外文资料翻译---工业控制系统与协同控制系统
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Development of New Sensor TechnologiesSensors are devices that can convert physical。
chemical。
logical quantities。
etc。
into electrical signals。
The output signals can take different forms。
such as voltage。
current。
frequency。
pulse。
etc。
and can meet the requirements of n n。
processing。
recording。
display。
and control。
They are indispensable components in automatic n systems and automatic control systems。
If computers are compared to brains。
then sensors are like the five senses。
Sensors can correctly sense the measured quantity and convert it into a corresponding output。
playing a decisive role in the quality of the system。
The higher the degree of n。
the higher the requirements for sensors。
In today's n age。
the n industry includes three parts: sensing technology。
n technology。
and computer technology。
机械类专业英语翻译
Flexible and Smart Online Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Rotating Machinery柔性的和智能的在线监测与故障诊断的旋转机械系统AbstractMonitoring the vibration signals of rotating machinery, ulteriorly, assessing the safety of equipment plays a significant role in ensuring the security of equipment and in saving maintenance fee. This paper integrated the idea of “configuration” in the industry control software, developed the “flexible” network-based online monitoring and fault diagnosis system. The network topology, configuration module, database, data acquisition workstation and monitoring components were presented. With the smart data acquisition strategy and strong adaptive monitoring tools, the system can be applied on kinds of rotating machinery, and the practical application of the system was introduced.Keywords – online monitor, flexible system, smart system, configuration, rotating machinery旋转机械振动信号的监测，进一步地说，在确保设备的安全性和节省维修费用上设备安全性的评估起到非常重要的角色。
工业控制系统如何实现与MES的协同优化
工业控制系统如何实现与MES的协同优化在当今高度数字化和智能化的制造业环境中，工业控制系统（ICS）和制造执行系统（MES）的协同优化成为了提升企业生产效率、质量控制和竞争力的关键。
ICS 主要负责实时控制和监测生产设备的运行，而 MES 则侧重于生产过程的管理和调度。
实现两者的协同优化，能够打破信息孤岛，实现生产流程的无缝衔接和优化。
首先，要实现 ICS 与 MES 的协同优化，必须建立有效的数据交互机制。
ICS 产生的大量实时数据，如设备状态、工艺参数、生产进度等，需要准确、及时地传输到 MES 中。
同时，MES 下达的生产计划、调度指令等也需要顺畅地传递给 ICS 执行。
为了确保数据的高效传输，可以采用标准化的数据接口和通信协议。
例如，OPC UA（Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture）就是一种广泛应用的工业通信标准，它能够实现不同厂商设备之间的互联互通。
在数据采集方面，要确保采集的全面性和准确性。
通过安装各类传感器和监测设备，对生产过程中的关键参数进行实时监测。
同时，采用先进的数据预处理技术，对采集到的数据进行清洗、筛选和转换，去除噪声和异常值，提高数据的质量和可用性。
只有高质量的数据，才能为协同优化提供可靠的基础。
其次，流程的整合与优化是实现协同的重要环节。
ICS 和 MES 所涵盖的业务流程需要进行梳理和整合，消除重复和冲突的环节。
例如，在生产排程方面，MES 根据订单需求和资源状况制定生产计划，ICS则根据生产计划实时调整设备的运行参数和工作模式，确保生产过程的高效进行。
通过这种紧密的流程协同，能够减少生产中的等待时间、降低库存水平，提高生产效率。
再者，人员的协作和培训也不可忽视。
ICS 和 MES 的操作人员需要了解彼此系统的功能和工作原理，建立良好的沟通机制。
定期开展跨部门的培训和交流活动，让双方人员能够更好地理解对方的工作需求和关注点。
工业控制系统安全防护指南 英文
工业控制系统安全防护指南英文Industrial control systems (ICS) are critical to the functioning of modern industrial processes, and they are increasingly being connected to the internet for remote monitoring and control. 工业控制系统（ICS）对现代工业过程的运行至关重要，并且越来越多地与互联网连接，用于远程监控和控制。
With this increased connectivity comes an increased risk of cyber-attacks, which could have devastating effects on industrial operations. 随着这种增加的连接性，网络攻击的风险也会增加，这可能对工业运营产生毁灭性的影响。
As such, it is vitally important for organizations to implement effective security measures to protect their ICS from potential threats. 因此，组织实施有效的安全措施来保护它们的ICS免受潜在威胁的侵害至关重要。
One of the key aspects of securing ICS is to ensure that all devices and systems are properly configured and maintained. 安全ICS的关键方面之一是确保所有设备和系统都得到了正确的配置和维护。
This includes regular software updates, patch management, and ensuring that default passwords are changed. 这包括定期进行软件更新，补丁管理，并确保更改默认密码。
关于控制系统中的PLC的选型方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院班级学生姓名学号关于控制系统中的PLC的选型方法摘要：在设计关于PLC的控制系统时，首先应确定该系统的控制方案，然后下一步工作是为该工程设计选择PLC的型号。
该控制系统运行过程中的特点和应用需求是PLC选型的主要依据。
PLC和相关设备应该根据综合、标准、以及容易形成一个整体的工业控制系统和易扩展其功能的原则选择器件的类型，所选择的PLC应在相关工业领域的有成功的应用成果、该PLC在控制系统中有成熟和可靠的运用制度，该PLC的硬件、软件配置和功能都可适应安装的规模和控制要求。
在设计该系统时知道它所使用的编程控制器，以及它的功能图像及相关的编程语言有利于缩短编程时间，因此，在选择该类型的项目设计和估算时，应先分析该项目的运行过程特点和控制要求，详细地明确该项目的控制任务和范围，根据操作和运动的要求，估算出输入和输出的数量、估计出存储器容量、测定功能的大小以及外部设备性能等，最后选择具有较高的性价比的PLC和相应的控制系统设计。
随着PLC在工业控制系统中的普及，PLC的数量和种类越来越多，功能也日趋完善。
近年来，刚刚介绍的PLC产品已有自美国、日本和德国以及国内厂家组装或独立发展成型，已有几十种系列，几百种型号。
PLC的类型众多，它的结构模型，性能、能力、指令系统和编程方法等各有不同，应用场合也各有不同。
因此，在自动控制系统中合理的选择PLC的型号有很重要的作用。
随着科技的不断进步，PLC的种类是越来越多，其功能也在逐渐增加强。
虽然本文总结了一些选择的方法，以及运用实例说明如何使用PLC，但在实际工作中它还必须做出适当的调整。
需要根据实际条件来用PLC设计工业控制系统，满足期望。
关键词：PLC；选型；控制系统1、介绍PLC的技术随着计算机和微电子技术的发展而得到迅速发展。
从开发出第一台PLC后，随着CPU的应用和单片机技术在PLC中的应用,形成现代意义上的第一台PLC。
自80年代到20世纪的第一个十年,随着微电子技术的大跃进，出现了大规模集成电路和超级大型微电子技术，16通道和32通道的微处理器的出现PLC得到了惊人的开发,这使得PLC在概念、设计、性价比以及应用上获得了新的突破，不仅控制功能增强,功耗和体积减少,成本下降,可靠性上升,编程和故障检测更加灵活和方便,同时远程通信网络、数据处理以及人机界面(HMI)也得到了快速的发展。
工业控制与PLC外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Industrial Control and PLCIndustrial control automation technology is an application of control theory, instrumentation, computers and other information technology, industrial production processes for detection, control, optimization, scheduling, management and decision-making, to increase production, improve quality, reduce consumption, to ensure the safety The purpose of the integrated technology, including industrial automation software, hardware and systems in three. Industrial control automation technology as the 20th century, the area of modern manufacturing technology, one of the most important, the main solution to the issue of productivity and consistency. Although the automation system itself does not directly create effective, but its production process to enhance the role of obvious.China's industrial automation control the path of development are the introduction of complete sets of equipment to carry out digestion and absorption at the same time, and then the development and application of a second. China's industrial control automation technology, industries and applications have a lot of development, China's industrial computer systems industry has been formed.At present, industrial control automation technology is the intelligent, network-based and integrated direction.To micro-PLC, network, PC and open developmentA long period of time, PLC in industrial control automation has always been the main battlefield of the field for a wide range of automation control equipment to provide highly reliable control, DCS and industrial PC with a trend of the three. At the same time, PLC also suffer from the impact of other technology products, especially industrial impact of PC.Currently, the PLC manufacturers around the world about 200, producing over 300 kinds of products. PLC is still abroad, the domestic market products, such as Siemens, Modicon, AB, OMRON, Mitsubishi, GE products. After years of development, the domestic manufacturers PLC about 30, but there is no large-scale production capacity and brand-name products, it can be said PLC has not yet formed in our manufacturing industry.PLC application in China is very active, the application of a wide range of industries. Experts estimate that in 2000 the domestic market sales of PLC for 15 (20 million units (of which about 90% of imports), about 25 (35 billion yuan, an annual growth rate of about 12%.Estimated that in 2005 the demand for National PLC will reach about 250,000 units, about 35 (45 billion yuan.PLC market is also reflected in the state of the world's manufacturing sector, fell sharply after 2000. However, in accordance with the Automation Research Corp forecasts, despite the global economic downturn, PLC market will recover, it is estimated that the global PLC market in 2000 for 7.6 billion U.S. dollars, by the end of 2005 to 7.6 billion U.S. dollars will return and continue to increase slightly.Miniaturization, networking, PC-based PLC and openness are the main directions of future development. PLC-based automation in the early, PLC bulky and expensive. However, in recent years, micro-PLC (less than 32 I / O) has occurred, the price only a few hundred euros.With the soft PLC (Soft PLC) control configuration software to further improve and develop, is equipped with soft-PLC configuration software and PC-based control of the market share will gradually increase.At present, the field of process control, one of the biggest trends is the expansion of Ethernet technology, PLC is no exception. PLC is now a growing number of suppliers providing Ethernet interface. It is believed that, PLC will continue to open the direction of the transfer of control systems, especially PC-based industrial control systems.