曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章

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宏观经济学(初级第23章)

2014-5-28
导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学内容分类及研究的主要问题
内容分类
宏观经济理论：包括国民收入决定理论、消费理论、投资理论、货币理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、开放经济理论等。
宏观经济政策：包括经济政策目标、经济政策工具、经济政策机制、经济政策效应与运用。
宏观经济计量模型：用于理论验证、经济预测、政策制定，以及政策效应检验。
4.所有的：新增的产品和劳务；存量GDP的衍生服务（如存量住房服务的市场价值，国外更适合，因为租房住；写字楼GDP）
能够统计的有限的“所有”。家务劳动、黑市交易、非法交易等在实际中都没有办法统计进入GDP。
家庭生产中雇主跟雇员的婚姻：减少GDP。经济活动从市场交易变成家务劳动。
2014-5-28
2014-5-28
税收
拉弗曲线
税率
导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学主要流派及观点
5. 理性预期学派
代表人物：卢卡斯、萨金特、华莱士、巴罗、泰勒和普雷斯科特等。理论特征：在引入理性预期假说的基础上，全面恢复新古典经济学的传统反对凯恩斯主义的宏观经济理论和政策主张。基本理论观点：理性预期假说：理性预期是有效利用一切信息而进行的预期；自然率假说：任何一个社会都存在一个自然失业率，长期而言，经济总是趋向于自然失业率，尽管短期内，经济政策能够使得实际失业率不同于自然失业率；李嘉图等价定理：举债与征税等价。政策主张：宏观经济政策无效论、政策目标单一论、信誉重于规则
导言
什么是宏观经济学
现代经济学两大分支之一
经济学的两个分支：微观经济学和宏观经济学。
微观经济学（Microeconomics）(“微观”是希腊文 “ μικρο ”的意译，原意是“小")又称个体经济学，小经济学，主要以单个经济单位（单个生产者、单个消费者、单个市场经济活动）作为研究对象的一门学科。价格分析是微观经济学的核心，故微观经济学又被称为价格理论。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》章节题库(一国收入的衡量)【圣才出品】

第23章一国收入的衡量一、名词解释1．国民收入答：国民收入即NI，是一国生产要素所有者在一定时期内，因从事生产和提供劳务，按生产要素所得的报酬，是劳动、资本和土地等生产要素所获得的全部收入，NI可由NDP 减去间接税和企业转移支付再加上政府补助金得到。

这里的国民收入，实际上是按要素费用计算的国民净收入。

在西方国家，有时简称为（狭义的）国民收入。

国民收入的核算公式为：NI＝NDP－企业间接税－企业转移支付＋政府补助金2．实际人均GDP答：实际人均GDP指标是指，实际GDP除以人口数量，是每个人的平均实际GDP。

实际人均GDP在某些情况下是一个比较有用的指标，例如，它可以用于比较不同国家的劳动生产率。

然而，它本身并不足以作为政策目标，因为它没有表明一个国家会如何使用这些产量来提高社会生活水平。

二、判断题1．GDP度量一个国家的社会福利水平。

（）【答案】×【解析】GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。

它不能度量一个国家的社会福利水平，GDP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标也是有局限性的：①它不能反映社会成本。

