.交输引气起动时，必须同时监控双发参数，且需增加供气发动机的功率来提高起动引气的压力！二、正常起动程序A.发动机运转前的准备程序。
1.完成发动机火警探测系统测试，确保系统工作正常：2.液压系统打压，提醒：保持A和B液压系统压力，确保有足够的液压压力来操纵前轮转弯和机轮刹车。
(完整版)航空发动机试验测试技术
航空发动机试验测试技术航空发动机是当代最精密的机械产品之一，由于航空发动机涉及气动、热工、结构与强度、控制、测试、计算机、制造技术和材料等多种学科，一台发动机内有十几个部件和系统以及数以万计的零件，其应力、温度、转速、压力、振动、间隙等工作条件远比飞机其它分系统复杂和苛刻，而且对性能、重量、适用性、可靠性、耐久性和环境特性又有很高的要求，因此发动机的研制过程是一个设计、制造、试验、修改设计的多次迭代性过程。
在有良好技术储备的基础上，研制一种新的发动机尚要做一万小时的整机试验和十万小时的部件及系统试验，需要庞大而精密的试验设备。
试验测试技术是发展先进航空发动机的关键技术之一，试验测试结果既是验证和修改发动机设计的重要依据，也是评价发动机部件和整机性能的重要判定条件。
因此“航空发动机是试出来的”已成为行业共识。
从航空发动机各组成部分的试验来分类，可分为部件试验和全台发动机的整机试验，一般也将全台发动机的试验称为试车。
部件试验主要有：进气道试验、压气机试验、平面叶栅试验、燃烧室试验、涡轮试验、加力燃烧室试验、尾喷管试验、附件试验以及零、组件的强度、振动试验等。
整机试验有：整机地面试验、高空模拟试验、环境试验和飞行试验等。
下面详细介绍几种试验。
1进气道试验研究飞行器进气道性能的风洞试验。
一般先进行小缩比尺寸模型的风洞试验，主要是验证和修改初步设计的进气道静特性。
然后还需在较大的风洞上进行l／6或l／5的缩尺模型试验，以便验证进气道全部设计要求。
进气道与发动机是共同工作的，在不同状态下都要求进气道与发动机的流量匹配和流场匹配，相容性要好。
实现相容目前主要依靠进气道与发动机联合试验。
2，压气机试验对压气机性能进行的试验。
压气机性能试验主要是在不同的转速下，测取压气机特性参数(空气流量、增压比、效率和喘振点等)，以便验证设计、计算是否正确、合理，找出不足之处，便于修改、完善设计。
压气机试验可分为：(1)压气机模型试验：用满足几何相似的缩小或放大的压气机模型件，在压气机试验台上按任务要求进行的试验。
航空发动机专业词汇
航空发动机专业词汇Part 1Para. 1gas turbine engine 燃气涡轮发动机aircraft 飞机，飞行器（单复同形）power plant 发动机，动力装置appreciate 理解，意思到prior to 在…之前propulsion 推进reaction 反作用jet 喷气, 喷射, 喷气发动机designer 设计师initially 最初，开始时unsuitability 不适应性piston engine 活塞发动机airflow 空气流present 带来, 产生obstacle 障碍Para. 2patent 专利, 获得专利jet propulsion engine 喷气推进发动机athodyd 冲压式喷气发动机heat resisting material 耐热材料develop 研究出，研制出in the second place 其次inefficient 效率底的ram jet, ramjet冲压式喷气发动机conception 构想, 设计，概念Para. 3grant 授予propulsive jet 推进喷射turbo-jet engine 涡轮喷气发动机turbojetturbo-propeller engine涡轮螺桨发动机turbopropVickers Viscount aircraft 维克斯子爵式飞机be fitted with 配备term 术语, 称为, 叫做twin-spool engine 双转子发动机triple-spool engine三转子发动机by-pass engine 双涵道发动机ducted fan 涵道风扇发动机unducted fan (UDF) 无涵道风扇发动机propfan 桨扇发动机inevitable 不可避免的, 必然的p.4propeller 螺旋桨basic principle 基本原理effect 产生propel 推进solely 单独, 只thrust 推力p.5popularly 普遍地, 一般地pulse jet 脉动式喷气发动机turbo/ram jet 涡轮冲压式喷气发动机turbo-rocket 涡轮火箭p.6accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度apparatus 装置, 机器slipstream 滑流p.7momentum 动量issue 冒出to impart M to N 把M给与Nrevolve 旋转p.8whirl 旋转sprinkler 喷水器mechanism 机构by [in] virtue of 依靠hose 软管afford 提供carnival 狂欢节p.9definitely 确切地, 明确地assume 想象, 以为expel 排出, 驱逐propulsive efficiency 推进效率Page 3p.10differ 不同convert 转换p.11thermodynamic 热动力的divergent 扩散diverge 扩散convergent 收敛converge收敛entry 进气段exit 排气管kinetic energy 动能air intake 空气进口diverging duct 扩散管道outlet duct 排气管missile 导弹target vehicle 靶机p.12intermittent combustion 间断式燃烧aerodynamic 空气动力的involve 具有robust 结实的, 坚固的inlet valve 进气阀inject 喷入eject 喷出depression 降压, 减压exhaust 排气cycle 循环helicopter rotor propulsion直升飞机旋翼驱动器dispense with 省去, 无需resonate 共振resonating cycle 共振循环fuel consumption 燃油消耗equal 比得上performance 性能p.13decompose 分解p.14inherent 固有的draw 吸入p.15arrangement 结构simplicity 简单性subsequent 接下来的thermodynamic 热力的Page 7p.16disturbance 扰动blade-tip 叶尖departure from 背离p.17offset 抵消exceed 超过p.18Mach number 马赫数p.19variable intake 可变进口afterburning 加力燃烧variable nozzle 可调喷口conventional 常规的afterburner 加力燃烧室inoperative 不工作的divert 使转向guide vane 导流叶片duct 管道，用管道输送sustained 持续的cruise 巡航mode 模式p.21multi-stage turbine 多级涡轮derive 得到，取得kerosene, kerosine 煤油be in the order of…达到…的量级spray 喷雾fuel-rich mixture 富油混合物dilute 稀释surplus 剩余的p.22interceptor 截击机space-launcher 航天发射器altitude 高度attitude 态度、姿态latitude 纬度longitude 经度accelerative 加速的duration 持续时间Part 2Para.1working fluid 工作流体conversion 转换jet efflux 喷射气流Para.2four-stroke piston engine 四冲程活塞发动机constant pressure 等压constant volume 等容induction 进气compression 压缩intermittent 间断的be involved in…与…有关charging 进气eliminate 消除idle stroke 空冲程Para.3peak 峰, 峰值fluctuate, fluctuating 波动, 起伏withstand, withstood 承受in excess of 超过employ 采用cylinder 汽缸high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料low octane fuel 低辛烷值燃料fabricated 装配式的Para.4function 运行, 运转introduce, introducing 输入remainder 剩余部分discharge 排出Para.5,6turbine assembly 涡轮部件air-cooled blade 气冷叶片consequently 随之而来的, 因此, 所以Para.7embody 体现be embodied in M 体现在M中be directly proportional to…与…成正比be inversely proportional to…与…成反比Para.9trace 描绘show up 表现Para.10attain 达到, 实现conversely 相反地Para.11adiabatic 绝热的friction 摩擦conduction 传导turbulence 紊流Para.12propelling nozzle 推力喷管momentum 动量deceleration 减速Page 14Para.13effect 实现conversion 转换convert 转换sonic 音速的subsonic 亚音速的supersonic 超音速的encounter 遇到venturi 文氏管Para.14interference 干扰component failure 部件失效eddy 涡流turbulence 紊流Para.15frontal area 迎面面积straight-through flow system 直流式系统reverse flow system 回流式系统subsequent 接下来的Para.17conventionally 常规地percentage 部分，百分比duct 管道，用管道输送remainder 剩余物deliver 送，流to be conducive to …有利于…specific fuel consumption 燃油消耗率Para.18design feature 设计特征by-pass engine 双涵道发动机by-pass ratio 涵道比twin-spool configuration 双转子结构propfan 桨扇发动机turbo-propeller 涡轮螺桨发动机Para.19by-pass airstream 外涵道气流overboard 向船外，排出ducted fan 涵道式风扇发动机aft fan 后风扇发动机Part 3Para.1centrifugal 离心的axial 轴流的couple 耦合，联接coupling 联轴器coupler联轴器shaft 轴Para.2centrifugal (flow) compressor 离心压气机impeller 叶轮diffuser 扩散器axial (flow) compressor 轴流压气机multi-stage unit 多级装置alternate 交替的rotor blade转子叶片stator vane 静子叶片diffuse 扩散boost 增压booster 增压器Para.3with regard to 关于robust 坚固，结实develop and manufacture 设计与制造consume 消耗，使用attain 达到air flow 空气流量，空气流adoption 采用favour (Am. E favor) 喜爱，偏爱ruggedness坚固性rugged 坚固的outweigh 胜过，重于Fig. 3-1rotating guide vane 旋转导流叶片intake chute 进气斜道swirl vane 旋流叶片Para.5diffuser vane 扩散器叶片double-entry impeller 双面进气叶轮plenum chamber 稳流室Para.6induce 吸入radially 径向地intake duct 进气管initial swirl 预旋Para.7divergent nozzle 扩散排气管Para.8tip speed 叶尖速度Para.9maintain 保持leakage 泄漏clearance 间隙Para.10construction 结构center around (about, at, in, on, round, upon)…以…为中心ball bearing 滚珠轴承roller bearing 滚柱轴承split 分开detachment 拆开，分离Para.11forged 锻造的radially disposed vanes 径向排列的叶片in conjunction with…和…共同swept back 后掠Para.12attach 联接tangential 相切的inner edge 内缘in line with…与…一致buffeting impulse 扰流抖振脉冲Para. 13rotor assembly 转子部件airfoil section 翼型截面mount 安装bearing 轴承incorporate 安有，装有in series 依次地design condition 设计状态incorporation 引入，采用variable stator vane 可调静子叶片succeeding stage下一级Para. 14gradual reduction 逐渐减小annulus 环型stator casing 静子机匣maintain 保持density 密度convergence 收敛taper，tapering 带斜度，带锥度arrangement 结构Para. 16multi-spool compressor 多转子压气机optimum 最佳（的），最优（的）flexibility 适应性，灵活性Para. 17handle 处理duct 管道，用管道输送exhaust system 排气系统propelling nozzle 推力喷管match 使匹配obsolete 已不用but 除…….之外Para. 18trend 趋势stage 阶段, 级undergo 承受split 分开core 核心gas generator 燃气发生器optimum arrangement 最佳结构Para. 19induce 吸入，引入，引导sweep, swept 扫，猛推adjacent 相邻的translate 翻译，转换decelerate 减速serve 起……作用deflection 偏转straightener 整流器swirl 旋流diagrammatically 图示地accompany 伴随progressive 不断的，逐渐的Para. 20breakaway 分离stall 失速precede 在……前面Para. 21incidence 攻角tolerate 允许interstage bleed 级间放气intermediate stage 中间级Para. 22proportion 比例pl. 尺寸, 大小coaxial 同轴的inner radius 内半径supercharge 增压akin 相似的Para.23to center around (round, on, upon, about,at, in)…以…为中心alignment 对中, 同心cylindrical 圆筒形的bolted axial joint 轴向螺栓联接bolted center line joint 中心线螺栓联接Para.24secure 固定assemble 装配weld 焊接periphery 边缘drum 鼓筒Para.25circumferential 周向的fixing 安装, 固定maintainability 维护性blisk 整体叶盘Para.26gradient 梯度balance out 抵消twist 扭angle of incidence 攻角boundary layer 附面层, 边界层stagnant 滞止的compensate for 补偿camber 弯度extremity 端部end-bend 端弯Para.27retaining ring 保持环in segments 成组的shroud 叶冠Para.28dissimilar 不相似的, 不同的workable 可用的, 可运转的implement 实现, 执行, 完成retain 保持Para.29impose upon…强加于…之上depart from 偏离intention 意图positive incidence stall 正攻角失速negative incidence stall 负攻角失速blading 叶栅sustain 承受得住surge 喘振instantaneous 即刻的expel 排出margin 欲度instability 不稳定性Para. 30provision 提供margin 欲度hydraulic 液压的pneumatic 气动的electronic 电子的Para. 31cost effective 成本效益好的prevail 流行，胜利Para. 32rigid 刚性的clearance 间隙alloy 合金nickel based alloy 镍基合金titanium 钛in preference to 优先于rigidity to density ratio 刚度密度比Para. 33prime 主要的fatigue strength 疲劳强度notch 切口，开槽ingestion 吸气inferior 差的decline 下降rub 碰磨ignite 点燃airworthiness 飞行性能hazard 危险Para. 34dominate 起支配作用Para. 35solid forging 实锻件chord 弦mid-span 叶片中部snubber 减振器clapper 拍板fabricate 制造skin 蒙皮honeycomb 蜂窝Para. 36robust section 坚固截面ingestion capability 吸气能力Part 4Para.1fuel supply nozzle 燃油喷嘴extensive 广泛的，大量的accomplish 完成Para.2range 范围C---Centigrade or Celsiusturbine nozzle涡轮导向器Para.3consequent 随之发生的，结果的Para.4kerosene, cerosine 煤油light, lit or lighted 点燃blow, blew，blown 吹alight 燃烧的Para.5flame tube 火焰筒liner 衬筒meter, metering 调节配量Para.6snout 进气锥体downstream 下游，顺流swirl vane 旋流叶片perforated flare 带孔的喇叭管primary combustion zone 主燃区upstream上游，逆流promote 促进，引起recirculation 环流，回流Para.7secondary air hole 二股气流孔toroidal vortex 喇叭口形涡流anchor, anchoring 锚，固定hasten 促进，加速droplet 小滴ignition temperature 燃点Para.8conical 锥形的intersect 相交turbulence 紊流break up, breaking up 分裂，破碎incoming 进来的Para.9nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片amount to 占…比例, 达到progressively 逐渐地dilution zone 掺混区remainder 剩余物insulate M from N 使M与N隔离Para.10,11electric spark 电火花igniter plug 点火塞self-sustained 自持的Para.12airstream = airflowdistinct = different typeinjection 喷射，喷入ejection 喷射，喷出atomize 使雾化spray nozzle 喷嘴pre-vaporization 预蒸发Para.13vapor 蒸汽vaporize 蒸发vaporizer 蒸发器feed tube 供油管vaporizing tube 蒸发管atomizer flame tube装有雾化喷嘴的火焰筒Para.14multiple (combustion) chamber 分管燃烧室tubo-annular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室cannular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室annular (combustion) chamber 环形燃烧室Para.15F.g.4-6Para.16dispose 布置delivery 排气Para.17interconnect 互相连通propagate传播Para.18bridge a gap between填补空白，使连接起来evolutionary 发展，演变arrangement 结构overhaul 大修compactness 紧凑性Para.19contain 包含，安装be open to 与…相通Para.20elimination 消除propagation 传播Para.21virtually 实际上oxidize 氧化carbon monoxide 一氧化碳non-toxic 无毒的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Para.22aerate, aerating 吹气，供气over-rich pocket 过富区fuel vapour 燃油蒸汽carbon formation积碳形成Para.23incur 招致extinction 熄灭relight 重新点燃perform, performing 完成，执行spray nozzle atomizer 喷嘴雾化器Para.25intensity 强度compact 紧凑的exceptionally 格外地，特别地Para.26calorific value 热值British thermal unit (BTU)英国热量单位=252卡expenditure 使用，消耗Para.27altitude cruise 高空巡航Para.29weak limit 贫油极限rich limit 富油极限extinguish 熄灭extinguisher 灭火器dive 俯冲idle, idling 空载，慢速mixture strength 混合物浓度Para.30stability loop 稳定区Para.32emission 排放物pollutant污染物create 产生，形成legislatively 立法地hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物oxides of nitrogen 氧化氮Para.34suppression 抑制desirable 合乎需要的conflict 冲突compromise 折中combustor 燃烧室substantially 实际上Para.35coating 涂层insulation 隔热，隔离Para.36corrosion 腐蚀creep failure 蠕变失效fatigue 疲劳Part 5Para.1accessory, accessories 附件solely = onlyextract, extracting 提取to expose M to N 使M暴露于NM is exposed to NPara.2torque 扭矩Para.3intermediate 中间的interpose 置于…之间to be derived from…从…获得, 取自free-power turbine 自由动力涡轮to be independent of…不受…的限制Para.4mean 平均的deflection 偏转in proportion to 按比例sectional thickness 截面厚度disproportionately 不相称地Para.5broadly 主要地aerofoil shape 翼型形状impulse turbine 冲击式涡轮reaction turbine 反作用式涡轮incorporate 采用cartridge starter 弹药筒式起动机air starter 空气起动机Para.7to force one’s way into有力地冲入spin 旋转whirl 旋转Para.8to be governed by 取决于, 由…决定substantially 实际上, 大体上excessive 过分的residual 剩余的，剩余detrimental = harmfulstrut 支柱, 支杆Para.9twist, twisted 带扭向的stagger angle 斜罩角Para.10mean section 中间截面Para.12self-aligning coupling 自动调节联轴器Para.15machined forging 机加锻件flange 法兰，安装边bolt 螺栓，用螺栓联结perimeter 周边，圆周to have provision for…为…作好准备attachment 联接, 安装Para.16heat conduction 热传导Para.17degree of reaction 反力度Para.18fix 确定, 决定,trailing edge 排气边so as to (do) 为了prevent M (from) +ingPara.19attach联接, 安装fixing 联接have a bearing on …对…有影响rim speed 轮缘速度de Laval bulb root 圆头叶根supersede 代替, 取代fir-tree fixing 纵树榫头联接involve 需要, 要求serration 榫齿stiffen 加劲, 固牢Para.20contraction 收缩shroud 叶冠fit 配备, 安装segment 部分, 片peripheral 外围的, 周边的abradable lining 易磨涂层A.C.C. ---active clearance controlshroudless blade 无冠叶片Para.21revolve 旋转extract 提取conventional 常规的Para.22impractical 不实际的dual alloy disc 双金属轮盘blisk 整体叶轮cast 铸造bond 粘接Para.23match 匹配nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片back pressure 反压surge 喘振choke 壅塞，阻塞Para.24obstacle 障碍impart to…给与tensile stress 拉应力limiting factor 限制因素Para.25endure 承受nickel alloy 镍合金ceramic coating 陶瓷涂层enhance 增强Para.26resistance 抵抗，耐fatigue cracking 疲劳破坏Para.27ferritic 铁素体terrific 可怕的，极妙的austenitic 奥氏体alloying element 合金元素extend 延长fatigue resistance 抗疲劳性powder metallurgy 粉末冶金Para.28in connection with 关于，与…有关glowing red-hot 赤热发光ounce 盎施=28.35 gbending load 弯曲载荷thermal shock 热冲击corrosion 腐蚀oxidization 氧化Para.29foregoing 前面的, 上述的it follows that 因此, 可见permissible 允许的metallurgist 冶金学家Para.30creep 蠕变finite useful life 有限使用寿命failure 失效Para.31forge 锻造forging 锻件cast 铸造creep property 蠕变性能fatigue property 疲劳性能Para.32reveal 揭示, 显示a myriad of 无数crystal 晶体equi-axed 等轴的service life 使用寿命directional solidification 定向凝固useful creep life 有效蠕变寿命single crystal blade 单晶叶片substantially 实质上, 显著地Para.33reinforced ceramic 加固陶瓷Para.34balancing 平衡operation 工序in view of 考虑到Part 6Para.1aero 航空的pass 排送resultant thrust 合成推力，总推力create 引起，产生contribute 提供absorb 吸收exert an influence on…对…产生影响jet pipe 尾喷管propelling nozzle 推力喷管outlet nozzle 出口喷管Para.2distortion 扭曲, 变形cracking 产生裂纹Para.3thrust reverser 推力反向装置noise suppressor 消音器entail 需要, 要求low by-pass engine 低涵道比发动机mixer unit 掺混装置encourage 促进Para.4exhaust cone 排气锥hold 保持residual whirl 剩余旋流strut 支板straighten 整流Para.5in relation to…对…来说choked 壅塞, 阻塞upstream total pressure 上游总压pressure thrust 压力推力momentum 动量Para.6wastage 损失, 消耗with advantage 有效地convergent-divergent nozzle 收扩喷管recover 重新获得Para.7flared 扩张的restriction 限制progressively 逐渐地longitudinal 纵向的Para.9fixed area nozzle 固定面积喷口variable area nozzle 可变面积喷口offset 抵消Para.13nickel 镍titanium 钛ventilate, ventilating 通风lag, lagging 用隔热材料保护insulating blanket 隔热层fibrous 纤维状的stainless steel 不锈钢dimple 