(Source: Industrial Network)Small size, diversification, PC and open the future development direction of DCS. DCS is currently a small market share has been gradually and PLC, industrial PC, FCS sharing. First of all, the future may be small-scale DCS system with the integration of these three, and "soft DCS" technology will first be developed small-scale DCS.PC-based control will be more widely used in small and medium-sized process control, the DCS will also be vendors have been offering PC-based small-scale industrial DCS systems. Open to the DCS system at the same time two-way upward and downward extension of the production process from field data across the enterprise within the free flow of information technology and control technology, seamlessly integrated to control the direction of the development of monitoring and control.Information technology industry is defined as industrial production, management, business process, through the information infrastructure, in anintegrated platform of information acquisition, information transmission, information processing and comprehensive utilization of such information.To develop as a result of industrial automation is to speed up the transformation of traditional industries to upgrade and improve the overall quality of enterprises, improve the country's overall national strength, adjusting the industrial structure, to invigorate large and medium-sized enterprises, the rapid and effective ways and means, the state will continue through the implementation of a series of high-tech industry of industrial process automation of special, using information technology to stimulate industrialization and the promotion of industrial automation technology to further develop and strengthen technological innovation, to achieve industrialization and economic development to solve the underlying problem, to further improve the overall quality of the national economy and overall national strength, the development by leaps and bounds.To develop as a result of industrial automation is to speed up the transformation of traditional industries to upgrade and improve the overall quality of enterprises, improve the country's overall national strength, adjusting the industrial structure, to invigorate large and medium-sized enterprises, the rapid and effective ways and means, the state will continue through the implementation of a series of high-tech industry of industrial process automation of special, using information technology to stimulate industrialization and the promotion of industrial automation technology to further develop and strengthen technological innovation, to achieve industrialization and economic development to solve the underlying problem, to further improve the overall quality of the national economy and overall national strength, the development by leaps and bounds.工业控制与PLC工业控制自动化技术是一种运用控制理论、仪器仪表、计算机和其它信息技术，对工业生产过程实现检测、控制、优化、调度、管理和决策，达到增加产量、提高质量、降低消耗、确保安全等目的的综合性技术，主要包括工业自动化软件、硬件和系统三大部分。
【机械类文献翻译】新一代工业控制系统, 可编程自动化控制发展的未来
Downloading more PAC technical paper andvideo frequency course——新一代工业控制系统,可编程自动化控制发展的未来PACPAC——Has produced along with many merchants can unify the PC function and the PLC reliable programmable automation controller(PAC),at present the control system gradually started to use PAC.This white paper introduced PAC the origin as well as it with PLC and the PC difference,and had pointed out will use PAC the industry to control the future development direction.随着许多厂商已生产出能结合PC功能和PLC可靠性的可编程自动化控制器（PAC），目前控制系统已逐渐开始采用PAC。
本白皮书介绍PAC的起源以及它与PLC和PC的区别，并指出了使用PAC的工业控制未来发展方向。
Table of contents目录PAC will become the future the industry control mode"80-20"principleConstructs a better controllerTwo kind of different softwares solutionPAC vision and survey applicationPAC has avoided to the special hardware needLabVIEW uses in the automated control•PAC将成为未来的工业控制方式•“80-20”法则•构建更好的控制器•两种不同的软件解决方案•PAC的视觉和测量应用•PAC免除了对专门硬件的需要•LabVIEW用于自动化控制NI PAC systemNI PAC系统PAC will become the future the industry control mode with compares based on the PC control system,related PLC(programmable logical controller)the superiority and the inferiority intense argument has already continued for ten years.Because PC and PLC are more and more small in the technical difference,and has used the commercialization along with PLC(COTS)the hardware as well as PC can use the real-time operating system,thus appeared one kind of new form controller-PAC.The PAC concept is(ARC)proposes by the automation development facility,it expressed the programmable automated controller,used in describing unified PLC and the PC function new generation of industry controller.The traditional PLC merchant uses PAC the concept to describe their high end system,but PC control merchant then uses for to describe their industrialization to control the platform.PAC将成为未来的工业控制方式和基于PC控制系统相比，有关PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）优势和劣势的激烈争论已经持续了十年。
外文翻译--关于PLC的控制应用
PLC Control of the Application1 MotivationProgrammable Logic Controllers (PLC), a computing device invented by Richard E.Morley in1968,have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. At that time, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (RLL), a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days.Although PC based control has started to come into place, PLC based control will remain the technique to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. Moreover, according to a study on the PLC market of Frost and Sullivan[1995], an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million PLCs per year with the hardware value of more than 8 billion US dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. The inventor of the PLC, Richard E Morley, fairly considers the PLC market as a 5-billion industry at the present time.Particularly, practical problems in PLC programming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. Though the hardware costs of PLCs are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost PLCs can be used.In general, the productivity in generating PLC is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, VLSI design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. Existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the PLC based software design because PLC-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. The software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. In many industrial design projects, more than SO0/a of the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled for testing and debugging PLC programs [Rockwell, 1999].In addition, current PLC based control systems are not properly designed to support the growing demand for flexibility and reconfigure ability of manufacturing systems. A further problem, impelling the need for a systematic design methodology, is the increasing software complexity in large-scale projects.1 Objective and Significance of the ThesisThe objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for PLC operated automation systems. The design methodology involves high-level description based on state transition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. The tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the control software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. The goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the experience of the individual software developer.A systematic approach to designing PLC software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial applications. Automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. Formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. State machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired goals. Secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. Thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- An ability to produce control software executable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. In particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.(1) Customer-Driven ManufacturingIn modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. A major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. Design and operational knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice.(2) Higher Degree of Design Automation and Software QualityStudies have shown that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. For instance, the programming of PLCs still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. As a result, the delays and resources in programming are a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. Testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the PLC program design. Standards [IEC 60848, 1999; IEC-61131-3, 1993; IEC 61499, 1998; ISO 15745-1, 1999] have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design.A systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will provide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. Likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads.(3) System ComplexityThe software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. Steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. The result is that massive and less efficient software code on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. Secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. Particularly, PLC programs have evolved from a couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of I/O points. Increased safety, for instance new policies on fire protection, and the flexibility of modern automation systems add complexity to the program design process. Consequently, the life-cycle cost of software is a permanently growing fraction of the total cost. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs.(4) Design Theory DevelopmentToday, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. One of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extending it to thefield of engineering systems design. A system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. Particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. Furthermore, building a bridge between design theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.(5) Application in Logical Hardware DesignFrom a logical perspective, PLC software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. Modern VLSI designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years [Whitney, 1996]. The design process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. At component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. At system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. In general, a complete verification is impossible. Hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the PLC program design may impact the logical hardware design.关于PLC的控制应用1 前言可编程序的逻辑控制器（PLC），是由Richard E. Morley 于1968年发明的，如今已经被广泛的应用于生产、运输、化学等工业中。
