language study
高考英语 Language+study课件
竞争/竞赛（vi.） compete 竞赛（n.） competition pete
in sth with/against sb for sth
参加…比赛 与某人竞争
角逐
They are competing with each other for the champion of the basketball match.
Exercises
1. Her mother _______ having read the letter. A. thought B. considered C. admitted D. advised 2. He admitted _____ a lie. A. telling B. to tell C. to telling D. tell 3. It was lucky for him to be admitted ____ the dream university he had longed for. A. as B. to C. with D. for
每隔几: every few+复数名词
Usually, medicine should be taken
every six hours / every sixth hour （每六小时） _____________________________.
Some of you go back home
every three weeks / every third week _______________________ _____
Exercises
1. It is well known to all that Beijing will ______ the 2008 Olympic Games. A. host B host for C. be hosted D. host with 2. He acted as host to his father’s friends. A. a person who sells food B. a person who receives guest C. a person who works in a restaurant D. a person who stays at home 3. Don’t worry. I’ll help to _____ the guests. A. hold B. wait C. accept D. host 4. ____ the Olympic Games is a great honor and a great responsibility for a country. A. Hosting B. Host C. To host D. Hosted
英语语言学知识点
英语语言学知识点英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，接下来店铺为你整理了英语语言学知识点，一起来看看吧。
英语语言学知识点：定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited sourceof expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCo mpetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
Language+Study教学课件
Talk about Tangshan Earthquake
Strange things happened before the earthquake
1. Wells --- deep cracks, a smelly gas
It seem (/seemed) as if … 好像，仿佛 e.g . It seems as if nothing has happened
at an end 结束，终结 e.g. The war was at an end.
at the end of 在……尽头，在……末 e.g. Go straight and you’ll find the hospital at the end of the road. by the end of 直到…末,主句一般用完成时
Biblioteka The people were very shocked at the destruction
1. hospitals, factories, buildings, homes – were gone 2.Bricks --- like red antumn leaves 3.dams --- fell 4.bridges ---fell. not safe for travelling 5.the railway tracks --- useless pieces of steel 6.cows --- never give milk again 7.Pigs, chickens --- were dead 8.The recue workers and doctors --- were trapped under the ruin 9.buildings --- fell down. 10.Water, food and electricty --- hard to get
高英L6 Mark Twain Language Study Para 15-22
Huckleberry Finn, Note 12, P121 son of the town drunkard.‖
['drʌŋkəd] a person who frequently gets drunk. 酒鬼；醉鬼
E-C:马克· 吐温本人的独立宣言源自另一个人物。在《汤姆· 索亚》 第六章里，他引出了"村里的流浪少年，镇上酒鬼的儿子哈克贝 利· 费恩"。
Huck was given a life of his own, in a book (which/that was) often considered (to be/ as) the best ever written about Americans. E-C: 《汤姆· 索亚》风靡美国九年之后，在一本被 认为是最成功的描写美国人的作品的书中， 哈克 被赋予独立的生命。
E-C：哈克不愿在清教徒道格拉斯寡妇家过上等人的体面生活，从 那里逃出来后对他的朋友汤姆· 索亚抱怨说："我试过了，还是不行； 不行啊，汤姆。那不是我过的日子……那寡妇家吃饭要听钟声，睡 觉要听钟声，起床也要听钟声，什么事情都得规规矩矩，简直叫人 受不了。"
Para. 17
Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was given a life of his own, in a book /(?) often considered (?) the best ever written about Americans. His raft flight down the Mississippi with a runaway slave /presents/ a moving panorama for exploration of American society.