②它不能反映经济增长方式付出的代价。

③它不能反映人们的生活质量。

④不能反映社会收入和财富分配的状况。

例如，即使两国人均GDP水平相同，但一国贫富差距比另一国大得多，显然，前一国的社会总福利要比后一国低的多。

基于GDP在度量社会福利水平上存在的诸多不足，经济学家们纷纷构建了一些新的指标来衡量社会福利水平，比如经济净福利指标、绿色GDP等。

2．购买100股苹果公司股票是宏观经济学中投资支出的一个例子。

（）【答案】×【解析】宏观经济学中的投资是指一定时期内增加到资本存量中的资本流量，包括房屋建筑、机器制造，以及企业存货的增加等。

购买股票是个人与个人之间重新配置资产时发生的购买，不属于经济学中的投资。

3．如果有人在中国购买了澳大利亚生产的柑桔，那么这个支出就会计入中国GDP中的消费部分，也会计入中国GDP中的进口部分。

曼昆经济学原理宏观部分二十三章

Households
16
The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue (=GDP)
G&S sold
Markets for Goods & Services
Spending (=GDP) G&S bought
Firms
Factors of production Wages, rent, profit (=GDP)
example:
Inflation and unemployment in election years
The Science of Macroeconomics
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
CHAPTER 1
slide 11
Outline of this book
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
14
The Circular-Flow Diagram
• a simple depiction of the macroeconomy • illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income • Preliminaries:
CHAPTER 1
The Science of Macroeconomics
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Important issues in macroeconomics
Macroeconomics, the study of the economy as a whole, addresses many topical issues:

曼昆经济学chapter23

• ― . . . Within a Country . . .‖
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
Discussion
• Which contributes more to GDP——the production of an economy car or the production of a luxury car? Why? • A farmer sells wheat to a baker for $2. The baker uses the wheat to make bread, which is sold for $3. what is the total contribution of these transaction to GDP?
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP (Y) is the sum of the following:
– Consumption (C) – Investment (I) – Government Purchases (G) – Net Exports (NX)

经济学原理曼昆(宏观部分答案)

经济学原理曼昆(宏观部分答案)第八篇宏观经济学的数据第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。

由于GDP 既衡量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，GDP 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP 的贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献大。

因为GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。

由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献更大.3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。

面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。

这些交易对 GDP 的贡献是多少呢? 答：对GDP 的贡献是3 美元。

GDP 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.4 ．许多年以前，Peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。

今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元.这种销售如何影响现期GDP? 答：现期GDP 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。

因而这种销售不影响现期GDP.5 ．列出GDP 的四个组成部分。

各举一个例子.答：GDP 等于消费(C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G)+净出口(NX) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐.投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂.政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。

《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第23章

当然，现实经济比上所说明的经济要复杂得多。特别是家庭并没有支出他们的全部收入。但是，无论是家庭、政府还是企业购买物品或劳务，交易总有买者与卖者。因此，对整个经济而言，支出和收入总是相同的。
补充：GDP的测算法

现在通常采用三种测算法：生产法，收入法，支出法，

1.生产法：GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出－∑各产业部门的中间消耗 2.收入法：GDP＝∑各产业部门劳动者报酬＋∑各产业部门固定资产折旧＋∑各产业部门生产税净额＋∑各产业部门营业利润或：GDP=工资+利息+利润+租金+间接税+企业转移支付+折旧+误差
chapter23measuringanationsincomechapter23measuringanationsincome考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出考虑为什么一个经济的总收入等于其总支出了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值gdp了解实际考虑gdp了解如何定义和计算国内生产总值了解实际gdp考虑是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标gdpgdp与名义gdp是不是经济福利良好的衡量指标与名义gdpgdp之间的区别之间的区别说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量说明为什么收入等于支出等于产量解释gdp定义消费定义消费投资投资用基期和当年价格计算实际gdp列出许多中并不包括解释gdp定义中的关键词汇和短语政府购买和净出口政府购买和净出口定义中的关键词汇和短语用基期和当年价格计算实际列出许多gdpgdp和名义但能提高福利的活动但能提高福利的活动和名义gdpgdpgdp中并不包括prologueasyoumayrecallfromchapter2economicsisdividedintotwobranches
23.2.1 “GDP是市场价值…” “GDP Is the Market Value . . .”

曼昆经济学原理课件(下)宏观部分chapter_23_一国收入的衡量01

为什么物价在某些时期上升迅速而在其他时期更为稳定（通货膨胀） Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? (inflation)
为什么产出和就业在某些年份扩张而在其他年份收缩（经济周期） Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?(business cycle)
某个买者每一美元的支出都是某个卖者一美元的收入 Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
6
循环流向图 The Circular-Flow Diagram
收入和支出的相等，可以用循环流向图来说明 The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
2
宏观经济学 Macroeconomics
宏观经济学研究作为一个整体的经济 Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole.
其目标在于解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化 Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
产品与服务购买
Households 家庭Inpu来自s for production