工业自动化控制系统简介
工业自动化控制系统简介学好工业控制系统的第一步，了解其组成以及各个名词。
今天先带大家通过一张拓扑图直观的了解一下系统全貌。
对于细分知识点有兴趣的朋友可以留言。
ICS（Industrial control system）工业控制系统，包括SCADA、DCS、PLC等，广泛用于电力、水利、能源、数据采集等工业领域，是由各种自动化控制组件以及对实时数据进行采集、监测的过程控制组件，共同构成的确保工业基础设施自动化运行、过程控制与监控的业务流程管控系统。
工业控制系统涵盖了多种类型的控制系统，其中较常见又容易混淆的控制系统包括数据采集与监控系统(SCADA)、分布式控制系统（DCS）、可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）、远程终端单元（ RTU ）等。
SCADA（Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition）数据采集与监视控制系统。
它集成了数据采集系统、数据传输系统和HMI软件，以提供集中的监视和控制，可用于控制分散的资产。
主要用于控制点分散，一个系统可能覆盖方圆数千公里，比如天然气的长输管道、电力调度系统等等。
DCS（Distributed Control System）分布式控制系统，侧重于过程控制领域（如化工、冶炼、制药等），主要是一些现场参数的监视和调节控制。
主要是用于在同一地理位置环境下，控制生产过程的系统。
通常特点为：地理位置集中，但控制点数多，控制回路复杂。
PLC（Programmable Logic Controller）可编程序控制器，侧重于对装置/设备的逻辑控制。
RTU（RemoteTerminal Unit）远程终端单元，对远程站点的现场数据测量功能强，通常安装于危险、恶劣的远程生产现场。
强调通讯功能RTU/PLC是设备层术语，两者通常是SCADA系统的组成部分。
ESD（Emergency Shutdown Device）紧急停车系统，专用的安全保护系统是90年代发展起来的，以它的高可靠性和灵活性而受到一致好评。
PLC控制系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
PLC控制系统一、PLC概述可编程控制器是60年代末在美国首先出现的，当时叫可编程逻辑控制器PLC （Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用来取代继电器。
以执行逻辑判断、计时、计数等顺序控制功能。
提出PLC概念的是美国通用汽车公司。
PLC的基本设计思想是把计算机功能完善、灵活、通用等优点和继电器控制系统的简单易懂、操作方便、价格便宜等优点结合起来，控制器的硬件是标准的、通用的。
根据实际应用对象，将控制内容编成软件写入控制器的用户程序存储器内,使控制器和被控对象连接方便。
70年代中期以后，PLC已广泛地使用微处理器作为中央处理器，输入输出模块和外围电路也都采用了中、大规模甚至超大规模的集成电路，这时的PLC已不再是仅有逻辑(Logic)判断功能，还同时具有数据处理、PID调节和数据通信功能。
国际电工委员会(IEC)颁布的可编程控制器标准草案中对可编程控制器作了如下的定义：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。
它采用了可编程序的存储器，用来在其内部存储执行逻辑运算，顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字式和模拟式的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。
可编程控制器及其有关外围设备，易于与工业控制系统联成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的设计。
可编程控制器对用户来说，是一种无触点设备，改变程序即可改变生产工艺。
目前，可编程控制器已成为工厂自动化的强有力工具，得到了广泛的普及推广应用。
可编程控制器是面向用户的专用工业控制计算机，具有许多明显的特点。
①可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；②编程直观、简单；③适应性好；④功能完善，接口功能强二、PLC的历史1968年，Richard E. Morley创造出了新一代工业控制装置可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),现在，PLC已经被广泛应用于工业领域，包括机械制造也、运输系统、化学过程设备、等许多其他领域。
工业控制系统安全防护指南 英文
工业控制系统安全防护指南英文English:Industrial control systems (ICS) play a critical role in managing and controlling various processes within industries such as manufacturing, energy, and transportation. However, these systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to their interconnectedness and reliance on networked technologies. To enhance the security and protection of ICS, it is essential to follow a comprehensive cybersecurity framework that includes risk assessment, access control, network segmentation, and incident response planning. Conducting regular security assessments and audits can help identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system, allowing for timely remediation before any potential threats materialize. Moreover, establishing strong authentication mechanisms, implementing robust firewalls and intrusion detection systems, and ensuring timely software updates are critical components of safeguarding ICS from cyber threats. Employee training and awareness programs can also play a crucial role in preventing social engineering attacks and unauthorized access to the system. By implementing these security measures and staying vigilant against emerging cyber threats, organizations caneffectively protect their industrial control systems from potential harm.中文翻译:工业控制系统（ICS）在制造业、能源和运输等行业中管理和控制各种工艺起着至关重要的作用。
自动化常用英文缩写
自动化常用英文缩写自动化是指利用计算机技术和控制理论，对生产过程、工程设备和工业系统进行控制和管理的一种技术手段。
在自动化领域中，有许多常用的英文缩写词汇，这些缩写词汇在工程、科研和学术交流中被广泛使用。
下面是一些常见的自动化相关英文缩写及其解释：1. PLC：Programmable Logic Controller，可编程逻辑控制器。
它是一种数字化计算机，用于控制生产过程中的机械和电气设备。
PLC广泛应用于工业自动化领域，用于实现自动化控制和监控。
2. SCADA：Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition，监控与数据采集系统。
SCADA系统用于监视、控制和采集工业过程中的数据，可以实时显示和记录数据，并进行报警和故障处理。
3. DCS：Distributed Control System，分布式控制系统。
DCS系统是一种集中式控制系统，用于监控和控制工业过程中的设备和系统。
它具有分布式的控制器和操作站，可以实现对整个工业过程的集中控制和管理。
4. HMI：Human Machine Interface，人机界面。
HMI是一种用于人机交互的设备或者软件系统，用于实现人员与自动化设备之间的信息交流和操作控制。
5. CNC：Computer Numerical Control，计算机数控。
CNC是一种通过计算机控制数值指令来控制机床运动的技术。
它可以实现对机床的自动化控制和加工操作。
6. MES：Manufacturing Execution System，创造执行系统。
MES系统用于管理和控制创造过程中的生产活动，包括计划调度、物料管理、质量控制等。
7. AI：Artificial Intelligence，人工智能。
AI是一种摹拟人类智能的技术，可以用于自动化系统中的决策、优化和学习。
8. IoT：Internet of Things，物联网。
IoT是指通过互联网连接和通信的物理设备和对象的网络。
PLC控制系统外文翻译
附录Abstract: Programmable controller in the field of industrial control applications, and PLC in the application process, to ensure normal operation should be noted that a series of questions, and give some reasonable suggestions.Key words: PLC Industrial Control Interference Wiring Ground Proposal DescriptionOver the years, programmable logic controller (hereinafter referred to as PLC) from its production to the present, to achieve a connection to the storage logical leap of logic; its function from weak to strong, to achieve a logic control to digital control of progress; its applications from small to large, simple controls to achieve a single device to qualified motion control, process control and distributed control across the various tasks. PLC today in dealing with analog, digital computing, human-machine interface and the network have been a substantial increase in the capacity to become the mainstream of the field of control of industrial control equipment, in all walks of life playing an increasingly important role.ⅡPLC application areasCurrently, PLC has been widely used in domestic and foreign steel, petroleum, chemical, power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental and cultural entertainment and other industries, the use of mainly divided into the following categories:1. Binary logic controlReplace traditional relay circuit, logic control, sequential control, can be used to control a single device can also be used for multi-cluster control and automation lines. Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machine, lathe, grinding machines, packaging lines, plating lines and so on.2. Industrial Process ControlIn the industrial production process, there are some, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level and speed, the amount of continuous change (ie, analog), PLC using the appropriate A / D and D / A converter module, and a variety of control algorithm program to handle analog, complete closed-loop control. PID closed loop control system adjustment is generally used as a conditioning method was more. Process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control and so forth have a very wide range of applications3. Motion ControlPLC can be used in a circular motion or linear motion control. Generally use a dedicated motion control module, for example a stepper motor or servo motor driven single-axis or multi-axis position control module, used in a variety of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions.4. Data ProcessingPLC with mathematics (including matrix operations, functions, operation, logic operation), data transfer, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, bit manipulation functions, you can complete the data collection, analysis and processing. Dataprocessing is generally used, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the major control system5. Communications and networkingPLC communication with the communication between PLC and the PLC and other communications between intelligent devices. Along with the development of factory automation network, the PLC now has communication interface, communication is very convenient.ⅢApplication features of PLC1. High reliability, strong anti-interferenceHigh reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC as the use of modern large scale integrated circuit technology, using the strict production process, the internal circuits to the advanced anti-jamming technology, with high reliability. Constitute a control system using PLC, and the same size compared to relay contactor system, electrical wiring and switch contacts have been reduced to hundreds or even thousands of times, fault also greatly reduced. In addition, PLC hardware failure with self-detection, failure alarm timely information. In the application software, application are also incorporated into the peripheral device fault diagnosis procedure, the system is in addition to PLC circuits and devices other than the access protection fault diagnosis. In this way, the whole system extremely high reliability.2. Fully furnished, fully functional, applicabilityPLC to today, has formed a series products of various sizes, can be used for occasions of all sizes of industrial control. In addition to processing other than logic, PLC data, most of computing power has improved, can be used for a variety of digital control in the field. A wide variety of functional units in large numbers, so that penetration to the position of PLC control, temperature control, CNC and other industrial control. Enhanced communication capabilities with PLC and human-machine interface technology, using the PLC control system composed of a variety of very easily.3. Easy to learn, well engineering and technical personnel welcomePLC is facing the industrial and mining enterprises in the industrial equipment. It interfaces easily, programming language easily acceptable for engineering and technical personnel. Ladder language, graphic symbols and expressions and relay circuit very close to are not familiar with electronic circuits, computer principles and assembly language do not understand people who engage in industrial control to open the door.4. System design, the workload is small, easy maintenance, easy to transformPLC logic with memory logic instead of wiring, greatly reducing the control equipment external wiring, make the control system design and construction of the much shorter period, while routine maintenance is also easier up, even more important is to change the procedures of the same equipment has been changed production process possible. This is particularly suitable for many varieties, small batch production situations.