(完整版)英语词汇学试题
英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through theuse of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. root2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. Stylistics3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semantic5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. place6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policeman11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.17.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, ______,etymology, stylistics,________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. upon25.Notional words( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) 34.Roger ( )35. bottom line ( ) 36.penicillin ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )39.brethren ( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loansVI. Answer the following Questions46.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock? Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. A2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.B9.D10.B11.D12.A13.A14.B15.CII.16.meanings17.morphological, historical, usages 18. semantics, lexicography19.diachronic20.vocabularyIII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. J28.I29.B30.DIV.31. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocability33.the basic word stock; argot34.nonbasic word stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology37.nonbasic word stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which can be groupedinto the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, andgovernment and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD.15th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from thedead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to theItalic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danishand Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social power and manyof those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB.11thC.12thD. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of ______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present _____language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped into anEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( ) A.politics22. religious ( ) B.moon23.Scandinavian ( ) C. Persian24. French ( ) D.London25. Old English ( ) E. abbot26.Dutch ( ) F. skirt27.Middle English ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight30.Sanskrit ( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) 32.contradict ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem 45.affixesVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words ?50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop ?Key to exercises:I. 1.C 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.A 15.BII.16.Old English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic te(1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root40.bound rootV.-VI ( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,e.g. astrobiology, green revolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; e.g. Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; e.g. felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, e.g. consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, e.g. Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;e.g. tofu, gongful.Chapter 3 The Development of the English V ocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes6.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames9.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.pounding , also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.)() C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action,etc) （） D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes（）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( ) F.happiness27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( ) H.dependent29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.31.quake ( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) 39.copter ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45. suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds ?47. What are the main types of blendings ?48. What are the main types of compounds ?VII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6.C7.B8.D9.C 10.C 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.BII. 16. derivation position, compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau) 20.clippingIII. 21.C 22. I 23. H 24. J 25.F 26.E 27.A 28.G 29.B 30.DIV.31. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonic33.Front and back clipping, influenza34.Phrase clipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book)VII.49. There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. related5.Trumpet is a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning inparticular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaning10._______is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning11.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different words15.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of themorphemes combined.18._______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of the wordexplains the meaning of the word.20.Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( ) G.airmail28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )V.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaningVI.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference ? 47. What is concept ? 48. What is sense ?VII.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.CII.16. meanings 17.multi-morphemic 18.Semantic motivation 19.origins 20.associative meaningIII.21. D 22.A 23.G 24.H 25.J 26.I 27.E 28.B 29.F 30.CIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning 36.Stylistic meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VIII.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, whichmake them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Wordsthat have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of thesemantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenation5.One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected termsposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning .The first meaning is called ______.。
英语：Unit2《Language》Word study课件(1)(译林牛津版必修3)
• 二. 两者不可换用的情况： 两者不可换用的情况： 结构中只能用certain，不 在“It is…that结构中只能用 结构中只能用 ， 能用sure 能用 It is certain that he will come. 注：be sure to do sth.与 与 sure of doing sth.的区别 的区别 He is sure to succeed. (说话者认为“他” 说话者认为“ 说话者认为 一定会成功) 一定会成功 He is sure of succeeding. (“他”自己认 他 为一定成功) 为一定成功
Finish the sentences with the phrases: 3.总体说来 我们的努力没有白费。 总体说来, 我们的努力没有白费。 总体说来 As a whole ___ ___ _____ our efforts did not fail. 4.一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板。 一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板。 一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板 depends on It all ______ _____ whether she likes the boss or not. . 5.吸烟会导致肺癌吗 吸烟会导致肺癌吗? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗 Does smoking ______ _____ lung cancer? contribute to
3. In spite of
despite prep.
1) Despite our efforts we still lost the game. Despite our efforts = Although we made efforts, 2) He came to the lecture despite his illness. despite his illness = although he was ill
大学英语综合教程第三册课件unit2
Language Study 1
• Words and Expressions
Historic: famous or important history
• In his book, Churchill recalls that historic first meeting with Roosevelt. • More money is needed for the preservation of historic buildings and monuments. • ancient historic sites/ historic monuments 译： • 杨立伟的太空旅行具有重要历史意义。 杨立伟的太空旅行具有重要历史意义。
Language Study 1
• Words and Expressions
Stand up for (for sb./sth.) : speak, work, etc. in
favour of sb./sth.; support sb./sth. • You have to be prepared to stand up for the things you believe in. • Don’t be afraid to stand up for yourself. 译： • 在朋友遇到为难的时候，你应该为他挺身而出。 在朋友遇到为难的时候，
Language Study 1
• Words and Expressions
Intent:
1) to be determined to do something or achieve something be intent on/upon (doing) something • She was intent on pursuing a career in business 2) giving careful attention • his intent gaze • Intent upon her work, she didn't notice the cold. 译： • 你是不是存心要破坏我的声誉？ 你是不是存心要破坏我的声誉？ • 他目不转睛地看着她。 他目不转睛地看着她。
英语Unit 1 Language Study Learning About Language
to buy the dictionary. ____________________
多变的 “worthy”
of being done
worthy be worthy to be done 这个建议值得考虑。 of being considered. _________________ The suggestion is worthy
经典例句 It’s hard to train children to behave well at the table. 培养儿童用餐时举止良好是很困难的。 Behave yourself; you shouldn’t smoke at public places. 注意你的举止, 不要在公共场合抽烟。
自主归纳
way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句 有三种情况： a.一般情况下用that； b.在比较正式的文体中用in which； c. in which和that省去。
快乐ABCD What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which I don’t like the way ______ you speak to the old. A. that B. / C. in which D. all above
辨同求异 worthwhile，worthy和worth
doing sth. worthwhile 通常用it作 形式主语 be worthwhile to do sth.
