英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system‟s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized

presentation.The realism always like a mirror reflecting the real life.the main representatives of realism include Jane Austen《Pride and Prejudice》、Charles Dickens《Great Expectations》、Mark Twain 《the Adventures of Tom Sawyer》.

Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that suggested that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism,Naturalistic writers were influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.The fittest，the survival is the famous sentence in his The origin of species.Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption,prostitution, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.Pessimism,detachment from the story,determinism and a surprising twist at the end of the story are the characteristics of literary naturalism.There tends to be in naturalist novels and stories a strong sense that nature is indifferent and hostile to human struggle.The term naturalism may have been used in this sense for the first time by Émile Zola.the main representatives of realism include Theodore Dreiser 《Sister Carrie》、Jack London《Martin Eden》Modernism has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. In particular the