(1)Installation and wiring●Power lines, control lines and power lines and PLC I / O lines should be split wiring, isolation transformer and PLC and I / O should be used between the cable connection Shuangjiao. The PLC's IO lines and power lines go separate lines, such as to be in the same groove, the separation of bundled communication lines, DC lines, if conditions allow, the best sub-groove alignment, not only will it have the greatest possible distance and can reduce the noise to a minimum.●PLC should stay away from strong interference sources such as welding, high-power silicon rectifier devices and large power equipment, not with the high-voltage electrical switch installed in the same cabinet. PLC in the cabinet should stay away from power lines (the distance between the two should be more than 200mm). And PLC cabinets installed within the same inductive load, such as large power relay, contactor coil, arc should be parallel RC circuit.●PLC input and output separately from the best alignment, switch and analog should be laid separately. The transmission of analog signals should be shielded cable, one end or both ends of the shield should be grounding resistance should be less than the shielding layer 1 / 10.●AC output line and DC output lines do not use the same cable, the output line should be far from power lines and power lines, to avoid parallel.(2)I / O wiring terminalInput Connection●Input wiring generally not too long. But if the environment interfere with small, small voltage drop, the input terminal can be properly longer.●Input / output lines can not be used with a cable, input / output lines should be separated.●The extent possible, normally open contact form to connect to the input in the establishment of the ladder and relay the same schematic, easy to read。
PLC控制系统英文文献+翻译
PLC控制系统英文文献+翻译PLC控制系统英文文献+翻译Beer filling, Gland machine PLC control system 1.Intorduction Malt beer production process is divided into manufacturing, manufacturing wort, before fermentation, after fermentation, filtration sterilization, packaging, and so few procedures. Beer filling, Gland part of a packaging machine processes. The membrane filtration of beer after the pipeline into the rotary Jiugang, then the valve into the bottle of wine, Gland, was bottled beer. Beer filling, Gland machine's efficiency and degree of automation direct impact on the level of beer production.China's beer industry to meet the increasing scale of production and the demand for beer modern high-speed filling machinery filling the requirements of domestic beer manufacturers are actively seeking to transform the unit or the filling of beer production equipment, making it a good use Performance, advanced technology and high production efficiency and operating a safe and secure, low maintenance costs of the modernization of beer filling machine. 2. Filling beer, Gland principle and control aircraft partsLiquid filling machine by filling principle can be divided into atmospheric filler,filling machines and vacuum pressure on the filling machine. Beer filling,Gland-filling method used pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure under the filling, storage of the cylinder pressure than the pressure of the bottle, beer bottle into the liquid on pressure.Technology at home and abroad to achieve the filling line is basically: The Rotary Jiugang the rotating movement, placed in Jiugang slots on the empty bottles through the machinery will befixed at the upper Jiugang vacuum valve to open, closed Vacuum bottles for good treatment, Bozhuan stem from operating, open the valve of the bottle filling CO2 gases, vacuum convex .Round to open the vacuum valve, the bottle will air mixed with CO2 out of gas, open the valve again, the CO2 gas bottle filling, the filling valve on the pressure valve in the bottle close to back-pressure gas pressure at the open-Jiuye Pingbi into the bottle, through pneumatic or electrical control filling valve to achieve the filling of beer.Today's advanced international beer filling, Gland machine control system mainly by the photoelectric switch position detection part and take the bottles with, Jiugang speed part, dominated by the PLC, touch screen and other components. Filling, Gland of the mechanical structure and PLC programmable control devices, frequency stepless speed regulation, human-computer interface, and other modern means of complete automatic control technology, the combination of a mechanical and electrical integration.3. Controlled part of the programmeMany domestic beer manufacturers are now using the filling, Gland of the control system of uneven degree of automation; button and all the manual switch technology have set up operations in a box on the panel, PLC controller for the majority of Japanese companies or OMRON Mitsubishi's early products, equipment chain of control, less protection settings, plus the beer filling the scene poor environment, humidity, such as contact with the switch contacts serious corrosion, the system's signal detection of the high failure rate, resulting in equipment control system Operation of low reliability, the normal operation of equipment, such as short-cycle phenomenon.To the actual transformation of the Dandong Yalu River Brewery Co., Ltd. of filling, Gland machine control system as an example, the transformation of methods to clarify the control of such equipment thinking and ideas, according to the scene of the actual process conditions, to prepare the operation of the PLC Procedures. For beer filling, Gland control system of the actual situation and in accordance with the actual process conditions at the scene, re-design of the equipment of the PLC control system. This transformation of the same methods and ideas can be applied to other liquids and the transformation of filling equipment. 3.1 system hardware configurationJapan's Mitsubishi Corporation to use the FX2N128MRPLC use the system to replace the original 2-OMRON's C60P PLC, the original system of the PLC is due to old models, and computer on-line communications need to configure special converters, the system need to increase the external I / O input points , The extension of spare parts more difficult to find. FX2N128MRPLC is an integrated 128-point I / O controller of the box, a computing speed, command rich, high-cost performance, on-line programming simple and easy extension of the advantages of the Mitsubishi FX series, features the strongest small controller .(1) by the Mitsubishi 900 series of 970 GOT human-computer touch screen system to replace the original use of the button panel display equipment and monitor the operation of operating parameters. 970GOT HMI for the 16-color high-brightness significantly, through the convergence of connectivity and FX2N128MRPLC directly connected to the CPU, achieving rapid response. Has many maintenance features, such as the list-editing features, ladder monitoring (troubleshooting) function, the system monitoring functions to find fault and maintenanceof PLC Systems.(2) filling, Gland of the frequency converter in the transformation of no replacement, on-site detection signal means-testing is still used switch, switch for detecting long-term work in the humidity of the great occasions, the choice of capacitive proximity switches, according to PLC I / O terminal of the connection mode, select the type of close PNP switch, the control system of Figure 1. 