使起波纹acoustically absorbent material 吸声材料Para.14double-wall construction 双壁结构induce 引导ejector action 喷射器作用engine nacelle 发动机短舱Para.15streamline fairing 流线型整流板vent hole 通气孔Para.16chute 斜道bonded honeycomb structure 粘接的蜂窝结构integrated nozzle assembly 整体喷管部件lightweight strength 低重强度仿真simulation 数值numerical飞机aircraft卫星satellite发动机engine飞行flight流动flow可靠性reliability火箭rocket流场flow空间space姿态attitude非线性nonlinear推进剂propellant 固体solid直升机helicopter导航navigation 火箭发动机rocket换热heat复合材料composite 气动aerodynamic 燃烧combustion 传热heat疲劳fatigue航天器spacecraft 风洞tunnel喷管nozzle叶片blade地面ground涡轮turbine航空aviation湍流turbulent机场airport神经网络neural推力thrust固体火箭rocket 非定常unsteady建模modeling旋翼rotor机载airborne压气机compressor机翼wing组合integrated激波shock导航系统navigation航空发动机aeroengine飞行器vehicle航天space轨道orbit雷达radar边界层boundary组合导航navigation陀螺gyro民航civil跟踪tracking转子rotor飞行员pilots雷诺reynolds格式scheme液体火箭rocket冷却cooling天线antenna数值计算numerical进气道inlet失重weightlessness翼型airfoil惯性inertial对流convection叶栅cascade粘性viscous绕流flow颤振flutter制导guidance雷诺数reynolds高超声速hypersonic卡尔曼kalman边界条件boundary燃速rate鲁棒robust燃烧室combustor自主autonomous推进propulsion跨音速transonic模拟器simulator疲劳寿命fatigue空中air射流jet气动力aerodynamic沸腾boiling运载火箭launch压强pressure超声速supersonic仿真研究simulation热流heat超音速supersonic失速stall着陆landing导弹missile载人manned刚度stiffness点火ignition固体推进剂propellant加速度acceleration旋转rotating模态modal火焰flame航空公司airlines阻尼damping接触contact迎角attack马赫数mach阻力drag对准alignment惯导navigation 气流flow卡尔曼滤波kalman壁面wall卫星姿态attitude发射launch数值分析numerical跨声速transonic挠性flexible再入reentry无人机unmanned 冲击impact气动特性aerodynamic 交会rendezvous 可靠性分析reliability攻角attack涡扇turbofan空中交通air太阳solar漂移drift敏感器sensor燃油fuel升力lift尾迹wake相机camera轨迹trajectory飞控flight畸变distortion飞机结构aircraft涡扇发动机turbofan飞行试验flight 某型certain导热heat战斗机fighter推进系统propulsion民用civil星座constellation爆震detonation力矩moment微重力microgravity陀螺仪gyroscope起落架gear鲁棒性robustness高度altitude高空altitude涡轮叶片blade型飞机aircraft烧蚀ablation星敏感器star对接docking喷流jet试飞flight隐式implicit机动maneuver压力分布pressure撞击impact效能effectiveness航空电子avionics摄动perturbation微型micro圆柱cylinder数值仿真simulation月球lunar层流laminareuler方程euler桨叶blade可靠度reliability出口exit定常steady标定calibration数字仿真simulation小卫星satellite光纤陀螺fog非结构unstructured相流flow回路loop系统可靠性reliability轴对称axisymmetric编队formation燃烧性combustion燃烧性能combustion蜂窝honeycomb直升机旋翼helicopter解耦decoupling旋涡vortex隐身stealth某型飞机aircraft无人unmanned进口inlet仿真分析simulation冲压发动机ramjet风扇fan转捩transition军用military自然对流convection捷联sins编队飞行formation品质qualities煤油kerosene药柱grain天平balance星载satellite管内tube弯曲bending紊流turbulent热管heat仿真技术simulation 空间环境space羽流plume疲劳试验fatigue刹车braking歼击机fighterpid控制pid姿态确定attitude分格式scheme初始对准alignment气动弹性aeroelastic 耐力tolerance可压缩compressible 接收机receiver轴流压气机compressor 碎片debris航空运输air比冲impulse载人航天manned闭环loop导数derivatives 离心centrifugal 内流flow气象卫星satellite差分格式scheme凝结condensation 燃烧过程combustion 机身fuselage卫星通信satellite航班flight作战combat四元数quaternion 超燃冲压发动机 scramjet 发动机推力thrust多学科multidisciplinary弹道trajectory跑道runway飞行模拟器flight可靠性设计reliability非线性系统nonlinear换热器heat涡喷turbojet流动特性flow控制方程equations晃动sloshing推力器thruster阻尼器damper系统仿真simulation热控thermal仿真试验simulation振荡oscillation飞船spacecraft仿真验证simulation细长slender环形annular沸腾换热boiling飞行仿真simulation残余应力residual国际机场airport校准calibration亚音速subsonic气动性能aerodynamic航迹flight螺旋桨propeller驾驶员pilot尾流wake俯仰pitching不可压incompressible弹射ejection仿真软件simulation空间飞行器spacecraft进气inlet空间碎片debris飞行人员pilots热传导heat不可压缩incompressible航空电子系统avionics容限tolerance环氧epoxy捷联惯导sins无粘inviscid涡喷发动机turbojet加速度计accelerometer内流场flow低压pressure数值解numerical热源heat星图star运载器vehicle数控nc扩压器diffuser姿控attitude翼面wing气动设计aerodynamic来流flow雾化atomization线性化linearization高超音速hypersonic通过仿真simulation喷嘴injector冷凝condensation军用飞机military静压pressure热防护thermal直升机飞行helicopter导引guidance航天飞机shuttle洞壁wall损伤容限tolerance欧拉方程euler定标calibration屈曲buckling碰撞collision尾旋spin鲁棒控制robust离心机centrifuge降落伞parachute空战air空气动力aerodynamic 转子系统rotor飞艇airship机匣casing航向heading实时仿真simulation襟翼flap载人航天器manned转台turntable裕度margin航空航天aerospace掺混mixing传递函数transfer振动特性vibration合成孔径雷达sar航天器姿态attitude外形configuration 交通流量traffic涡流vortex非平衡nonequilibrium 机动飞行flight刚性rigid 太空space飞行状态flight展开deployment减振vibration运动学kinematics疲劳裂纹扩展fatigue凝结换热condensation边界元boundary仿真方法simulation星载sar sar可靠性评估reliability湍流流动turbulent粘弹性viscoelastic地面试验ground流体力学fluid飞机飞行flight月球车rover引射ejector卫星轨道orbit半实物仿真simulation交会对接rendezvous效能评估effectiveness粘合剂binder突防penetration橡胶rubber样条spline阻力系数drag载人飞船manned结构可靠性reliability流型flow爆震波detonation补燃combustion遥感器sensor挤压squeeze冗余redundancy装药grain耐久性durability悬停hover叶轮impeller高超声速飞行器 hypersonic比目鱼soleus中文英文姿态测量attitude涡轮泵turbopump座椅seat高可靠性reliability高温合金superalloy飞轮flywheel数值求解numerical起动starting前庭vestibular疲劳损伤fatigue遥测telemetry减阻drag敏捷agility迎风upwind非定常流unsteady杂波clutter涡轮盘disk辐射计radiometer圆管tube散热heat振动试验vibration绝热层insulation齿轮gear感器sensor悬吊suspended夹层sandwich有效载荷payload火力fire相流动flow比目鱼肌soleus疲劳性fatigue导航定位navigation液滴droplet作战效能effectiveness疲劳性能fatigue座舱cabin空域airspace脉动fluctuating蒙皮skin数学仿真simulation解耦控制decoupling多学科设计优化 multidisciplinary 多变量multivariable静止geostationary构型configuration航天员astronaut传热性heat推力室chamber流动沸腾boiling超高速hypervelocity包线envelope流态flow运动病sickness挤压油squeeze敏捷性agility旋翼桨叶rotor结构疲劳fatigue惯量inertia空间交会rendezvous隐身技术stealth圆柱绕流cylinder热层insulation发动机系统engine喘振surge含能energetic沸腾传热boiling 热平衡balance姿态角attitude定位系统positioning旋流swirl动力学建模modeling低周疲劳fatigue环氧树脂epoxy两相流动flow空腔cavity仿真simulation目标target武器weapon算法algorithm引信fuze制导guidance武器系统weapon炸药explosive装备equipment成像imaging效能effectiveness弹道trajectory干扰jamming鱼雷torpedo军事military红外infrared仿真结果simulation跟踪tracking估计estimation概率probability坦克tank建模modeling自适应adaptive潜艇submarine导弹missiles火炮gun机载airborne防空air杂波clutter距离range装药charge信号处理signal飞行flight多普勒doppler导弹武器missile射击firing导引头seeker天线antenna弹丸projectile合成孔径雷达sar乳化emulsion防空导弹missile发射launching维修maintenance作战效能effectiveness乳化炸药emulsion雷达目标radar火箭rocket战场battlefield战争war目标识别target导弹武器系统missile感度sensitivity点火ignition回波radar战术tactical战斗部warhead雷达系统radar导引guidance指挥command仿真研究simulation发射药propellant武器装备weapon姿态attitude侵彻penetration 军用military爆轰detonation 雷达信号radar水下underwater 装甲armored爆炸explosion效能评估effectiveness sar图像sar弹药ammunition 车辆vehicle雷管detonator弹道导弹missile燃烧combustion 仿真模型simulation 无线电radio隐身stealth空空导弹missile分布式distributed 舰船ship攻击attack模拟器simulator机动maneuvering 接收机receiver修正correction被动passive延期delay冲击shock计算机仿真simulation 制导律guidance系统效能effectiveness 起爆initiation威胁threat射流jet体系结构architecture 火箭弹rocket显示display气动aerodynamic无源passive撞击impact防御defense冲击波shock地空导弹missile毁伤damage制导系统guidance舰载shipborne分辨resolution战术导弹tactical目标跟踪tracking仿真技术simulation系统仿真simulation飞机aircraft口径caliber侦察reconnaissance烟幕smoke极化polarization热分解decomposition数字仿真simulation舰炮gun抗干扰anti-jamming火力fire某型certain自动驾驶仪autopilot突防penetration飞航导弹missile方位azimuth惯性inertial信息融合fusion火药propellant毫米波millimeter某型导弹missile空中air混凝土concrete回波信号signal运动目标moving舰艇ship波形waveform雷达信号处理radar精确precision卡尔曼kalman星载spaceborne高炮gun雷达回波radar参数估计estimation导弹系统missile估计方法estimation身管barrel半实物仿真simulation仿真试验simulation对准alignment炮兵artillery爆速detonation分配assignment仿真方法simulation回路loop命中hit推力thrust导引律guidancesar成像sar红外成像infrared海军navy气动力aerodynamic靶场range推进剂propellant箔条chaff算法研究algorithm炸弹bomb撞击感度sensitivity建模与仿真simulation调制modulation诱饵decoy装备维修maintenance 射程range多普勒雷达doppler直升机helicopter仿真软件simulation数值仿真simulation反辐射anti-radiation 维修保障maintenance 拦截interception隐身技术stealth论证demonstration 孔径aperture炮口muzzle卡尔曼滤波kalman发射机transmitter维修性maintainability 噪比snr脱靶miss处理器processor火箭炮rocket脉冲多普勒doppler雷达天线antenna融合技术fusion仿真实验simulation延期药delay星载sar sar含能energetic通过仿真simulation阻力drag高分辨resolution分辨力resolution备件spare 欺骗deception航迹track仿真计算simulation宽带wideband电子战ew超音速supersonic鲁棒性robustness攻角attack动目标moving火箭发动机rocket再入reentry靶板target发射装置launcher机枪gun雷达导引头seeker脉冲雷达radar制导技术guidance推进propulsion弹头warhead波束beam炮弹projectile后坐recoil近炸proximity伪装camouflage喷流jet探地雷达radar战斗机fighter导弹总体missile壳体shell原始raw过载overload陀螺gyro相干斑speckle成像处理imaging旁瓣sidelobe装药结构charge某导弹missile近炸引信proximity飞航cruise目标运动target杂波抑制clutter杀伤kill层次分析法ahp兵器weapon药筒cartridge国防defense履带tracked延时delay雷达技术radar燃烧性combustion燃烧性能combustion电雷管detonator虚警false双基地bistatic发烟剂smoke模拟方法simulation静电electrostatic告警warning干扰技术jamming战斗combat雷达探测radar鱼雷武器torpedo动力学仿真simulation测距range天线罩radome目标回波echo质心centroid装定setting成像雷达radar光电photoelectricsar系统sar粘结bonded水雷mine消光extinction飞行试验flight生存能力survivability 硝胺nitramine多普勒频率doppler地杂波clutter空袭air部队army空战air固体火箭rocket铵炸药explosive粉状powdery坦克炮tank点火药ignition跟踪算法tracking成象imaging瞄准aiming干扰机jammer信号源signal防御系统defense炮控gun实时处理processing can总线can作战指挥command导弹作战missile海杂波clutter抗干扰能力anti-jamming 爆轰波detonation雷达干扰jamming航空aviation红外辐射infrared体制雷达radar测向direction可用度availability 炮膛gun作用距离range精度高precision战斗力effectiveness穿甲弹projectile导弹攻击missile两栖amphibious军事领域military战术技术tactical密闭closed目标模拟器simulator中频if水中underwater气动特性aerodynamic步进stepped捷联sins传爆detonation指令command卡洛carlo飞行器vehicle混合炸药explosive跟踪雷达radar目标定位target雷达体制radar冲击起爆initiation鱼雷武器系统torpedo海面sea超视距雷达radar炸药爆轰detonation战备readiness尾流wake目标威胁threat可燃combustible辐射源radar易损性vulnerability估计算法estimation阻力系数drag斑点speckle反导anti-missile传爆药booster散射截面rcs干涉interferometric发火firing推进系统propulsion双基bistatic烟火pyrotechnic指挥系统command系统建模modeling估计精度estimation声纳sonar导弹总体设计missile战场环境battlefield干扰抑制interference捷联惯导sins解除保险arming角速度angular对消cancellation指挥控制command烧蚀ablation机动性maneuverability主战坦克tank部署disposition高度表altimeter雷达散射截面rcs器材equipment反隐身anti-stealth聚束spotlight实时仿真simulation脱壳sabot单脉冲monopulse含铝aluminized数学仿真simulation。
航空发动机试车工艺规程的种类
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5)某涡轴发动机初步运转程序： (1)磨合运转 (2)性能运转 ①发动机起动和加速到慢车转速； ②中间功率5分钟； ③75％最大连续传动轴功率(1132轴马力)5分钟： ④最大连续功率5分钟； ⑤50％最大连续传动轴功率(755轴马力)5分钟； ⑥发动机停车至少5分钟，然后再起动并加速至中间 功率状态，随后工作4分钟，在中间功率状态，使防冰 活门工作2个循环，剩余时间在慢车工作。
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顺桨就是指在发动机空中停车后，把飞机的桨叶转到 与飞行方向接近的 阻力。顺桨有人工和自然两种方式。 当螺旋桨的负拉力增大到某一规定值，或发动机传给 螺旋桨的扭矩突然下降到某一规定值时，螺旋桨自动进入 顺桨，分别称为负拉力自动顺桨和扭矩自动顺桨；由人工 控制使螺旋桨进入顺桨称为人工顺桨。在自动和人工两种 方式都发生故障时，飞机上还设有应急顺桨系统。桨叶从 顺桨位置回到一般将叶位置称为回桨，回桨完成后发动机 应该达到起动转速。
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航空发动机起动： ①活塞式航空发动机：起动类似于汽车发动机，由机上或地 面直流电源供电的电动机带动发动机曲轴旋转，随即点燃汽 缸内的油气混合气。发动机开始正常工作后，起动电动机自 动脱开，也有用压缩空气起动的。 ②燃气涡轮发动机：起动较活塞式发动机困难。先由起动机 带动转子旋转，吸入空气，随即喷油点火，形成高温燃气以 驱动涡轮。开始时由于转速低，涡轮功率不足以带动压气机 正常工作。经历一段时间后，转速逐渐增加，当涡轮发出的 功率超过压气机所需的功率时起动机脱开，发动机进入稳定 的慢车状态。起动过程按程序自动完成,时间从十几秒到1分 钟。
5．持久试车 持久试车也称耐久试车或长期试车。一般运行150小时。 是发动机在飞行前规定试验以及定型试验的重要组成部分， 为生产定性提供依据。鉴定该型号发动机是否适于生产与使 用，主要考虑性能结构强度、高空等方面的要求，以确保发 动机的性能、使用极限、可靠性及适航性。 内容包括：耐久性试验、高空试验、发动机环境试验和 吞吐试验、发动机特性和燃油训结构试验以及发动机附件试 验。试车前后获取发动机的性能数据，把试车开始前和结束 以对比，发动机性能应在规定的范围之内。
【涨知识】航空发动机工作原理和专业名词简介
【涨知识】航空发动机工作原理和专业名词简介摘要今天小编为大家简单介绍一下航空发动机方面的基础知识，包括它的原理，它有哪些部件组成，以及常见的一些专业名词。
航空发动机的工作原理空气通过进气道减速增压，并以最小的流动损失进入到压气机。
压气机以高速旋转的叶片对空气做功压缩空气，提高空气的压力。
高压空气进入燃烧室，在燃烧室内与燃油充分混合后燃烧，产生高温高压的气体进入涡轮。
高温高压的气体首先在涡轮中膨胀，推动涡轮高速旋转带动风扇（涡扇发动机的主要推力由风扇产生）和压气机。
随后燃气在尾喷管中继续膨胀，提高燃气速度，使之高速喷出，产生推力。
航空发动机的五大部件航空发动机主要分为五大部件，分别是进气道、压气机、燃烧室、涡轮和尾喷管，下文将对各大部件逐一进行介绍：进气道航空发动机进气道主要的作用是在各种工作状态下，能够将足够量的空气，以最小的流动损失，引入压气机。
进气道可分为亚音速进气道和超音速进气道，民航发动机的进气道多为亚音速进气道。
亚音速进气道是扩张型的管道。
它由壳体和整流锥组成。
进气道的前端如图所示是扩张型的管道，而前整流锥的后部管道稍微有些收敛。
气体进入进气道后，速度会下降，压力和温度都会上升，形成减速增压的过程。
经过整流锥后，气体的速度会稍有上升，压力和温度略会降低，气体能较均匀地流入压气机，保证压气的正常工作。
压气机压气机是航空发动机的重要组成部分之一。
它的主要作用是通过高速旋转的叶片对空气做功，对流过它的空气进行压缩，提高空气的压力，为之后在气体在燃烧室中的燃烧创造条件，以改善发动机的经济性，增加发动机的推力。
压气机从构型上可以分为离心式和轴流式两种。
评定压气机性能的主要指标是增压比、效率、外廓尺寸和重量等。
此外，轴流式压气机较离心式压气机相比，增压比大，效率高，单位空气流量大。
故现役的民航发动机多为轴流式压气机。
航空发动机的压气机部分也可分为低压部分和高压部分。
低压部分包括风扇和低压压气机，高压部分包括高压压气机。
航空发动机常用汉英词汇
汉英分类词汇航空发动机类型Aero-Engine Models超高涵比发动机ultra high bypass engine 超音速冲压喷气发动机scramjet engine 冲压喷气发动机ram-jet engine带推力转向系统的发动机engine with thrust deflector system带自由涡轮双轴涡轮轴喷气发动机twin-spool turbo-shaft with free-power turbine单轴涡轮喷气发动机single-spoolturbo-jet engine低涵比发动机low bypass turbofan反向旋转发动机contra-rotation engine高涵比发动机high bypass turbofan后风扇涡轮喷气发动机aft fan turbo-jet engine活塞式发动机piston(-and-cylinder) engine // piston-driven engine桨扇发动机prop-fan engine离心涡轮喷气发动机centrifugal turbo-jet engine脉冲喷气发动机pulse jet engine前风扇涡轮喷气发动机front fan turbo-jet engine燃气轮机gas turbine engine三轴桨扇发动机three-shaft prop-fan engine三轴涡轮前风扇涡轮发动机triple-spool front fan turbo-jet双轴外涵涡轮喷气发动机twin-spoolby-pass turbo-jet双轴涡轮风扇发动机twin-spool turbo-fan engine同向旋转发动机co-rotation engine外骨架发动机exo-skeletal engine涡轮冲压喷气发动机turbo/ram jet engine 涡轮风扇发动机turbofan engine涡轮火箭发动机turbo-rocket engine涡轮螺旋桨发动机turboprop engine涡轮喷气发动机turbojet engine涡轮轴发动机turbo-shaft engine 轴流涡轮喷气发动机axial flow turbo-jet engine型面profile型面座标图aerofoil ordinate chart型式form轴流式压气机axial (flow) compressor函道duct函道比by-pass函道风扇ducted-fan中介机匣intermediate case燕尾形样dovetail root叶片vane（一般指静子叶片）压气机compressor压气机机匣compressor case效率efficiency压气机盘compressor disc压缩比compression ratio牙底root涡轮导向器turbine nozzle涡轮盘turbine disc燃烧室burner // combustion chamber // combustor燃烧室外套combustion outer case燃油导管discharge nozzle燃油滤fuel filter燃油喷咀fuel atomizer // fuel spray nozzle 燃油消耗量fuel consumption火焰筒liner扩散器机匣diffuse case加力燃烧室afterburner航空发动机叶片术语Terms of Aero-Engine Airfoils叶片类型Type of Airfoils动叶blade // bucket静叶vane空心叶片hollow blade // core blade实心叶片solid blade涡轮导向器turbine nozzles涡轮导向器扇形段turbine nozzle segment 涡轮导向器叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guide vane (ngv)涡轮工作叶片turbine blade // bucket涡轮静子叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guide vane (ngv)涡轮叶轮turbine wheel涡轮叶片turbine blades & vanes // buckets 涡轮转子叶片turbine blade // bucket压气机定子叶片compressor vane // vane 压气机工作叶片compressor blade // blade 压气机叶轮compressor impeller // compressor wheel压气机叶片compressor blades & vanes压气机整流叶片compressor vane // vane 压气机转子叶片compressor blade // blade叶片的结构特点Characteristics of Airfoil Structure基体部分base榫头tip // cog // fir-tree // root // tenon叶根blade root // root // vane tang叶冠shroud // tip platform // tip shroud叶身blade body叶型部分aerofoil // profile缘板platform // shroud叶片的主要名称Key Terms of Airfoil Body基体base进气边/前缘leading edge理论叶型theoretical