曼昆经济学原理23章课后答案

曼昆经济学原理23章课后答案1、．（年浙江省第三次联考）下列项目中不需要进行会计核算的是（）[单选题] *A签订销售合同(正确答案)B宣告发放现金股利C提现备发工资D结转本年亏损2、．（年温州二模考）以下不属于会计事项的是（）[单选题] *A结转当年取得的利润B生产产品领用原材料C将闲置资金用于投资D与租赁公司签署设备租入协议(正确答案)3、企业购进货物用于集体福利时，该货物负担的增值税额应当计入（）。

[单选题] *A.应交税费——应交增值税B.应付职工薪酬(正确答案)C.营业外支出D.管理费用4、按现行企业会计准则规定，短期借款发生的利息一般应借记的会计科目是（）。

[单选题] *A.短期借款B.应付利息C.财务费用(正确答案)D.银行存款5、下列各项税金中不影响企业损益的是（）。

[单选题] *A.消费税B.资源税C.增值税(正确答案)D.企业所得税6、委托加工应纳消费税产品（非金银首饰）收回后，如直接对外销售，其由受托方代扣代交的消费税，应计入（）。

[单选题] *A.生产成本B.应交税费——应交消费税C.委托加工物资(正确答案)D.主营业务成本7、专利权有法定有效期限，一般发明专利的有效期限为（）。

[单选题] *A.5年B.10年C.15年D.20年(正确答案)8、下列关于无形资产的描述中，错误的是（）。

[单选题] *A.企业内部研究开发项目研究阶段的支出应计入管理费用B.购入但尚未投入使用的无形资产的价值不应摊销(正确答案)C.不能为企业带来经济利益的无形资产的账面价值应全部转为营业外支出D.只有很可能为企业带来经济利益且其成本能够可靠计量的无形资产才能予以确认9、．（年浙江省第一次联考）下列各项中，不属于会计核算的前提条件的是（）[单选题] *A持续经营B货币计量C权责发生制(正确答案)D会计主体10、．（年浙江省高职考）根据我国会计法律规范体系的构成和层次，《会计职称条例》的归属范畴是（）[单选题] *A、宪法B会计法规(正确答案)C会计规章D会计法律11、．（年浙江省第二次联考）会计是一种（）[单选题] *A经济监督的工具B管理生产与耗费的工具C、生财、聚财、用财的方法D管理经济的活动(正确答案)12、企业对应付的商业承兑汇票，如果到期不能足额付款，在会计处理上应将其转作（）。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第23章--一国收入的衡量)

第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、经济的收入与支出1．微观经济学与宏观经济学（1）微观经济学（microeconomics）研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。

（2）宏观经济学（macroeconomics）研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

2．国内生产总值（1）含义国内生产总值简称GDP，它衡量的是一国的总收入，被认为是衡量社会经济福利最好的一个指标。

（2）对经济的衡量GDP同时衡量两件事：经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与劳务产出的总支出。

对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。

某个买者的1美元支出正是某个卖者的1美元收入。

因此，交易对经济的收入和支出做出了相同的贡献。

用图23-1所示的循环流量图也可以说明收入必定等于支出。

假设所有物品与劳务由家庭购买，而且家庭支出了他们的全部收入，这些支出通过物品与劳务市场流动；企业用销售得到的收入来支付工人的工资、地主的租金和企业所有者的利润，这些收入通过生产要素市场流动。

货币不断地从家庭流向企业，然后又流回家庭。

GDP等于家庭在市场上为物品和劳务支付的总额，也等于企业在市场上为生产要素支付的工资、租金和利润的总额。

图23-1 循环流量图现实经济比图23-1所说明的经济要复杂得多。

家庭并没有支出其全部收入，也并没有购买经济中生产的全部物品与劳务。

但基本经验是相同的：无论是家庭、政府还是企业购买物品或劳务，交易总有买者与卖者。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记 (第23章一国收入的衡量)

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版）第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．经济的收入与支出在一国的宏观经济中，收入必定等于支出。

这是因为，在每一次交易中，卖者的收入必定等于买者的支出。

国内生产总值（GDP）衡量经济中的总收入或总产量。

由于收入等于支出，可以把经济中赚到的收入（工资、租金和利润）加总起来衡量，也可以用经济中生产的物品和劳务的支出衡量，也就是说，收入等于支出等于GDP。

2．国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值（GDP）指在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。