3.2 Systems Programming PLC controller programming focus and the core is around Jiugang the rotation speed control and Jiugang on 60 bottles of detecting the location of the displaced, broken bottles, empty bottles at the location of testing and related displacement filling Such as control valves. The bottles displacement of testing procedures, using a Mitsubishi PLC in the left command.Figure 1 control system structure diagram .Bottles displacement of detection, using the left-PLC command, which commands the whole of one of the core control procedures, the main electrical switch detection and bottles at the bottle simultaneously detect mobile, the main motor to every week, just to the corresponding Jiugang Have a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 60 bottles of the unit for the M500 ~ M559, the number of units by the first letter K is set to K60, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M50 Reaction of the empty bottles in the short position, and detect the location of the motor speed to go on the frequency shift in the corresponding unit within the built-in "1" or "0", control valves and the corresponding mixing caps The motor stopped and opened. Continuous detection system in place after the 90 empty bottles, stop stirring caps the motor running, testing the number of bottles in accordance with the user's requirements canbe arbitrary.A bottle of detection. Rotary Jiugang through pressure to back pressure with the bottle of liquor in the process of empty bottles in the back-pressure, because the bottle itself may crack and other reasons leading to a sudden burst bottles, which need to detect the location of unexploded bottle bottle, in this bottle - The position opened purge solenoid valves, compressed air out, broken bottles at the bottle-blowing from the position in a row after the purge and several bottles of the electromagnetic valve open jet, a high-pressure spray Shuizhu, in the break Bottle position around a few bottles of spray bottles in a row.Detection of broken bottles and bottle-detection switch simultaneously detect movement of breaking bottles, to the main motor of each week, precisely corresponding Jiugang passed a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 20 broken bottles at the unit for the M600 ~ M619, unit With the number of the first letter K is set to K20, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M52 response to the location of the broken bottles and detected the location of the motor speed to the frequency shift continue, In the corresponding unit within the built-in "1" or "0", control and the corresponding jet purge solenoid valve opened and stopped. Continuous Spray and purge solenoid valve open to listen, time stopped in accordance with technological requirements can be arbitrary.System security is to control access to the caps simultaneously tracking, not only accurately detect the electrical switching speed detection, the broken bottles into the bottle and detection switch detection switch three conditions.970GOT human-computer touch-screen terminals operated by the software company's Mitsubishi GT WORKS package, whichis a GT Designer with the entire GOT9000 series of graphics software packages. The package is simple, prior to a personal computer simulation on the configuration and debug, after the man-machine operators to download terminals. At the same time, because the man-machine interface and a touch-screen role, will set common switch on the screen to facilitate the operation. And also to increase the number of features, such as setting alarm information. 4.After transformation control systemSystem at the normal operation of the machine for automatic control, in accordance with bottles into and out of the bottle for lack or slow pace set by running into the bottle stall bottles, no less than a bottle cap, automatic washing bottles burst, filling automatic back-pressure position , Covered under the system automatically lose covered a stop and safety protection, such as the coordination of action interlock. All the original button after the operation of the touch screen on. 5.Detection of the state control system monitoringDetection switch into the bottle and break bottles detection switch bottles of pressure by testing each part of the small metal plates above the location of a photoelectric pulse output, a further PLC acquisition, as each bottle of the pressure above the small metal plates is the location of activities , In the machine running after some time, some pressure above the small bottles of iron tablets and detection switch in the location of displacement, resulting in detection switch mistaken judgement, if not for the judgement of bottles of bottles, bottle explosion Lou Jian, misuse, such as the seizure of output errors So that the PLC have mistaken action, such as a back-pressure, unexploded bottle blowing, washing, stirring cap control system malfunction, such as failure phenomenon.Before the transformation of the daily production process, encountered this phenomenon, the operatives could only switch to the various functional or manual control buttons reach the stall so that the equipment work in the absence of monitoring state, the machine lost control function. Caused a lot of production of raw materials such as gas, water, wine waste. Only in the production of intermittent, can be fitter and maintenance electrician in accordance with the detection of small switch on the light-emitting diodes and anti-displacement by adjusting the distance only 5 ~ 8 mm detection switch installation location, and switch to fix detection of small metal plates Gap. This means of detection is very backward, after adjustment reaction to the results, timely response can not be adjusted results.In view of this testing situation, after the transformation of the filling, Gland control system configuration, this part of a new detection and integration in human-computer touch screen, complete bottle of detection.In human-computer touch screen interface on the page display, respectively, at customs, such as electromagnetic motor mixing valve switch state are in different colors to show, very intuitive.Increase the system's functions is to ensure the irrigation of the machine-Gland normal operation of automated control system specifically designed to. 6 Concluding remarks After the transformation of the control system will greatly simplify the complicated mechanical structure, the running and control of inspection, the degree of automation systems meet the design requirements, greatly reducing the operational strength of the labor so that the shrub-like beer output than in the past Raising more than 30 percent, greatly reduce the failure rate.Embodies the modern equipment of automatic control technology. In the digestion and absorption of today's industrial control on the basis of advanced technology innovation, development of domestic technology from the most advanced filling control system.啤酒灌装、压盖机PLC控制系统1、引言啤酒生产过程分为麦芽制造、麦芽汁制造、前发酵、后发酵、过滤灭菌、包装等几道工序。
(完整word版)单片机外文文献翻译
中文资料原文单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
自动化控制英文缩写解释
自动化控制英文缩写解释自动化控制英文缩写解释：自动化控制是指利用计算机、机械、电子技术等自动化技术手段，对生产过程或系统进行监测、控制和调节的过程。
在自动化控制领域中，有许多常用的英文缩写术语。
以下是对一些常见自动化控制英文缩写的详细解释：1. PLC：Programmable Logic Controller（可编程逻辑控制器）PLC是一种用于工业自动化控制系统的数字计算机，它能够监测输入信号，根据预设的逻辑程序进行处理，并输出控制信号，实现对生产过程的自动化控制。
2. SCADA：Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition（监控与数据采集）SCADA系统是一种用于监控和控制大型工业过程的软件和硬件系统。
它能够实时采集和显示生产过程中的数据，并提供远程控制和操作功能，以帮助运营人员监控和管理生产过程。
3. DCS：Distributed Control System（分散控制系统）DCS是一种分布式的控制系统，它由多个控制器和分布式输入/输出设备组成，用于对复杂的工业过程进行控制和监测。
DCS系统具有高可靠性、可扩展性和灵活性，广泛应用于化工、电力、石油等领域。
4. HMI：Human-Machine Interface（人机界面）HMI是指人与机器之间进行信息交互和操作的界面。
它通常以触摸屏或显示屏的形式呈现，提供直观的图形界面和操作控制，使操作人员能够方便地监控和控制自动化系统。
5. PID：Proportional-Integral-Derivative（比例-积分-微分）PID是一种常用的控制算法，用于对系统进行闭环控制。
它通过比较实际输出值与设定值之间的差异，计算出控制量，并根据比例、积分和微分的权重进行调节，以实现对系统的精确控制。
6. CNC：Computer Numerical Control（计算机数控）CNC是一种利用计算机控制的数控系统，用于对机床等设备进行精确的控制和操作。
工业控制系统如何实现与SCADA的协同创新
工业控制系统如何实现与SCADA的协同创新在当今高度自动化和信息化的工业领域，工业控制系统（ICS）和监控与数据采集系统（SCADA）的协同创新成为了提高生产效率、保障生产安全和优化运营管理的关键。
工业控制系统负责直接控制和监测工业生产过程中的各种设备和流程，而 SCADA 系统则侧重于数据采集、监控和远程控制。
两者的协同创新不仅能够实现更高效的生产管理，还能为企业带来更大的竞争优势。
首先，我们来了解一下工业控制系统和 SCADA 系统的基本概念和功能。
工业控制系统是由各种硬件和软件组成的集成系统，包括传感器、控制器、执行器、通信网络等，旨在实现对工业生产过程的精确控制和调节。
它能够实时监测生产过程中的参数，如温度、压力、流量等，并根据预设的控制策略对设备进行控制，以确保生产过程的稳定性和产品质量的一致性。
SCADA 系统则是一种用于远程监控和数据采集的系统，它通过与现场设备和传感器进行通信，获取大量的实时数据，并将这些数据传输到中央监控室或控制中心。
在那里，操作人员可以通过图形界面直观地了解生产现场的情况，并进行远程控制和调度。
那么，如何实现工业控制系统与 SCADA 系统的协同创新呢？一方面，要实现通信协议的标准化和兼容性。
由于工业控制系统和SCADA 系统可能来自不同的供应商，采用不同的通信协议，这就给两者之间的数据交换和协同工作带来了困难。
因此，需要制定统一的通信标准，确保不同系统之间能够无缝通信。
例如，广泛采用的工业以太网协议、Modbus 协议等，为系统之间的互联互通提供了基础。
在硬件方面，要选择性能强大、稳定性高的设备。
工业生产环境通常较为恶劣，存在高温、高湿度、电磁干扰等因素，因此需要选用能够适应这种环境的硬件设备。
同时，为了提高系统的处理能力和响应速度，还需要配备高性能的服务器、控制器和网络设备。
软件的协同也是至关重要的。
工业控制系统的控制软件和 SCADA系统的监控软件需要进行深度集成，实现数据的实时共享和交互。
中英文翻译---工业控制系统和协同控制系统
INDUSTRIAL AND COLLABORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS- A COMPLEMENTARY SYMBIOSIS –-Looking at today‟s control system one can find a wide variety of implementations. From pure industrial to collaborative control system (CCS) tool kits to home grown systems and any variation in-between. Decisions on the type of implementation should be driven by technical arguments Reality shows that financial and sociological reasons form the complete picture. Any decision has it‟s advantages and it‟s drawbacks. Reliability, good documentation and support are arguments for industrial controls. Financial arguments drive decisions towards collaborative tools. Keeping the hands on the source code and being able to solve problems on your own and faster than industry are the argument for home grown solutions or open source solutions. The experience of many years of operations shows that which solution is the primary one does not matter, there are always areas where at least part of the other implementations exist. As a result heterogeneous systems have to be maintained. The support for different protocols is essential. This paper describes our experience with industrial control systems, PLC controlled turn key systems, the CCS tool kit EPICS and the operability between all of them.