癌症生物学
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locus in which the two copies of the gene carry different versions (alleles) of the gene
HSR
Figure 1.12a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
1.5 Cancer-causing mutations occur in both the germ line and the soma
germ cells (生殖細胞) – sperms & eggs
B. deletion
C. inversion
M-band fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) reveals (B) a deletion and (C) an insertion of a portion of chromosome 5
Figure 1.12d The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
- 1.4 - 1.5 -
Mar 1, 2007
Human Chromosomes (during metaphase)
p centromere
q
Figure 1.11a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Chromosome Banding (1970s)
2. DM (double minutes)
- a segment is cleaved out of a chromosome, replicate as an autonomous, extrachromosomal entity, and increase to many copies per nucleus, resulting in the appearance of subchromosomal fragments
- germline transmission of mutations
soma (身體) – the animal or plant body as a whole with
the exception of the sex cells
- somatic mutations
Some cancers are hereditary, but most are caused by somatic mutations.
A-1. translocation
A-2. reciprocal translocation
Ph1
The smaller of the two resulting abnormal chromosomes is called the Philadelphia chromosome, after the city where the abnormality was first recorded.
One Renegade Cell – R. A. Weinberg (1998) 細胞反叛 (天下文化)
Curing Cancer – M. Waldholz (1997) 致癌基因之謎 (商業週刊)
Chapter 1 The Biology and Genetics of Cells and
Organisms
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
C-banding stains centromeres.
R-banding is the reverse of C-banding and stains noncentromeric regions.
G-banding is obtained with Giemsa stain. It yields a series of lightly and darkly stained bands.
Robert A. Weinberg
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer – R. A. Weinberg (1996) 追獵癌症：癌症病因研究之路 (天下文化)
The Diploid Karyotype of a Normal Cell
Figure 1.11b The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
1.4 Chromosomes are altered in most types of cancer cells
Sidebar 1.3 Cancer cells are often aneuploid
Euploidy – normal configuration (numbers & pairs) of chromosomes
Aneuploidy – changes in chromosome number → acquisition of extra copies of one chromosome or the loss of another
D. amplification
1. HSR (homologously staining region)
- a segment of a chromosome is copied
many times over, and the resulting extra copies may be fused head-to-tail in long arrays within a chromosomal segment
allele – one alternative among different versions of a gene
that may be defined by the phenotype that it creates, by the protein that it specifies, or by its nucleotide sequence
karyotype – the array of chromosomes carried by a cell, as
determined by detailed examination of these chromosomes, usually performed with condensed chromosomes at metaphase
haploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes
are present in a single copy
diploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes are
present in pairs, one of each pair being inherited from a father and the other from a mother, with the exception of the sex chromosomes, which in placental mammals are paired in either the XX or the XY configuration.
癌症生物學
1. 授課老師:
生命科學系胡承波教授 辦公室: 基礎科學實驗館 206A 電話: 分機 2479 或 2480 手機 0920734688 e-mail: cphu@thu.edu.tw
2. 課程目的: 瞭解癌症生物學的內涵、機制、及發展。
3. 授課方式: a. 以 powerpoint 講課 b. 提出問題，由同學發表意見及討論 c. 同學分組報告及討論
Q-banding is a fluorescent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. The pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in Gbanding.
p: the short arm above the centromere, e.g., p13, p23 q: the long arm below the centromere, e.g., q22, q32
6. 教科書: Weinberg, R. A. The Biology of Cancer.
Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007
7. 隨時歡迎同學的口頭或書面建議
The Biology of Cancer
Robert A. Weinberg Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007
You need to fully understand the following terms
haploid, diplod karyotype allele homozygous, heterozygous genotype, phenotype dominant, recessive incomplete dominant co-dominance
- Identification of chromosomes or the chromosome rearrangement in cells
- The interaction of certain alkylating (adding - CH3) fluorochromes (e.g., quinacrine mustard) and histochemical stains (e.g., Giemsa stain) with specific regions of chromosomes produces “bands” along the chromosomes that can be used to fingerprint each chromosome pair. The patterns obtained depend on the treatment used.
Cancer cells often exhibit: a. presence of extra copies of chromosome b. loss of entire chromosomes c. fusion of the arm of one chromosome with part of another d. aberrantly structured chromosomes
4. 對同學的期許:
a. 準時上課，如無法出席，須以電話(留言)、 e-mail、簡訊…請假
b. 閱讀英文教科書 c. 主動參與討論，表達自己的想法及看法 d. 分組口頭報告 (事先與老師討論) e. 對同學的報告提出問題、討論及評量 f. 隨堂考試、期中考試、期末考試
5. 成績考核：
由多方面考核；如準時出席、上課反應、小組參與、 口頭報告、自發學習、隨堂考試、期中考及期末考
The aneuploid karyotype of a human breast cancer cell
Figure 1.11c The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Chromosomes may undergo changes in the structure :
homozygous – referring to the configuration of a genetic
locus in which the two copies of the gene carry identical versions (alleles) of the gene
heterozygous - referring to the configuration of a genetic
HSR
Figure 1.12a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
1.5 Cancer-causing mutations occur in both the germ line and the soma
germ cells (生殖細胞) – sperms & eggs
B. deletion
C. inversion
M-band fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) reveals (B) a deletion and (C) an insertion of a portion of chromosome 5
Figure 1.12d The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
- 1.4 - 1.5 -
Mar 1, 2007
Human Chromosomes (during metaphase)
p centromere
q
Figure 1.11a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Chromosome Banding (1970s)
2. DM (double minutes)
- a segment is cleaved out of a chromosome, replicate as an autonomous, extrachromosomal entity, and increase to many copies per nucleus, resulting in the appearance of subchromosomal fragments
- germline transmission of mutations
soma (身體) – the animal or plant body as a whole with
the exception of the sex cells
- somatic mutations
Some cancers are hereditary, but most are caused by somatic mutations.
