英国历史文化论文精编版
英国文化研究相关论文范文
英国文化研究相关论文范文英国文化的求实创新精神、民主公平的竞争意识、崇尚个人自由等文化特色对我国的文化建设有着积极的借鉴作用。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英国文化论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英国文化论文篇1浅谈英国旅游文化摘要：英国这一称呼，来源于英格兰(England)。
当我们说起英国，联想到的往往是伦敦的雾气和钟声，著名学府牛津、剑桥，或彬彬有礼却冷淡的英国绅士，这些都是英格兰的典型形象。
实际上，英国的版图包括了由英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰三部分构成的不列颠岛及爱尔兰北部的一部分地区，正式名称为“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”，这也就是其英文简称U.K或G.B的原因。
不列颠这个词来源于古凯尔特语，意思是“多彩”。
确实，苏格兰苍凉的荒原、康沃尔湛蓝的海水、威尔士宁静的乡村、曼彻斯特喧闹的夜生活都共存于这个岛国之中，绘成了一幅斑斓多彩的画卷。
关键词：英国;旅游;风景1、格林威治皇家气息十足的建筑亨利五世于15世纪时设立了皇家庄园，并于后来分封给其同父异母的兄弟格洛斯特公爵(Duke Humphrey of Gloucester)。
大约在1433年，格洛斯特公爵将现为格林威治公园(英国最老的皇家公园)的地方圈起来并新建了一座河畔宫殿。
后来继位的亨利六世和亨利七世对该宫殿进行了修缮，并将其重命名为“普拉森舍宫”(Palace of Placentia)，又名“令人愉悦的地方”。
亨利八世于1491年生于普拉森舍。
他是一个有强迫症的建筑师和一个热情的骑师，他进一步改造了建筑形态，其中包括修建了新的小礼堂、马厩、带塔的骑士比武场及画廊。
1515年，亨利八世还在格林威治公园里驯养了鹿，现在，这些鹿所繁衍的后代仍生活在那里。
亨利八世与凯瑟琳及安妮的婚礼分别都是在格林威治宫举行的，而他的女儿伊丽莎白和玛丽也出生于此。
她们后来分别都成为了英格兰的统治者，即玛丽一世和伊丽莎白一世。
世界闻名的格林威治皇家天文台始建于1675年，位于伦敦东南郊的格林威治花园中。
英语作文英国的文化
British culture is a rich tapestry woven from the history,traditions,and influences of the United Kingdom.Here are some key aspects of British culture that can be explored in an essay:1.Historical Influences:The culture of the UK has been shaped by its long history,from the Roman and Viking invasions to the Norman Conquest and the Industrial Revolution. Each period has left its mark on the countrys language,architecture,and social norms.2.Literature:The UK is home to some of the worlds most renowned authors,including William Shakespeare,Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,and J.K.Rowling.British literature is celebrated for its depth,wit,and influence on the English language.3.Music:British music has had a significant impact on the global music scene,with genres ranging from classical to pop,rock,and punk.The Beatles,The Rolling Stones, and Queen are just a few examples of British bands that have left an indelible mark on music history.4.Art and Architecture:British art has a long and varied history,from the PreRaphaelite movement to contemporary artists like Damien Hirst.The UKs architecture is equally diverse,with iconic structures like the Tower of London,Buckingham Palace,and the Houses of Parliament.5.Cuisine:British cuisine is known for its hearty dishes such as fish and chips,roast dinners,and full English breakfasts.However,the UK is also a melting pot of culinary influences,with a wide range of international cuisines available in its cities.6.Tea Culture:Tea is an integral part of British culture,with the traditional afternoon tea being a social institution.The ritual of making and drinking tea is a symbol of hospitality and comfort.7.Sports:Sports play a significant role in British culture,with football soccer being the most popular.Other sports like cricket,rugby,and tennis also have a strong following.cation:The UK is renowned for its prestigious universities,such as Oxford and Cambridge,which have produced many notable scholars and leaders.9.Monarchy and Tradition:The British monarchy is a symbol of continuity and tradition. Ceremonies and events related to the royal family,such as the Changing of the Guard and royal weddings,are significant cultural events.10.Festivals and Celebrations:British culture is marked by various festivals and celebrations,such as Guy Fawkes Night,St.Patricks Day,and the Edinburgh Festival, which showcase the countrys diversity and creativity.11.Humor:British humor is known for its wit,sarcasm,and selfdeprecation.It is a significant part of the countrys cultural identity and can be seen in television shows, standup comedy,and everyday conversation.12.Fashion:London is a global fashion capital,hosting Fashion Week and being home to numerous designers and fashion houses.British fashion is known for its innovation and influence on global trends.13.Cinema and Theatre:British cinema has produced many critically acclaimed films and