-INTRODUCTIONProcess controls in general started at DESY in the early 80thwith theinstallation of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator HERA (Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage). A new technology was necessary because the existing hardware was not capable to handle standard process controls signals like4 to 20mA input and output signals and the software was not designed to run PIDcontrol loops at a stable repetition rate of 0.1 seconds. In addition sequence programs were necessary to implement startup and shutdown procedures for the complex cryogenic processes like cold boxes and compete compressor streets.Soon it was necessary to add interfaces to field buses and to add computing power to cryogenic controls. Since the installed D/3 system[1] only provided an documented serial connection on a multibus board, the decision was made to implement a DMA connection to VME and to emulate the multibus board‟s functionality. The necessary computing power for temperature conversions came from a Motorola MVME 167 CPU and the field bus adapter to the in house SEDAC field bus was running on an additional MVME 162. The operating system was VxWorks and the application was the EPICS toolkit.Since this implementation was successful it was also implemented for the utility controls which were looking for a generic solution to supervise their distributed PLC‟s.A SELECTION OF PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS AT DESYDCS (D/3)As a result of a market survey the D/3 system from GSE was selected for the HERA cryogenic plant. The decision was fortunate because of the DCS character of the D/3. The possibility to expand the system on the display- and on the I/O side helped to solve the increasing control demands for HERA. The limiting factor for the size of the system is not the total number of I/O but the traffic on the communication network. This traffic is determined by the total amount of archived data not by the data configured in the alarm system. The technical background of this limitation is the fact that archived data are polled from the display servers whereas the alarms are pushed to configured destinations like alarm-files, (printer) queues or displays.SCADA Systems with DCS Features (Cube)The fact that the D/3 system mentioned above had some hard coded limitations with respect to the Y2K problem was forcing us to look for an upgrade or a replacement of the existing system. As a result of a call for tender the company Orsi with their product Cube came into play [2]. The project included a complete replacement of the installed functionality. This included the D/3 as well as the integration of the DESY field bus SEDAC and the temperature conversion in VME. The project started promising. But soon technical and organizational problems were pushing the sche dule to it‟s limits which were determined by the HERA shutdown scheduled at that time. The final acceptance test at the vendors site showed dramatic performance problems. Two factors could be identified as the cause of these problems. The first one was related to the under estimated CPU load of the 6th grade polynomial temperature conversion running at 1 Hz. The second one was the additional CPU load caused by the complex functionality of the existing D/3 system. Here it was underestimated that each digital and analog input and output channel had it‟s own alarm limits in the D/3 system. In a SCADA like system as Cube the base functionality of a channel is to read the value and make it available to the system. Any additional functionality must be added. Last not least the load on the network for polling all the alarm limits – typically for a SCADA system – was also driving the network to it‟s limits.Finally the contract with Orsi was cancelled and an upgrade of the D/3 system was the only possible solution. It was finally carried out in march 2003.In any case it should be mentioned that the Cube approach had the advantage of a homogeneous configuration environment (for the Cube front end controllers) – compared with heterogeneous environments for …pure‟ SCAD A systems.SCADA (PVSS-II)The H1 experiment at the HERA accelerator decided to use PVSS-II for an upgrade of their slow control systems[3]. The existing systems were developed by several members of the H1 collaboration and were difficult to maintain. Thedecision to use PVSS as a replacement was driven by the results of an extensive survey carried out at CERN by the Joint Controls Project [4]. PVSS is a …pure‟ Supervisory And Data Acquisition System (SCADA). It provides a set of drivers for several field buses and generic socket libraries to implement communication over TCP/IP. The core element is the so called event manager. It collects the data (mostly by polling) from the I/O devices and provides an event service to the attached management services like: control manager, database manager, user interface, API manager and the built in HTTP server. The PVSS scripting library allows to implement complex sequences as well as complex graphics. Compared with other SCADA systems PVSS comes with one basic feature: it provides a true object oriented API to the device‟s data.One major disadvantage of SCADA systems is the fact that two databases, the one for the PLC and the one for the SCADA system must be maintained.Integrated environments try to overcome this restriction.EPICSEPICS has emerged at DESY from a problem solver to a fully integrated control system. Starting from the data collector and number cruncher for the cryogenic control system, EPICS made it‟s way to become the core application for the DESY utility group. In addition it is used wherever data is available through VME boards or by means of Industry Pack (IP) modules. For those cryogenic systems which are not controlled by the D/3 system EPICS is used with it‟s complete functionality. In total ab out 50 Input Output Controller (IOC) are operational processing about 25 thousand records.1 EPICS as a SCADA SystemThe utility group ( water, electrical power, compressed air, heating and air conditioning) is using a variety of PLC‟s spread out over th e whole DESY site.EPICS is used to collect the data from these PLC‟s over Profibus (FMS and DP) and over Ethernet (Siemens H1 and TCP). The IOC‟s provide the interfaces to the buses and collect the data. The built in alarm checking of the EPICS records is used to store and forward alarm states to the alarm handler (alh) of the EPICS toolkit. In addition tools like the channel archiver and the graphic display (dm2k) are used. The default name resolution (by UDP broadcast) and the directory server (name server) are used to connectclient and server applications over TCP. All of these are basically SCADA functions.The textual representation of all configuration files ( for the IOC, the graphic tool, the alarm handler and the archiver) provides a flexible configuration scheme. At DESY the utility group has developed a set of tools to create IOC databases and alarm configuration files from Oracle. This way the controls group provides the service to maintain the EPICS tools and the IOC‟s while the users can conc entrate on the equipment being controlled.2 EPICS as a DCS SystemBesides the basic components of a SCADA system EPICS also provides a full flavoured Input Output Controller (IOC). The IOC provides all of the function a DCS system requires, such as: a standard set of properties implemented in each record, built in alarm checking processed during the execution of each record;control records like PID etc.; configuration tools for the processing engine. The flexible naming scheme and the default display and alarm properties for each record ease the connection between the operator tools and the IOC‟s. The flexible data acquisition supports the poll mode as well as the publish subscribe mode.The latter reduces the traffic drastically.PLC‟sPLC‟s provide n owadays the same rich functionality as it was known from stand alone control systems in the past. Besides the basic features like the periodic execution of a defined set of functions they also allow extensive communication over Ethernet including embedded http servers and different sets of communication programs. Besides the communication processors, display processors can be linked to PLC‟s to provide local displays which can be comprised as touch panels for operator intervention and value settings.These kind of PLC‟s are attractive for turn key systems which are commissioned at the vendors site and later integrated into the customers control system. Intelligent I/ONew developments in I/O devices allow to …cluster‟ I/O in even smaller groups and connec t theses clustered I/O channels directly to the control system. PLC‟s are not any more necessary for distributed I/O. Simple communication processors for any kind of field buses or for Ethernet allow an easy integration into the existing controls infrastructure. Little local engines can run IEC 61131 programs.The differences between PLC‟s and intelligent I/O subsystems fade away.FUNCTIONALITYThe ever lasting question why control systems for accelerators and other highly specialized equipment are often home grown or at least developed in a collaboration but only in rare cases commercial shall not be answered here. We try to summarize here basic functionalities of different controls approaches. Front-end ControllerOne of the core elements of a control system is the front-end controller. PLC‟s can be used to implement most of the functions to control the equipment. The disadvantage is the complicated access to the controls properties. For instance all of the properties of a control loop like the P, I and D parameter, but also the alarm limits and other additional properties must