developedairfoil/profile排气边/后缘trailing edge // exhaust edge 弦chord型线airfoil curve叶背blade back // convex side // blade convex叶盆blade basin // vane basin // blade/vane concave叶片阻尼台blade damper // clapper //mid-span叶身blade body叶型公差airfoil tolerance叶型理论airfoil theory叶型剖面airfoil section中弧线airfoil mean line工装Tooling标准件master piece // standard part // tool master 标准块master block // reference block测具gauge // measuring fixture // measuring tool测头feeler // gauge head measuring head // stylus车床夹具lathe fixture车刀lathe tool// cutter// turning tool吊具lifting tool夹具fixture饺孔夹具reaming fixture // reaming jig孔位置度测具hole true position gauge拉刀broach (Bro.) // broaching cutter拉削夹具broaching fixture刨削夹具planner fixture钳工工具bench-work tool丝套insert // thread insert丝锥taper // (screwing）tap镗刀boring cutter镗杆boring bar (B/bar) // boring spindle镗孔夹具boring fixture // boring jig铣槽工具grooving tool铣床夹具milling jig铣床铣槽刀milling machine // miller铣铣槽刀刀milling cutter // milling tool铣削夹具milling fixture钻铰刀drill reamer钻铰复合刀具combined drill and reamer 钻具jig钻孔铰孔夹具drilling and tapping fixture 钻孔样板drill template （DRT）// drilling template钻模(drill) jig钻模板drill plate （DRP）钻模与夹具jigs and fixtures钻套jig bush钻套jig bush(ing)钻头bit // drill // drilling bit机械加工术语Terms for Machining半精加工semi-finishing // semifinishing machining插slotting车turning车床lathe// turning machine车床研磨lathe lapping车端面facing车螺纹thread turning车螺纹/螺纹加工thread/threading车削turning车削螺纹cut thread成形法forming冲头blanking ram // piercer // punch // ram head // slider冲压(punch) pressing冲压加工stamping冲压件pressing //stamping穿孔/套孔trepan/trepanning粗加工roughing machining锉file倒角deburr // chamfer倒角/去毛刺deburr(ing)倒棱chamfer电解抛光electrochemical polishing // electrolytic polishing // electro-polishing 电解蚀刻与抛光electrolytic etching and polishing调整法machining on preset machine tool 定位locating // location对刀to size // tool setting仿形法copying夹紧clamping饺reaming饺孔reaming饺孔机reaming machine饺孔钻reamer drill饺铆钉孔ream a rivet hole精加工finishing // finish machining锯sawing锯背back of the saw锯槽kerf锯齿serration锯齿铣sawtooth milling拉削broaching冷装shrinkage fitting铆rivet(ing)铆钉rivet磨床grind // grinding machine磨端面face grinding磨料abraser // abrasive material // grinding compound磨削加工abrasive machining抛polish 抛光buffing // burning // polish (Pol.)刨planing// shapering刨槽fillister // slot shaping刨齿gear shaper cutting // gear-shaping刨床planer // planing machine// shaper刨削shaping去毛刺deburring // fin cutting镗boring镗车两用机床boring lathe镗床borer // boring machine镗孔boring // borizing （金刚石）镗磨联合机床combined boring and honing machine镗钻两用机床boring and drilling machine 铣mill // milling铣槽slot milling铣镗床milling-borer // milling and boring machine铣钻联合机床combined drill and mill machine铣钻两用机床milling and drilling machine旋spin旋锻spin forging // rotary forging // rotary swaging旋锻机spin forging machine // rotary forging machine // rotary swaging machine 旋压spinning旋压成型stretch planishing // spin forming 压装press fitting研lapping研齿gear lapping研磨lapping找正aligning // to center align装夹set-up装配assembly钻drill(ing)钻床drilling machine钻孔drilling钻埋头孔countersink表面处理（镀层、涂漆和金属喷镀）Surface treatment （Plating，Paining & Metal sparying）涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting冲压Punch尺寸检验dimension inspecting基准datum技术条件technical condition加工fabricate夹clamping夹紧面clamping surface夹具fixture钻孔drill钻头drill图纸及工艺规程常用词汇EverydayVocabularies on Working Drawings &W.P.S尺scale尺寸dimension // size尺寸单向极限single of size尺寸过大oversize尺寸过小undersize尺寸极限limit of size尺寸最大极限maximum of size尺寸最大余量极限maximum metal of size 尺寸最小极限minimum of size齿根root处理treatment吹砂blast // abrasive blasting垂直度perpendicularity // squareness垂直度公差squareness tolerance单位燃油消耗量specific fuel consumption 单位压力unit pressure单位装配件assembly unit单向公差unilateral tolerance单向公差域bilateral tolerance zone氮化nitriding当量equivalent挡块stop刀柄holder刀杆cutter bar刀痕scar // tool mark等离子喷镀plasma spray等值equivalent低压压气机LP compressor地面试车ground run典型加工typical operation 防锈rust protection // rust proof仿形copy仿形铣床copying milling machine // duplicator仿型加工form machine高速钢high speed steel高速工具钢high speed tool steel高温合金high temperature alloy高压压气机HP compressor根root根切undercut公差tolerance公差带tolerance band公称尺寸nominal size功能function功能尺寸function dimension功能要求functional requirement构造尺寸constructional dimension固定fasten固定工具fastening tool故障defect // blemish // failure // fault // imperfection // trouble故障分析trouble shooting关键零件critical part观点view过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过载overload互换性interchangeability互换性组件interchangeable assembly 花键splined shaft花键轴splined shaft火裂fire cracks机床machine (tool)机匣case // casing基本尺寸base dimension // basic size 基本公差basic tolerance基本数basic member基本锥体basic taper基孔制hole basis limit system基线basic line基轴制shaft basis基轴制shaft basis limit system基准data // reference基准尺寸datum dimension基准点datum point基准件basic member基准角basic angle基准面datum face // datum plane基准线datum line // zero line基准叶片master vane几何公差geometrical tolerance几何精度accuracy geometrical加工制造fabricate夹紧fastening夹具clamping apparatus // dogging tool // fixture // holding device // jig检验装置checker节径pitch diameter精度accuracy // precision精锻precision forging精加工finishing精磨precision ground精确长度exact length精调fine adjustment // accurate adjustment //precision adjustment孔bore // hole框flame拉床broacher // broaching machine拉刀broacher拉销broach离心式压气机centrifugal compressor离心铸造centrispum casting iron立式车床vertical lathe立式钻床upright drill螺母nut螺栓bolt名义尺寸base size // nominal size内径inner diameter内裂internal crack内外函发动机by-pass engine内应力internal stress内圆磨床internal grinding machine耐磨性resistance to wear耐热钢heat resisting steel耐热合金heat-resisting啮合mesh啮合线action line扭转twisting排气边trailing edge排气喷口exhaust nozzle盘disc 抛光polishing抛光机polisher // burnishing wheel 刨平plane泡疤blister配合fit // matching // mating配合等级classes of fit // grade of fit 配合间隙class of fit配合类型types of fit配合容差fitting allowance配合直径snap diameter配合制system of fits配件mating piece喷口nozzle喷丸peening // shot-blasting喷丸处理shot peening喷雾器atomizer喷嘴nozzle批生产mass production疲劳断裂fatigue fracture匹配matching片sheet偏心的eccentric偏心距eccentric distance偏心轮eccentric偏心套eccentric bushing偏心轴eccentric axis偏心装置eccentric偏移deviation漆paint切断parting切面cutting切切削深度depth of cut切头cropping切削cut切削工具cutter切削加工machining轻合金light alloy轻微的slight清楚的clear清理cleaning清漆层不好poorly varnished film 区域zone曲度curve曲面curved surface曲线curve屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength屈服应力proof stress // yield stress缺口敏感性notch sensitivity缺陷blemish // defect // failure // fault // imperfection热脆性red shortness热裂hot crack热裂纹clink热损heat waste容差allowance熔化smelt (ing)蠕变creep设计design设计草图rough plan设计尺寸design size设计角design angle伸长elongation伸长率elongation失速stall（飞机）湿吹砂vapour blast时间表schedule时效ag(e)ing时效处理seasoning识别号identification number实际尺寸actual size实际有效直径virtual effective diameter 式样form // manner事故accident // failure视图view试车test run // trial run试件test piece试验examine // test试验参数test data试样coupon // (test) sample // test specimen试样长度sample释放release手册manual手段means寿命limit of life数number数据data数量quantity说明书description // specification 榫头root调正adjustment调质improvement跳动量runout凸起overfill凸台boss凸缘collar // flange图scheme图板drawing board图号drawing number图形机体feature图样draft // drawing图纸drawing (sheet)图纸比例drawing scale图纸技术要求drawing call-out涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting涂漆paint推荐尺寸preferred size推力thrust推力比thrust ratio椭圆度ovality外部检查visual inspection外函道by-pass duct外螺纹external screw thread外形outline外圆磨床circular grinding machine位置location位置公差positional tolerance蜗杆worm蜗轮work wheel卧式钻镗床horizontal boring & drilling machine误差error习惯表示法conventional representation 铣床milling machine铣刀milling现场site // spot相当的equivalent相应值equivalent消除应力stress relieved // stress released 消耗consumption销钉pin销孔bore // pin hole销子pin斜度angularity (tolerance)压板clamp (plate)氩弧焊argon-arc welding应变strain应变时效strain ageing应力stress应力腐蚀裂纹stress corrosion crack应力消除stress relieving应力-应变曲线stress strain curve应力-应变图stress strain diagram圆度circularity // roundness圆滑smoothness圆心center of circle圆柱度cylindricity直径diameter制度system制造manufacture质量quality质量验收标准quality acceptance standard 中心距center distance中心孔center hole轴shaft轴承bearing轴线axis轴线axis主喷咀main nozzle铸造casting铸造组织casting iron structure专门技术know-how专门铣床planomilling machine专用工具special tool专用工装special tooling专用设备special purpose machine专用铣床production machine转换reset转子叶片blade装备device装夹mount装配assembly // mount装配车间assembling shop // assembly shop // erecting shop // fitting shop装配间隙fit clearance装配件assembly装配图assembly drawing // erection drawing 装箱退火close annealing装置device锥齿轮bevel gear锥度taper锥螺纹taper thread锥面conical surface锥体slow object // taper总尺寸外形尺寸overall dimension总体布置图general layout总装车间assembly department总装件assembly // general assembly总装图general layout组合件joint组件assembly组装件sub assembly钻drill钻床drill machine钻具jig钻孔drill钻套drill jig bush钻头号drill number最大长度max length最大间隙major clearance最大推力full thrust // top thrust最大直径major diameter最小长度min length最小间隙minor clearance最小直径minor diameter缺陷解释Interpretation of Defects凹陷undercutting （在母材上沿焊接边的沟槽或充填不足）变形deformation （在加工时未能保持住形状不变或与相邻部有不顺滑转接）电解腐蚀electrolytic action（不同金属间的电蚀作用造成的缺陷）断裂fracture（受力过大造成的破坏）开裂flaw外贸常用词语和术语Everyday Vocabularies of Foreign Trade询盘Inquiry把某物交付给某人to deliver sth to sb把询价记录在卷to keep the inquiry on file 办理交货to effect delivery // to make delivery还盘Counter Offer还盘counter offer享有盛誉enjoy great popularity与某人达成交易conclude business with sb.达成交易close business // close a deal // close a transaction // close a bargain价格Price成本加保险费运费价cost, insurance & freight (C.I.F.)成本加运费价cost & freight (CFR) 船上交货free on board (F.O.B)底价floor price货币currency价格偏低on the low side价格条件price terms廉价出售 a bargain sale市场价market price讨价还价bargain为某事拼命讨价还价drive a hard bargain over sth.与某人成交make a bargain with sb最低价rock-bottom price。
(完整word版)航空发动机术语
Acceleration lag --in the turbine engine，delay between the time instant power is requested and when power is available。
The time it takes the engine to accelerate and give the required power increase. Aerodynamic drag -—force which thrust must overcome to move an aircraft forward. Design can lesson aerodynamic drag through streamlining。
Drag increases with increased speed.Airbleed actuator -—device that operates the interstage bleed system，to improve compressor acceleration characteristics by unloading small amounts of compressed air.Air density-—total mass of air per given volume，the weight of a given volume of air. Air is denser at lower altitude, at lower temperature，and lower humidity。
Airfoil profile -—outline of an airfoil section.Airfoil section -—cross section of an airfoil parallel to a specific reference plane.Air-fuel ratio -—Ideal mixture of 15 parts of air to 1 part of fuel by weight；the mixture to be burned in the combustion chamber.Air inlet —-large，smooth aluminum or magnesium duct at mouth of engine which conducts air into the compressor with minimum turbulence and restriction。
航空发动机试验测试技术
航空发动机试验测试技术Credit is the best character, there is no one, so people should look at their character first.航空发动机试验测试技术航空发动机是当代最精密的机械产品之一;由于航空发动机涉及气动、热工、结构与强度、控制、测试、计算机、制造技术和材料等多种学科;一台发动机内有十几个部件和系统以及数以万计的零件;其应力、温度、转速、压力、振动、间隙等工作条件远比飞机其它分系统复杂和苛刻;而且对性能、重量、适用性、可靠性、耐久性和环境特性又有很高的要求;因此发动机的研制过程是一个设计、制造、试验、修改设计的多次迭代性过程..在有良好技术储备的基础上;研制一种新的发动机尚要做一万小时的整机试验和十万小时的部件及系统试验;需要庞大而精密的试验设备..试验测试技术是发展先进航空发动机的关键技术之一;试验测试结果既是验证和修改发动机设计的重要依据;也是评价发动机部件和整机性能的重要判定条件..因此“航空发动机是试出来的”已成为行业共识..从航空发动机各组成部分的试验来分类;可分为部件试验和全台发动机的整机试验;一般也将全台发动机的试验称为试车..部件试验主要有：进气道试验、压气机试验、平面叶栅试验、燃烧室试验、涡轮试验、加力燃烧室试验、尾喷管试验、附件试验以及零、组件的强度、振动试验等..整机试验有：整机地面试验、高空模拟试验、环境试验和飞行试验等..下面详细介绍几种试验..1进气道试验研究飞行器进气道性能的风洞试验..一般先进行小缩比尺寸模型的风洞试验;主要是验证和修改初步设计的进气道静特性..然后还需在较大的风洞上进行l／6或l／5的缩尺模型试验;以便验证进气道全部设计要求..进气道与发动机是共同工作的;在不同状态下都要求进气道与发动机的流量匹配和流场匹配;相容性要好..实现相容目前主要依靠进气道与发动机联合试验..2;压气机试验对压气机性能进行的试验..压气机性能试验主要是在不同的转速下;测取压气机特性参数空气流量、增压比、效率和喘振点等;以便验证设计、计算是否正确、合理;找出不足之处;便于修改、完善设计..压气机试验可分为：1压气机模型试验：用满足几何相似的缩小或放大的压气机模型件;在压气机试验台上按任务要求进行的试验..2全尺寸压气机试验：用全尺寸的压气机试验件在压气机试验台上测取压气机特性;确定稳定工作边界;研究流动损失及检查压气机调节系统可靠性等所进行的试验..3在发动机上进行的全尺寸压气机试验：在发动机上试验压气机;主要包括部件间的匹配和进行一些特种试验;如侧风试验、叶片应力测量试验和压气机防喘系统试验等..3;燃烧室试验在专门的燃烧室试验设备上;模拟发动机燃烧室的进口气流条件压力、温度、流量所进行的各种试验..主要试验内容有：燃烧效率、流体阻力、稳定工作范围、加速性、出口温度分布、火焰筒壁温与寿命、喷嘴积炭、排气污染、点火范围等..由于燃烧室中发生的物理化学过程十分复杂;目前还没有一套精确的设计计算方法..因此;燃烧室的研制和发展主要靠大量试验来完成..根据试验目的;在不同试验器上;采用不同的模拟准则;进行多次反复试验并进行修改调整;以满足设计要求;因此燃烧室试验对新机研制或改进改型是必不可少的关键性试验..按试验件形状可分为单管试验用于单管燃烧室、扇形试验用于联管燃烧室和环形燃烧室、环形试验用于环形燃烧室..另外;与燃烧室试验有关的试验还有：1冷吹风试验研究气流流经试验件时的气动特性和流动状态的试验..2水力模拟试验根据流体运动相似原理;以水流代替气流;研究试验件内部各种流动特性的试验..3燃油喷嘴试验这是鉴定喷嘴特性的试验..4燃气分析对燃烧室燃烧后的气体的化学成分进行定性、定量分析..5壁温试验模拟燃烧室的火焰筒壁面冷却结构;对不同试验状态下的壁面温度和换热情况进行测量和分析..6点火试验研究燃烧室点火和传焰性能的一种试验..4 涡轮试验几乎都采用全尺寸试验..涡轮试验一般不模拟涡轮进口压力、温度;试验时;涡轮进口的温度和压力较实际使用条件低的多..因而;通常都只能进行气动模拟试验;及进行涡轮气动性能的验证和试验研究..与涡轮试验有关的试验还有：高温涡轮试验、涡轮冷却效果试验..5 加力燃烧室试验研究加力燃烧室燃烧效率、流体损失、点火、稳定燃烧范围是否满足设计要求以及结构强度、操纵系统与调解器联合工作等性能的试验..按设备条件可分为全尺寸加力燃烧室地面试验;模拟高空试验台和飞行台的加力试验..全尺寸加力燃烧室地面试验一般选用成熟合适的发动机做主机;以改型或新设计的全尺寸的加力燃烧室做试验件;进行地面台架或模拟状态试验..目的是确定加力燃烧室的性能及结构强度;为整机试验创造条件;缩短整机研制周期;在性能调整试验基本合格后在与原型机联试..加力燃烧室高空性能如高空推力、耗油率、飞行包线内点火和稳定燃烧室的试验;应在高空模拟试车台和飞行台上进行..6 尾喷管的试验用全尺寸或缩尺模型尾喷管在试验设备上模拟各种工作状态;测取性能数据;考核是否达到设计要求的试验..按试验内容分为：1结构试验：主要考验机械构件、调节元件、操纵机构的工作可行性..除用部件模拟试验外;主要是在整机上对全尺寸尾喷管做地面、模拟高空试验及飞行试验..2性能试验：分内流试验和外流干扰试验..该实验可做缩尺模型和全尺寸部件模拟试验或整机试验..缩尺模型试验不能完全模拟真实流动和几何形状;只适于做方案对比和机理探讨..7 整机试验整机地面试验一般在专用的发动机地面试车台上进行;包括露天试车台和室内试车台两类..其中露天试车台又包括高架试车台和平面试车台..发动机地面室内试车台由试车间、操纵间、测力台架和试车台系统等组成..试车间包括进气系统、排气系统和固定发动机的台架..对于喷气发动机、涡轮风扇发动机;台架应包括测力系统；对于涡轮轴和涡轮螺旋桨发动机则应包括测扭测功系统..试车间内要求气流速度不大于10米／秒;以免影响推力的测量精度；进排气部分力求做到表面光滑;气流流过时流动损失尽量少..8 高空模拟试验高空模拟试验是指在地面试验设备上;模拟飞行状态飞行高度、飞行马赫数和飞行姿态攻角、侧滑角以及环境条件对航空发动机进行稳态和瞬态的性能试验..简而言之;就是在地面人工“制造”高空飞行条件;使安装在地面上的发动机如同工作在高空一样;从而验证和考核发动机的高空飞行特性..随着飞机飞行高度、速度的不断提高;发动机在整个飞行包线发动机正常工作的速度和高度界限范围内的进气温度、压力和空气流量等参数有很大变化..这些变化对发动机内部各部件的特性及其工作稳定性;对低温低压下的点火及燃烧;对发动机的推力、耗油率和自动调节均有重大影响..发动机在高空的性能与地面性能大不相同..影响发动机结构强度的最恶劣的气动、热力负荷点已不在地面静止状态条件下而是在中、低空告诉条件下;如中空的马赫数为1.2-1.5.在这种情况下;发展一台新的现代高性能航空发动机;除了要进行大量的零部件试验和地面台试验之外;还必须利用高空台进行整个飞行包线范围内各种模拟飞行状态下的部件和全台发动机试验..高空模拟试验台;就是地面上能够模拟发动机于空中飞行时的高度、速度条件的试车台;它是研制先进航空发动机必不可少的最有效的试验手段之一..高空模拟试验的优越性有：1可以模拟发动的全部飞行范围2可以模拟恶劣的环境条件3可以使发动机试验在更加安全的条件下进行：不用飞行员冒险试机;可以防止机毁人亡的悲剧..4可以提高试验水平：测量参数可以更好的控制5缩短发动机研制周期：两周的高空模拟试验相当于300次飞行试验;而高空模拟实验仅为飞行试验的1/30~1/69 环境试验环境试验的实质是指发动机适应各种自然环境能力的考核;按通用规范;环境试验所包含的项目可以分为三类：1考验外界环境对发动机工作可靠性的影响;包括：高低温起动与加速试验、环境结冰试验;腐蚀敏感性试验;吞鸟试验;外物损伤试验;吞冰试验;吾砂试验;吞大气中液态水试验等八项试验..2检查发动机对环境的污染是否超过允许值;包括噪声测量和排气污染..3是考核实战条件下的工作能力;包括吞如武器排烟和防核能力..在制订环境试验条件时要依据对自然环境的普查、事故累计分析、实战环境记载以及环境保护要求..未来发动机技术的发展要求发动机具有更高的涡轮进口温度、效率和可靠性;以及更低的排放和噪声;这些都对发动机试验测试技术提出了新的挑战..随着航空发动机研制水平的深入;需要开展的试验种类和数量越来越多；需要测量的参数类型越来越多;测量范围越来越宽;测量准确度要求越来越高..现有试验测试仪器的能力与不断增长的航空发动机试验测试需求之间的矛盾日益明显;国家应有计划地开展航空发动机研制部件和整机试验所需的测试仪器的研究与开发工作;包括特种测量仪器、传感器、测试系统等;以便及时满足航空发动机研制需要..另外;研究新的试验测试方法;提升试验测试技术同样重要..。