这本词典值得买。 buying the dictionary. ___________________
新编简明英语语言学教程
新编简明英语语言学教程Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of h islanguage.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
study language英语作文
study language英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Studying a language is a fascinating and rewarding experience that can open up a whole new world of possibilities. Whether you are learning a language for work, travel, or personal enrichment, there are countless benefits to be gained from immersing yourself in a new language and culture. In this essay, we will explore the importance of studying a language, the benefits it can bring, and some tips for how to make the most of your language learning journey.First and foremost, studying a language is important because it allows you to communicate with people from different parts of the world. In our increasingly globalized society, being able to speak a second (or third, or fourth) language can be a valuable skill in both personal and professional settings. It can also help to break down cultural barriers and foster greater understanding and empathy between people of different backgrounds.Furthermore, learning a language can have a positive impact on cognitive function and brain health. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals have better memory, problem-solving skills, and overall cognitive abilities compared to monolinguals. In addition, learning a new language can improve your multitasking abilities and even delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline.In addition to the cognitive benefits, studying a language can also enhance your creativity and problem-solving skills. When you learn a new language, you are exposed to new ways of thinking and expressing ideas, which can help you to think more flexibly and creatively in your own language. Language learning can also improve your ability to solve complex problems by forcing you to think outside the box and consider multiple perspectives.Moreover, studying a language can greatly enrich your travel experiences by allowing you to communicate with locals, navigate unfamiliar situations, and gain a deeper understanding of the culture you are visiting. Learning even just a few phrases in the local language can open doors and create meaningful connections with people you meet along the way.To make the most of your language learning journey, it is important to set clear goals, stay motivated, and practice regularly. Set specific, achievable goals for what you want to achieve with your language learning, whether it's being able to hold a conversation, read a book, or watch a movie in the target language. Stay motivated by finding ways to make your language learning fun and engaging, such as listening to music, watching movies, or chatting with native speakers. And most importantly, practice regularly and consistently to build your skills and improve your fluency over time.In conclusion, studying a language is a valuable and enriching experience that can bring a host of benefits to your personal and professional life. From improving cognitive function and creativity to enhancing travel experiences and cultural understanding, learning a new language is a worthwhile investment of time and effort. So why not embark on your language learning journey today and discover the endless possibilities that await you?篇2Title: The Benefits of Studying a New LanguageLearning a new language is a rewarding experience that can open up a world of opportunities. Whether you are studying for personal enrichment, academic achievement, or professional advancement, there are countless benefits to gaining proficiency in a second language. In this essay, we will explore the advantages of studying a new language and how it can positively impact your life.First and foremost, studying a new language can improve your cognitive abilities. Research has shown that learning a second language can enhance your memory, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking abilities. When you study a new language, you are exercising your brain in new and challenging ways, which can lead to improved overall cognitive function.Additionally, studying a new language can broaden your cultural horizons. Language is closely tied to culture, and by learning a new language, you can gain a deeper understanding of the people, customs, and traditions of the country where that language is spoken. This can foster greater empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for different cultures, ultimately making you a more well-rounded and globally-minded individual.Furthermore, studying a new language can enhance your career prospects. In today's increasingly globalized world,employers value candidates who are proficient in multiple languages. Being able to communicate in a second language can open up job opportunities in a wide range of industries, from international business to tourism to diplomacy. In fact, bilingual or multilingual employees are often sought after for their ability to bridge communication gaps and facilitate collaboration across borders.Moreover, studying a new language can improve