be addressed individually in order to identify them in the communication protocol and last not least in the display-, alarm- and archive programs. In addition any kind of modifications of theseembedded properties is difficult to track because two or more systems are involved. This might be one strong argument why control loops are mainly implemented on the IOC level rather than PLC‟s.1 I/O and Control LoopsComplex control algorithms and control loops are the domain of DCS alike control systems. The support for sets of predefined display and controls properties is essential. If not already available (like in DCS systems) such sets of generic properties are typically specified throughout a complete control system (see namespaces).2 Sequence/ State programsSequence programs can run on any processor in a control system. The runtime environment depends on the relevance of the code for the control system.Programs fulfilling watchdog functions have to run on the front-end processor directly. Sequence programs for complicated startup and shutdown procedures could be run on a workstation as well. The basic functionality of a state machine can be even implemented in IEC 61131. Code gen erators can produce …C‟ code which can be compiled for the runtime environment.3 Supported HardwareThe support for field buses and Ethernet based I/O is a basic functionality for SCADA type systems it is commercially available from any SCADA system on the market. The integration of specific hardware with specific drivers and data conversion is the hard part in a commercial environment. Open API‟s or scripting support sometimes help to integrate custom hardware. If these tools are not provided for the control system it is difficult –if not impossible - to integrate custom hardware.New industrial standards like OPC allow the communication with OPC aware devices and the communication between control systems. One boundary condition for this kind of functionality is the underlying operating system. In the case of OPC it is bound to DCOM which is a Microsoft standard. UNIX based control systems have a hard time to get connected. Only control systems supporting multiple platforms can play a major role in a heterogeneous environments.As a result the limited support for custom- or specialized hardware may give reason for the development of a new control system.Display and OperationBesides the front-end system the operator interfaces play a major role for the acceptance of a control system. SCADA tools come with a homogeneous look and feel throughout their set of tools. Toolkits implemented in a collaboration might vary because the individual tools were developed by different teams.1 GraphicSynoptic displays are the advertising sign for any control system. Commercial synoptic displays come with a rich functionality and lots of special features.Starting to make use of all these features one will find out that all individual properties of the graphic objects must be specified individually. Since SCADA systems must be generic they cannot foresee that an input channel does not only consist of a value but also consists of properties like display ranges and alarm values. Defining all of these properties again and again can be a pretty boring job.Some systems allow to generate prototypes of graphic objects. These prototype or template graphics are complex and need a specialist to generate them.DCS or custom synoptic display programs can make use of the common set of properties each I/O point provides. This predefined naming scheme will fill in all standard property values and thus only require to enter the record –or device name into the configuration tool. A clear advantage for control systems with a notion of I/O objects rather than I/O points.2 AlarmingAlarms are good candidates to distinguish between different control system architectures. Those systems which have I/O object implemented also provide alarm checking on the front-end computer. Those systems which only know about I/O points have to add alarm checking into the I/O processing. While the I/O object approach allows to implement alarm checking in the native programming language of the front-end system, I/O point oriented systems typically have to implement this functionality in their native scripting language. This is typically less efficient and error prone because all properties must be individually configured. This leads to a flood of properties. Not only the error states for each I/O point wind up to be individual I/O points but also the alarm limits and the alarm severity of each limit must be defined as I/O points if it is desired to be able to change their values during runtime.Besides this impact on the configuration side the processing and forwarding of alarms makes the difference between SCADA and DCS systems. Since SCADA systems inherently do not …know‟ about alarms, each alarm state must be polled either directly from the client application or in advanced cases from an event manager which will forward alarm states to the clients. In any case a lot of overhead for …just‟ checking alarm limits. DCS system again have the advantage that clients can either register themselves for alarm states und thus get the information forwarded or are configured to send alarmchanges to certain destinations spread around the control system. The latter case is only possible for systems which in total are configured with all the nodes taking part in the controls network.3 Trending and ArchivingTrending has become an important business in control systems architectures.Trends are necessary to trace error conditions or for post mortem and performance analysis of the controlled plant. Besides some customimplementations which are capable to store the data of complete control objects, most of the trending tools archive scalar data. Additional features like conditional trending or correlation plots make up the difference between individual implementations.4 Programming InterfacesWith respect to open programmin g interfaces PLC‟s and DCS systems have a common strategy. They are running reliably because there‟s no way to integrate custom code which could interfere with the internal processing. As a consequence the customer has to order …specials‟ - which are extremely expensive – or forget about it and use the system as a black box.Since SCADA systems by definition must be able to communicate with a variety of I/O subsystems they already have some built in API‟s which allow to integrate custom functionality.Specially collaborative systems need a certain openness to fulfill all the requirements from various development groups. Programming interfaces on all levels like font-end I/O, front-end processing, networking etc. are mandatory. A clear advantage for this type of system.5 RedundancyIf redundancy means the seamless switch which takes over all the states and all the values of the I/O and all states of all programs currently running, it is a domain of only a few DCS systems. Custom or CCS implementation do not provide this kind of functionality. Maybe because of the immense effort and the fact that it is only required in rare cases.Besides processor redundancy, redundant networks or I/O subsystems are available for certain commercial DCS systems. Again –a domain which is not covered by SCADA or CCS implementations.Advanced safety requirements may be covered by redundant PLC subsystems.These are for instance installed in (nuclear) power plants. Requirements for Personal Protection Systems (PPS) can sometimes only be fulfilled by redundant PLC‟s. In process controls redundant PLC‟s are only used in rare cases.6 NamespaceThe flat namespace of SCADA systems has already been described in the alarm section. Some SCADA systems (like PVSS-II) provide the notion of control objects or structured data which is a rare case. In all other cases so called field objects must be specified. These are objects which consist of a list of properties (implemented as I/O points) and a set of methods ( implemented asmacros or function calls). One of these approaches is the UniNified Industrial COntrol System (UNICOS) at CERN [5].DCS systems and most of the custom/ collaborative systems are record –or device oriented. The difference being that typically one record is connected to asingle I/O point and provides this way all sub features of a record implementation like individual engineering units, display- and alarm limits. The device oriented approach allows to connect several I/O points. The major difference being the fact that an object oriented device implementation provides methods and states for a device while (EPICS) records only serve a certain set of built in functions.Naming hierarchies are not specific to a type of implementation. They are available for some systems of any kind. For sure hierarchical naming schemes are desirable.IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESAfter having shown all the possible controls approaches it is time to have a look at the implementation of control systems.Starting from the I/O level one has to decide whether commercial solution are required, feasible or wanted. Special I/O does not always require custom solution for the font-end controller. Signals can be converted into standard signals but this does not apply for all kinds of signals. Resolution, repetition rates and signal levels might require custom developments which must be integrated into the overall