directors.The UK also has a rich tradition of theatre,with the West End of London being one of the worlds major theatre hubs.14.Public Houses Pubs:Pubs are central to British social life,serving as meeting places for friends and family to enjoy drinks,food,and conversation.15.National Identity and Diversity:The UK is a nation of diverse cultures and identities, with a strong sense of community and local pride.This diversity is reflected in the countrys cultural expressions and celebrations.In an essay about British culture,one could delve into any of these topics,exploring their significance and impact on the countrys identity and global influence.。
英语说明英国的历史作文
英语说明英国的历史作文Britain has a rich and fascinating history that spans thousands of years. From ancient civilizations to modern times, the country has seen dramatic changes and developments that have shaped its identity and culture. In this essay, we will explore the key events and periods in British history that have contributed to the country we know today.One of the earliest civilizations in Britain was the Celtic tribes that inhabited the land around 500 BC. These tribes were known for their advanced art and metalwork, as well as their fierce warrior culture. The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD and established a presence that lasted for nearly 400 years. During this time, the Romans built roads, forts, and cities, leaving a lasting impact on the landscape of Britain.After the fall of the Roman Empire, Britain was invaded by various Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons,and Jutes. These tribes eventually formed the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that would become the basis for the English nation. The Viking invasions of the 8th and 9th centuries brought further turmoil to Britain, but also led to the establishment of the Danelaw, a region of Viking control in the north of England.The Norman Conquest of 1066 marked a turning point in British history, as William the Conqueror established Norman rule over England. The Normans built castles, cathedrals, and manor houses, and introduced feudalism to the country. The Magna Carta, signed in 1215, limited the power of the king and laid the foundation for the development of parliamentary democracy in Britain.The Tudor period of the 16th century saw the rise ofthe British Empire, as explorers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh claimed new territories in the Americas and Asia. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was a time of cultural flourishing, with playwrights like William Shakespeare producing some of the greatest works of English literature.The English Civil War of the 17th century pitted the Royalists against the Parliamentarians in a struggle for power. The execution of King Charles I in 1649 led to the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, but the monarchy was restored in 1660 with the coronation of King Charles II.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed Britain from a rural, agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. Factories, railways, and steamships revolutionized the economy and society, leading to urbanization and social change on a massive scale.The Victorian era of the 19th century was a time of great prosperity and imperial expansion for Britain. Queen Victoria's reign saw the British Empire reach its peak, with colonies and territories around the world. The 20th century brought two world wars that had a profound impact on Britain and its people. The devastation of World War I led to social and political upheaval, while World War IIsaw Britain stand alone against Nazi Germany before ultimately emerging victorious.Today, Britain is a diverse and multicultural society that continues to be shaped by its rich history. The legacy of the past is evident in the architecture, art, and traditions of the country, and serves as a reminder of the resilience and creativity of the British people. As we look to the future, it is important to remember the lessons of the past and to honor the sacrifices of those who came before us. Britain's history is a story of triumph and tragedy, of progress and setbacks, but above all, it is a story of resilience and determination in the face of adversity.。