（1）GDP是一个市场价值的概念。

各种最终产品的价值都是用货币加以衡量的。

产品市场价值就是用这些最终产品的单位价格乘以产量获得的。

（2）GDP测度的是最终产品的价值，中间产品价值不计入GDP，否则会造成重复计算。

（3）GDP是指一定时期内（往往为一年）所生产而不是所卖掉的最终产品价值。

（4）GDP是计算期内（如2013年）生产的最终产品价值，因而是流量而不是存量。

流量是一定时期内发生的变量，存量是一定时点上存在的变量。

（5）GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，从而是一个地域概念，而与此相联系的国民生产总值（GNP）则是一个国民概念，乃指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素所生产的最终产品的市场价值。

两者的关系是：GNP＝GDP＋［本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入（投资利润、劳务收入）－外国居民从本国获得的收入］。

（6）GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。

曼昆经济学原理(宏观分册)第23章课后习题答案(英文版)

Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of final goods and services.It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the economy ends up assomeone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order formilitary aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many otherexamples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by increasedproduction or higher prices.7.405The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investmentdecreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment gooduntil it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one yearand resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $400 Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means that thepercentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not in2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but prices did.5. a. C alculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. C alculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. T he growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage changein the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the percentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is thevalue of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure, itwould not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350 –$100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。

曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章 PPT

▪ 对租房者而言，消费包括租金 ▪ 对房主而言，消费包括住房的隐含租金价值，但
不包括住房的购买价格或按揭贷款
*
投资（I）
▪ 投资是对用于未来生产更多物品和劳务的物品的购买
▪ 包括下列支出： ▪ 资本设备 (比如机器, 工具)
▪ 建筑物(工厂，办公楼，住房) ▪ 存货 (已经生产出来但尚未售出的物品)
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
这张图省略了什么
▪ 政府
▪ 征税，购买物品与劳务
▪ 金融体系 ▪ 在储蓄者资金的供给和借款者贷款的需求之间达成均衡
▪ 外国部门 ▪ 物品与劳务贸易，金融资产，外国居民的货币
*
国内生产总值（GDP）：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值
物品用它们的市场价值来评价，那:
曼昆经济学原理宏观第23章
本教学PPT双语版由浙江工商大学经济学院陈宇峰编译
1
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案：
• 什么是国内生产总值（GDP）？ • GDP与一国的总收入与总支出有什么联系？ • GDP由哪几部分组成？ • GDP怎么进行通货膨胀的校正？ • GDP是衡量经济福利的好指标吗？
D. 通用汽车公司生产了价值5亿美元的汽车，但消费者只购买了价值4.7亿美元的汽车
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