control architecture. Even if the signals can not be connected to standard I/O interfaces it might be possible to develop I/O controllers which implement a field bus interface which allow the integration with commercial control systems.Once this level of integration is not possible custom front-end controllers like VME crates come into play.Besides the decision whether special I/O requires dedicated custom solutions one has to decide who will do which part of the work? Does for instance the necessity of VME crates prohibit the delivery of a …turn key‟ system built by industry? Or does a PLC based front-end system require a commercial SCADA system for high level controls?Turn Key SystemsIt is a clear trend in industry to deliver turn key systems. It allows a modular design of the whole system. Individual components can be subcontracted to several companies and tested locally. Once delivered to the construction site the primary acceptance tests have already been passed and the second phase, to integrate the subsystem into the global control system begins.While the detailed specification of control loops etc. is now part of the subsystems contract, the customer has to specify clearly how much information of the subsystem must be made available, what the data structures will look like and which connection (field bus/ Ethernet) will be used.Most turn key systems are delivered with PLC‟s. Th e construction of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) has shown that also a VME based I/O system running a CCS – in this case EPICS – can be successfully commissioned [6].PLC Based SystemsPLC based systems are a consequence of the turn key ansatz. The next obvious approach might be to look besides commercial PLC‟s also for commercial SCADA systems. The advantage is clearly the same like for the PLC: stable software, no programming – only configuration, support and good documentation.At DESY we have successfully established a relation between the controls group which provides a CCS service based on EPICS and the utility group which uses the EPICS configuration tools to set up their control environment. The big advantage though being that the EPICS code can be adjusted to the special requirements from both sides.Industrial SolutionsThe difference between CCS solutions and commercial solutions is fading away as soon as industry starts to deliver and support collaborative control systems. At KEK a company was contracted to supply programmers for the KEK-B upgrade.These programmers were trained in writing drivers and application code for EPICS. As a result the KEK-B control system is a mixture of software developed partly by industry and partly in house. This is another example for an industrial involvement for a CCS implementation.COSTThe question: “Was is the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a PC?” has kept people busy since PC‟s exist. The answers vary to all extremes. The question what is the TCO of a control system might give similar results.If you go commercial you have to pay for the initial licenses the implementation which is typically carried out by the supplier or by a subcontractor, and you pay for the on going software support which might or might not include the update license fee.If you go for a collaborative approach, you might contract a company or implement everything on your own. A question of …time and money‟ as industry says. You will have more freedom and flexibility for your implementations but also a steeper learning curve. You can rely on the collaboration to provide new features and versions or you can contribute yourself. A major difference calculating the long term costs for a control system.At DESY one can roughly estimate that the (controls application)-support for a commercial approach – here D/3 - and the -support for a collaborative approach –here EPICS - is nearly the same. The software support and upgrade license fee is equivalent to one and a half FTE‟s – which is about the manpower necessary to support new hardware and to upgrade EPICS.CONCLUSIONSDepending on the size and the requirements for a controls project the combination of commercial solutions and solutions based on a collaborative approach is possible in any rate between 0 and 100 percent. This applies for all levels from implementation tolong term support. Special requirements on safety issues or a lack of manpower might turn the scale commercial. The necessity to interface special hardware, special timing r equirements, the …having the code in my hands‟ argument or the initial costs for commercial solutions will turn the scale collaborative. As long as collaborative approaches like EPICS stay up to date and run as stable and robust as commercial solutions, both will keep their position in the controls world in a complementary symbiosis.外文翻译译文工业控制系统和协同控制系统当今的控制系统被广泛运用于许多领域。
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外文资料翻译工业控制系统与协同控制系统当今的控制系统被广泛运用于许多领域。
从单纯的工业控制系统到协同控制系统（CCS），控制系统不停变化，不断升级，现在则趋向于家庭控制系统，而它则是这两者的变种。
被应用的控制系统的种类取决于技术要求。
而且，实践表明，经济和社会因素也对此很重要。
任何决定都有它的优缺点。
工业控制要求可靠性，完整的文献记载和技术支持。
经济因素使决定趋向于协同工具。
能够亲自接触源码并可以更快速地解决问题是家庭控制系统的要求。
多年的操作经验表明哪个解决方法是最主要的不重要，重要的是哪个可行。
由于异类系统的存在，针对不同协议的支持也是至关重要的。
本文介绍工业控制系统，PlC controlled turn key 系统，和CCS工具，以及它们之间的操作。
引言：80年代早期，随着为HERA(Hadron-Elektron-Ring-Anlage)加速器安装低温控制系统，德国电子同步加速器研究所普遍开始研究过程控制。
这项新技术是必需的，因为但是现有的硬件没有能力来处理标准过程控制信号，如4至20毫安的电流输入和输出信号。
而且软件无法在0.1秒的稳定重复率下运行PID控制回路。
此外，在实现对复杂的低温冷藏系统的开闭过程中，频率项目显得尤为重要。
有必要增加接口解决总线问题并增加运算能力，以便于低温控制。
因为已安装的D / 3系统[1] 只提供了与多总线板串行连接，以实现DMA与VME的连接并用其模拟多总线板的功能。
温度转换器的计算功能来自一个摩托罗拉MVME 167 CPU和总线适配器，以及一个MVME 162 CPU。
其操作系统是VxWorks，而应用程序是EPICS。
由于对它的应用相当成功，其还被运用于正在寻找一个通用的解决方案以监督他们的分布式PLC的公共事业管理。
德国电子同步加速器研究所对过程管理系统的筛选集散控制系统（D/ 3）：市场调查表明：来自GSE的D / 3系统被HERA低温冷藏工厂选中。
因为集散控制系统（D/ 3）的特性，所以这决定很不错。
在展示端和I / O端扩展此系统的可能将有助于解决日益增加的HERA试验控制的要求。
制约系统的大小的因素不是I / O的总数，通信网络的畅通与否。
而通信网络的畅通与否取决于不存档的数据总量，不取决于报警系统中配置的数据。
拥有DCS特点（Cube）的SCADA系统：相对于Y2K问题促使我们寻找一个升级版或者代替版来代替现有的系统而言，以上提到的D / 3系统有一些硬编码的限制。
由于急需给Orsi公司提供他们的产品，Cube开始起作用了[2]。
该项目包括安装功能的完全更换。
这包括D / 3，以及德国电子同步加速器研究所的集成总线SEDAC和VME的温度转换器。
该项目很有前景。
但是因为HERA试验原定时间是有限制的，所以技术问题和组织问题也迫使计划提前。
在供应商网站上的最后验收测试又出现了戏剧性的性能问题。
有两个因素引起了这些问题。
第一个跟低估在1赫兹运行的6级温度转换器的CPU负荷有关。
第二个由现有D / 3系统复杂的功能造成的额外负荷引起的。
每个数字和模拟输入和输出通道在D / 3系统里的自身报警限值也被低估了。
所有的附加功能都必须添加进去。
最后，所有网络负载的报警限值，尤其是SCADA 系统，也促使网络生成了限制。
最后，与Orsi公司的合同被取消了。
升级的D / 3系统是唯一可能的解决办法。
在2003年3月，此系统最后被付诸实践。
现在，相比“纯粹”SCADA系统的异质环境，Cube有同质配置环境的优势。
SCADA（PVSS -Ⅱ）：在HERA加速器上的H1实验中，实验人员为升级他们的低速控制系统，决定使用PVSS -Ⅱ。
现有的系统是由H1合作组的几名成员开发的，而现在却难以维持了。
在CERN由联合控制项目[4]进行的广泛调查促使他们做出使用PVSS作为代替品的决定。
PVSS是一个“纯粹”的监控和数据采集系统（SCADA系统）。
其核心元素叫做事件管理器。
它收集的数据主要是由I/ O设备提供。
它还提供附加的管理服务，如：控制经理，数据库管理，用户界面，API经理以及在建的HTTP 服务器。
该PVSS脚本库允许执行复杂的序列以及复杂的图形。
相比其他SCADA 系统PVSS带有一个基本特点：它提供了API给设备的数据。
SCADA系统的一个主要缺点是其中的两个数据库，一个为PLC’s服务，另一个为SCADA系统服务，这两个数据库必须维持。
集成环境将努力克服这个限制。
EPICS：在德国电子同步加速器研究所，EPICS从问题解决系统演化成了全集成控制系统。
从成为低温控制系统的数据收集器和数量控制器，EPICS成为了德国电子同步加速器研究所公用事业集团使用的核心系统。
此外，通过 Industry Pack （IP）模块的手段，它还能运用于通过VME板卡的任何数据。
EPICS通过其完整的功能，运用于没有由D / 3系统控制的低温冷藏系统。
所有大约50个输入输出控制器运作大约25000业务处理记录。
作为一个SCADA系统的EPICS：该公共事业组（水，电，压缩空气，加热和调温）使用各种散布在整个德国电子同步加速器研究所网站上的PLC。
IOC向客户提供接口并采集数据。
此外，如通道归档和图形显示（dm2k）会被使用。
默认名决议和目录服务器（域名服务器）用于连接在TCP客户端和服务器应用程序。
所有这些都是基本的SCADA 功能。
所有的配置文件（图形工具，报警处理程序和归档）提供了一种灵活的配置方案。
德国电子同步加速器研究所公用事业集团已制定了一套工具来创建IOC 数据库和配置文件。
这样，控制组提供的服务保持EPICS工具，而用户可以精力集中在被控制的设备上了。
作为一个DCS系统的EPICS：作为SCADA系统的基本组成部分，EPICS还提供完整的输入输出控制器（IOC）。
IOC提供所有功能DCS系统要求，如：实施每个记录的标准的属性；执行每个记录时的报警检查过程；控制记录，如PID。
灵活的命名方案，默认的显示和每个记录的报警属性缓和了运作工具和IOC之间的连接。
灵活的数据采集模式，支持调查模式以及发布订阅模式。
后者大大降低了信息拥堵的情况。
PLC’s：PLC’s同样提供丰富的功能，因为以前它是独一无二的控制系统。
此外，定期执行一个确定功能的基本特征也让他们通过以太网通信，包括内置的HTTP服务器和不同集合的通讯方案。
除了通信处理器，显示器能和PLC’s连接。
智能I / O：I / O设备上的新发展允许在更小的群体中集群I / O并把这些集群I / O 渠道链接到控制系统。
PLC’s对于分布式I / O已不再重要。
PLC’s和智能I / O子系统的差别正在消失。
功能持续不断的问题，如为什么控制系统的加速器和其他高度专业化的设备联合协同发展。
但是，在极少数情况下，只通过商业的立场时难以回答的。
在这里，我们试图总结不同控制方法的基本功能。
前端控制器：对控制系统的核心要素之一，是前端控制器。
PLC’s可用于实施控制功能的设备。
它的缺点就是复杂，难以达到控制属性。
例如确定通信协议和最后在显示、报警和归档方案，一个控件的所有属性像P，I和D参数，还有报警限制及其他附加的属性必须得到解决。
另外，这些嵌入式属性修改是很难寻觅，因为其中涉及两个或两个以上轨道系统这可能是一个有力的论据是，为什么控制回路主要实施在IOC层面，而不是PLC’s层面。
I / O和控制回路复杂的控制算法和控制回路和域名DCS控制系统一样。
对显示和控件的属性的支持是必不可少的。
频率/国家计划在控制系统中，频率程序可以运行任何处理器。
运行时环境取决于相关代码。
控制系统程序直接履行运行前端处理器的监控。
为复杂的启动和关闭处理程序设立的频率程序也可以运行工作站。
国家机器的基本功能在IEC 61131中得到了落实。
编码发电机可以产生C代码。
硬件支持对现场总线和起源于I / O的Ethernet的支持是为SCADA系统服务的一个基本功能。
所有SCADA系统在市场商业运作中是可行的。
配置特定驱动器和数据转换器的集成硬件在商业环境中是一个难点。
开放API或脚本支持有时有助于整合用户的硬件。
如果不向控制系统提供这些工具，就很难整合客户硬件。
新的工业标准，如OPC，和OPC设施联系，还和控制系统之间互相联系。
这种功能的基本条件是强调操作系统。
在这种情况下，OPC更趋向于微软的DCOM 标准。
基于控制系统的UNIX很难互相连接。
只有支持多平台的控制系统可以在异构环境中发挥主要作用。
由于为客户或专业硬件的支持有限，所以新的控制系统有理由得到发展。
显示和操作除了前后系统，操作接口在控制系统的兼容过程中有重要的作用。
因为个人呢工具由不同的团队开发，所以协作实现的工具包可能变动。
1图形天气显示是任何控制系统的广告招牌。
商业天气显示也有着丰富的功能和许多特色。
开始使用所有这些特征，所有这些功能的使用人会发现，所有个别属性的图形对象要分别指定。
一个输入通道不只由物业的价值决定的，而且更由包括像展出范围和报警值决定的。
一再分辨所有性能可能是个非常乏味的工作。
有些系统产生图形原型对象。
这些原型图形或模板很复杂，但需要一个专家来生产。
DCS或自定义天气显示程序使用常见的I / O点属性集。
这个预定义的命名方案填写标准的属性值，因此只需要进入记录，或设备名称进入配置工具。
2 报警系统警报可以很好的区分不同的控制系统架构。
实现I / O对象的这些系统在前后端电脑提供警报检查。
只能读懂I / O点的系统在I / O处理过程中添加了警报检查。
I / O对象途径在前后端系统的本土项目语言安插了警报检测。
，I / O点导向系统通常要在他们的脚文本语言中实现这种功能。
这是通常效率较低且容易出错，因为所有属性必须被单独配置，这导致了一系列特性。
不仅为每个I / O点的错误状态结束是个人的I / O点，但报警限值和每个报警的轻重，应当限制定义为I / O点，如果它希望能够改变运行值。
这种影响在SCADA和DCS系统之间也形成了影响。
SCADA系统本就读不懂报警系统。
DCS系统的优势在于管理人员既可以登记警报状态，从而提前得到信息，控制蔓延到在控制系统周围的变化。
后一种情况是唯一可能的系统。
3 趋势和归档趋势已成为控制系统架构中的一个重要的业务。
趋势是必要的跟踪误差条件。
实现的数据存储有能力储存完整控制目标，大部分的趋势工具标量数据存档。
附加特性如条件趋向或相关情节在个人实施起了影响。
4编程接口关于开放编程接口，PLC’s和DCS系统有相同策略。
他们运行可靠，因为他们没有办法整合可定制的合作去干涉内部处理。
因此，客户定制精品，这个极其昂贵的。
由于SCADA系统必须能够与多种I / O子系统连接已经在API上建立了I / O子系统以整合自定义功能。