[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文
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[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文英国历史文化的论文篇1浅谈英国诗歌的历史沿革据王佐良先生所著的《英国诗史》，英国诗歌发展共分为三大主要时期：古英语时期，主要指5世纪到12世纪;中古英语时期，主要指12世纪到15世纪;近代英语时期，主要是从15世纪至今。
我基本赞同这个观点，即按照语言的发展水平划分诗歌史，当然还有其他的划分方法，比如按照时间划分等。
虽然都是在“英语”范围内，但是古英语、中古英语以及现代英语的差异还是比较大。
古英语主要由三种日耳曼语形成的，中古英语则结合了日耳曼语和罗曼语，而近现代英语是在英格兰东南部方言基础上形成的。
我认为语言是人类思维的反映，不同的语言当然反映着不同的思维，诗歌作为一种语言的表现形式，当然在不同的阶段有不同的特色---无论是在诗歌语言特色，还是诗论方面。
首先要提到的就是古英语时期，这个时期英语诗歌据考证大多数不是由英格兰本岛人所写，而是由侵略者，如盎格鲁人，撒克逊人所写，因此题材和背景多半不是英格兰的，这一时期的诗人们喜爱用头韵体。
最开始的诗歌多是口头流传的，如《航海者》，而题材则多是歌颂英雄和一些宗教诗歌，从数量上来说，并不多。
古英语时期的诗歌多具有一种刚毅之气，描写宏大的场面。
一般认为古英语诗歌的集大成之作是《贝奥武夫》，该诗主要讲述了青年时期的贝奥武夫杀死二妖以及老年时期的贝奥武夫与火龙格斗最终两败俱伤的故事。
该诗采用的不再是单纯的描写方式来表现恢弘的场面，跌宕的情节，而是已经开始采用“夹叙夹议”(见王佐良《英国诗史》)手法，主要歌颂了贝奥武夫的英勇与爱民等美德。
总的来说中古英语时期的英语诗歌不仅数量大增且题材也日趋多样化。
1066年的诺曼征服又为英格兰诗歌注入了法国风格，如除了头韵体诗歌外，脚韵体诗歌也开始出现，前者的运用见《农夫皮尔斯之幻想》，后者见《坎特伯雷故事集》。
当然这一时期除了宗教诗歌外，还有许多故事性的诗歌，如《高文爵士与绿骑士》，诗中不仅描写了建筑、服饰、风景等方面，还涉及到了诸如猎鹿等细节，且文章富有悬念，可读性很强。
英国文化的论文
关于英国文化的论文推荐文章英语语言文化方面论文优秀范文热度：关于英语语言文化论文热度：关于英语语言文化论文范文热度：英语毕业论文文化方向热度：英国文化研究相关论文范文热度：英国曾以“日不落帝国”而著称于世，其文化源远流长，对世界文化作出了重要贡献。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英国文化的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英国文化的论文篇1浅析英国茶文化与英国文学1848年，东印度公司皇家植物园温室部主管罗伯特·福琼来到中国，他将茶树种子放入一个用特殊玻璃制成的便携式保温箱中，偷偷地带上了从中国开往印度的轮船，由此千万株以上的茶树苗在印度生根发芽，继而形成了大规模的茶园。
茶叶传入欧洲后，并没有像咖啡和可可那样受到过多的欢迎，直到它进入远离欧洲大陆的英伦三岛，竟然奇迹地掀起了饮茶的风尚，并由此产生了世界茶文化的一枝奇葩——英国的茶文化[1]。
一、英国茶文化的主要内容英语中有Teatime一词，指的就是占据英国人l/3生命的饮茶时间。
英式红茶更是以名目繁多、内容丰富闻名于世，其主要的内容包括：1.英式早茶英国人在晨起时要饮“早茶”，又名“开眼茶”，即Earlymorning Tea，有时在早茶之前还会有“床头茶”，即清晨一睁眼靠在床头就能享受的茶。
而早茶主要是以红茶为主要饮料，是英国当家招牌茶的重要内容之一，它集浓郁和清新于一体，色泽和口感都相当出色。
正统的早茶要精选阿萨姆、锡兰、肯尼亚等地红茶调制而成，因此早餐茶的口感来自锡兰、浓度来自阿萨姆、色泽来自肯尼亚[2]，可见英国人的早茶还是相当讲究的，最适合早上起床后饮用。
2.英式上午茶这是最不为外人所知的英国饮茶习惯，又称为“公休茶”，大约持续20分钟。
英国人在上午1l点(亚洲时间上午10点左右)，无论是空暇在家享受生活的贵族还是忙碌奔波的上班一族，都要在这一时间休息一会儿，喝一杯茶，他们称之为elevens，即早上十一点时的便餐，所以上午茶可以看成是英国人工作间隙的一种很好的调剂方式[3]。
英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）
英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）第一篇：英国崛起历史小论文英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
英国是通过其优越的地缘位置、制度领域的创新所导致的生产力的巨大发展、根据机会所制定的合理政策而崛起为一个世界性大国的。
虽然时代背景发生了巨大的变化，但是英国的崛起对当今寻求崛起的国家仍然具有重要的借鉴意义。
以下是英国崛起历史小论文，欢迎阅读。
英国从一个在15世纪并不为欧陆国家所重视的岛国逐步发展成为在19和20世纪大部分时间里其统治范围覆盖了非洲南部广大地区、南亚、东南亚、太平洋大部分地区及北美和加勒比海地区的庞大帝国。
这个帝国控制的区域范围相当于其国土面积的近40倍，人口达到了3亿多。
英国从一个位于北大西洋上的岛国崛起为一个庞大的殖民帝国是通过与西班牙、荷兰、法国争夺海上霸权三个阶段逐步实现的。
一、英国崛起的过程分析英国是在相继击败西班牙、荷兰、法国之后才真正荣登世界霸主的宝座的。
地理大发现对国际政治所造成的一个重要后果是使欧洲经济中心逐渐从地中海沿岸转移到大西洋西北沿岸诸国，这些国家包括了伊比利亚半岛上的葡萄牙、西班牙，欧陆大国法国，波罗的海沿岸的荷兰与隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望的英国，同时在某种程度上还有斯堪的那维亚国家。
英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
（一）第一轮勃兴（1588—1674年）这里把英国第一轮勃兴的起始时间界定为1588年是从英西海战以西班牙失败而告终这一在国际关系中具有重要影响的历史事件这一角度来分析的。
英国的地缘政治条件和伴随着地理大发现而开始的国际性的海外贸易和拓殖决定了英国的崛起是一种海洋战略的崛起，而这不可避免的会与处于海上霸权地位的西班牙殖民帝国产生矛盾。
1588年，西班牙国王腓力二世派遣了一支由130多艘舰船组成的“无敌舰队”进攻英国，其结果是英国凭借着巧妙的战术和先进的技术取得了这次战争的胜利。
英国历史与文化论文
The Influence of Puritans on the Attitudes of America America has been playing an important role in our world since World War II. Although its history is only about three hundred years long, it still has great effects on many aspects on other countries. Unlike most other people, America is primarily a nation of immigrants. Their ancestors emigrated from many parts of the globe. This greatly influenced the ideas and values on which American are based. One group of the most influential immigrants is Puritans. Puritanism was an important factor in the course of forming of American culture and American spirit. Some Puritan beliefs have deeply influenced the attitudes of Americans towards work and success. Its attitude towards the Bible has also deeply influenced the forming of characters of American education.