航空发动机专业词汇
航空发动机专业词汇Part 1Para. 1gas turbine engine 燃气涡轮发动机aircraft 飞机，飞行器（单复同形）power plant 发动机，动力装置appreciate 理解，意思到prior to 在…之前propulsion 推进reaction 反作用jet 喷气, 喷射, 喷气发动机designer 设计师initially 最初，开始时unsuitability 不适应性piston engine 活塞发动机airflow 空气流present 带来, 产生obstacle 障碍Para. 2patent 专利, 获得专利jet propulsion engine 喷气推进发动机athodyd 冲压式喷气发动机heat resisting material 耐热材料develop 研究出，研制出in the second place 其次inefficient 效率底的ram jet, ramjet冲压式喷气发动机conception 构想, 设计，概念Para. 3grant 授予propulsive jet 推进喷射turbo-jet engine 涡轮喷气发动机turbojetturbo-propeller engine涡轮螺桨发动机turbopropVickers V iscount aircraft 维克斯子爵式飞机be fitted with 配备term 术语, 称为, 叫做twin-spool engine 双转子发动机triple-spool engine三转子发动机by-pass engine 双涵道发动机ducted fan 涵道风扇发动机unducted fan (UDF) 无涵道风扇发动机propfan 桨扇发动机inevitable 不可避免的, 必然的p.4propeller 螺旋桨basic principle 基本原理effect 产生propel 推进solely 单独, 只thrust 推力p.5popularly 普遍地, 一般地pulse jet 脉动式喷气发动机turbo/ram jet 涡轮冲压式喷气发动机turbo-rocket 涡轮火箭p.6accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度apparatus 装置, 机器slipstream 滑流p.7momentum 动量issue 冒出to impart M to N 把M给与Nrevolve 旋转p.8whirl 旋转sprinkler 喷水器mechanism 机构by [in] virtue of 依靠hose 软管afford 提供carnival 狂欢节p.9definitely 确切地, 明确地assume 想象, 以为expel 排出, 驱逐propulsive efficiency 推进效率Page 3p.10differ 不同convert 转换p.11thermodynamic 热动力的divergent 扩散diverge 扩散convergent 收敛converge收敛entry 进气段exit 排气管kinetic energy 动能air intake 空气进口diverging duct 扩散管道outlet duct 排气管missile 导弹target vehicle 靶机p.12intermittent combustion 间断式燃烧aerodynamic 空气动力的involve 具有robust 结实的, 坚固的inlet valve 进气阀inject 喷入eject 喷出depression 降压, 减压exhaust 排气cycle 循环helicopter rotor propulsion直升飞机旋翼驱动器dispense with 省去, 无需resonate 共振resonating cycle 共振循环fuel consumption 燃油消耗equal 比得上performance 性能p.13decompose 分解p.14inherent 固有的draw 吸入p.15arrangement 结构simplicity 简单性subsequent 接下来的thermodynamic 热力的Page 7p.16disturbance 扰动blade-tip 叶尖departure from 背离p.17offset 抵消exceed 超过p.18Mach number 马赫数p.19variable intake 可变进口afterburning 加力燃烧variable nozzle 可调喷口conventional 常规的afterburner 加力燃烧室inoperative 不工作的divert 使转向guide vane 导流叶片duct 管道，用管道输送sustained 持续的cruise 巡航mode 模式p.21multi-stage turbine 多级涡轮derive 得到，取得kerosene, kerosine 煤油be in the order of…达到…的量级spray 喷雾fuel-rich mixture 富油混合物dilute 稀释surplus 剩余的p.22interceptor 截击机space-launcher 航天发射器altitude 高度attitude 态度、姿态latitude 纬度longitude 经度accelerative 加速的duration 持续时间Part 2Para.1working fluid 工作流体conversion 转换jet efflux 喷射气流Para.2four-stroke piston engine 四冲程活塞发动机constant pressure 等压constant volume 等容induction 进气compression 压缩intermittent 间断的be involved in…与…有关charging 进气eliminate 消除idle stroke 空冲程Para.3peak 峰, 峰值fluctuate, fluctuating 波动, 起伏withstand, withstood 承受in excess of 超过employ 采用cylinder 汽缸high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料low octane fuel 低辛烷值燃料fabricated 装配式的Para.4function 运行, 运转introduce, introducing 输入remainder 剩余部分discharge 排出Para.5,6turbine assembly 涡轮部件air-cooled blade 气冷叶片consequently 随之而来的, 因此,所以Para.7embody 体现be embodied in M 体现在M中be directly proportional to…与…成正比be inversely proportional to…与…成反比Para.9trace 描绘show up 表现Para.10attain 达到, 实现conversely 相反地Para.11adiabatic 绝热的friction 摩擦conduction 传导turbulence 紊流Para.12propelling nozzle 推力喷管momentum 动量deceleration 减速Page 14Para.13effect 实现conversion 转换convert 转换sonic 音速的subsonic 亚音速的supersonic 超音速的encounter 遇到venturi 文氏管Para.14interference 干扰component failure 部件失效eddy 涡流turbulence 紊流Para.15frontal area 迎面面积straight-through flow system 直流式系统reverse flow system 回流式系统subsequent 接下来的Para.17conventionally 常规地percentage 部分，百分比duct 管道，用管道输送remainder 剩余物deliver 送，流to be conducive to …有利于…specific fuel consumption 燃油消耗率Para.18design feature 设计特征by-pass engine 双涵道发动机by-pass ratio 涵道比twin-spool configuration 双转子结构propfan 桨扇发动机turbo-propeller 涡轮螺桨发动机Para.19by-pass airstream 外涵道气流overboard 向船外，排出ducted fan 涵道式风扇发动机aft fan 后风扇发动机Part 3Para.1centrifugal 离心的axial 轴流的couple 耦合，联接coupling 联轴器coupler联轴器shaft 轴Para.2centrifugal (flow) compressor 离心压气机impeller 叶轮diffuser 扩散器axial (flow) compressor 轴流压气机multi-stage unit 多级装置alternate 交替的rotor blade转子叶片stator vane 静子叶片diffuse 扩散boost 增压booster 增压器Para.3with regard to 关于robust 坚固，结实develop and manufacture 设计与制造consume 消耗，使用attain 达到air flow 空气流量，空气流adoption 采用favour (Am. E favor) 喜爱，偏爱ruggedness坚固性rugged 坚固的outweigh 胜过，重于Fig. 3-1rotating guide vane 旋转导流叶片intake chute 进气斜道swirl vane 旋流叶片Para.5diffuser vane 扩散器叶片double-entry impeller 双面进气叶轮plenum chamber 稳流室Para.6induce 吸入radially 径向地intake duct 进气管initial swirl 预旋Para.7divergent nozzle 扩散排气管Para.8tip speed 叶尖速度Para.9maintain 保持leakage 泄漏clearance 间隙Para.10construction 结构center around (about, at, in, on, round, upon)…以…为中心ball bearing 滚珠轴承roller bearing 滚柱轴承split 分开detachment 拆开，分离Para.11forged 锻造的radially disposed vanes 径向排列的叶片in conjunction with…和…共同swept back 后掠Para.12attach 联接tangential 相切的inner edge 内缘in line with…与…一致buffeting impulse 扰流抖振脉冲Para. 13rotor assembly 转子部件airfoil section 翼型截面mount 安装bearing 轴承incorporate 安有，装有in series 依次地design condition 设计状态incorporation 引入，采用variable stator vane 可调静子叶片succeeding stage下一级Para. 14gradual reduction 逐渐减小annulus 环型stator casing 静子机匣maintain 保持density 密度convergence 收敛taper，tapering 带斜度，带锥度arrangement 结构Para. 16multi-spool compressor 多转子压气机optimum 最佳（的），最优（的）flexibility 适应性，灵活性Para. 17handle 处理duct 管道，用管道输送exhaust system 排气系统propelling nozzle 推力喷管match 使匹配obsolete 已不用but 除…….之外Para. 18trend 趋势stage 阶段, 级undergo 承受split 分开core 核心gas generator 燃气发生器optimum arrangement 最佳结构Para. 19induce 吸入，引入，引导sweep, swept 扫，猛推adjacent 相邻的translate 翻译，转换decelerate 减速serve 起……作用deflection 偏转straightener 整流器swirl 旋流diagrammatically 图示地accompany 伴随progressive 不断的，逐渐的Para. 20breakaway 分离stall 失速precede 在……前面Para. 21incidence 攻角tolerate 允许interstage bleed 级间放气intermediate stage 中间级Para. 22proportion 比例pl. 尺寸,大小coaxial 同轴的inner radius 内半径supercharge 增压akin 相似的Para.23to center around (round, on, upon,about, at, in)…以…为中心alignment 对中, 同心cylindrical 圆筒形的bolted axial joint 轴向螺栓联接bolted center line joint 中心线螺栓联接Para.24secure 固定assemble 装配weld 焊接periphery 边缘drum 鼓筒Para.25circumferential 周向的fixing 安装, 固定maintainability 维护性blisk 整体叶盘Para.26gradient 梯度balance out 抵消twist 扭angle of incidence 攻角boundary layer 附面层, 边界层stagnant 滞止的compensate for 补偿camber 弯度extremity 端部end-bend 端弯Para.27retaining ring 保持环in segments 成组的shroud 叶冠Para.28dissimilar 不相似的, 不同的workable 可用的, 可运转的implement 实现, 执行, 完成retain 保持Para.29impose upon…强加于…之上depart from 偏离intention 意图positive incidence stall 正攻角失速negative incidence stall 负攻角失速blading 叶栅sustain 承受得住surge 喘振instantaneous 即刻的expel 排出margin 欲度instability 不稳定性Para. 30provision 提供margin 欲度hydraulic 液压的pneumatic 气动的electronic 电子的Para. 31cost effective 成本效益好的prevail 流行，胜利Para. 32rigid 刚性的clearance 间隙alloy 合金nickel based alloy 镍基合金titanium 钛in preference to 优先于rigidity to density ratio 刚度密度比Para. 33prime 主要的fatigue strength 疲劳强度notch 切口，开槽ingestion 吸气inferior 差的decline 下降rub 碰磨ignite 点燃airworthiness 飞行性能hazard 危险Para. 34dominate 起支配作用Para. 35solid forging 实锻件chord 弦mid-span 叶片中部snubber 减振器clapper 拍板fabricate 制造skin 蒙皮honeycomb 蜂窝Para. 36robust section 坚固截面ingestion capability 吸气能力Part 4Para.1fuel supply nozzle 燃油喷嘴extensive 广泛的，大量的accomplish 完成Para.2range 范围C---Centigrade or Celsiusturbine nozzle涡轮导向器Para.3consequent 随之发生的，结果的Para.4kerosene, cerosine 煤油light, lit or lighted 点燃blow, blew，blown 吹alight 燃烧的Para.5flame tube 火焰筒liner 衬筒meter, metering 调节配量Para.6snout 进气锥体downstream 下游，顺流swirl vane 旋流叶片perforated flare 带孔的喇叭管primary combustion zone 主燃区upstream上游，逆流promote 促进，引起recirculation 环流，回流Para.7secondary air hole 二股气流孔toroidal vortex 喇叭口形涡流anchor, anchoring 锚，固定hasten 促进，加速droplet 小滴ignition temperature 燃点Para.8conical 锥形的intersect 相交turbulence 紊流break up, breaking up 分裂，破碎incoming 进来的Para.9nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片amount to 占…比例, 达到progressively 逐渐地dilution zone 掺混区remainder 剩余物insulate M from N 使M与N隔离Para.10,11electric spark 电火花igniter plug 点火塞self-sustained 自持的Para.12airstream = airflowdistinct = different typeinjection 喷射，喷入ejection 喷射，喷出atomize 使雾化spray nozzle 喷嘴pre-vaporization 预蒸发Para.13vapor 蒸汽vaporize 蒸发vaporizer 蒸发器feed tube 供油管vaporizing tube 蒸发管atomizer flame tube装有雾化喷嘴的火焰筒Para.14multiple (combustion) chamber 分管燃烧室tubo-annular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室cannular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室annular (combustion) chamber 环形燃烧室Para.15F.g.4-6Para.16dispose 布置delivery 排气Para.17interconnect 互相连通propagate传播Para.18bridge a gap between填补空白，使连接起来evolutionary 发展，演变arrangement 结构overhaul 大修compactness 紧凑性Para.19contain 包含，安装be open to 与…相通Para.20elimination 消除propagation 传播Para.21virtually 实际上oxidize 氧化carbon monoxide 一氧化碳non-toxic 无毒的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Para.22aerate, aerating 吹气，供气over-rich pocket 过富区fuel vapour 燃油蒸汽carbon formation积碳形成Para.23incur 招致extinction 熄灭relight 重新点燃perform, performing 完成，执行spray nozzle atomizer 喷嘴雾化器Para.25intensity 强度compact 紧凑的exceptionally 格外地，特别地Para.26calorific value 热值British thermal unit (BTU)英国热量单位=252卡expenditure 使用，消耗Para.27altitude cruise 高空巡航Para.29weak limit 贫油极限rich limit 富油极限extinguish 熄灭extinguisher 灭火器dive 俯冲idle, idling 空载，慢速mixture strength 混合物浓度Para.30stability loop 稳定区Para.32emission 排放物pollutant污染物create 产生，形成legislatively 立法地hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物oxides of nitrogen 氧化氮Para.34suppression 抑制desirable 合乎需要的conflict 冲突compromise 折中combustor 燃烧室substantially 实际上Para.35coating 涂层insulation 隔热，隔离Para.36corrosion 腐蚀creep failure 蠕变失效fatigue 疲劳Part 5Para.1accessory, accessories 附件solely = onlyextract, extracting 提取to expose M to N 使M暴露于NM is exposed to NPara.2torque 扭矩Para.3intermediate 中间的interpose 置于…之间to be derived from…从…获得,取自free-power turbine 自由动力涡轮to be independent of…不受…的限制Para.4mean 平均的deflection 偏转in proportion to 按比例sectional thickness 截面厚度disproportionately 不相称地Para.5broadly 主要地aerofoil shape 翼型形状impulse turbine 冲击式涡轮reaction turbine 反作用式涡轮incorporate 采用cartridge starter 弹药筒式起动机air starter 空气起动机Para.7to force one’s way into有力地冲入spin 旋转whirl 旋转Para.8to be governed by 取决于, 由…决定substantially 实际上, 大体上excessive 过分的residual 剩余的，剩余detrimental = harmfulstrut 支柱, 支杆Para.9twist, twisted 带扭向的stagger angle 斜罩角Para.10mean section 中间截面Para.12self-aligning coupling 自动调节联轴器Para.15machined forging 机加锻件flange 法兰，安装边bolt 螺栓，用螺栓联结perimeter 周边，圆周to have provision for…为…作好准备attachment 联接, 安装Para.16heat conduction 热传导Para.17degree of reaction 反力度Para.18fix 确定, 决定,trailing edge 排气边so as to (do) 为了prevent M (from) +ingPara.19attach联接, 安装fixing 联接have a bearing on …对…有影响rim speed 轮缘速度de Laval bulb root 圆头叶根supersede 代替, 取代fir-tree fixing 纵树榫头联接involve 需要, 要求serration 榫齿stiffen 加劲, 固牢Para.20contraction 收缩shroud 叶冠fit 配备, 安装segment 部分, 片peripheral 外围的, 周边的abradable lining 易磨涂层A.C.C. ---active clearance control shroudless blade 无冠叶片Para.21revolve 旋转extract 提取conventional 常规的Para.22impractical 不实际的dual alloy disc 双金属轮盘blisk 整体叶轮cast 铸造bond 粘接Para.23match 匹配nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片back pressure 反压surge 喘振choke 壅塞，阻塞Para.24obstacle 障碍impart to…给与tensile stress 拉应力limiting factor 限制因素Para.25endure 承受nickel alloy 镍合金ceramic coating 陶瓷涂层enhance 增强Para.26resistance 抵抗，耐fatigue cracking 疲劳破坏Para.27ferritic 铁素体terrific 可怕的，极妙的austenitic 奥氏体alloying element 合金元素extend 延长fatigue resistance 抗疲劳性powder metallurgy 粉末冶金Para.28in connection with 关于，与…有关glowing red-hot 赤热发光ounce 盎施=28.35 gbending load 弯曲载荷thermal shock 热冲击corrosion 腐蚀oxidization 氧化Para.29foregoing 前面的, 上述的it follows that 因此, 可见permissible 允许的metallurgist 冶金学家Para.30creep 蠕变finite useful life 有限使用寿命failure 失效Para.31forge 锻造forging 锻件cast 铸造creep property 蠕变性能fatigue property 疲劳性能Para.32reveal 揭示, 显示a myriad of 无数crystal 晶体equi-axed 等轴的service life 使用寿命directional solidification 定向凝固useful creep life 有效蠕变寿命single crystal blade 单晶叶片substantially 实质上, 显著地Para.33reinforced ceramic 加固陶瓷Para.34balancing 平衡operation 工序in view of 考虑到Part 6Para.1aero 航空的pass 排送resultant thrust 合成推力，总推力create 引起，产生contribute 提供absorb 吸收exert an influence on…对…产生影响jet pipe 尾喷管propelling nozzle 推力喷管outlet nozzle 出口喷管Para.2distortion 扭曲, 变形cracking 产生裂纹Para.3thrust reverser 推力反向装置noise suppressor 消音器entail 需要, 要求low by-pass engine 低涵道比发动机mixer unit 掺混装置encourage 促进Para.4exhaust cone 排气锥hold 保持residual whirl 剩余旋流strut 支板straighten 整流Para.5in relation to…对…来说choked 壅塞, 阻塞upstream total pressure 上游总压pressure thrust 压力推力momentum 动量Para.6wastage 损失, 消耗with advantage 有效地convergent-divergent nozzle 收扩喷管recover 重新获得Para.7flared 扩张的restriction 限制progressively 逐渐地longitudinal 纵向的Para.9fixed area nozzle 固定面积喷口variable area nozzle 可变面积喷口offset 抵消Para.13nickel 镍titanium 钛ventilate, ventilating 通风lag, lagging 用隔热材料保护insulating blanket 隔热层fibrous 纤维状的stainless steel 不锈钢dimple 使起波纹acoustically absorbent material 吸声材料Para.14double-wall construction 双壁结构induce 引导ejector action 喷射器作用engine nacelle 发动机短舱Para.15streamline fairing 流线型整流板vent hole 通气孔Para.16chute 斜道bonded honeycomb structure 粘接的蜂窝结构integrated nozzle assembly 整体喷管部件lightweight strength 低重强度。
航空发动机常用汉英词汇.
