初二英语第七单元知识点及练习

初二英语第七单元知识点及练习

语法详解：被动语态

英语中的语态－主动语态和被动语态

⒈英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

如：①They built a new bridge over the river. (主动)

→A new bridge was built over the river by them. (被动)

②Many people speak English. (主动)

→English is spoken by many people. (被动)

⒉汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词构成”，即“be＋p.p.”，其中助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化。

被动语态的基本用法

⒈当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式是主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过动词be表现出来。

⒉什么时候使用被动语态

⑴不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

①Some windows were broken last night.

②This book was published (出版) in 2005.注意：

第②句＝This book came out in 2005. come out 是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。⑵只强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

①Educational CD-ROMs are sold in many countries.

②Rice was first grown in China.

③English is learned all over the world.注意：不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，如：appear, happen, take place被动语态的基本结构

⒈动作的承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者。简写为“承受者＋be＋过去分词＋其他＋by＋动作的执行者”。

⒉主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：确定主动语态的时态，它决定着被动语态中的助动词be。→找出主动语态的主、谓、宾。

→按照上述句式改写：承受者+be+过去分词+其他＋by＋执行者

⒊常用的被动语态结构

⒋主动改为被动语态的例子：主动语态基本结构为主、谓、宾。

⑴His brother washes dishes every day.

→Dishes are washed every day by his brother.

主(执行者) 谓宾(承受者) 其他

⑵Peter will clean the room tomorrow.

→The room will be cleaned tomorrow by Peter.

⑶He must look after the little boy.

→The little boy must be looked after by him.

⑷The students are watching a charity show.

→A charity show is being watched by the students.

特殊情况的被动语态

简单句五种基本形式中的其中两种变为被动语态时十分重要：

⒈主谓＋双宾：这类短语含有介词to或for。如：give, send, show, buy, make…

⑴give sb sth＝give sth to sb，buy sb sth＝buy sth for sb

主动语态Amy gave me some nicestickers.Amy gave some nice stickers to me.

被动语态：

I was given some nice stickers by Amy.

或Some nice stickers were given to me by Amy.

⑵主动：A fairy gave the princess a magic wand.＝A fairy gave a magic wand to Princess Laura. 被动：The princess was given a magic wand by a fairy.

或A magic wand was given to the princess.

总结含有双宾语的动词短语变为被动语态的规则：可以把任何一个宾语作为被动语态的主

语；如果把直接宾语(即物体)作为主语，动词和直接宾语之间要添加相应的介词to或for。主动语态中无论使用give sb sth 还是give sth to sb，一律按照上述句子改写，即：give sb sth 或give sth to sb →sb be given sth

或sth be given to sb，这类含有介词to或for的短语见下表

⒉主谓宾＋省略to的不定式(即宾补)：使役动词变为被动语态时原来省略的to一定要加上。同)⑵hear sb do sth→sb be he常见短语⑴make sb do sth→sb be made to do sth (主动语态不含to，被动语态必须带to。（下ard to do sth⑶see sb do sth→sb be seen to do sth⑷have sb do sth →sb be had to do sth

注意特殊例子：let sb do sth →sb be let do sth (主动语态和被动语态都不含to。)

e.g. He made the workers work 12 hours a day. The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.

主动形式表示被动意义：有些不及物动词(其主语大都指物)的主动语态可以表示被动意义。

⒈某些连系动词，feel, taste, smell, sound, prove等。

①The coffee smells delicious. ②The story proved quite false.

⒉某些可与well, easily, quickly等副词连用的不及物动词。

①This kind of bikes sells well. ②This

ind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind.

⒊某些可用于“主＋谓＋主补”结构中的不及物动词。e.g. The bag broke open.

⒋动名词在be worth doing句型中的主动形式表示被动含义

。①His novels are so well worth reading that I want one.

②These stamps are worth collecting.

⒌动名词在need, want, require等动词后，主动形式表示被动含义。

need doing＝need to be done①The problem requires dealing with immediately. ②Her bike needed repairing.

⒍动词不定式的主动形式在too…to…句型中表示被动含义。

The box is too heavy to carry.

⒎有些形容词后的动词不定式有被动含义。这些形容词有easy, difficult, heavy, nice, good, pleasant, important, useful, dangerous等。①Bad habits are easy to contract. ②English is difficult to learn.

二知识点

ternational : adj. 国际的an international meeting / international languages

2. pocket money 零花钱

3. be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事He is used to getting up early every day.

Used to do sth 过去常常做某事He used to go o ut for a walk after supper, but now he isn’t.

Be used to do sth. / be used for doing sth. 被用来做--- Knives are used to cut things.

4. further :adv. / adj. too weak to walk any further / further study