A-1. translocation
A-2. reciprocal translocation
Ph1
The smaller of the two resulting abnormal chromosomes is called the Philadelphia chromosome, after the city where the abnormality was first recorded.
One Renegade Cell – R. A. Weinberg (1998) 細胞反叛 (天下文化)
Curing Cancer – M. Waldholz (1997) 致癌基因之謎 (商業週刊)
Chapter 1 The Biology and Genetics of Cells and
Organisms
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
C-banding stains centromeres.
R-banding is the reverse of C-banding and stains noncentromeric regions.
G-banding is obtained with Giemsa stain. It yields a series of lightly and darkly stained bands.
Robert A. Weinberg
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer – R. A. Weinberg (1996) 追獵癌症：癌症病因研究之路 (天下文化)
The Diploid Karyotype of a Normal Cell
Figure 1.11b The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
1.4 Chromosomes are altered in most types of cancer cells
Sidebar 1.3 Cancer cells are often aneuploid
Euploidy – normal configuration (numbers & pairs) of chromosomes
Aneuploidy – changes in chromosome number → acquisition of extra copies of one chromosome or the loss of another
D. amplification
1. HSR (homologously staining region)
- a segment of a chromosome is copied
many times over, and the resulting extra copies may be fused head-to-tail in long arrays within a chromosomal segment
allele – one alternative among different versions of a gene
that may be defined by the phenotype that it creates, by the protein that it specifies, or by its nucleotide sequence
karyotype – the array of chromosomes carried by a cell, as
determined by detailed examination of these chromosomes, usually performed with condensed chromosomes at metaphase
haploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes
are present in a single copy
diploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes are
present in pairs, one of each pair being inherited from a father and the other from a mother, with the exception of the sex chromosomes, which in placental mammals are paired in either the XX or the XY configuration.
癌症生物學
1. 授課老師:
生命科學系胡承波教授 辦公室: 基礎科學實驗館 206A 電話: 分機 2479 或 2480 手機 0920734688 e-mail: cphu@thu.edu.tw
2. 課程目的: 瞭解癌症生物學的內涵、機制、及發展。
3. 授課方式: a. 以 powerpoint 講課 b. 提出問題，由同學發表意見及討論 c. 同學分組報告及討論
Q-banding is a fluorescent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. The pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in Gbanding.
p: the short arm above the centromere, e.g., p13, p23 q: the long arm below the centromere, e.g., q22, q32
6. 教科書: Weinberg, R. A. The Biology of Cancer.
Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007
7. 隨時歡迎同學的口頭或書面建議
The Biology of Cancer
Robert A. Weinberg Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007
You need to fully understand the following terms
haploid, diplod karyotype allele homozygous, heterozygous genotype, phenotype dominant, recessive incomplete dominant co-dominance
- Identification of chromosomes or the chromosome rearrangement in cells
- The interaction of certain alkylating (adding - CH3) fluorochromes (e.g., quinacrine mustard) and histochemical stains (e.g., Giemsa stain) with specific regions of chromosomes produces “bands” along the chromosomes that can be used to fingerprint each chromosome pair. The patterns obtained depend on the treatment used.
Cancer cells often exhibit: a. presence of extra copies of chromosome b. loss of entire chromosomes c. fusion of the arm of one chromosome with part of another d. aberrantly structured chromosomes
4. 對同學的期許:
a. 準時上課，如無法出席，須以電話(留言)、 e-mail、簡訊…請假
b. 閱讀英文教科書 c. 主動參與討論，表達自己的想法及看法 d. 分組口頭報告 (事先與老師討論) e. 對同學的報告提出問題、討論及評量 f. 隨堂考試、期中考試、期末考試
5. 成績考核：
由多方面考核；如準時出席、上課反應、小組參與、 口頭報告、自發學習、隨堂考試、期中考及期末考
The aneuploid karyotype of a human breast cancer cell
Figure 1.11c The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007)
Chromosomes may undergo changes in the structure :
homozygous – referring to the configuration of a genetic
locus in which the two copies of the gene carry identical versions (alleles) of the gene
heterozygous - referring to the configuration of a genetic