汉英分类词汇航空发动机类型Aero-Engine Models超高涵比发动机ultra high bypass engine超音速冲压喷气发动机scramjet engine冲压喷气发动机ram-jet engine带推力转向系统的发动机engine with thrust deflector system带自由涡轮双轴涡轮轴喷气发动机twin-spool turbo-shaft with free-power turbine单轴涡轮喷气发动机single-spool turbo-jet engine低涵比发动机low bypass turbofan反向旋转发动机contra-rotation engine高涵比发动机high bypass turbofan后风扇涡轮喷气发动机aft fan turbo-jet engine 活塞式发动机piston(-and-cylinder) engine // piston-driven engine桨扇发动机prop-fan engine离心涡轮喷气发动机centrifugal turbo-jet engine 脉冲喷气发动机pulse jet engine前风扇涡轮喷气发动机front fan turbo-jet engine 燃气轮机gas turbine engine三轴桨扇发动机three-shaft prop-fan engine三轴涡轮前风扇涡轮发动机triple-spool front fan turbo-jet双轴外涵涡轮喷气发动机twin-spool by-pass turbo-jet双轴涡轮风扇发动机twin-spool turbo-fan engine 同向旋转发动机co-rotation engine外骨架发动机exo-skeletal engine涡轮冲压喷气发动机turbo/ram jet engine涡轮风扇发动机turbofan engine涡轮火箭发动机turbo-rocket engine涡轮螺旋桨发动机turboprop engine涡轮喷气发动机turbojet engine涡轮轴发动机turbo-shaft engine轴流涡轮喷气发动机axial flow turbo-jet engine 型面profile型面座标图aerofoil ordinate chart型式form轴流式压气机axial (flow) compressor函道duct函道比by-pass函道风扇ducted-fan中介机匣intermediate case燕尾形样dovetail root叶片vane（一般指静子叶片）压气机compressor压气机机匣compressor case效率efficiency压气机盘compressor disc压缩比compression ratio牙底root涡轮导向器turbine nozzle涡轮盘turbine disc燃烧室burner // combustion chamber //combustor燃烧室外套combustion outer case燃油导管discharge nozzle燃油滤fuel filter燃油喷咀fuel atomizer // fuel spray nozzle燃油消耗量fuel consumption火焰筒liner扩散器机匣diffuse case加力燃烧室afterburner航空发动机叶片术语Terms of Aero-Engine Airfoils叶片类型Type of Airfoils动叶blade // bucket静叶vane空心叶片hollow blade // core blade实心叶片solid blade涡轮导向器turbine nozzles涡轮导向器扇形段turbine nozzle segment涡轮导向器叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzleguide vane (ngv)涡轮工作叶片turbine blade // bucket涡轮静子叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guidevane (ngv)涡轮叶轮turbine wheel涡轮叶片turbine blades & vanes // buckets涡轮转子叶片turbine blade // bucket压气机定子叶片compressor vane // vane压气机工作叶片compressor blade // blade压气机叶轮compressor impeller // compressorwheel压气机叶片compressor blades & vanes压气机整流叶片compressor vane // vane压气机转子叶片compressor blade // blade叶片的结构特点Characteristics of Airfoil Structure283基体部分base榫头tip // cog // fir-tree // root // tenon叶根blade root // root // vane tang叶冠shroud // tip platform // tip shroud叶身blade body叶型部分aerofoil // profile缘板platform // shroud叶片的主要名称Key Terms of Airfoil Body基体base进气边/前缘leading edge理论叶型theoretical developed airfoil/profile排气边/后缘trailing edge // exhaust edge弦chord型线airfoil curve叶背blade back // convex side // blade convex叶盆blade basin // vane basin // blade/vane concave叶片阻尼台blade damper // clapper // mid-span 叶身blade body叶型公差airfoil tolerance叶型理论airfoil theory叶型剖面airfoil section中弧线airfoil mean line工装Tooling标准件master piece // standard part // tool master 标准块master block // reference block测具gauge // measuring fixture // measuring tool 测头feeler // gauge head measuring head // stylus 车床夹具lathe fixture车刀lathe tool// cutter// turning tool吊具lifting tool夹具fixture饺孔夹具reaming fixture // reaming jig孔位置度测具hole true position gauge拉刀broach (Bro.) // broaching cutter拉削夹具broaching fixture刨削夹具planner fixture钳工工具bench-work tool丝套insert // thread insert丝锥taper // (screwing）tap镗刀boring cutter镗杆boring bar (B/bar) // boring spindle镗孔夹具boring fixture // boring jig铣槽工具grooving tool铣床夹具milling jig铣床铣槽刀milling machine // miller铣铣槽刀刀milling cutter // milling tool铣削夹具milling fixture钻铰刀drill reamer钻铰复合刀具combined drill and reamer钻具jig钻孔铰孔夹具drilling and tapping fixture钻孔样板drill template （DRT）// drillingtemplate钻模(drill) jig钻模板drill plate （DRP）钻模与夹具jigs and fixtures钻套jig bush钻套jig bush(ing)钻头bit // drill // drilling bit机械加工术语Terms for Machining半精加工semi-finishing // semifinishingmachining插slotting车turning车床lathe// turning machine车床研磨lathe lapping车端面facing车螺纹thread turning车螺纹/螺纹加工thread/threading车削turning车削螺纹cut thread成形法forming冲头blanking ram // piercer // punch // ram head //slider冲压(punch) pressing冲压加工stamping冲压件pressing //stamping穿孔/套孔trepan/trepanning粗加工roughing machining锉file倒角deburr // chamfer倒角/去毛刺deburr(ing)倒棱chamfer电解抛光electrochemical polishing // electrolyticpolishing // electro-polishing电解蚀刻与抛光electrolytic etching andpolishing调整法machining on preset machine tool定位locating // location对刀to size // tool setting仿形法copying夹紧clamping饺reaming饺孔reaming饺孔机reaming machine饺孔钻reamer drill饺铆钉孔ream a rivet hole284精加工finishing // finish machining锯sawing锯背back of the saw锯槽kerf锯齿serration锯齿铣sawtooth milling拉削broaching冷装shrinkage fitting铆rivet(ing)铆钉rivet磨床grind // grinding machine磨端面face grinding磨料abraser // abrasive material // grinding compound磨削加工abrasive machining抛polish抛光buffing // burning // polish (Pol.)刨planing// shapering刨槽fillister // slot shaping刨齿gear shaper cutting // gear-shaping刨床planer // planing machine// shaper刨削shaping去毛刺deburring // fin cutting镗boring镗车两用机床boring lathe镗床borer // boring machine镗孔boring // borizing （金刚石）镗磨联合机床combined boring and honing machine镗钻两用机床boring and drilling machine铣mill // milling铣槽slot milling铣镗床milling-borer // milling and boring machine铣钻联合机床combined drill and mill machine铣钻两用机床milling and drilling machine旋spin旋锻spin forging // rotary forging // rotary swaging旋锻机spin forging machine // rotary forging machine // rotary swaging machine旋压spinning旋压成型stretch planishing // spin forming压装press fitting研lapping研齿gear lapping研磨lapping找正aligning // to center align装夹set-up装配assembly钻drill(ing)钻床drilling machine钻孔drilling钻埋头孔countersink表面处理（镀层、涂漆和金属喷镀）Surface treatment（Plating，Paining & Metal sparying）涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, orlifting冲压Punch尺寸检验dimension inspecting基准datum技术条件technical condition加工fabricate夹clamping夹紧面clamping surface夹具fixture钻孔drill钻头drill图纸及工艺规程常用词汇EverydayVocabularies on Working Drawings &W.P.S尺scale尺寸dimension // size尺寸单向极限single of size尺寸过大oversize尺寸过小undersize尺寸极限limit of size尺寸最大极限maximum of size尺寸最大余量极限maximum metal of size尺寸最小极限minimum of size齿根root处理treatment吹砂blast // abrasive blasting垂直度perpendicularity // squareness垂直度公差squareness tolerance单位燃油消耗量specific fuel consumption单位压力unit pressure单位装配件assembly unit单向公差unilateral tolerance单向公差域bilateral tolerance zone氮化nitriding当量equivalent挡块stop285刀柄holder刀杆cutter bar刀痕scar // tool mark等离子喷镀plasma spray等值equivalent低压压气机LP compressor地面试车ground run典型加工typical operation防锈rust protection // rust proof仿形copy仿形铣床copying milling machine // duplicator 仿型加工form machine高速钢high speed steel高速工具钢high speed tool steel高温合金high temperature alloy高压压气机HP compressor根root根切undercut公差tolerance公差带tolerance band公称尺寸nominal size功能function功能尺寸function dimension功能要求functional requirement构造尺寸constructional dimension固定fasten固定工具fastening tool故障defect // blemish // failure // fault // imperfection // trouble故障分析trouble shooting关键零件critical part观点view过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过载overload互换性interchangeability互换性组件interchangeable assembly花键splined shaft花键轴splined shaft火裂fire cracks机床machine (tool)机匣case // casing基本尺寸base dimension // basic size基本公差basic tolerance基本数basic member基本锥体basic taper基孔制hole basis limit system基线basic line基轴制shaft basis基轴制shaft basis limit system基准data // reference基准尺寸datum dimension基准点datum point基准件basic member基准角basic angle基准面datum face // datum plane基准线datum line // zero line基准叶片master vane几何公差geometrical tolerance几何精度accuracy geometrical加工制造fabricate夹紧fastening夹具clamping apparatus // dogging tool // fixture// holding device // jig检验装置checker节径pitch diameter精度accuracy // precision精锻precision forging精加工finishing精磨precision ground精确长度exact length精调fine adjustment // accurate adjustment//precision adjustment孔bore // hole框flame拉床broacher // broaching machine拉刀broacher拉销broach离心式压气机centrifugal compressor离心铸造centrispum casting iron立式车床vertical lathe立式钻床upright drill螺母nut螺栓bolt名义尺寸base size // nominal size内径inner diameter内裂internal crack内外函发动机by-pass engine内应力internal stress内圆磨床internal grinding machine耐磨性resistance to wear耐热钢heat resisting steel耐热合金heat-resisting啮合mesh啮合线action line扭转twisting排气边trailing edge排气喷口exhaust nozzle盘disc抛光polishing抛光机polisher // burnishing wheel刨平plane泡疤blister配合fit // matching // mating286配合等级classes of fit // grade of fit配合间隙class of fit配合类型types of fit配合容差fitting allowance配合直径snap diameter配合制system of fits配件mating piece喷口nozzle喷丸peening // shot-blasting喷丸处理shot peening喷雾器atomizer喷嘴nozzle批生产mass production疲劳断裂fatigue fracture匹配matching片sheet偏心的eccentric偏心距eccentric distance偏心轮eccentric偏心套eccentric bushing偏心轴eccentric axis偏心装置eccentric偏移deviation漆paint切断parting切面cutting切切削深度depth of cut切头cropping切削cut切削工具cutter切削加工machining轻合金light alloy轻微的slight清楚的clear清理cleaning清漆层不好poorly varnished film区域zone曲度curve曲面curved surface曲线curve屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength屈服应力proof stress // yield stress缺口敏感性notch sensitivity缺陷blemish // defect // failure // fault // imperfection热脆性red shortness热裂hot crack热裂纹clink热损heat waste容差allowance熔化smelt (ing)蠕变creep设计design设计草图rough plan设计尺寸design size设计角design angle伸长elongation伸长率elongation失速stall（飞机）湿吹砂vapour blast时间表schedule时效ag(e)ing时效处理seasoning识别号identification number实际尺寸actual size实际有效直径virtual effective diameter式样form // manner事故accident // failure视图view试车test run // trial run试件test piece试验examine // test试验参数test data试样coupon // (test) sample // test specimen试样长度sample释放release手册manual手段means寿命limit of life数number数据data数量quantity说明书description // specification榫头root调正adjustment调质improvement跳动量runout凸起overfill凸台boss凸缘collar // flange图scheme图板drawing board图号drawing number图形机体feature图样draft // drawing图纸drawing (sheet)图纸比例drawing scale图纸技术要求drawing call-out涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting287涂漆paint推荐尺寸preferred size推力thrust推力比thrust ratio椭圆度ovality外部检查visual inspection外函道by-pass duct外螺纹external screw thread外形outline外圆磨床circular grinding machine位置location位置公差positional tolerance蜗杆worm蜗轮work wheel卧式钻镗床horizontal boring & drilling machine 误差error习惯表示法conventional representation铣床milling machine铣刀milling现场site // spot相当的equivalent相应值equivalent消除应力stress relieved // stress released消耗consumption销钉pin销孔bore // pin hole销子pin斜度angularity (tolerance)压板clamp (plate)氩弧焊argon-arc welding应变strain应变时效strain ageing应力stress应力腐蚀裂纹stress corrosion crack应力消除stress relieving应力-应变曲线stress strain curve应力-应变图stress strain diagram圆度circularity // roundness圆滑smoothness圆心center of circle圆柱度cylindricity直径diameter制度system制造manufacture质量quality质量验收标准quality acceptance standard中心距center distance中心孔center hole轴shaft轴承bearing轴线axis轴线axis主喷咀main nozzle铸造casting铸造组织casting iron structure专门技术know-how专门铣床planomilling machine专用工具special tool专用工装special tooling专用设备special purpose machine专用铣床production machine转换reset转子叶片blade装备device装夹mount装配assembly // mount装配车间assembling shop // assembly shop //erecting shop // fitting shop装配间隙fit clearance装配件assembly装配图assembly drawing // erection drawing装箱退火close annealing装置device锥齿轮bevel gear锥度taper锥螺纹taper thread锥面conical surface锥体slow object // taper总尺寸外形尺寸overall dimension总体布置图general layout总装车间assembly department总装件assembly // general assembly总装图general layout组合件joint组件assembly组装件sub assembly钻drill钻床drill machine钻具jig钻孔drill钻套drill jig bush钻头号drill number最大长度max length最大间隙major clearance最大推力full thrust // top thrust最大直径major diameter最小长度min length最小间隙minor clearance最小直径minor diameter缺陷解释Interpretation of Defects凹陷undercutting （在母材上沿焊接边的沟槽或288充填不足）变形deformation （在加工时未能保持住形状不变或与相邻部有不顺滑转接）电解腐蚀electrolytic action（不同金属间的电蚀作用造成的缺陷）断裂fracture（受力过大造成的破坏）开裂flaw外贸常用词语和术语Everyday Vocabularies of Foreign Trade询盘Inquiry把某物交付给某人to deliver sth to sb把询价记录在卷to keep the inquiry on file办理交货to effect delivery // to make delivery还盘Counter Offer还盘counter offer享有盛誉enjoy great popularity与某人达成交易conclude business with sb.达成交易close business // close a deal // close atransaction // close a bargain价格Price成本加保险费运费价cost, insurance & freight(C.I.F.)成本加运费价cost & freight (CFR)船上交货free on board (F.O.B)底价floor price货币currency价格偏低on the low side价格条件price terms廉价出售 a bargain sale市场价market price讨价还价bargain为某事拼命讨价还价drive a hard bargain oversth.与某人成交make a bargain with sb最低价rock-bottom price289290。
航空发动机专业词汇
航空发动机专业词汇Part 1Para. 1gas turbine engine 燃气涡轮发动机aircraft 飞机，飞行器（单复同形）power plant 发动机，动力装置appreciate 理解，意思到prior to 在…之前propulsion 推进reaction 反作用jet 喷气, 喷射, 喷气发动机designer 设计师initially 最初，开始时unsuitability 不适应性piston engine 活塞发动机airflow 空气流present 带来, 产生obstacle 障碍Para. 2patent 专利, 获得专利jet propulsion engine 喷气推进发动机athodyd 冲压式喷气发动机heat resisting material 耐热材料develop 研究出，研制出in the second place 其次inefficient 效率底的ram jet, ramjet冲压式喷气发动机conception 构想, 设计，概念Para. 3grant 授予propulsive jet 推进喷射turbo-jet engine 涡轮喷气发动机turbojetturbo-propeller engine涡轮螺桨发动机turbopropVickers V iscount aircraft 维克斯子爵式飞机be fitted with 配备term 术语, 称为, 叫做twin-spool engine 双转子发动机triple-spool engine三转子发动机by-pass engine 双涵道发动机ducted fan 涵道风扇发动机unducted fan (UDF) 无涵道风扇发动机propfan 桨扇发动机inevitable 不可避免的, 必然的p.4propeller 螺旋桨basic principle 基本原理effect 产生propel 推进solely 单独, 只thrust 推力p.5popularly 普遍地, 一般地pulse jet 脉动式喷气发动机turbo/ram jet 涡轮冲压式喷气发动机turbo-rocket 涡轮火箭p.6accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度apparatus 装置, 机器slipstream 滑流p.7momentum 动量issue 冒出to impart M to N 把M给与Nrevolve 旋转p.8whirl 旋转sprinkler 喷水器mechanism 机构by [in] virtue of 依靠hose 软管afford 提供carnival 狂欢节p.9definitely 确切地, 明确地assume 想象, 以为expel 排出, 驱逐propulsive efficiency 推进效率Page 3p.10differ 不同convert 转换p.11thermodynamic 热动力的divergent 扩散diverge 扩散convergent 收敛converge收敛entry 进气段exit 排气管kinetic energy 动能air intake 空气进口diverging duct 扩散管道outlet duct 排气管missile 导弹target vehicle 靶机p.12intermittent combustion 间断式燃烧aerodynamic 空气动力的involve 具有robust 结实的, 坚固的inlet valve 进气阀inject 喷入eject 喷出depression 降压, 减压exhaust 排气cycle 循环helicopter rotor propulsion直升飞机旋翼驱动器dispense with 省去, 无需resonate 共振resonating cycle 共振循环fuel consumption 燃油消耗equal 比得上performance 性能p.13decompose 分解p.14inherent 固有的draw 吸入p.15arrangement 结构simplicity 简单性subsequent 接下来的thermodynamic 热力的Page 7p.16disturbance 扰动blade-tip 叶尖departure from 背离p.17offset 抵消exceed 超过p.18Mach number 马赫数p.19variable intake 可变进口afterburning 加力燃烧variable nozzle 可调喷口conventional 常规的afterburner 加力燃烧室inoperative 不工作的divert 使转向guide vane 导流叶片duct 管道，用管道输送sustained 持续的cruise 巡航mode 模式p.21multi-stage turbine 多级涡轮derive 得到，取得kerosene, kerosine 煤油be in the order of…达到…的量级spray 喷雾fuel-rich mixture 富油混合物dilute 稀释surplus 剩余的p.22interceptor 截击机space-launcher 航天发射器altitude 高度attitude 态度、姿态latitude 纬度longitude 经度accelerative 加速的duration 持续时间Part 2Para.1working fluid 工作流体conversion 转换jet efflux 喷射气流Para.2four-stroke piston engine 四冲程活塞发动机constant pressure 等压constant volume 等容induction 进气compression 压缩intermittent 间断的be involved in…与…有关charging 进气eliminate 消除idle stroke 空冲程Para.3peak 峰, 峰值fluctuate, fluctuating 波动, 起伏withstand, withstood 承受in excess of 超过employ 采用cylinder 汽缸high octane fuel 高辛烷值燃料low octane fuel 低辛烷值燃料fabricated 装配式的Para.4function 运行, 运转introduce, introducing 输入remainder 剩余部分discharge 排出Para.5,6turbine assembly 涡轮部件air-cooled blade 气冷叶片consequently 随之而来的, 因此,所以Para.7embody 体现be embodied in M 体现在M中be directly proportional to…与…成正比be inversely proportional to…与…成反比Para.9trace 描绘show up 表现Para.10attain 达到, 实现conversely 相反地Para.11adiabatic 绝热的friction 摩擦conduction 传导turbulence 紊流Para.12propelling nozzle 推力喷管momentum 动量deceleration 减速Page 14Para.13effect 实现conversion 转换convert 转换sonic 音速的subsonic 亚音速的supersonic 超音速的encounter 遇到venturi 文氏管Para.14interference 干扰component failure 部件失效eddy 涡流turbulence 紊流Para.15frontal area 迎面面积straight-through flow system 直流式系统reverse flow system 回流式系统subsequent 接下来的Para.17conventionally 常规地percentage 部分，百分比duct 管道，用管道输送remainder 剩余物deliver 送，流to be conducive to …有利于…specific fuel consumption 燃油消耗率Para.18design feature 设计特征by-pass engine 双涵道发动机by-pass ratio 涵道比twin-spool configuration 双转子结构propfan 桨扇发动机turbo-propeller 涡轮螺桨发动机Para.19by-pass airstream 外涵道气流overboard 向船外，排出ducted fan 涵道式风扇发动机aft fan 后风扇发动机Part 3Para.1centrifugal 离心的axial 轴流的couple 耦合，联接coupling 联轴器coupler联轴器shaft 轴Para.2centrifugal (flow) compressor 离心压气机impeller 叶轮diffuser 扩散器axial (flow) compressor 轴流压气机multi-stage unit 多级装置alternate 交替的rotor blade转子叶片stator vane 静子叶片diffuse 扩散boost 增压booster 增压器Para.3with regard to 关于robust 坚固，结实develop and manufacture 设计与制造consume 消耗，使用attain 达到air flow 空气流量，空气流adoption 采用favour (Am. E favor) 喜爱，偏爱ruggedness坚固性rugged 坚固的outweigh 胜过，重于Fig. 3-1rotating guide vane 旋转导流叶片intake chute 进气斜道swirl vane 旋流叶片Para.5diffuser vane 扩散器叶片double-entry impeller 双面进气叶轮plenum chamber 稳流室Para.6induce 吸入radially 径向地intake duct 进气管initial swirl 预旋Para.7divergent nozzle 扩散排气管Para.8tip speed 叶尖速度Para.9maintain 保持leakage 泄漏clearance 间隙Para.10construction 结构center around (about, at, in, on, round, upon)…以…为中心ball bearing 滚珠轴承roller bearing 滚柱轴承split 分开detachment 拆开，分离Para.11forged 锻造的radially disposed vanes 径向排列的叶片in conjunction with…和…共同swept back 后掠Para.12attach 联接tangential 相切的inner edge 内缘in line with…与…一致buffeting impulse 扰流抖振脉冲Para. 13rotor assembly 转子部件airfoil section 翼型截面mount 安装bearing 轴承incorporate 安有，装有in series 依次地design condition 设计状态incorporation 引入，采用variable stator vane 可调静子叶片succeeding stage下一级Para. 14gradual reduction 逐渐减小annulus 环型stator casing 静子机匣maintain 保持density 密度convergence 收敛taper，tapering 带斜度，带锥度arrangement 结构Para. 16multi-spool compressor 多转子压气机optimum 最佳（的），最优（的）flexibility 适应性，灵活性Para. 17handle 处理duct 管道，用管道输送exhaust system 排气系统propelling nozzle 推力喷管match 使匹配obsolete 已不用but 除…….之外Para. 18trend 趋势stage 阶段, 级undergo 承受split 分开core 核心gas generator 燃气发生器optimum arrangement 最佳结构Para. 19induce 吸入，引入，引导sweep, swept 扫，猛推adjacent 相邻的translate 翻译，转换decelerate 减速serve 起……作用deflection 偏转straightener 整流器swirl 旋流diagrammatically 图示地accompany 伴随progressive 不断的，逐渐的Para. 20breakaway 分离stall 失速precede 在……前面Para. 21incidence 攻角tolerate 允许interstage bleed 级间放气intermediate stage 中间级Para. 22proportion 比例pl. 尺寸,大小coaxial 同轴的inner radius 内半径supercharge 增压akin 相似的Para.23to center around (round, on, upon,about, at, in)…以…为中心alignment 对中, 同心cylindrical 圆筒形的bolted axial joint 轴向螺栓联接bolted center line joint 中心线螺栓联接Para.24secure 固定assemble 装配weld 焊接periphery 边缘drum 鼓筒Para.25circumferential 周向的fixing 安装, 固定maintainability 维护性blisk 整体叶盘Para.26gradient 梯度balance out 抵消twist 扭angle of incidence 攻角boundary layer 附面层, 边界层stagnant 滞止的compensate for 补偿camber 弯度extremity 端部end-bend 端弯Para.27retaining ring 保持环in segments 成组的shroud 叶冠Para.28dissimilar 不相似的, 不同的workable 可用的, 可运转的implement 实现, 执行, 完成retain 保持Para.29impose upon…强加于…之上depart from 偏离intention 意图positive incidence stall 正攻角失速negative incidence stall 负攻角失速blading 叶栅sustain 承受得住surge 喘振instantaneous 即刻的expel 排出margin 欲度instability 不稳定性Para. 30provision 提供margin 欲度hydraulic 液压的pneumatic 气动的electronic 电子的Para. 31cost effective 成本效益好的prevail 流行，胜利Para. 32rigid 刚性的clearance 间隙alloy 合金nickel based alloy 镍基合金titanium 钛in preference to 优先于rigidity to density ratio 刚度密度比Para. 33prime 主要的fatigue strength 疲劳强度notch 切口，开槽ingestion 吸气inferior 差的decline 下降rub 碰磨ignite 点燃airworthiness 飞行性能hazard 危险Para. 34dominate 起支配作用Para. 35solid forging 实锻件chord 弦mid-span 叶片中部snubber 减振器clapper 拍板fabricate 制造skin 蒙皮honeycomb 蜂窝Para. 