曼昆宏观经济学 23章英文答案

405WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News box on ―Beyond Gross Domestic Product.‖LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:why an economy’s total income equ als its total expenditure.how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor themacroeconomy —GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops howeconomists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understanding of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.MEASURING A NATION’SINCOME406 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeKEY POINTS:∙ Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.∙ Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.∙ GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ pur chases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).∙ Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP defla tor―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in theeconomy.∙ GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lower incomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value ofleisure and the value of a clean environment.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsA. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in markets.B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena includinginflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II. The Economy’s Income and ExpenditureA. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross Domestic Product(GDP).Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4071. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.1. If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on the lawn service($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).2. We can also use the circular-flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and totalexpenditure must be equal.a. Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resourcespurchased from households.b. In the simple economy described by this circular-flow diagram, calculating GDP could bedone by adding up the total purchases of households or summing total income earned by households.408 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Incomec. Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving, taxes,government purchases, and investment purchases by firms. However, because atransaction always has a buyer and a seller, total expenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductA. Definition of gross domestic product (GDP): the market value of all final goods andservices produced within a country in a given period of time .B. ―GDP Is the Market Value . . .‖ 1. To add together different items, market values are used. 2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.C. ―. . . Of All . . .‖1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the value of the housingservices. b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimates the rental valueand uses this figure to value the housing services. 3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold in markets. a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is included in GDP.b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.D. ―. . . Final . . .‖ 2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of the final good.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income❖4093. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included in GDP as afirm’s inventory investment.a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease in inventory investment.b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which is not necessarilythe same time that the product is sold.E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖1. Only current production is counted.2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographical boundaries of aparticular country.2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of his output isincluded in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a factory in Haiti, the value of the production of that factory is not included in U.S. GDP.H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).2. When the government reports GDP, the data are generally reported on an annual basis.3. In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).I. In addition to summing expenditure, the government also calculates GDP by adding up totalincome in the economy.1. The two ways of calculating GDP almost exactly give the same answer.2. The difference between the two calculations of GDP is called the statistical discrepancy.410 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeJ. FYI: Other Measures of IncomeA. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents.1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.2. GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses fromdepreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).C. Nati onal income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods andservices.1. National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including businesssubsidies.2. NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖ D. Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.E. Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have leftafter taxes and other obligations to the government.IV. The Components of GDPA. GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), governmentpurchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).B. Definition of consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with theexception of purchases of new housing . C. Definition of investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures,including household purchases of new housing .1. GDP accounting uses the word ―investment‖ differently from how w e use the term ineveryday conversation.2. When a student hears the word ―investment,‖ he or she thinks of financial instruments suchas stocks and bonds.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4113. In GDP accounting, investment means purchases of investment goods such as capitalequipment, inventories, or structures.D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state,and federal governments .1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the government purchases componentof GDP. 2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchases component of GDP.E. Definition of net exports: spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports).F. Case Study: The Components of U.S. GDP1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2009.2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part of theDepartment of Commerce. V. Real Versus Nominal GDPA. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (not prices).C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.D. A Numerical Example412 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at currentprices .Nominal GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Nominal GDP for 2011 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600. Nominal GDP for 2012 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.3. Definition of real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constantprices .Let’s assume that the base year is 2008.Real GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Real GDP for 2011 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350. Real GDP for 2012 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500. E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDP reflectchanges in the amount of goods and services produced.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 413F. The GDP Deflator1. Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio ofnominal GDP to real GDP times 100.2. Example CalculationsGDP Deflator for 2010 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2011 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2012 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.G. Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1965.2. We can see that real GDP has increased over time.414 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income3. We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are calledrecessions. VI. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?A. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on goods and services.B. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.C. GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of theenvironment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.3. However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generallyhave better education and better health care.D. In the News: The Underground Economy1. The measurement of GDP misses many transactions that take place in the undergroundeconomy.2. This article compares the underground economies of the United States and several othercountries.E. Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life1. Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, and Internet usagefor 12 countries.2. In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy and Internet usage rates arealso high. 3. In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s, only about half of the adultpopulation is literate, and Internet usage is very rare.F. In the News: Beyond Gross Domestic Product1. Some economists wonder if we need a better measure of economic well-being.2. This is an article from The New York Times describing some criticisms of using GDP solely tomeasure economic well-being.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone inthe economy and (2) the total exp enditure on the economy’s output of final goods andservices. It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in theeconomy ends up as someone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a poundof hamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price ofa pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measureof economic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer anda seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economycar because the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an orderfor military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Manyother examples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being becausereal GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amountsbeing produced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused byincreased production or higher prices.7.The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake isan undesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year,plus sales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were soldmore than once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced inone year and resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$400Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDPdeflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This meansthat the percentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but notin 2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise butprices did.5. a. Calculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. Calculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. The growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentagechange in the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure thepercentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This isthe value of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,it would not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participationhas reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficultto measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350– $100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。

宏观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)23章节

《经济学原理_宏观经济学》第23章一国收入的衡量一、重要名词解释国内生产总值GDP ：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与服务的市场价值。