(Ⅰ)Puritans influenced the attitudes of Americans towards work.In Puritan beliefs, the value of work is of great importance, and Puritans appreciate it not only for the economic benefits but also the rewards the work brings were regarded as signs of God’s love. It is true that Americans as a whole work hard. Work is everything for them. In American’s eyes, working hard is the important way to success. However, as the time goes by, something has changed. Thoughself-discipline, thrift are the core view of Puritans, Americans tend to spend more time to relax themselves to relieve the large pressure their work has brought. They spend more time and money in traveling, camping, hunting, watching sports, going to movies, watching television and reading newspapers and magazines than any other people in the world.(Ⅱ)Puritans influenced the attitudes of Americans towards success.In 17th century, a group of people thought that the Church of England was too Catholic and they wanted to purify the Church. However their beliefs were heretical to the Church of England, so they had to leave there because they were religiously persecuted. In 1620, one hundred and two people reached North America and began new life there from then on. They hoped to build a city upon a community, which was equal free, and without persecution. Puritans, as immigrants, there was the determination of the immigrant to gain in the new world what had been denied to him in the old, and the part of his children an urge to throw off the immigrant onus by still more success and still more rise in a fluid, classless society. Brothers did not compete within the family for the favor of the parents as in Europe, but strove for success in the outer world, along paths of their own choosing. The English anthropologist, Geoffrey Gorer, sees the whole situation in Freudian terms. Europe is the father rejected by every immigrant who turned his back on his own culture in order to make a new life in America. The immigrant's struggle for success never ends, because there is no limit to the possible goal. The second generation child, in turn, rejects the alien parents because they cannot measure up to American standards. The only way he can soften the blow is to achieve a still greater success. All over America the lawyers, doctors, professors and politicians with Italian, Irish, German or Polish names testify to the urgency of this drive. Not to strive, not to take advantage of the opportunities in such a world, not to succeed where success was so available －these thingsnaturally became a sort of crime against the state. To develop the resources of a new country required energetic people, bent upon using their energies －not only for the rewards that would result to themselves, but even more important, to the community. So material success in the United States is not looked upon as selfishness. Its results are seen to have communal value.(Ⅲ) Puritans influenced the attitudes of Americans towards education.Puritans believe in the merits of education. They hold that all men should read Bible and they should change the world by knowledge. Americans values education a lot, American governmentsinvest a large amount money on education. American education is regarded as the best in the whole world, without any doubt, the Puritans play an important role in it.America is an immigrated country, so people’s values are diverse, which makes this nation have many unique features. As for Puritans, its immigration culture has shaped the country’s developments as well as people’s values.。
关于英国的历史的英语作文