36robust section 坚固截面ingestion capability 吸气能力Part 4Para.1fuel supply nozzle 燃油喷嘴extensive 广泛的，大量的accomplish 完成Para.2range 范围C---Centigrade or Celsiusturbine nozzle涡轮导向器Para.3consequent 随之发生的，结果的Para.4kerosene, cerosine 煤油light, lit or lighted 点燃blow, blew，blown 吹alight 燃烧的Para.5flame tube 火焰筒liner 衬筒meter, metering 调节配量Para.6snout 进气锥体downstream 下游，顺流swirl vane 旋流叶片perforated flare 带孔的喇叭管primary combustion zone 主燃区upstream上游，逆流promote 促进，引起recirculation 环流，回流Para.7secondary air hole 二股气流孔toroidal vortex 喇叭口形涡流anchor, anchoring 锚，固定hasten 促进，加速droplet 小滴ignition temperature 燃点Para.8conical 锥形的intersect 相交turbulence 紊流break up, breaking up 分裂，破碎incoming 进来的Para.9nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片amount to 占…比例, 达到progressively 逐渐地dilution zone 掺混区remainder 剩余物insulate M from N 使M与N隔离Para.10,11electric spark 电火花igniter plug 点火塞self-sustained 自持的Para.12airstream = airflowdistinct = different typeinjection 喷射，喷入ejection 喷射，喷出atomize 使雾化spray nozzle 喷嘴pre-vaporization 预蒸发Para.13vapor 蒸汽vaporize 蒸发vaporizer 蒸发器feed tube 供油管vaporizing tube 蒸发管atomizer flame tube装有雾化喷嘴的火焰筒Para.14multiple (combustion) chamber 分管燃烧室tubo-annular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室cannular (combustion) chamber 环管燃烧室annular (combustion) chamber 环形燃烧室Para.15F.g.4-6Para.16dispose 布置delivery 排气Para.17interconnect 互相连通propagate传播Para.18bridge a gap between填补空白，使连接起来evolutionary 发展，演变arrangement 结构overhaul 大修compactness 紧凑性Para.19contain 包含，安装be open to 与…相通Para.20elimination 消除propagation 传播Para.21virtually 实际上oxidize 氧化carbon monoxide 一氧化碳non-toxic 无毒的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Para.22aerate, aerating 吹气，供气over-rich pocket 过富区fuel vapour 燃油蒸汽carbon formation积碳形成Para.23incur 招致extinction 熄灭relight 重新点燃perform, performing 完成，执行spray nozzle atomizer 喷嘴雾化器Para.25intensity 强度compact 紧凑的exceptionally 格外地，特别地Para.26calorific value 热值British thermal unit (BTU)英国热量单位=252卡expenditure 使用，消耗Para.27altitude cruise 高空巡航Para.29weak limit 贫油极限rich limit 富油极限extinguish 熄灭extinguisher 灭火器dive 俯冲idle, idling 空载，慢速mixture strength 混合物浓度Para.30stability loop 稳定区Para.32emission 排放物pollutant污染物create 产生，形成legislatively 立法地hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物oxides of nitrogen 氧化氮Para.34suppression 抑制desirable 合乎需要的conflict 冲突compromise 折中combustor 燃烧室substantially 实际上Para.35coating 涂层insulation 隔热，隔离Para.36corrosion 腐蚀creep failure 蠕变失效fatigue 疲劳Part 5Para.1accessory, accessories 附件solely = onlyextract, extracting 提取to expose M to N 使M暴露于NM is exposed to NPara.2torque 扭矩Para.3intermediate 中间的interpose 置于…之间to be derived from…从…获得,取自free-power turbine 自由动力涡轮to be independent of…不受…的限制Para.4mean 平均的deflection 偏转in proportion to 按比例sectional thickness 截面厚度disproportionately 不相称地Para.5broadly 主要地aerofoil shape 翼型形状impulse turbine 冲击式涡轮reaction turbine 反作用式涡轮incorporate 采用cartridge starter 弹药筒式起动机air starter 空气起动机Para.7to force one’s way into有力地冲入spin 旋转whirl 旋转Para.8to be governed by 取决于, 由…决定substantially 实际上, 大体上excessive 过分的residual 剩余的，剩余detrimental = harmfulstrut 支柱, 支杆Para.9twist, twisted 带扭向的stagger angle 斜罩角Para.10mean section 中间截面Para.12self-aligning coupling 自动调节联轴器Para.15machined forging 机加锻件flange 法兰，安装边bolt 螺栓，用螺栓联结perimeter 周边，圆周to have provision for…为…作好准备attachment 联接, 安装Para.16heat conduction 热传导Para.17degree of reaction 反力度Para.18fix 确定, 决定,trailing edge 排气边so as to (do) 为了prevent M (from) +ingPara.19attach联接, 安装fixing 联接have a bearing on …对…有影响rim speed 轮缘速度de Laval bulb root 圆头叶根supersede 代替, 取代fir-tree fixing 纵树榫头联接involve 需要, 要求serration 榫齿stiffen 加劲, 固牢Para.20contraction 收缩shroud 叶冠fit 配备, 安装segment 部分, 片peripheral 外围的, 周边的abradable lining 易磨涂层A.C.C. ---active clearance control shroudless blade 无冠叶片Para.21revolve 旋转extract 提取conventional 常规的Para.22impractical 不实际的dual alloy disc 双金属轮盘blisk 整体叶轮cast 铸造bond 粘接Para.23match 匹配nozzle guide vane 涡轮导向叶片back pressure 反压surge 喘振choke 壅塞，阻塞Para.24obstacle 障碍impart to…给与tensile stress 拉应力limiting factor 限制因素Para.25endure 承受nickel alloy 镍合金ceramic coating 陶瓷涂层enhance 增强Para.26resistance 抵抗，耐fatigue cracking 疲劳破坏Para.27ferritic 铁素体terrific 可怕的，极妙的austenitic 奥氏体alloying element 合金元素extend 延长fatigue resistance 抗疲劳性powder metallurgy 粉末冶金Para.28in connection with 关于，与…有关glowing red-hot 赤热发光ounce 盎施=28.35 gbending load 弯曲载荷thermal shock 热冲击corrosion 腐蚀oxidization 氧化Para.29foregoing 前面的, 上述的it follows that 因此, 可见permissible 允许的metallurgist 冶金学家Para.30creep 蠕变finite useful life 有限使用寿命failure 失效Para.31forge 锻造forging 锻件cast 铸造creep property 蠕变性能fatigue property 疲劳性能Para.32reveal 揭示, 显示a myriad of 无数crystal 晶体equi-axed 等轴的service life 使用寿命directional solidification 定向凝固useful creep life 有效蠕变寿命single crystal blade 单晶叶片substantially 实质上, 显著地Para.33reinforced ceramic 加固陶瓷Para.34balancing 平衡operation 工序in view of 考虑到Part 6Para.1aero 航空的pass 排送resultant thrust 合成推力，总推力create 引起，产生contribute 提供absorb 吸收exert an influence on…对…产生影响jet pipe 尾喷管propelling nozzle 推力喷管outlet nozzle 出口喷管Para.2distortion 扭曲, 变形cracking 产生裂纹Para.3thrust reverser 推力反向装置noise suppressor 消音器entail 需要, 要求low by-pass engine 低涵道比发动机mixer unit 掺混装置encourage 促进Para.4exhaust cone 排气锥hold 保持residual whirl 剩余旋流strut 支板straighten 整流Para.5in relation to…对…来说choked 壅塞, 阻塞upstream total pressure 上游总压pressure thrust 压力推力momentum 动量Para.6wastage 损失, 消耗with advantage 有效地convergent-divergent nozzle 收扩喷管recover 重新获得Para.7flared 扩张的restriction 限制progressively 逐渐地longitudinal 纵向的Para.9fixed area nozzle 固定面积喷口variable area nozzle 可变面积喷口offset 抵消Para.13nickel 镍titanium 钛ventilate, ventilating 通风lag, lagging 用隔热材料保护insulating blanket 隔热层fibrous 纤维状的stainless steel 不锈钢dimple 使起波纹acoustically absorbent material 吸声材料Para.14double-wall construction 双壁结构induce 引导ejector action 喷射器作用engine nacelle 发动机短舱Para.15streamline fairing 流线型整流板vent hole 通气孔Para.16chute 斜道bonded honeycomb structure 粘接的蜂窝结构integrated nozzle assembly 整体喷管部件lightweight strength 低重强度。
航空发动机术语
Acceleration lag --in the turbine engine, delay between the time instant power is requested and when power is available. The time it takes the engine to accelerate and give the required power increase.Aerodynamic drag --force which thrust must overcome to move an aircraft forward. Design can lesson aerodynamic drag through streamlining. Drag increases with increased speed.Airbleed actuator --device that operates the interstage bleed system, to improve compressor acceleration characteristics by unloading small amounts of compressed air.Air density--total mass of air per given volume, the weight of a given volume of air. Air is denser at lower altitude, at lower temperature, and lower humidity.Airfoil profile --outline of an airfoil section.Airfoil section --cross section of an airfoil parallel to a specific reference plane.Air-fuel ratio --Ideal mixture of 15 parts of air to 1 part of fuel by weight; the mixture to be burned in the combustion chamber.Air inlet --large, smooth aluminum or magnesium duct at mouth of engine which conducts air into the compressor with minimum turbulence and restriction.Aluminum alloy --any of a variety of alloys formed by combining commercially pure aluminum with other metals or materials such as copper, silicon, manganese, magnesium, and zinc. These alloying agents maybe added singly or in combination to produce a metal with desired characteristics or strength, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, and the like. Both wrought-and cast-aluminum alloys are widely used in the manufacture of rotor blades and aircraft propellers.Ambient --condition of atmosphere existing around the engine, such as ambient pressure or temperature.Annular combustion chamber --two-part combustion chamber made up of an annular liner and a housing assembly. The compressed air goes into a ring-shaped space formed by the annular liner around the turbine shaft rather than into individual combustion chambers. The space between the outer liner wall and the housing assembly allows the flow of cooling air. Used with axial-flow and dual compressors.Annular reverse-flow engine --type of gas turbine engine most commonly used in Army aircraft. Airflow direction is reversed in the combustion area.Anti-icing system --device that supplies hot air under pressure to prevent icing of the inlet housing areas and inlet guide vanes. Hot scavenged oil is also circulated through internal passages in the walls and struts.Army Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program (ASOAP) --periodic oil analysis for microscopic metal particles. This takes place at an oil analysis laboratory.Atmospheric pressure --barometric pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a result of gravitational attraction above the point in question.Atomizer --nozzle that creates minute particles and accurately shaped spray of fuel suitable for rapid mixing and combustion.Axial-flow compressor --one in which the air is compressed parallel to the axis of the engine. It is made up of a series of alternating rotor and stator vane stages.Bending --combination of tension and compression. The inside curve is under compression; the outside is under tension.Bleed system --device that unloads small amounts of air to relieve pressure.Boss --raised rim around a hole; e.g., axle hole in a wheel. Circular projection on a casting, usually serving as the seat for a bolt head or nut.Brayton cycle --constant pressure cycle, with four basic operations which it accomplishessimultaneously and continuously for an uninterrupted flow of power. The turbine engine operates on this cycle.Camber --the curvature of an airfoil's surfaces from the chord line. It maybe positive, negative, or zero.Can-annular combustion chamber --one with characteristics of both the annular types. It has an outer shell and a number of individual cylindrical liners.Can combustion chamber --one made up of individual combustion chambers in which the air from the compressor enters each individual chamber through the adapter.Center of pressure --aerodynamic center of an airfoil; the point where all forces act.Centrifugal axial-flow compressor --combination of the centrifugal-flow and the axial-flow compressor. It usually consists of a five-or seven-stage axial-flow compressor and one centrifugal-flow compressor. Also called the dual compressor.Centrifugal-flow compressor --one with an impeller (rotor), stator, and compressor manifold. The rotor revolves at high speed drawing air into the blades. Centrifugal force accelerates the air, and it moves through the stator and through the manifold.Centrifugal twisting movement --force that tends to streamline rotating blades with the plane of rotation.Choked nozzle --a nozzle whose flow rate has reached the speed of sound.Chord line --imaginary line drawn between the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil.Combustion --process of burning the fuel-air mixture in a gas turbine engine.Combustion chamber --part of a turbine engine in which the propulsive power is developed by combustion of the injected fuel and the expansive force of the resulting gases.Combustion chamber liner --engine part usually constructed of welded high-nickel steel, subjected to flame of extremely high temperature. It is behind the compressor and receives the compressed air which is mixed with fuel and ignited. The combustor is where the combustion takes place.Compressibility effects --the phenomenon encountered at extremely high speeds (near the speed of sound) when air ceases to flow smoothly over the wings (or blade) and piles up against the leading edge, causing extreme buffeting and other effects.Compressor --that section of an engine that produces an increase in air pressure. It is made up of rotating and stationary vane assemblies. It is the gas producer, or it may be thought of as an air pump.Compressor rotor --impeller, may be thought of as an air pump. It accelerates the air rearward into the first stage vane assemblies.Compressor stall --separation of the airflow from the suction surface of the freed or rotating blades of a compressor. Any degree of stall reduces airflow.Concave --pressure side of an airfoil.Conduction --transfer of heat through material by communication of kinetic energy from particle to particle rather than by a flow of heated material.Convergent area --place where the cross-sectional area of a duct becomes smaller.Convergent exhaust duct --duct used on fixed-wing aircraft; formed by tapering toward the rear of the duct.Convex --suction side of an airfoil.Crossover tube --duct carrying flame to the individual cylindrical liners of the can-annular combustion chamber.Diffuser --aft structural member of an engine. It receives high velocity air from the centrifugal impeller and decreases velocity and increases air pressure. In the combustor, a diffuser forms a divergent flow path for the exhaust gases.Diffusion --process by which gases intermingle as the result of their spontaneous movement caused by thermal agitation.Directional references --specific definitions of terms referring to gas turbine engines to identify front and rear, right and left, bottom and top.Divergent area --place where air flows from a smaller into a larger area.Divergent exhaust duct --used on helicopter. Device to diffuse the exhaust gases rearward and to eliminate thrust.Drag parasite --drag caused by any member or structure which does not contribute to lift, such as engine cowlings.Drag profile --friction resistance produced by a member moving through the air; in simple terms, the "stickness" of air against the surface of an airfoil.Dry-cleaning solvent --cleaning compound that maybe used for all metal parts.Dry-sump engine --one in which the oil is stored separate from the engine.Dual compressor --see centrifugal-flow, axial-flow compressor.Duplex nozzle --dual-orifice channel through which highly atomized and accurately shaped sprays of fuel go into the combustion chamber.Dynamic load --load on an aircraft due to a dynamic force.Effective angle of attack --that part of a given angle of attack that lies between the chord of an airfoil and a line representing the resultant velocity of the disturber airflow.End play --longitudinal back-and-forth play of a shaft.Engine airflow path --route of the airflow through the engine.Engine oil pressure indicating system --device that gives continuous readings of engine oil pump pressure in psi.Engine oil temperature indicating system --device electrically connected to the 28 VDC system which transmits temperature readings to the indicator in degrees centigrade.Engine speed notation --the capital letter N, which represents the rotational speed of the engine. When a number is placed after the N (as in "N1"), it indicates a specific system on the engine.Engine stations --specific locations on the engine designating temperature or pressure-measuring locations. For example, T3 means the third temperature pickup on the engine.Engine surge --result of compressor stall. The complete engine in stall.Exhaust --hot gases discharged from the engine through the exhaust diffuser section.Exhaust diffuser --section composed of an inner and outer housing, separated by hollow struts across the exhaust passage. It forms a divergent flow path for the exhaust gases.Exhaust gas temperature indicator --sensitive millivoltmeter calibrated in degree centigrade, activated by an electrical force generated by its thermocouple.Feedback --relay through the controls of aerodynamic forces exerted on the control surfaces and felt by the pilot.Fir tree mount --manner of attaching the blades to the disk in the turbine rotor assembly. The root ofthe blade where it is attached to the disk is shaped like a fir tree.Foreign object --any object such as a tool, piece of equipment, engine part (nut, bolt, lockwire) that could in any way damage the engine.Foreign object damage --commonly called FOD, harm or destruction to the turbine engine caused by foreign objects sucked into the inlet area of the engine with the required air.Forged --shaped by hammering. Only the malleable metals are worked successfully. The application of heat increases plasticity.Free-power turbine engine --the turbine engine used by the Army. Sixty percent of the energy produced by combustion is extracted by the gas producer turbine to drive the gas producer rotor. The rest of the energy is converted to shaft horsepower to drive the output shaft of the engine.Frictional loss --resistance to the relative motion of air flowing along a duct.Frontal area --front part of a gas turbine engine, smaller than that of a reciprocating engine, therefore producing less drag.Front of engine --end from which power is extracted. An exception is the T73 engine on the CH-54, in which the power is extracted at the end where the exhaust gas is expelled.Fuel-air ratio --see air-fuel ratio.Fuel atomizer --see atomizer.Fuel controls --devices to control fuel flow. They are usually hydromechanical and include speed governors, servo systems, valves, metering systems, and sensing pickups.Fuel divider --device that meters fuel to the engine nozzles according to a predetermined schedule of secondary flow versus primary flow.Fuel nozzle --device to inject fuel into the combustion chamber in a highly atomized and accurately shaped spray.Fuel pressure indicating system --device that gives continuous readings in psi of fuel pressure in the main fuel supply line.Gas producer--the compressor in a free-power turbine engine.Gas turbine engine --aircraft power plant that is adaptable for both airplanes and helicopters.Gerotor pump --modified gear-type pump with two moving parts, an inner toothed element and an outer toothed element. The inner one has one less tooth than the outer.Glow plug --device that consists of a heating element in a short conventional-looking spark plug.Ground angle --angle between the wing chord and the horizontal plane when the airplane is at rest on the ground.Heat exchanger --fuel-oil cooler, to help cool the oil. The exchanger is a cylindrical oil chamber surrounded by a jacket through which the fuel passes. Heat from the oil is transferred to the fuel by conduction.Hot start --overtemperature during starting.Hung start --failure to reach normal idling RPM during starting.Igniter plugs--spark plugs which function only during starting and cut out of the circuit as soon as combustion is self-supporting.Imbalance --uneven distribution of weight resulting in rotating parts being out of balance. Measured in inch-grams or inch-ounces.Impeller rotor --rotor in a compressor that revolves at high speed, drawing air into the blades.Induced angle of attack --that part of any given angle of attack in excess of the effective angle of attack.Induced drag --the part of the total dragon an airplane induced by the airflow about the lifting surfaces.Inlet guide vanes --devices positioned by the inlet guide vane actuator pilot valve. They are located in front of the first compressor rotor, and they control the angle of incidence of the inlet air, thus ensuring a compressor surge margin.Inlet housing assembly --forward structural support of the engine.Jam acceleration --rapid movement of the power lever, calling for maximum rate of rotor-speed increase.Jetcal analyzer --device used to check the exhaust gas temperature during periodic maintenance inspections or when abnormally high or low temperatures are noted.Jet propulsion --propulsion of a body by means of a jet or stream of gas, obtaining all or most if its thrust by reaction to the ejection of the combustion products (gas).Jet silencer --a device used to reduce and change the lower-frequency sound waves emitting