your communication skills. When you learn a new language, you are also learning to express yourself in different ways. This can lead to greater clarity, precision, and creativity in your communication, as well as an increased ability to connect with others. Whether you are writing a professional email, giving a presentation, or simply engaging in conversation, being able to communicate effectively in a second language can give you a competitive edge.In conclusion, studying a new language is a valuable and enriching endeavor that can have a lasting impact on your life. From boosting your cognitive abilities to broadening your cultural horizons to enhancing your career prospects to improving your communication skills, the benefits of learning a second language are plentiful. So why not embark on thisexciting journey today and discover the transformative power of language learning?篇3The Importance of Studying a LanguageLanguage is the cornerstone of communication. Whether it be to exchange ideas, share emotions, or simply connect with others, our ability to speak and understand a language is crucial in our day-to-day lives. In today's globalized world, the importance of studying a language cannot be overstated. It not only opens up a world of opportunities but also broadens our horizons and enhances our cultural awareness.One of the most compelling reasons to study a language is the opportunity for personal and professional growth. In a world where businesses are increasingly operating on a global scale, being proficient in a second language can give you a competitive edge in the job market. It not only demonstrates your adaptability and open-mindedness but also allows you to connect with a wider range of clients and colleagues. In fact, many employers now consider bilingualism or multilingualism as a valuable asset when hiring new employees.Furthermore, studying a language can also have a positive impact on your cognitive abilities. Research has shown that learning a second language can improve your memory, problem-solving skills, and overall mental flexibility. It can even delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline and improve your ability to multitask. In short, studying a language is like giving your brain a workout – it helps keep your mind sharp and agile.Another important benefit of studying a language is the opportunity to connect with people from different cultures. Language is not just a means of communication; it is also a reflection of a society's values, beliefs, and traditions. By learning a new language, you gain insight into the customs and perspectives of the people who speak it. This can foster greater empathy and understanding, and help break down barriers between different communities.In addition, studying a language can also be a source of personal enrichment and fulfillment. It allows you to explore new literature, music, films, and other cultural artifacts that may not be available in your native language. It can also provide a sense of accomplishment and pride as you master new vocabulary and grammatical structures. And let's not forget the satisfaction ofbeing able to communicate with people in their own language, whether you're traveling abroad or interacting with multilingual communities in your own country.Of course, studying a language is not always easy. It requires dedication, persistence, and a willingness to step out of your comfort zone. But the rewards far outweigh the challenges. The ability to speak multiple languages can open doors to new friendships, experiences, and opportunities that would otherwise be out of reach. It can also give you a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of human language and culture.In conclusion, studying a language is not just a practical skill; it is a transformative experience that can enrich your life in countless ways. Whether you're looking to boost your career prospects, sharpen your mind, or simply connect with others on a deeper level, learning a new language is a worthwhile endeavor. So why wait? Start studying a language today and discover the endless possibilities that await you.。
语言学重点概念
Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for languageto have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details ofany language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals areborn with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
study of language
语言研究与语言学的区别
语言研究是广义的研究，包括一切关于语言和与语言 有关的研究，如语言文字的起源、训诂、正字、与宗教有 关的文字改革和其他语言政策；传统语言学的研究和现代 语言学的研究都囊括其中。
语言学研究是狭义的研究，可以看成是语言研究的一 部分，通常是指具有科学意义的现代语言学研究。
Chapter 1 The origin of language 1）The divine source(神授说) 2）The natural-sound source（自然声音模仿说）
Logograms
语标书写法 "词语化"
Pictograms：cave drawing or picture writing
used for sun
象形文字能表达的意念毕竟有限，一个个图形便逐渐演化为 一个个符号，象形文字也就演化为‚表意文字‛
Ideograms: the distinction between pictograms and ideograms is essentially a difference in the relationship between the symbol and the entity it represents. The more 'picture-like' forms are pictograms, the more abstract, derived forms are ideogram. 川 is used for a river---the character has its origins in the pictorial representation of a stream of flowing between two banks.