消费：家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与服务的支出。

投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。

（投资可以分为：重置投资、自发投资、引致投资。

重置投资指用于补偿在生产过程中损耗掉的资本设备的投资，亦即折旧。

自发投资与“引致投资”相对而言，又称“自主投资”，指不受国民收入水平或消费水平等经济情况影响和限制的投资。

引致投资与“自发投资”相对而言，是由经济中的内生变量引起的投资，即为适应某些现有产品或整个经济的开支的实际增加或预期增加而发生的投资。

）政府购买：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与服务的支出。

净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。

名义GDP ：按现期价格评价的物品与服务的生产。

真实GDP ：按不变价格评价的物品与服务的生产。

GDP 平减指数：用名义GDP 与真实GDP 的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标，即：100GDP GDP GDP=⨯名义平减指数真实二、重要摘抄1.GDP 同时衡量两件事：经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与服务产出的总支出。

由于这两件事实际上是相同的，所以CDP 既衡量总收入又衡量总支出。

对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。

因为交易对经济的收入和支岀做出了相同的贡献。

GDP 衡量货币的流量。

我们可以用两种方法中的一种来计算这个经济的GDP ：加总家庭的总支出或加总企业支付的总收入（工资、租金和利润）。

2.关于GDP 计算的若干注意事项：(1).在GDP 的计算中，价值使用商品价格来量化；(2).政府通过估算租金价值而把自有房产的价值包括在GDP 中，相当于假设所有者将房屋租给自己；(3).GDP 不包括非法生产与销售的东西，如毒品；(4).GDP 不包括在家庭内生产和消费，没有进入市场的物品；(5).GDP 只包括最终物品的价值，这是因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了；如果中间物品没有被使用，而是被储存了，就将存货加到GDP 上，而当存货中的物品以后被使用或出售时，存货的减少再从GDP 中扣除；(6).GDP 包括有形的物品与无形的服务，比如演唱会票价，也是GDP 的一部分；(7).GDP 包括现期生产的物品与服务，它不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易，因此二手车的交易不包括在GDP 内；(8).如果物品是在一国国内生产的，无论生产者的国籍如何，都包括在该国的GDP 之中。

曼昆宏观第23章作业答案

2、一位农民收获了1蒲式耳小麦，并以$1.00将这些小麦卖给了面粉厂。

面粉厂将这些小麦磨成面粉，并以$3.00将这些面粉卖给了面包厂。

面包厂用这些面粉做成面包，并以$6.00将这些面包卖给了工程师。

工程师吃掉了这些面包。

计算：每一阶段上的价值增值；国内生产总值（GDP）解：每个人的增加值是商品的价值减去生产该产品所需材料的价值。

因此，农民的增加值是1美元；面粉厂的增加值是2美元；它以3美元的价格将免费卖给面包师，花1美元买小麦。

面包师的增加值是3美元；他以6美元的价格将面包卖给工程师而花了3美元买面粉。

GDP即为增加值的总和，即1+2+3=6美元3、假设一个妇女嫁给了其男管家，在他们结婚后，她丈夫像以前一样照顾她，而且她也继续像以前一样养活他。

结婚如何影响GDP。

答：从GDP衡量内容来看，妇女嫁给其男管家后，GDP下降的额度=男管家的工资，因为男管家的工资没了，总收入GDP随之下降。

这是因为GDP没有真正衡量所有产品和服务的价值。

如果GDP完美衡量所有经济中的产出，则其数值不变，因为经济活动的总量并没有发生变化。

然而真实的GDP只是经济活动的一个不完整指标，一些产品服务被遗漏。

一旦男管家的工作变成家务活，他的服务就不计入6、考虑一个生产并消费面包和汽车的经济。

下表中是两个不同年份的数据。

（1）以2000年作为基年，计算每年的名义GDP，实际GDP，GDP 平减指数以及像CPI这样的固定加权物价指数。

解：名义GDP2000=（P汽车2000*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2000*Q面包2000）=10，000，000名义GDP2010=（P汽车2010*Q汽车2010）+（P面包2010*Q面包2010）=15，200，000实际GDP2010=（P汽车2000*Q汽车2010）+（P面包2000*Q面包2010）=10，000，0002010年隐含的价格平减指数=名义GDP2010/实际GDP2010*100=152 CPI2010=[ P汽车2010*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2010*Q面包2000）]/[（P汽车2000*Q汽车2000）+（P面包2000*Q面包2000）]=1.6（2）在2000年到2010年之间，物价上涨了多少？比较拉斯拜尔指数和帕氏指数给出答案。