from the engine's exhaust nozzle, and thus reducing the noise factor.Joule --unit of energy or work used in rating gas turbine ignition systems. A joule is equal to the amount of energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm.Labyrinth seal --device for preventing leakage of gas on the gas generator shaft in a turbine. A labyrinth consists of a series of projections on the rotating element running in close contact with grooves on the stationary element.Maintenance allocation chart --chart in a -20 TM that assigns maintenance tasks to the lowest level capable of doing them, based on experience, skills, tools, and time available.Mean aerodynamic chord --chord of an assumed rectangular airfoil representing the mean chord of an actual airfoil.Metal fatigue--weakening of metal due to microscopic changes in molecular structures caused by vibration or exposure.Micron --one millionth of a meter.N1 system --gas producer.N2 system --power turbine and shaft.Nacelle --an enclosed shelter (cowling) on an aircraft for a power plant.Nozzle --channel through which gas is conveyed to the rotor vanes of a turbine. Its purpose is to convert pressure into velocity.Orifice --opening having a closed perimeter through which a fluid may discharge. It may be open to the atmosphere, or it may be partially or completely submerged in the discharged fluid.Otto cycle --a constant volume cycle, with four distinct operations performed intermittently. Reciprocating engines operate on this cycle.Outside air temperature --commonly abbreviated as OAT, the temperature of the air outside the engine.Overspeed --RPM in excess of design; 100 percent RPM.Overspeed governor, N2 --gearbox mounted on engine inlet housing and driven from the power shaft.Overspeed governor, fuel control --part of the torquemeter system, an individual pumping unit which, with the tachometer drive assembly, sets the torquemeter oil pressure.Overtemperature --temperature in excess of maximum allowable design temperature at the turbine exit.PD 680 --cleaning solvent for exterior of engine and its attached components.Planform --form or shape of an object, as of an airfoil, as seen in plan view or from above.Power --the rate of doing work; work per unit of time.Power-to-weight ratio --relationship between power and weight. Turbine engines produce more power for weight than reciprocating engines.Power turbine (N2) --turbine that is free and independent of the gas producer system. It develops rotational shaft power.Pressure oil system --method of supplying oil under pressure to engine parts.Pressure pumps --devices to put oil into the system.Pressurizing and drain dump valve --device to prevent flow of fuel to the nozzle until enough pressure is built up in the fuel control. One also drains the fuel manifold at engine shutdown and traps fuel in the upper portion of the system to keep the fuel control primed for faster starts.Primary air --air that mixes with fuel in the combustion chamber to form a combustible mixture. The ratio is 15 parts of air to 1 part of fuel.Radial inflow turbine --type of turbine made by some manufacturers, not used in any Army aircraft today,even though it is rugged and simple, relatively inexpensive, and easy to manufacture. Similar in design and construction to the centrifugal-flow compressor.Ram --the amount of pressure buildup above ambient pressure at the engine's compressor inlet due to the forward motion of the engine through the air (initial momentum of the air).Ram air pressure --free stream air pressure, provided by the forward motion of the engine,Ram ratio --the ratio of ram pressure to ambient pressure.Ram recovery --the ability of an engine's air inlet duct to take advantage of ram pressure.Rear of engine --end of engine from which exhaust gas is expelled.Reverse flow --change in direction of airflow in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine.Rotational direction --direction of movement of the rotating part, determined by viewing the engine from the rear.Rotational speed --speed at which a propeller, rotor, or some other rotating part rotates; measured in revolutions per minute.Scavenge oil system --method of returning oil from the engine to the oil tank for cooling and reuse.Scavenger pumps --those that drain oil from the sumps at various parts of the engine, return it through the oil cooler, and back to the oil tank.Scoring --multiple scratches, usually parallel and resulting from the same cause.Secondary air --large surplus of air that cools the hot sections of a gas turbine engine to lower temperatures.Shaft horsepower (SHP) --energy used to drive the compressor and accessories in a turbine engine.Shot peening --process used to work-harden metals.Shroud --device used with turbine rotor to prevent blade tip losses and excessive vibrations. The shrouded blades can be thinner than unprotected ones.Simplex nozzles --single-orifice channels through which highly atomized and accurately shaped sprays of fuel go into the combustion chamber.Solvent immersion --cleaning method in which parts are immersed in solvent to remove carbon, gum, grease, and other surface contaminants.Span --dimension of an airfoil from tip to tip or from root to tip.Spar --any principal structural member in an airfoil running from tip to tip or root to tip.Specific heat --the ratio of the thermal capacity of a substance to the thermal capacity of water.Speed governor --device to relieve the pilot from resetting the power lever when outside air temperature and pressure change. Consists of flyweights balanced by a spring.Splines --teeth in a gear.Stable operation --condition where no appreciable fluctuation, intentional or unintentional, is occurring to any of the engine's variables such as RPM, temperature, or pressure.Standard day conditions --59o F, sea level barometric pressure (29.92 inches of mercury).Static-balanced surface --surface that is in balance about its hinge axis.Stator --part of assembly that remains stationary with respect to a rotating part. Stator vanes are a stationary set of airfoils in a compressor.Stress --resultant condition of strain or pressure.Tachometer generator --device that supplies power at a frequency proportional to the driven speed which drives the synchronous motors in the indicator.TBO --time between overhauls. This is established by the Army and the engine manufacturer.Test cell --building, usually concrete, that contains both a control room and an engine room, used for testing engines. The test cell is at the manufacturer's; a mobile engine-test unit is used in the field.Thermodynamic cycle --succession of processes which involve changes in temperature, pressure, and density in which the substance acts as a means of transformation of energy. See Otto and Brayton cycles.Thrust --a reaction force in pounds.Thrust, gross --the thrust developed by the engine, not taking into consideration any presence of initial-air-mass momentum.Thrust, net --the effective thrust developed by the engine during flight, taking into consideration the initial momentum of the air mass prior to entering the influence of the engine.Thrust, reverser --a device used to partially reverse the flow of the engine's nozzle discharge gases and thus create a thrust force in the rearward direction.Thrust, specific fuel consumption --the fuel that the engine must burn per hour to generate 1 pound of thrust.Thrust, static --same as gross thrust without any initial airmass momentum present due to the engine's static condition.Torque --a force, multiplied by its lever arm, acting at right angles to an axis.Torquemeter --hydromechanical torque-measuring device located in the reduction-gear section of the inlet housing. The measurement is read as torque oil pressure in psi.Torquemeter indicating system --pressure indicator for continuous readings of engine output-shaft torque.Transient conditions --conditions which may occur briefly while accelerating or decelerating or while passing through a specific range of engine operation.Turbine nozzle --stationary nozzle which discharges a jet of gas against the blades on the periphery of a turbine wheel.Turbine rotor --rotating portion of a turbine engine. It is made of specially alloyed steel because of severe centrifugal loads, the result of high rotational speeds.Turbine section --part of the turbine engine that extracts the kinetic energy of the expanding gases and transforms it into shaft horsepower.Turbojet --engine most commonly used in high-speed, high-altitude aircraft.Vapor blasting --abrasive method used to clean combustor parts. Not to be used on ceramic, magnesium, painted, or aluminum surfaces.Vapor decreasing --cleaning method used on unpainted metal parts or aluminum-painted steel parts.Vaporizing tubes --devices used instead of fuel nozzles in a T53-L-11 engine.Variable inlet guide vanes --devices located in front of the first compressor rotor to guide the angle of incidence of the inlet air to the first compressor rotor.Vermatherm element--device which senses outlet fuel temperature and closes the core valve and opens the bypass valve.Vibration meter --device for measuring vibrations.飞机发动机术语英文缩写（部分）ADU auxiliary drive unit abs absoluteAC alternating current AGB accessory gearboxAPI American Petroleum Institute atm atmosphereBDC bottom dead center BHP brake horsepowerBTU British thermal unit c Celsius cal calibratedCDU central display unit cyl cylinderdb decibel DC direct currentECM electrochemical machining ECU electrical control unitEDM electric discharge machining EGT exhaust gas temperatureEPR engine pressure ratio ESHP equivalent shaft horsepowerF Fahrenheit FAT free air temperatureFOD foreign object damage ft-lb foot-poundfps foot per second GE General Electrichd head Hg mercuryHP horsepower HMU hydromechanical unithr hour HUD heads up displayHz Hertz in inchlb pound LDS load-demand spindleLH left-hand man manifoldMGT measured gas temperature microsec microsecondmin minute MPH miles per hourN north NATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOAT outside air temperature OD outside diameterODV overspeed and drain valve OEI one engine inoperativePAS power-available spindle PDU pilot display unitPRT power recovery turbine PRV pressure regulating valvepsi pounds per square inch psig pounds per square inch gagePT power turbine PTO power takeoffRAT ram air temperature res resistanceRH right-hand RPM revolutions per minutes south SAT static air temperatureSDC signal data converter SHP shaft horsepowerTAT total air temperature TC top centerTCP tricresyl phosphate TDC top dead centerTEL tetraethyl lead temp temperatureTGT turbine gas temperature TRQ torqueVG variable geometry VIDS vertical instrument display system vs versus wt weight。
航空发动机术语简介
航空发动机术语简介编号术语解释备注1 喘振压气机的一类气动失稳现象，由于气流分离导致的增压能力的丧失，产生周期性的倒流、解除分离、正常流动、分离、再倒流的循环过程。
可通过中间级放气、双转子自动防喘、可调静子叶片和导向叶片、采用处理机匣等方法来防喘。
2 痒振进气道处于深度超临界状态下，通道中的附面层与正激波相互作用形成的分离区具有强烈的脉动性质，其压力表现为高频周期性变化，从而引起管道中激波的高频振荡，这种不稳定流动现象称为痒振。
4 质量附加涡扇发动机将从热机中获取的有效能分配给了更多的工作介质，参与产生推力工质增多，因此推力增大；“同参数”使涡扇发动机在相同热效率条件下降低了排气速度，减小了余速损失，具有更高的推进效率，因此提高了总效率，降低了耗油率；B越大，速度越低、推力越大。
5 余速损失绝对坐标系中气流以绝对速度(C9﹣C0)排出发动机所带走的能量称为“余速损失”。
yusun6 能量分配原则为减少气流掺混引起的损失，在混合室进口两股气流总压应大致相等，即Pt5II=Pt5，风扇压比的选择要遵循能量最佳分配原则。
7 同参数“同参数”的不同类型发动机具有相同的热力循环和理想循环功，总增压比和涡轮前温度相同，且具有相同的空气流量和燃油流量。
8 推力矢量能够控制排出气流的方向使推力方向变化的尾喷管称为推力矢量尾喷管。
目前通常是通过机械方法使喷管管道转向以控制推力方向的。
shiliang9 几何可调几何可调尾喷管指尾喷管喉道面积可调节，由此来改变气流在涡轮和尾喷管中膨胀比的分配，即改变压气机和涡轮的共同工作点，实现对整个发动机工作状态的控制，带加力的发动机必须几何可调。
10 共同工作各部件组合成整台发动机，部件间的相互作用和影响称为“共同工作”，共同工作条件：质量流量平衡；压气机与涡轮功率平衡；压气机与涡轮物理转速相等；压力平衡。
压气机特性图上满足共同工作方程的点组成共同工作线。
gongzuoxian11 调节规律被控制参数随飞行条件、油门位置、大气条件的变化规律称为控制规律（或调节规律）。
航空发动机常用汉英词汇
汉英分类词汇航空发动机类型Aero-Engine Models超高涵比发动机ultra high bypass engine超音速冲压喷气发动机scramjet engine冲压喷气发动机ram-jet engine带推力转向系统的发动机engine with thrust deflector system带自由涡轮双轴涡轮轴喷气发动机twin-spool turbo-shaft with free-power turbine单轴涡轮喷气发动机single-spool turbo-jet engine低涵比发动机low bypass turbofan反向旋转发动机contra-rotation engine高涵比发动机high bypass turbofan后风扇涡轮喷气发动机aft fan turbo-jet engine 活塞式发动机piston(-and-cylinder) engine // piston-driven engine桨扇发动机prop-fan engine离心涡轮喷气发动机centrifugal turbo-jet engine 脉冲喷气发动机pulse jet engine前风扇涡轮喷气发动机front fan turbo-jet engine 燃气轮机gas turbine engine三轴桨扇发动机three-shaft prop-fan engine三轴涡轮前风扇涡轮发动机triple-spool front fan turbo-jet双轴外涵涡轮喷气发动机twin-spool by-pass turbo-jet双轴涡轮风扇发动机twin-spool turbo-fan engine 同向旋转发动机co-rotation engine外骨架发动机exo-skeletal engine涡轮冲压喷气发动机turbo/ram jet engine涡轮风扇发动机turbofan engine涡轮火箭发动机turbo-rocket engine涡轮螺旋桨发动机turboprop engine涡轮喷气发动机turbojet engine涡轮轴发动机turbo-shaft engine轴流涡轮喷气发动机axial flow turbo-jet engine 型面profile型面座标图aerofoil ordinate chart型式form轴流式压气机axial (flow) compressor函道duct函道比by-pass函道风扇ducted-fan中介机匣intermediate case燕尾形样dovetail root叶片vane（一般指静子叶片）压气机compressor压气机机匣compressor case效率efficiency压气机盘compressor disc压缩比compression ratio牙底root涡轮导向器turbine nozzle涡轮盘turbine disc燃烧室burner // combustion chamber //combustor燃烧室外套combustion outer case燃油导管discharge nozzle燃油滤fuel filter燃油喷咀fuel atomizer // fuel spray nozzle燃油消耗量fuel consumption火焰筒liner扩散器机匣diffuse case加力燃烧室afterburner航空发动机叶片术语Terms of Aero-Engine Airfoils叶片类型Type of Airfoils动叶blade // bucket静叶vane空心叶片hollow blade // core blade实心叶片solid blade涡轮导向器turbine nozzles涡轮导向器扇形段turbine nozzle segment涡轮导向器叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzleguide vane (ngv)涡轮工作叶片turbine blade // bucket涡轮静子叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guidevane (ngv)涡轮叶轮turbine wheel涡轮叶片turbine blades & vanes // buckets涡轮转子叶片turbine blade // bucket压气机定子叶片compressor vane // vane压气机工作叶片compressor blade // blade压气机叶轮compressor impeller // compressorwheel压气机叶片compressor blades & vanes压气机整流叶片compressor vane // vane压气机转子叶片compressor blade // blade叶片的结构特点Characteristics of Airfoil Structure283基体部分base榫头tip // cog // fir-tree // root // tenon叶根blade root // root // vane tang叶冠shroud // tip platform // tip shroud叶身blade body叶型部分aerofoil // profile缘板platform // shroud叶片的主要名称Key Terms of Airfoil Body基体base进气边/前缘leading edge理论叶型theoretical developed airfoil/profile排气边/后缘trailing edge // exhaust edge弦chord型线airfoil curve叶背blade back // convex side // blade convex叶盆blade basin // vane basin // blade/vane concave叶片阻尼台blade damper // clapper // mid-span 叶身blade body叶型公差airfoil tolerance叶型理论airfoil theory叶型剖面airfoil section中弧线airfoil mean line工装Tooling标准件master piece // standard part // tool master 标准块master block // reference block测具gauge // measuring fixture // measuring tool 测头feeler // gauge head measuring head // stylus 车床夹具lathe fixture车刀lathe tool// cutter// turning tool吊具lifting tool夹具fixture饺孔夹具reaming fixture // reaming jig孔位置度测具hole true position gauge拉刀broach (Bro.) // broaching cutter拉削夹具broaching fixture刨削夹具planner fixture钳工工具bench-work tool丝套insert // thread insert丝锥taper // (screwing）tap镗刀boring cutter镗杆boring bar (B/bar) // boring spindle镗孔夹具boring fixture // boring jig铣槽工具grooving tool铣床夹具milling jig铣床铣槽刀milling machine // miller铣铣槽刀刀milling cutter // milling tool铣削夹具milling fixture钻铰刀drill reamer钻铰复合刀具combined drill and reamer钻具jig钻孔铰孔夹具drilling and tapping fixture钻孔样板drill template （DRT）// drillingtemplate钻模(drill) jig钻模板drill plate （DRP）钻模与夹具jigs and fixtures钻套jig bush钻套jig bush(ing)钻头bit // drill // drilling bit机械加工术语Terms for Machining半精加工semi-finishing // semifinishingmachining插slotting车turning车床lathe// turning machine车床研磨lathe lapping车端面facing车螺纹thread turning车螺纹/螺纹加工thread/threading车削turning车削螺纹cut thread成形法forming冲头blanking ram // piercer // punch // ram head //slider冲压(punch) pressing冲压加工stamping冲压件pressing //stamping穿孔/套孔trepan/trepanning粗加工roughing machining锉file倒角deburr // chamfer倒角/去毛刺deburr(ing)倒棱chamfer电解抛光electrochemical polishing // electrolyticpolishing // electro-polishing电解蚀刻与抛光electrolytic etching andpolishing调整法machining on preset machine tool定位locating // location对刀to size // tool setting仿形法copying夹紧clamping饺reaming饺孔reaming饺孔机reaming machine饺孔钻reamer drill饺铆钉孔ream a rivet hole284精加工finishing // finish machining锯sawing锯背back of the saw锯槽kerf锯齿serration锯齿铣sawtooth milling拉削broaching冷装shrinkage fitting铆rivet(ing)铆钉rivet磨床grind // grinding machine磨端面face grinding磨料abraser // abrasive material // grinding compound磨削加工abrasive machining抛polish抛光buffing // burning // polish (Pol.)刨planing// shapering刨槽fillister // slot shaping刨齿gear shaper cutting // gear-shaping刨床planer // planing machine// shaper刨削shaping去毛刺deburring // fin cutting镗boring镗车两用机床boring lathe镗床borer // boring machine镗孔boring // borizing （金刚石）镗磨联合机床combined boring and honing machine镗钻两用机床boring and drilling machine铣mill // milling铣槽slot milling铣镗床milling-borer // milling and boring machine铣钻联合机床combined drill and mill machine铣钻两用机床milling and drilling machine旋spin旋锻spin forging // rotary forging // rotary swaging旋锻机spin forging machine // rotary forging machine // rotary swaging machine旋压spinning旋压成型stretch planishing // spin forming压装press fitting研lapping研齿gear lapping研磨lapping找正aligning // to center align装夹set-up装配assembly钻drill(ing)钻床drilling machine钻孔drilling钻埋头孔countersink表面处理（镀层、涂漆和金属喷镀）Surface treatment（Plating，Paining & Metal sparying）涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, orlifting冲压Punch尺寸检验dimension inspecting基准datum技术条件technical condition加工fabricate夹clamping夹紧面clamping surface夹具fixture钻孔drill钻头drill图纸及工艺规程常用词汇EverydayVocabularies on Working Drawings &W.P.S尺scale尺寸dimension // size尺寸单向极限single of size尺寸过大oversize尺寸过小undersize尺寸极限limit of size尺寸最大极限maximum of size尺寸最大余量极限maximum metal of size尺寸最小极限minimum of size齿根root处理treatment吹砂blast // abrasive blasting垂直度perpendicularity // squareness垂直度公差squareness tolerance单位燃油消耗量specific fuel consumption单位压力unit pressure单位装配件assembly unit单向公差unilateral tolerance单向公差域bilateral tolerance zone氮化nitriding当量equivalent挡块stop285刀柄holder刀杆cutter bar刀痕scar // tool mark等离子喷镀plasma spray等值equivalent低压压气机LP compressor地面试车ground run典型加工typical operation防锈rust protection // rust proof仿形copy仿形铣床copying milling machine // duplicator 仿型加工form machine高速钢high speed steel高速工具钢high speed tool steel高温合金high temperature alloy高压压气机HP compressor根root根切undercut公差tolerance公差带tolerance band公称尺寸nominal size功能function功能尺寸function dimension功能要求functional requirement构造尺寸constructional dimension固定fasten固定工具fastening tool故障defect // blemish // failure // fault // imperfection // trouble故障分析trouble shooting关键零件critical part观点view过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过载overload互换性interchangeability互换性组件interchangeable assembly花键splined shaft花键轴splined shaft火裂fire cracks机床machine (tool)机匣case // casing基本尺寸base dimension // basic size基本公差basic tolerance基本数basic member基本锥体basic taper基孔制hole basis limit system基线basic line基轴制shaft basis基轴制shaft basis limit system基准data // reference基准尺寸datum dimension基准点datum point基准件basic member基准角basic angle基准面datum face // datum plane基准线datum line // zero line基准叶片master vane几何公差geometrical tolerance几何精度accuracy geometrical加工制造fabricate夹紧fastening夹具clamping apparatus // dogging tool // fixture// holding device // jig检验装置checker节径pitch diameter精度accuracy // precision精锻precision forging精加工finishing精磨precision ground精确长度exact length精调fine adjustment // accurate adjustment//precision adjustment孔bore // hole框flame拉床broacher // broaching machine拉刀broacher拉销broach离心式压气机centrifugal compressor离心铸造centrispum