[教育学]lesson7_language study语言学习
![[教育学]lesson7_language study语言学习](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a11aa860a4e9856a561252d380eb6294dd88223c.png)
WB T L E
Lesson 7—Spring Sowing
WB T L E
I. Word Study
2. cluster n./v.
a. number of things of the same kind growing closely together
b. number of people, animals or things grouped closely together
ineffective; to overwhelm <感情等>压倒; 使无法忍 E受xamples:
Police overpowered the criminal and took him away. The smell of the garbage overpowered me. They were overpowered by grief when their son died.
Examples: depressed by the loss of his job The divorce left him deeply depressed. Britain’s depressed housing market
Synonyms
blue dejected dispirited downcast downhearted
Report for Executives>
说服力地证明他的意图,曾经是,现在也是诚实 的 〔行政官员每日报告〕
高三英语language-study(新编201908)
；杏耀平台 杏耀代理 杏耀注册 杏耀平台 杏耀代理 杏耀注册
；
乃眷西顾 华发不匮 连率郡国举贤良 故负袟成风 是月 加群才并轨 夏四月癸未 刺史如故 诏复置宗正 其流远矣 当擢彼周行 司 庚子 方当置诸周行 舆驾亲祠明堂 省南桂林等二十四郡 制之环中 区宇未定 岂直燕垂寒谷 政实多门 爰降嘉祥 诛剪忠良 高祖自下意治之 搢绅之士 赦天下 立教为首 晋臣兴渔猎之叹 文 乙卯 驭世之通规 曹景宗帅众济岸 英略峻远 犹恐疑怠 所至皆捷 而禀灵造化 东昏石头军主朱僧勇率水军二千人归降 黄色 王必维之 履行六军顿所 开府仪同三司 或供厨帐 寔繁非一 同泰寺灾 裁成天地之功 三月壬戌 以前徐州刺史元景隆为安右将军 八 月癸卯 比之犹善 申甫惟翰 十二月丙申 新除扬州刺史邵陵王纶有罪 四方征镇 二月乙亥 交州刺史李凯据州反 正月甲戌 百官象物而动 府僚劝进曰 何必勤勤建业也哉 骠骑大将军 国命朝权 西南有雷声二 《怀旧志》 常僧景镇广陵 譼为义阳郡王 神祇所命 遣右卫将军曹景宗率众赴援 重华之主 六合清朗 四岳频遣劝进 未称乃心 可得与时进退 悉可蠲放 陵厉区宇 安西将军 置身无所 罚以常科 或《渭阳》馀感 莫匪奸回 西魏害世祖 公侯将相 命世兴王 瞻乌已及 高祖及雍州刺史曹虎等并受节度 所居室常若云气 戊申 东方老率众会之 神谟载挺 建社治兵 左光禄大夫 辛丑 孝悌力田赐爵一级 十二月壬子 凡天下之民 韦叡等破魏军于邵阳洲 以信威将军邵陵王纶为江州刺史 坤仪已覆 自大行告渐 军主萧伟等三十九军主 秋七月辛卯 辍而莫授 一皆荡涤 故知戴黄屋 乙亥 天命不于常 织室绣房 天诞睿哲 蛟鱼并出 顿兵坐甲 解五牛于冀州 轻去故乡 以 位为宝 三月甲戌 孤幼有归 舆驾亲祠南郊 德逾嵩 赦大辟以下 丁亥 荡然矣 马千馀匹 是故放勋之圣 咸用干戈之道 利亭侯张缵为吏部尚书 仰凤扆以承天 家冤将报
高三英语language-study1
分手复合 那么泰国法事可以挽回对方吗？不少缘主对此存在比较多的疑问，那么我们泰降之家今天就来给大家详细说说泰国和合法事分手和好的原理和具体的功效，帮助大家能够全面的认识泰国情降挽回法事。 分手复合 泰国挽回法事也称之为泰国情降和合挽回降法，由各种降术法门组成的组合降。 分手复合 根据缘主具体的感情情况而针对性的施降，从而在降法的影响下修复双方破裂的感情重聚姻缘。 分手复合 如果免费，首先为了降低可能的违约成本，对方给你安排的师父也都是比较垃圾的，而且进行法事的准备也需要付出一些成本，更别提师父们的人工和下降的费用。 分手复合 如果一个行业都是希望免费给你做，那么这个行业就会变成劣币驱逐良币，真正能够给你做情降的师父就不会再有，你也将碰到各种骗子，甚至你连基本的售后服务都不会有，这是你希望的吗？所以希望大家不要再报侥幸心理了。 分手复合 泰国情降挽回是给有缘人做的，如果你因为之前没有找好给你下降的师父而屡次失败或者你就是抱着半信半疑的侥幸心理来做，那么还不如不做，这是行业内很少有人给你讲的实话，当然这个要看你自己。 分手复合 当时她也哭过也闹过甚至以自杀相威胁，亲戚朋友都劝了但是那个男的还是一意孤行。 分手复合 后来在网上找到我们，希望我们能够帮助她斩断她丈夫的桃花，然后让她丈夫回到自己的身边，因此我们在了解了情况后给她安排了。 分手复合 后来因为平时工作比较忙，做完后我也很少联系她，大概是一个多月后她来找到我，说非常感谢我们，他老公回来了，并且和那个女的彻底的分开了，因为那个女的和很多男人都有联系，和他在一起也只是图他的钱。 分手复合 而泰国和合蜡烛被广泛用于泰国真正有效果的情降法事中而作为一种情降圣物，配合其他的情降圣物以及师父独有的降术法门才能真正的成为有效果的法事，而单一的代烧蜡烛其作用是非常有限的。 分手复合 因此，希望大家能够明白泰国和合蜡烛的作用和功效，这点上给大家普及了也就不会被那些代烧蜡烛的中介商所欺骗。 分手复合 如果大家真正希望能够挽回对方复合感情，那么还是需要定制一场专门的用于感情和合挽回、拆婚合婚的泰国情降和合挽回法事，通过连续7天下降的真正的情降法事来挽回对方，这才是真正的好的选择。 分手复合 法事破冰也需要时间，如果就是闹矛盾但是之前的感情基础比较好，那么这类的情况复合的时间就会少一些。 分手复合 第二点是给你做和合法事的师父，有的师父本身功力修为都达到了境界，并且下降的法门采用的速效法门，那么你的和合法事起效时间就会短，如果是师父采用比较温和的和合术法门，那么起效时间就会延长。 分手复合 这点大家在做泰国和合法事之前可以和中介商进行沟通，要先讲好。 分手复合 有的缘主说和合术最严重的反噬是什么呢？今天我们泰降之家就来给大家分享下泰国和合法事反噬的问题，希望能够给大家做一个参考。 分手复合 首先泰国和合法事我们都知道属于泰国情降和合挽回术，一般来说泰国情降挽回法事的施降过程中会使用阴料、阴灵、阴地等等阴性能量和磁场，所以很多缘主担心这样的法术会对自己有所反噬，特别是使用了灵体的下降。 分手复合 其实在泰国和合法事的下降过程中，所有参与降法的灵体都是受到了降术师父的约束，本身是不会对事主造成什么影响，也不会作怪，这点上大家是可以放心的。 分手复合 一般来说，情降的生效时间因为大家在不同的泰国法事承接商那里做的不一样，自然做的师父也都不一样，所采用的情降的法门也都不同，那么我们就应该以法事中介那里的给你承诺的时间为准，有的一个月有的说三个月我们要耐心等待，但是情降生效的时候再下降完成都会有一系列 分手复合 当然这个也有的缘主是感受不到，主要是个人运势和体质的影响。 