关于英国的历史的英语作文The history of Britain can be traced back to ancient times, with evidence of human activity dating back to the Palaeolithic era. Over the centuries, Britain has been shaped by numerous waves of migration, invasion, and settlement.One of the most significant periods in British history is the Roman occupation, which began in AD 43 and lasted for nearly four centuries. During this time, Roman influence spread throughout the region, leading to the construction of roads, cities, and fortifications. The legacy of the Romans can still be seen in Britain today, in the form of historic sites such as Hadrian's Wall and the city of Bath.Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, Britain was invaded by various Germanic tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. These groups eventually established several kingdoms, leading to the period known as the Anglo-Saxon era. This period saw the development of a unified Anglo-Saxon culture, as well as the introduction of Christianity to the region.The next major event in British history was the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. This event marked the beginning of Norman rule in Britain and the establishment of a new aristocracy. The Normans also introduced feudalism to the region, leading to significant social and political changes.In the centuries that followed, Britain faced numerous challenges, including civil wars, foreign invasions, and outbreaks of disease. However, the country also experienced periods of growth and expansion, particularly during the Tudor and Stuart dynasties. These eras saw the rise of the British Empire, as well as the development of parliamentary democracy.The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries further transformed Britain, leading to rapid urbanization, technological advancements, and social change. This period also saw the expansion of British influence around the world, as the country established colonies and trading posts in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.The 20th century brought further challenges for Britain, including two world wars, economic downturns, and political unrest. However, the country also saw progress in areas such as civil rights, social welfare, and healthcare. Today, Britain continues to play a significant role on the global stage, with a diverse and multicultural society that reflects its complex history.。
英国历史文化概况的论文（2）
英国历史文化概况的论文(2)英国文化的论文篇1浅谈从英国当代艺术看英国文化摘要：2011年11月1日，由英国大使馆文化协会推出的“英国制造――英国文化协会当代艺术展1980―2010”在苏州博物馆拉开大幕。
100多件参展作品全部是1980―2010年间创作完成的。
艺术家们用雕塑、绘画、摄影、录像等不同的方式向我们纪录和展示了由科技进步所带来的艺术创新和探索及其由此引发的艺术观念、艺术风貌的变化;同时透过这些作品，也让我们看到了英国近30年来的社会、文化变迁。
关键词：英国当代艺术;英国文化;英国制造2011年11月1日，由英国大使馆文化协会推出的“英国制造――英国文化协会当代艺术展1980―2010”在苏州博物馆拉开大幕。
这次英国制造的展品全部都是由英国文化协会提供的。
英国文化协会成立于1934年，收藏有八千多件现当代艺术家的作品。
2010年上海世博会结束后，为继续向中国观众介绍英国当代文化，英国文化协会在其八千多件藏品中，精挑细选了30几位当代艺术家的100多件作品到中国进行巡展。
先后在成都、西安和香港举行了展览。
苏州是这次巡展的第四站，也是最后一站。
这次参展的艺术家大多出生于20世纪的60年代和70年代早期，80年代末和90年代初开始活跃于英国艺术界，大多数是”英国青年艺术家”成员，其中包括迈克尔•兰迪，达明安•赫斯特，吉莉安•维尔林，莎拉•卢卡斯等，现在都是蜚声国际的知名艺术家。
这次参展艺术家中还有7位特纳奖的获得者。
特纳奖创立于1984年，以英国著名艺术家威廉.特纳的名字命名。
该奖项是英国首个给青年艺术家设立得奖项，以发展和推动先锋艺术为宗旨，被视为欧洲最重要和最有威信的视觉艺术大奖。
100多件参展作品全部是1980―2010年间创作完成的。
这30年，以科学技术的突飞猛进为动力带来了英国以及全世界生活、观念的革命。
艺术家们用雕塑、绘画、摄影、录像等等不同的方式向我们纪录和展示了由科技进步所带来的艺术创新和探索及其由此引发的艺术观念、艺术风貌的变化;同时透过这些作品，也让我们看到了英国近30年来的社会、文化变迁。
英国文化的论文
关于英国文化的论文(2)推荐文章英语语言文化方面论文优秀范文热度：关于英语语言文化论文热度：关于英语语言文化论文范文热度：英语毕业论文文化方向热度：英国文化研究相关论文范文热度：英国文化的论文篇3浅谈从英语词汇看英国文化一、引言英国英语是英国文化的载体，是英国文化的结晶。
词汇是语言的基础，是语言大系统赖以存在的支柱。
作为英语国家要素基础的英语词汇，负载有丰富的英国文化内容，最能反映出英国文化的各个层面。
二、英语词汇与英国的地理特征从地理位置上看，英国是孤悬于欧亚大陆之外的岛国。
英吉利海峡和多佛海峡把英国和欧洲大陆分开。
“岛国”的特殊地理位置使它长期游离于欧洲社会的主流之外。
英国人的“岛性”极强，总是以老大自居，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界，英语中存在着许多习语，习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关，比如，spend money like water(挥金如土)，to rest on one’s oars (暂时歇一歇)，to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存)。
英国四周环海，对大海的依赖与发展决定了航海民族事物必须使用大量与海有关的词汇。
这种现象突出地反映在习语中，如sail before the wind(顺风行驶)，in the same boat(同舟共济)，give up the ship(放弃)，on the rocks(触礁)，以及all at sea(全在海里)。
船在海上失去控制，船上的人只知“在海上(all at sea)”，却不知身在何方，现在这一习语表示“不知所措”的意见，如“He is all at sea as to what to do next”。
三、英语词汇与英国的历史英国历史上罗马人的占领从公元43年到公元449年长达400年之久。
在这400年的时间里，逐渐形成了一个不列颠拉丁文化，即便在今天的英语中仍然不难找到古罗马文化的痕迹。