casting iron立式车床vertical lathe立式钻床upright drill螺母nut螺栓bolt名义尺寸base size // nominal size内径inner diameter内裂internal crack内外函发动机by-pass engine内应力internal stress内圆磨床internal grinding machine耐磨性resistance to wear耐热钢heat resisting steel耐热合金heat-resisting啮合mesh啮合线action line扭转twisting排气边trailing edge排气喷口exhaust nozzle盘disc抛光polishing抛光机polisher // burnishing wheel刨平plane泡疤blister配合fit // matching // mating286配合等级classes of fit // grade of fit配合间隙class of fit配合类型types of fit配合容差fitting allowance配合直径snap diameter配合制system of fits配件mating piece喷口nozzle喷丸peening // shot-blasting喷丸处理shot peening喷雾器atomizer喷嘴nozzle批生产mass production疲劳断裂fatigue fracture匹配matching片sheet偏心的eccentric偏心距eccentric distance偏心轮eccentric偏心套eccentric bushing偏心轴eccentric axis偏心装置eccentric偏移deviation漆paint切断parting切面cutting切切削深度depth of cut切头cropping切削cut切削工具cutter切削加工machining轻合金light alloy轻微的slight清楚的clear清理cleaning清漆层不好poorly varnished film区域zone曲度curve曲面curved surface曲线curve屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength屈服应力proof stress // yield stress缺口敏感性notch sensitivity缺陷blemish // defect // failure // fault // imperfection热脆性red shortness热裂hot crack热裂纹clink热损heat waste容差allowance熔化smelt (ing)蠕变creep设计design设计草图rough plan设计尺寸design size设计角design angle伸长elongation伸长率elongation失速stall（飞机）湿吹砂vapour blast时间表schedule时效ag(e)ing时效处理seasoning识别号identification number实际尺寸actual size实际有效直径virtual effective diameter式样form // manner事故accident // failure视图view试车test run // trial run试件test piece试验examine // test试验参数test data试样coupon // (test) sample // test specimen试样长度sample释放release手册manual手段means寿命limit of life数number数据data数量quantity说明书description // specification榫头root调正adjustment调质improvement跳动量runout凸起overfill凸台boss凸缘collar // flange图scheme图板drawing board图号drawing number图形机体feature图样draft // drawing图纸drawing (sheet)图纸比例drawing scale图纸技术要求drawing call-out涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting287涂漆paint推荐尺寸preferred size推力thrust推力比thrust ratio椭圆度ovality外部检查visual inspection外函道by-pass duct外螺纹external screw thread外形outline外圆磨床circular grinding machine位置location位置公差positional tolerance蜗杆worm蜗轮work wheel卧式钻镗床horizontal boring & drilling machine 误差error习惯表示法conventional representation铣床milling machine铣刀milling现场site // spot相当的equivalent相应值equivalent消除应力stress relieved // stress released消耗consumption销钉pin销孔bore // pin hole销子pin斜度angularity (tolerance)压板clamp (plate)氩弧焊argon-arc welding应变strain应变时效strain ageing应力stress应力腐蚀裂纹stress corrosion crack应力消除stress relieving应力-应变曲线stress strain curve应力-应变图stress strain diagram圆度circularity // roundness圆滑smoothness圆心center of circle圆柱度cylindricity直径diameter制度system制造manufacture质量quality质量验收标准quality acceptance standard中心距center distance中心孔center hole轴shaft轴承bearing轴线axis轴线axis主喷咀main nozzle铸造casting铸造组织casting iron structure专门技术know-how专门铣床planomilling machine专用工具special tool专用工装special tooling专用设备special purpose machine专用铣床production machine转换reset转子叶片blade装备device装夹mount装配assembly // mount装配车间assembling shop // assembly shop //erecting shop // fitting shop装配间隙fit clearance装配件assembly装配图assembly drawing // erection drawing装箱退火close annealing装置device锥齿轮bevel gear锥度taper锥螺纹taper thread锥面conical surface锥体slow object // taper总尺寸外形尺寸overall dimension总体布置图general layout总装车间assembly department总装件assembly // general assembly总装图general layout组合件joint组件assembly组装件sub assembly钻drill钻床drill machine钻具jig钻孔drill钻套drill jig bush钻头号drill number最大长度max length最大间隙major clearance最大推力full thrust // top thrust最大直径major diameter最小长度min length最小间隙minor clearance最小直径minor diameter缺陷解释Interpretation of Defects凹陷undercutting （在母材上沿焊接边的沟槽或288充填不足）变形deformation （在加工时未能保持住形状不变或与相邻部有不顺滑转接）电解腐蚀electrolytic action（不同金属间的电蚀作用造成的缺陷）断裂fracture（受力过大造成的破坏）开裂flaw外贸常用词语和术语Everyday Vocabularies of Foreign Trade询盘Inquiry把某物交付给某人to deliver sth to sb把询价记录在卷to keep the inquiry on file办理交货to effect delivery // to make delivery还盘Counter Offer还盘counter offer享有盛誉enjoy great popularity与某人达成交易conclude business with sb.达成交易close business // close a deal // close atransaction // close a bargain价格Price成本加保险费运费价cost, insurance & freight(C.I.F.)成本加运费价cost & freight (CFR)船上交货free on board (F.O.B)底价floor price货币currency价格偏低on the low side价格条件price terms廉价出售 a bargain sale市场价market price讨价还价bargain为某事拼命讨价还价drive a hard bargain oversth.与某人成交make a bargain with sb最低价rock-bottom price289290。
试车技术基础
三、试车类型
10.空中试车： 在空中进行的试车。 11.模拟试车： 模拟装机后飞行的实际工作条件和使用情况的试车。 12.油封试车： 为了油封发动机内部而进行的试车，由启动机带动转子，使发动机的滑油系 统、燃油系统及液压系统的所有内腔注入新鲜的油封油，也称冷、热油封。
四、试车过程单元
1.启动： 把发动机转子从静止状态加速到规定 的慢车状态。 2.冷启动： 发动机停车至少1.5~2h后的启动，也 称冷态启动或地面冷启动。 3.热启动： 发动机熄火或停车后规定时间内的再 启动，或排气温度指示不低于规定值 的再启动，通常也称再启动。
试车单元程序
2.起动前准备: (1) 检查安装可靠性、连接正确性；
（2）检查发动机外部无油迹； （3）检查台架设备、仪器、仪表合格有 效； （4）检查现场实物不多不少； （5）发动机通电检查，电气控制、调整 系统可靠有效； （6）试车中备用文件齐全。
试车单元程序
3. 内部启封和注油： (1) 放出油封滑油，向发动机滑油箱注入定量的新鲜滑油；以规定的压力向液压系统
15.共同工作线：在发动机换 算转速、压气机增压比、空 气流量三者的关系曲线图中， 压气机和涡轮共同工作点的 连线。
试车技术基础
（二）
试车分类和整机试验分类
一、按试验时间分类：持久试车、短时试车
持久试车：包括1:1寿命低循环疲劳 试车、定型试验中的150h试车、飞 行前试验中的60h试车、循环各异的 加速任务试车。主要考核结构的完 整性、耐久性及性能稳定性。
6.150h长期试车：是长期试车的一种，但又不同于一般的长期试车。它是国 家主管部门验收新机和改型机定型试车的一种，是世界公认的工作准则，试 车程序和负荷应由国家主管部门批准。
航空发动机常用汉英词汇
学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆汉英分类词汇航空发动机类型Aero-Engine Models超高涵比发动机ultra high bypass engine超音速冲压喷气发动机scramjet engine冲压喷气发动机ram-jet engine带推力转向系统的发动机engine with thrust deflector system带自由涡轮双轴涡轮轴喷气发动机twin-spool turbo-shaft with free-power turbine单轴涡轮喷气发动机single-spool turbo-jet engine低涵比发动机low bypass turbofan反向旋转发动机contra-rotation engine高涵比发动机high bypass turbofan后风扇涡轮喷气发动机aft fan turbo-jet engine 活塞式发动机piston(-and-cylinder) engine // piston-driven engine桨扇发动机prop-fan engine离心涡轮喷气发动机centrifugal turbo-jet engine 脉冲喷气发动机pulse jet engine前风扇涡轮喷气发动机front fan turbo-jet engine 燃气轮机gas turbine engine三轴桨扇发动机three-shaft prop-fan engine三轴涡轮前风扇涡轮发动机triple-spool front fan turbo-jet双轴外涵涡轮喷气发动机twin-spool by-pass turbo-jet双轴涡轮风扇发动机twin-spool turbo-fan engine 同向旋转发动机co-rotation engine外骨架发动机exo-skeletal engine涡轮冲压喷气发动机turbo/ram jet engine涡轮风扇发动机turbofan engine涡轮火箭发动机turbo-rocket engine涡轮螺旋桨发动机turboprop engine涡轮喷气发动机turbojet engine涡轮轴发动机turbo-shaft engine轴流涡轮喷气发动机axial flow turbo-jet engine 型面profile型面座标图aerofoil ordinate chart型式form轴流式压气机axial (flow) compressor函道duct函道比by-pass函道风扇ducted-fan中介机匣intermediate case燕尾形样dovetail root叶片vane（一般指静子叶片）压气机compressor压气机机匣compressor case 效率efficiency压气机盘compressor disc压缩比compression ratio牙底root涡轮导向器turbine nozzle涡轮盘turbine disc燃烧室burner // combustion chamber // combustor燃烧室外套combustion outer case燃油导管discharge nozzle燃油滤fuel filter燃油喷咀fuel atomizer // fuel spray nozzle燃油消耗量fuel consumption火焰筒liner扩散器机匣diffuse case加力燃烧室afterburner航空发动机叶片术语Terms of Aero-Engine Airfoils叶片类型Type of Airfoils动叶blade // bucket静叶vane空心叶片hollow blade // core blade实心叶片solid blade涡轮导向器turbine nozzles涡轮导向器扇形段turbine nozzle segment涡轮导向器叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guide vane (ngv)涡轮工作叶片turbine blade // bucket涡轮静子叶片turbine nozzle vane // nozzle guide vane (ngv)涡轮叶轮turbine wheel涡轮叶片turbine blades & vanes // buckets涡轮转子叶片turbine blade // bucket压气机定子叶片compressor vane // vane压气机工作叶片compressor blade // blade压气机叶轮compressor impeller // compressor wheel压气机叶片compressor blades & vanes压气机整流叶片compressor vane // vane压气机转子叶片compressor blade // blade叶片的结构特点Characteristics of Airfoil Structure基体部分base榫头tip // cog // fir-tree // root // tenon叶根blade root // root // vane tang叶冠shroud // tip platform // tip shroud叶身blade body叶型部分aerofoil // profile缘板platform // shroud叶片的主要名称Key Terms of Airfoil Body基体base进气边/前缘leading edge理论叶型theoretical developed airfoil/profile排气边/后缘trailing edge // exhaust edge弦chord型线airfoil curve叶背blade back // convex side // blade convex叶盆blade basin // vane basin // blade/vane concave叶片阻尼台blade damper // clapper // mid-span 叶身blade body叶型公差airfoil tolerance叶型理论airfoil theory叶型剖面airfoil section中弧线airfoil mean line工装Tooling标准件master piece // standard part // tool master 标准块master block // reference block测具gauge // measuring fixture // measuring tool 测头feeler // gauge head measuring head // stylus 车床夹具lathe fixture车刀lathe tool// cutter// turning tool吊具lifting tool夹具fixture饺孔夹具reaming fixture // reaming jig孔位置度测具hole true position gauge拉刀broach (Bro.) // broaching cutter拉削夹具broaching fixture刨削夹具planner fixture钳工工具bench-work tool丝套insert // thread insert丝锥taper // (screwing）tap镗刀boring cutter镗杆boring bar (B/bar) // boring spindle镗孔夹具boring fixture // boring jig铣槽工具grooving tool铣床夹具milling jig铣床铣槽刀milling machine // miller铣铣槽刀刀milling cutter // milling tool铣削夹具milling fixture钻铰刀drill reamer 钻铰复合刀具combined drill and reamer钻具jig钻孔铰孔夹具drilling and tapping fixture钻孔样板drill template （DRT）// drilling template钻模(drill) jig钻模板drill plate （DRP）钻模与夹具jigs and fixtures钻套jig bush钻套jig bush(ing)钻头bit // drill // drilling bit机械加工术语Terms for Machining半精加工semi-finishing // semifinishing machining插slotting车turning车床lathe// turning machine车床研磨lathe lapping车端面facing车螺纹thread turning车螺纹/螺纹加工thread/threading车削turning车削螺纹cut thread成形法forming冲头blanking ram // piercer // punch // ram head // slider冲压(punch) pressing冲压加工stamping冲压件pressing //stamping穿孔/套孔trepan/trepanning粗加工roughing machining锉file倒角deburr // chamfer倒角/去毛刺deburr(ing)倒棱chamfer电解抛光electrochemical polishing // electrolytic polishing // electro-polishing电解蚀刻与抛光electrolytic etching and polishing调整法machining on preset machine tool定位locating // location对刀to size // tool setting仿形法copying夹紧clamping饺reaming饺孔reaming饺孔机reaming machine饺孔钻reamer drill饺铆钉孔ream a rivet hole精加工finishing // finish machining锯sawing锯背back of the saw锯槽kerf锯齿serration锯齿铣sawtooth milling拉削broaching冷装shrinkage fitting铆rivet(ing)铆钉rivet磨床grind // grinding machine磨端面face grinding磨料abraser // abrasive material // grinding compound磨削加工abrasive machining抛polish抛光buffing // burning // polish (Pol.)刨planing// shapering刨槽fillister // slot shaping刨齿gear shaper cutting // gear-shaping刨床planer // planing machine// shaper刨削shaping去毛刺deburring // fin cutting镗boring镗车两用机床boring lathe镗床borer // boring machine镗孔boring // borizing （金刚石）镗磨联合机床combined boring and honing machine镗钻两用机床boring and drilling machine铣mill // milling铣槽slot milling铣镗床milling-borer // milling and boring machine铣钻联合机床combined drill and mill machine铣钻两用机床milling and drilling machine旋spin旋锻spin forging // rotary forging // rotary swaging旋锻机spin forging machine // rotary forging machine // rotary swaging machine旋压spinning旋压成型stretch planishing // spin forming压装press fitting研lapping研齿gear lapping研磨lapping找正aligning // to center align装夹set-up装配assembly钻drill(ing)钻床drilling machine钻孔drilling钻埋头孔countersink表面处理（镀层、涂漆和金属喷镀）Surface treatment （Plating，Paining & Metal sparying）涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting冲压Punch尺寸检验dimension inspecting基准datum技术条件technical condition加工fabricate夹clamping夹紧面clamping surface夹具fixture钻孔drill钻头drill图纸及工艺规程常用词汇EverydayVocabularies on Working Drawings &W.P.S尺scale尺寸dimension // size尺寸单向极限single of size尺寸过大oversize尺寸过小undersize尺寸极限limit of size尺寸最大极限maximum of size尺寸最大余量极限maximum metal of size尺寸最小极限minimum of size齿根root处理treatment吹砂blast // abrasive blasting垂直度perpendicularity // squareness垂直度公差squareness tolerance单位燃油消耗量specific fuel consumption单位压力unit pressure单位装配件assembly unit单向公差unilateral tolerance单向公差域bilateral tolerance zone氮化nitriding当量equivalent挡块stop刀柄holder刀杆cutter bar刀痕scar // tool mark等离子喷镀plasma spray等值equivalent低压压气机LP compressor地面试车ground run典型加工typical operation防锈rust protection // rust proof仿形copy仿形铣床copying milling machine // duplicator 仿型加工form machine高速钢high speed steel高速工具钢high speed tool steel高温合金high temperature alloy高压压气机HP compressor根root根切undercut公差tolerance公差带tolerance band公称尺寸nominal size功能function功能尺寸function dimension功能要求functional requirement构造尺寸constructional dimension固定fasten固定工具fastening tool故障defect // blemish // failure // fault // imperfection // trouble故障分析trouble shooting关键零件critical part观点view过盈interference过盈配合interference fit过载overload互换性interchangeability互换性组件interchangeable assembly花键splined shaft花键轴splined shaft火裂fire cracks机床machine (tool)机匣case // casing基本尺寸base dimension // basic size基本公差basic tolerance基本数basic member基本锥体basic taper基孔制hole basis limit system基线basic line基轴制shaft basis基轴制shaft basis limit system基准data // reference基准尺寸datum dimension基准点datum point基准件basic member 基准角basic angle基准面datum face // datum plane基准线datum line // zero line基准叶片master vane几何公差geometrical tolerance几何精度accuracy geometrical加工制造fabricate夹紧fastening夹具clamping apparatus // dogging tool // fixture // holding device // jig检验装置checker节径pitch diameter精度accuracy // precision精锻precision forging精加工finishing精磨precision ground精确长度exact length精调fine adjustment // accurate adjustment //precision adjustment孔bore // hole框flame拉床broacher // broaching machine拉刀broacher拉销broach离心式压气机centrifugal compressor离心铸造centrispum casting iron立式车床vertical lathe立式钻床upright drill螺母nut螺栓bolt名义尺寸base size // nominal size内径inner diameter内裂internal crack内外函发动机by-pass engine内应力internal stress内圆磨床internal grinding machine耐磨性resistance to wear耐热钢heat resisting steel耐热合金heat-resisting啮合mesh啮合线action line扭转twisting排气边trailing edge排气喷口exhaust nozzle盘disc抛光polishing抛光机polisher // burnishing wheel刨平plane泡疤blister配合fit // matching // mating配合等级classes of fit // grade of fit配合间隙class of fit配合类型types of fit配合容差fitting allowance配合直径snap diameter配合制system of fits配件mating piece喷口nozzle喷丸peening // shot-blasting喷丸处理shot peening喷雾器atomizer喷嘴nozzle批生产mass production疲劳断裂fatigue fracture匹配matching片sheet偏心的eccentric偏心距eccentric distance偏心轮eccentric偏心套eccentric bushing偏心轴eccentric axis偏心装置eccentric偏移deviation漆paint切断parting切面cutting切切削深度depth of cut切头cropping切削cut切削工具cutter切削加工machining轻合金light alloy轻微的slight清楚的clear清理cleaning清漆层不好poorly varnished film区域zone曲度curve曲面curved surface曲线curve屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服强度yield strength屈服应力proof stress // yield stress缺口敏感性notch sensitivity缺陷blemish // defect // failure // fault // imperfection热脆性red shortness热裂hot crack热裂纹clink热损heat waste容差allowance熔化smelt (ing)蠕变creep 设计design设计草图rough plan设计尺寸design size设计角design angle伸长elongation伸长率elongation失速stall（飞机）湿吹砂vapour blast时间表schedule时效ag(e)ing时效处理seasoning识别号identification number实际尺寸actual size实际有效直径virtual effective diameter式样form // manner事故accident // failure视图view试车test run // trial run试件test piece试验examine // test试验参数test data试样coupon // (test) sample // test specimen试样长度sample释放release手册manual手段means寿命limit of life数number数据data数量quantity说明书description // specification榫头root调正adjustment调质improvement跳动量runout凸起overfill凸台boss凸缘collar // flange图scheme图板drawing board图号drawing number图形机体feature图样draft // drawing图纸drawing (sheet)图纸比例drawing scale图纸技术要求drawing call-out涂层不良imperfectly coated spots涂层过厚thickening涂层凸起lifting of the coating, protrusion, or lifting涂漆paint推荐尺寸preferred size推力thrust推力比thrust ratio椭圆度ovality外部检查visual inspection外函道by-pass duct外螺纹external screw thread外形outline外圆磨床circular grinding machine位置location位置公差positional tolerance蜗杆worm蜗轮work wheel卧式钻镗床horizontal boring & drilling machine 误差error习惯表示法conventional representation铣床milling machine铣刀milling现场site // spot相当的equivalent相应值equivalent消除应力stress relieved // stress released消耗consumption销钉pin销孔bore // pin hole销子pin斜度angularity (tolerance)压板clamp (plate)氩弧焊argon-arc welding应变strain应变时效strain ageing应力stress应力腐蚀裂纹stress corrosion crack应力消除stress relieving应力-应变曲线stress strain curve应力-应变图stress strain diagram圆度circularity // roundness圆滑smoothness圆心center of circle圆柱度cylindricity直径diameter制度system制造manufacture质量quality质量验收标准quality acceptance standard中心距center distance中心孔center hole轴shaft轴承bearing轴线axis轴线axis主喷咀main nozzle 铸造casting铸造组织casting iron structure专门技术know-how专门铣床planomilling machine专用工具special tool专用工装special tooling专用设备special purpose machine专用铣床production machine转换reset转子叶片blade装备device装夹mount装配assembly // mount装配车间assembling shop // assembly shop // erecting shop // fitting shop装配间隙fit clearance装配件assembly装配图assembly drawing // erection drawing装箱退火close annealing装置device锥齿轮bevel gear锥度taper锥螺纹taper thread锥面conical surface锥体slow object // taper总尺寸外形尺寸overall dimension总体布置图general layout总装车间assembly department总装件assembly // general assembly总装图general layout组合件joint组件assembly组装件sub assembly钻drill钻床drill machine钻具jig钻孔drill钻套drill jig bush钻头号drill number最大长度max length最大间隙major clearance最大推力full thrust // top thrust最大直径major diameter最小长度min length最小间隙minor clearance最小直径minor diameter缺陷解释Interpretation of Defects凹陷undercutting （在母材上沿焊接边的沟槽或充填不足）变形deformation （在加工时未能保持住形状不变或与相邻部有不顺滑转接）电解腐蚀electrolytic action（不同金属间的电蚀作用造成的缺陷）断裂fracture（受力过大造成的破坏）开裂flaw外贸常用词语和术语Everyday Vocabularies of Foreign Trade询盘Inquiry把某物交付给某人to deliver sth to sb把询价记录在卷to keep the inquiry on file办理交货to effect delivery // to make delivery还盘Counter Offer还盘counter offer享有盛誉enjoy great popularity与某人达成交易conclude business with sb. 达成交易close business // close a deal // close a transaction // close a bargain价格Price成本加保险费运费价cost, insurance & freight (C.I.F.)成本加运费价cost & freight (CFR)船上交货free on board (F.O.B)底价floor price货币currency价格偏低on the low side价格条件price terms廉价出售 a bargain sale市场价market price讨价还价bargain为某事拼命讨价还价drive a hard bargain over sth.与某人成交make a bargain with sb最低价rock-bottom price学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆。
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常用航空发动机试车技术术语
寿命试车：为了检验发动机在一次翻修寿命期内 其工作的可靠性而进行的发动机一次翻修期寿命 相同的试车，一般为循环试车，也称为1：1寿命 期持久试车。 150h长期试车：是长期试车的一种，但又不同于 一般的长期试车。它是国家主管部门验收新机和 改型机定型试车的一种，是世界公认的工作准则， 试车程序和负荷应由国家主管部门批准。 等效试车：用加大发动机负荷的办法，在短期内 达到长期试车同等考核效果的试车，多用于长寿 命发动机，也称加速任务试车。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
额定工作状态：连续工作时间不受限制的最高功 率状态，常常用做计算状态，其功率值一般为最 大状态的80%～90%，有时也称为最大连续状态。 慢车工作状态：发动机可靠稳定工作的最小功率 状态。一般情况下，转速为最大转速的25%～ 30%，功率为最大推力的3%～5%。 巡航工作状态：发动机的转速一般为最大转速的 90%，功率为最大工作状态的70%～75%，可连 续工作，因耗油率比较小，也称经济状态。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
假开车：发动机由启动机带动，只向燃烧室供燃 油而不点火的运转。 假热开车：发动机由启动机带动，只向燃烧室点 火而不供燃油的运转。 冷运转：由启动机带动发动机转子，不供油、不 点火的运转。 最大工作状态：对应发动机最大转速和最大推力 （不计加力推力）的工作状态，通常用于短时间 爬高、平飞加速及加力前的过渡等，因起飞时常 用，所以有时也称起飞状态。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
冷悬挂：供给燃烧室的燃油过贫，排气温度过 低，转子不能加速或加速过缓的现象，称为启 动过程冷悬挂，造成启动失败。 热悬挂：启动过程中，由于压气机失速引起转 子阻力矩增大，启动机驱动力矩低于最小需要 扭矩，此时空气流量过小，而燃油按正常规律 供给或供给过多导致涡轮前温度迅速上升，火 焰后移，转速不能上升，这种现象称为热悬挂， 造成启动失败。ຫໍສະໝຸດ 常用航空发动机试车技术术语
等效电源启动：试车台用模拟外场电源输出特 性的等效电源启动。 暖机：为避免发动机零部件因温度急剧升高而 受损害，开车后选择一个较低的排气温度状态， 运转2～3min，也称加温发动机。 冷机：为避免发动机零部件因温度急剧下降而 受到损害，停车前选择一个较低的排气温度状 态，运转2～min。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
破坏试车：为确定发动机的使用期限、第一次 翻修和以后各次翻修的间隔期以及确定修理方 法，规定各种零件的使用期限和备件数量所进 行的试车。 油封试车：为了油封发动机内部而进行的试车， 由启动机带动转子，使发动机的滑油系统、燃 油系统及液压系统的所有内腔注入新鲜的油封 油，也称冷、热油封。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
启动：把发动机转子从静止状态加速到规定的慢 车状态。 冷启动：发动机停车至少1.5～2h后的启动，也 称冷态启动或地面冷启动。 热启动：发动机熄火或停车后规定时间内的再启 动，或排气温度指示不低于规定值的再启动，通 常也称为再启动。 补氧启动：模拟空中启动过程中向点火器补充供 给氧气的启动。 自动启动：油门摆在“慢车”位置，按启动按钮 后，自动装置完成的启动。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语
加力工作状态：使用加力燃烧室时的发动机工作状态，向 加力燃烧室喷油，补充燃烧，增加功率，有时也称军用状 态。有时发动机通过改变转速采用部分加力，故有小加力、 部分加力、全加力之说。 应急工作状态：紧急情况下使发动机短时高于许用转速， 借以保证飞机安全，也称2.5min功率状态。 发动机抽气状态：从发动机中抽出空气或燃气时的状态， 抽气用于飞机或飞机附件的需要。 反向状态：开动反向装置，使喷气反向反转的工作状态。 功率分出：按飞机要求，从发动机转动轴提取部分功率， 带动飞机附件，称功率分出。 发动机惯性，切断发动机供油后从慢车转速到完全停转的 时间，用秒计，也称停车时间。
常用航空发动机试车技术术语 工厂试车：发动机第一次装配后，为了磨合发 动机零部件，检查各附件工作情况和装配质量， 以及按技术条件调整性能参数而进行的试车， 也成磨合试车、初步运转试车或提交试车。 检验试车：发动机出厂前为了检查最后装配质 量和调整性能参数及向订货方提交的试车，也 成验收试车或最终运转试车。 附加试车：工厂试车后，由于更换了重要零部 件，而考核其工作可靠性的试车，一般情况下， 运转程序少于工厂试车。