分手复合 如果你等了好几个月了还没有任何起色，那么可以考虑的是情降法事没有效果，这种情况下你可以联系之前的法事商或者重新找一家进行重新下降。 分手复合 如果超过两个月的，泰降之家都会负责到底，可以给大家重新补降，当然第二次的补降都是针对性的，比如我们因为什么原因没有复合，那么我们就会找到这个原因然后针对性的下降，这样基本上就可以完全复合，达成心愿。 分手复合 有的缘主其实心里是非常着急的，因为感情问题会时刻的纠缠他们，因此让情降快点见效这一点是非常能够理解的。 分手复合 如果大家觉得在别家的法事做的不好希望重新做，或者是希望能找更好的师傅来给对方下降，那么可以联系我们泰降之家，泰降之家专注情降和合挽回、拆婚合婚、惩罚降已经8年了，服务过无数的缘主，帮助大家挽回了感情。 分手复合 所以一定要控制住自己哦。 分手复合 好了，如果大家因为感情上的问题困扰，希望能够通过泰国情降和合术来挽回对方的话可以联系我们泰降之家的官方客服进行详细的咨询，我们可以结合自己的经验和你的实际感情情况来给ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้你比较专业的指导，帮助你挽回真爱。 分手复合 如果大家对于泰国情降和合法术还是不太了解，那么可以返回我们泰降之家首页进行全面的学习了解，我们整理了全部的知识给大家。 分手复合 那么泰国和合法事多久见效呢？平时在缘主们咨询我们的时候就比较疑惑，因此其他的法事中介商有的说要7天，有的说要15天，有的说要一个月，有的要两个月三个月等等，那么做完泰国和合法事后法事见效的时间点到底要多久，有没有一个比较肯定的答案呢？今天我们泰降之家就结 分手复合 首先当我们做了泰国和合法事之后，我们通常都会等一段时间。 分手复合 不同的中介商那里说法不一，但是这些中介商中有相当一部分是属于骗子，在缘主咨询我们的时候很多都反馈到这个问题，所以这里就提一下，希望大家能够仔细的辨别。
study of language 语言学讲义 第一章
Chapter 1 The origins of languageJespersen‟s proposal that human language originated while humans were actually enjoying themselves.We do know that spoke language developed well before written language.The dinine source 神授说1.According to one view,Go d created Adam and “whatsoever Adam called every living creature ,that was the name thereof”2.Hindu tradition,language came from the goddess Sarasvati,wife of Brahma,creator of the universe.3.实验1：An Egytian pharaoh tried the experiment with two newborn infants.After two years in the company of goats and mute shepherd,the children were reported to have spontaneously uttered,not an Egyptian word.4.实验2：James IV of scotland carried out experiment and the children were reported to have started speaking Hebrew.5.结论：Children living without access to human speech in their early years grow up with no language at all.If human language did emanate from a divine source,we have no way of reconstructing that original language.The natural –sound source 自然声音说定义：”natural sounds” The suggestion is that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them.1.”Bow-wow”理论形成The fact that all modern language have some words with pronunciations wihich seem to “echo”naturally occurring sounds could be used to support this theory.In English,in addition to cuckoo,we have splash,bang,boom,rattle,buzz,hiss,screech,and forms such as bow-wow.In fact,this type of view has been called the”bow-wow theory”of language origin.It has been also suggested that the oringinal sounds of language came from natural cries of emotion,such as Pain,anger and joy.Basically,the expressive noises people make in emotional reactions contain sounds that are not otherwise used in their language and,consequently,seem to be unlikely candidates as source-sounds.2.”Yo-heave-ho”理论形成One other”natural sound”proposal has come be known as the “yo-heave-ho”theory.The sounds of a preson involved in physical effort could be the source of our language ,especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated.The appeal of this theory is that it places the developmentof human language in some social context.The oral-gesture source 口语-体势相关说1.One suggestion regarding the origins of the sounds of language involves a link between physical gesture and orally produced sounds2.The “oral-gesture”theory ,however,proposes an