英国历史论文
帝国迈出的巨大步伐——英国工业革命英国是工业革命最早的国家，是第一个全球金融资本的中心，他的发展与崛起令人叹为观止，是第一个真正意义上的世界超级大国，“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”这两个称谓可以概括为英国最伟大的成就。
英国国土面积24.41万平方公里，是由不列颠岛（包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士）以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰和周围5500个小岛（海外领地）组成。
主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气，并不算很丰富。
那是什么将英国从一个岛国变成欧洲强国，最终成为世界霸主的呢？答案显而易见——工业革命。
发源于英国而后波及欧美主要国家的第一次工业革命，具有划时代的历史意义，对人类社会的演进产生了空前深刻、巨大的影响。
它为新生的资本主义制度奠定了坚实的物质基础，促使欧美诸国先后实现工业化，由农业国变成工业国。
它为英国提供了历史机遇，利用工业化先发优势，确立了“世界工厂”的地位。
工业革命给人类带来了进步和幸福，同时也使人类面临新的矛盾和挑战。
而马克思曾经说过：资本主义在它不到100年的时间里创造的生产力远远超过了以前几个世纪的总和。
严格来说，工业革命不能算上是真正的革命，它没有推翻任何的政权或阶级，只是属于社会、科技方面的急剧进步和发展。
革命背景：那么，这一次工业革命是如何产生的呢？首先，政治上，17 世纪的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。
资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成；思想上，亚当斯密在《国富论》提出的最著名的观点就是：看不见的手，也就是今天经济学家常常讲的市场供求规律。
他认为在市场经济中，个体间的自然交易会创造出高效的资源分配模式，并有利于促进市场经济，创造出更高水平的收入。
根据这个理论，亚当•斯密提出了一个影响深远的对外贸易战略。
所以，经济上，随着君主立宪制的与资本主义制度的建立，英国加速了圈地运动，殖民地掠夺与奴隶贸易，给英国带来了巨额的货币资本，从而为工业革命累积了财力上的准备。
英国历史文化对现代社会的影响作文
英国历史文化对现代社会的影响作文
英国,这个伟大的岛国,在漫长的历史长河中孕育了独特的文化传统,并对现代社会产生了深远影响。
作为一个爱国者,我为能诞生于如此博大精深的文明感到无比自豪。
说到英国文化,先得从它那悠久的历史说起。
从公元前就有人类在不列颠群岛居住,到了罗马时期,英格兰南部已是罗马帝国的一部分。
之后的盎格鲁撒克逊时期,基督教开始在英格兰扎根。
再到诺曼人征服英格兰,法语也开始对英语产生影响。
这漫长的历史进程,铸就了英国文化的多元性和包容性。
英国文艺复兴时期,出现了莎士比亚这样的文化巨匠,他的戏剧作品至今仍被奉为经典。
到了工业革命时期,英国科技突飞猛进,成为当时世界第一强国。
正是这种创新精神,推动了整个人类文明的进步。
英国文化中,还有着许多独一无二的元素,比如英式幽默、英式绅士风度、红茶文化等等。
这些元素已经渗透到世界各地,成为全球英语文化的象征。
就连现代时尚界,也离不开伦敦时装周的引领。
不过,英国文化的影响并非一成不变。
随着全球化进程的加快,各国文化正在互相融合、相互渗透。
未来,英国文化或许会与其他文化交相辉映,展现出更加丰富多彩的面貌。
英国悠久的历史孕育了博大精深的文化,这种文化对现代社会产生了深远影响。
我们应当珍视这份文化遗产,并以开放包容的心态,与世界
各地的文明相互借鉴、相互促进。
让我们共同努力,续写英国文化的辉煌篇章!。
英国历史文化论文
高北斗5901112240 机制126班通过本学期的学习，我虽然了解的不是太多，但是相较于以前，还是收获颇深，听了老师上的课以后，我对以往英国历史文化的认识有了很大的改观。
这门课程，老师通过让我们观看视频来进一步了解英国历史文化，在观看的同时，还会向我们讲解一下，这很好，改变了我以前看电影什么的只看，而不注重本质的坏习惯，让我认识到看外观历史电影的同时，要注意思考其细节，和我们国家相对比，看有哪些不同。
还有就是，老师会先讲课，告诉我们一些关于英国历史文化的知识，然后在给我们看视频，这很好，通过“讲”与“看”相结合的方法，既提高了我们学习的积极性，带动了我们学习的兴趣，也让我们更清晰明了的认识英国历史文化同我们国家的差异。
我记得老师让我们看一部《卢旺达饭店》，由于之前对于历史不是很感兴趣，我看的比较粗略，影片中的一幕让我久久不能忘怀：盛夏的天空，下着雨。
慈爱的神父领着一群在屠杀中幸存下来的孤儿，奔向停在饭店门口象征着安全与生命的大巴，一个荷枪实弹的联合国士兵拦住了神父：“卢旺达人不准上车”。
神父凄凉的眼神中不是无奈无助，而是一种绝望。
我以前没怎么看过这类的电影，刚开始看的时候感觉没什么意思，但是我还是继续看下去了，看过后，心里有些触动。
影片中的故事虽然已经结束十多年了，历史无法改变，再多的忏悔又有何用，但是痛定思痛。
卢旺达大屠杀是对人权的践踏，对种族的的灭绝更是令人发指。
在那样的一个时代里没有任何的权利可言，谁有权力谁就有权利。
卢旺达累累白骨警示我们不能让惨剧重演，惩处那些施暴之人，上慰死去的人，下抚活着的人，还要警戒后人。
今天的卢旺达已经恢复了和平，而且我们也希望他们的人民能一直这样和平地生活，但愿这样的惨剧不要在任何一个地方再次发生，让这些永远成为历史。
英语作文关于英国历史
英语作文关于英国历史Title: An Overview of British HistoryIntroductionBritish history is a rich tapestry that spans thousands of years, from the ancient Celts and Romans to the modern era. In this essay, we will explore key events and figures that have shaped the nation's history and continue to influence its culture and identity.Pre-Roman Britain (Before 43 AD)Before the arrival of the Romans in 43 AD, the British Isles were inhabited by various Celtic tribes who had developed their own distinct cultures and languages. The most famous of these tribes were the Druids, who practiced a form of pagan religion and were known for their mystical beliefs and rituals.Roman Britain (43 AD - 410 AD)The Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD brought significant changes to the region, including the construction of roads, fortresses, and towns. The Romans introduced new technologies, laws, and customs to the local population, but they also facedresistance from native tribes, such as the Iceni led by Queen Boudicca.The Anglo-Saxon Period (410 AD - 1066 AD)After the collapse of Roman rule in Britain, the Anglo-Saxons began to settle in the country, establishing separate kingdoms and bringing their own language and culture. The Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries further disrupted Anglo-Saxon rule, leading to the eventual unification of England under King Alfred the Great.The Norman Conquest (1066 AD)The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 marked a pivotal moment in British history, as William the Conqueror defeated King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings and established a new feudal system. The Normans introduced new castles, churches, and administrative reforms, laying the foundations for the modern English state.The Plantagenet Dynasty (1154 AD - 1485 AD)The Plantagenet dynasty ruled England for over three centuries, overseeing the expansion of royal power, the development of parliamentary institutions, and the HundredYears' War with France. Notable monarchs from this period include Richard the Lionheart, Edward III, and Richard III.The Tudor Era (1485 AD - 1603 AD)The Tudor dynasty came to power with the victory of Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses. Under the rule of Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I, England saw significant religious, political, and cultural changes, such as the Reformation, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the flourishing of Elizabethan literature.The Stuart Period (1603 AD - 1714 AD)The Stuart kings, starting with James I, ruled over a period of political turmoil and religious conflict, culminating in the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw the establishment of parliamentary supremacy and the Constitutional Monarchy under King William III and Queen Mary II.The Georgian Era (1714 AD - 1837 AD)The Georgian period was characterized by the growth of the British Empire, the Industrial Revolution, and the emergence of modern political parties. Monarchs such as George III and George IV presided over a time of social change, economicprosperity, and cultural innovation, exemplified by the novels of Jane Austen and the paintings of J.M.W. Turner.The Victorian Age (1837 AD - 1901 AD)The Victorian era witnessed the peak of British power and influence, as Queen Victoria ruled over a vast global empire. The period saw advancements in science, technology, and industry, but also social inequalities, political reforms, and cultural developments, such as the rise of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the spread of British imperialism.The Modern Era (1901 AD - Present)The 20th century saw Britain undergo significant transformations in the wake of two world wars, the decline of the Empire, and the rise of a welfare state. The post-war period brought cultural changes, economic challenges, and political realignments, as the country adapted to a new global order and shifted towards a multi-cultural society.ConclusionThe history of Britain is a complex and multifaceted tale of conquest, conflict, innovation, and continuity. From the ancient Celts to the modern Britons, the people of the British Isles have endured and thrived through centuries of change, leaving alasting legacy that continues to shape the nation and its place in the world.。
介绍英国文化的文章范文
介绍英国文化的文章范文朋友们！今天咱们来好好唠唠英国文化，那可真是像一个装满了各种奇珍异宝的大箱子，打开就有无限惊喜。
先来说说英国的王室文化吧。
这王室就像是英国的一个超级大明星家族，全球瞩目。
你看女王伊丽莎白二世（愿她安息），在位那么多年，就像一棵稳稳当当的大树，见证了无数的历史变迁。
王室那些盛大的典礼，像加冕礼、皇家婚礼，那阵仗简直绝了。
就拿威廉王子和凯特王妃的婚礼来说，全世界的人都伸长了脖子看。
姑娘们都羡慕凯特王妃能穿上那么美的婚纱，像个真正的公主，而那婚礼的仪式、马车巡游啥的，处处都透着古老英国的那种贵族范儿。
王室成员的一举一动都备受关注，他们的穿着打扮还能引领时尚潮流呢，这影响力，杠杠的。
说到英国文化，怎么能少了英式下午茶呢？这可不是简单地喝个茶，那可是相当有讲究的。
精致的三层点心架，底层是各种口味的三明治，中层是香甜的司康饼，配上奶油和果酱，顶层是那些小巧玲珑的蛋糕。
再用那漂亮的骨瓷茶具，泡上一壶香气四溢的红茶，最好是大吉岭或者伯爵茶。
然后坐在那种布置得很优雅的茶室里，或者自家花园里，慢悠悠地享受。
这时候，大家就开始闲聊，从天气（英国人真的超爱聊天气）聊到最近的八卦，这下午茶的时光就像是忙碌生活中的一个宁静小港湾。
再聊聊英国的足球文化。
足球在英国那可真是深入骨髓的热爱啊。
周末的时候，各个足球场那是人山人海。
球迷们穿着自己支持球队的队服，脸上画着球队的标志，扯着嗓子为自己的球队呐喊助威。
像曼联、利物浦这些球队，那可都是有一大群忠实粉丝的。
比赛的时候，整个球场就像一个沸腾的大锅，那种激情和热血，感染力超强。
而且足球在英国不仅仅是一项运动，还关乎着城市的荣誉、社区的凝聚力，要是自己城市的球队赢了，那整个城市都像在过节一样。
在建筑方面，英国也是独树一帜。
那些古老的城堡，像爱丁堡城堡，高高地矗立在山上，透着一股威严和神秘。
还有那些乡村的小别墅，尖尖的屋顶，爬满了藤蔓植物，就像从童话里走出来的一样。
英国历史文化对现代社会的影响作文
英国历史文化对现代社会的影响作文
《英国历史文化对现代社会的影响》
小朋友们，你们知道吗？英国的历史文化对我们现在的生活有着很大的影响呢！
英国有好多古老又好看的城堡，像温莎城堡。
这些城堡不光漂亮，还让我们知道了很久以前英国人是怎么生活的。
比如说，城堡的建筑风格告诉我们，他们很会建造坚固又美丽的房子。
还有英国的文学，像《爱丽丝梦游仙境》，很多小朋友都喜欢读。
这些故事充满了想象，让全世界的小朋友都能感受到奇妙的世界。
英国的音乐也很棒！像披头士乐队，他们的歌好听又有趣，让大家都喜欢上了摇滚乐。
英国的历史文化就像一个大宝藏，一直给我们带来惊喜和快乐，影响着我们的生活。