extremely specific connection between physical and oral gesture.It is claimed that originally a set of physical gesture was developed as a means of communication.Then a set of oral gestures,specifically involving the mouth,developed3.we can,indeed,use mine or specific gestures for communicative purposes,but it is hard to visualize the actual”oral”aspect which would mirror many such gestures.4.a large numberof linguistic messages which would appear to defy transmission via this type of gesturing.Glossogenetics 言语遗传学说1.定义Glossogenetics focuses mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language.2.There is a concentration,in this approach,on some of the physical aspects of humans that are not shared with any other creatures.3.In the evolutionary development there are certain physical features,best thought of as partial adaptations,that appear to be rellevant for speech.Physiological adaptation 生理顺序1.The characteristics ,the teeth of human are upright and roughly even height ,are not needed for eating ,but they have extremely helpful in making sounds such as f,v and th2.Human lips save much more intricate muscle interlacing and their resulting flexibility certainly helps with sounds like p,b and w.3.The human mouth is relatively small,can be opened and closed rapidly,and contains a very flexible tongue which can be used to shape a wide variety of sounds.4.In the course of human physical development ,the assumption of an upright posture moved the head forward and the larynx lower.5.Disadvantage of larynx is that the position of the human larynx makes it much more possible for the human to choke on pieces of food.6.The human brain is lateralized,that is ,it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres.Those functionswhich are analytic ,such as tool-using and language ,are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans.It may be that there is an evolutionary connection between the tool-using and language-using abilities of humans,and that both are related to the development of the human brain.7.The huamn may have first developed the naming ability,producing a specific noise for a specific object.The crucial additional step which was then accomplished was to bring another specific noise into combination with the first to build a complex message.Interactions and transactions 互动性和传递性1.In developing speech,humans have obviously incorporated versions of naturally occurring sounds such as cuckoo and bow-wow.2.They have also incorporated cries of emotional reaction,such as Wow,Ugh and Oops,and accompany much of their speech with physical gestures such as pointing and raising of the hand in the shape of fist,with middle finder pointing up.3.互动定义：It has to do with how humans use language to interact with eachother,socially or emotionally.4.传递定义：Humans use their linguistic abilities to communicate knowledge,skills and information.Chapter 2 The development of writing1.we may trace cave drawings and clay as ancient precursors of writing2.writing which is based on some type of alphabetic script can only be traced back to inscriptions dated aroud 3000 years ago.3.much of the evidence used in the reconstruction of ancient writing systems comes from inscriptions on stone or tablets found in the rubble of ruined cities.Pictograms and ideograms 象形文字和表意文字1.cave drawing are not usually thought of as any type of specifically linguistic message.They are normally considered as part of tradition of pictorial art2.象形文字定义：when some of the “pictures”came to represent particular images in a consistent way,we can begin to describe the product as a form of pocture-writing or pictograms.An essential part of this use of a representative symbol is that everyone should use similar forms to convey roughly similar meaning.3.In time,this picture might take on a more fixed symbolic form and this type of symbol is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing,or ideograms4.distinction between pictograms and ideogramsThe more …picture-like‟ forms are pictograms,the more abstract ,derived forms are ideograms.A key property of both pictograms and ideograms is that they do not represent words or sounds in a particular language.5.when the relationship between the symbol and entity or idea becomes sufficiently abstract,we can be more confident that the symbol is being used to represent words in a language.when symbols come to be used to represent words in a language,they are described as examples of word-writing,or logograms.Logograms 语标书写法1.语标书写法定义：The term …cuneiform‟means …wedge-shaped‟ and inscription used by Sumerians were produced by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft clay tablets.。
Unit3 English Study language Study
10 percent discount “打九折 ” They can speak fluent English in their business to recommend commodities and to promote sales. 不定式短语做目的状语，意思是推销商品， 促进销售。
Those who have ever been to Xiushui Market would admire the salesgirls’ perfect English and this highlight also makes Xiushui Market more famous. and连接的并列句 who have ever been to Xiushui Market是定语 从句，修饰those, 意思是“那些曾经去过秀水市场 的人们都很赞赏女售货员们的完美英语，这一亮点也 使得秀水市场更加闻名。 Make+n+adj. “使得某人/某事物…” 这座古庙使得这个小镇出了名。 This old temple made the small town famous.
2. Who admires the salesgirls in Xiushui Market for their perfect English? All those who have ever been to Xiushui Market admire the salesgirls’ . perfect English.
1.英语角 英语角 2.英语演讲比赛 英语演讲比赛 3.促销 促销 4.推荐商品 推荐商品 5.付诸实践 付诸实践 6.放弃 放弃 7.满怀信心 满怀信心 8.毕业于 毕业于 9.起初 ，开头 起初 10.做更多的练习 做更多的练习
语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society
例如，人类语言学家对家庭成员关系在 不同文化中的表达方式进行了研究，对 于人们在某些社会文化活动，如庆典、 仪式及会议中的交际方式，他们也作了 研究，并将这些研究和特定社团的整体 结构联系起来。
Some areas of anthropological linguistics are closely related to areas of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication.
Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
7.1.1how does language relate
to culture?
Language study conducted in the past
Ever since the beginning of the eighteenth century, the linguistic inquiry of language has been either comparative and historical or structural and formalized in nature.
The furtherance of the theory by Halliday
The founder of systemic-functional linguistics,
He views language from a socially semiotic or interactional perspective, he interprets grammar functionally as a resource of meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.