《英国历史文化对现代社会的影响》
小朋友们，今天咱们来聊聊英国的历史文化。
英国有一种叫下午茶的习惯，人们会坐在一起，喝着香香的茶，吃着美味的点心。
现在呀，好多地方的人们也喜欢这样享受悠闲的时光。
英国还有很厉害的足球文化。
他们的足球队在全世界都有名，很多小朋友也因为这个爱上了踢足球。
再说说英国的皇家礼仪，那些漂亮的衣服和庄重的仪式，有时候在电影里能看到。
这让我们知道了要尊重别人，有礼貌。
你看，英国的历史文化是不是就在我们身边，影响着我们的每一天呀！。
简介英国历史论文
简介英国历史论文The history of Britain is a long and complex tapestry, woven with threads of conquest, rebellion, and evolution. From the arrival of the Romans to the Norman Conquest, through the Tudor period and the industrial revolution, Britain's history is a study in resilience and adaptation.In this paper, we will examine several key moments in British history, analyzing the impact of these events on the shaping of modern Britain. We will explore the interplay of political, social, and economic forces, and how they have shaped the nation over time.Beginning with the Roman invasion, we will examine the impact of Roman rule on Britain, from infrastructure and governance to culture and religion. We will then move on to explore the era of Viking invasions and the eventual unification of England under the rule of the Anglo-Saxons.The Norman Conquest will be a focal point of our analysis, as we consider the profound changes brought about by William the Conqueror and the establishment of a new ruling class. We will then delve into the Tudor period, a time of great political and religious upheaval, and its lasting impact on the development of Britain.Moving forward, we will examine the industrial revolution and its transformation of the British economy, society, and urban landscape. We will also explore the rise of the British Empire and the subsequent decline of imperial power, and how this has shapedBritain's place in the world today.Through this historical analysis, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the forces that have shaped Britain, and to appreciate the resilience and adaptability of a nation that has weathered centuries of change.In addition to the historical events mentioned, it's important to also examine the impact of the two World Wars on Britain. The devastation and sacrifice of World War I and World War II left an indelible mark on the nation, reshaping its role in global politics and leading to significant social and economic changes.Following the wars, the emergence of the welfare state under Clement Attlee's Labour government marked a shift towards a more inclusive and socially responsible society. The post-war period also witnessed the process of decolonization, as Britain relinquished its imperial holdings and grappled with the challenges of a changing geopolitical landscape.The latter part of the 20th century saw Britain navigating through societal transformations, including the rise of multiculturalism, advancements in technology, and the complexities of European integration. The Thatcherite era brought about significant economic reforms and a redefinition of Britain's role in the global economy.More recently, the process of Brexit has exemplified the ongoing tensions between national sovereignty and supranational cooperation, reflecting the complexities of Britain's relationship with the European Union and its global identity.Furthermore, the evolution of British society has been shaped by movements for civil rights, gender equality, and environmental awareness. These developments have contributed to a more inclusive and diverse Britain, reflective of changing social norms and values.In conclusion, the history of Britain is characterized by a continuous process of adaptation and transformation. From Roman conquest to present-day challenges, the nation has demonstrated resilience in the face of adversity and a capacity for renewal. By understanding the complexities of its history, we can appreciate the rich tapestry of influences that have contributed to the shaping of modern Britain.。
英国历史与文化_论文Inevitable sacrifice
Inevitable sacrifice ——After reading The Mill on the Floss——管院张某I. PrefaceWhen Ms. Feng told us the chapter “justice and law”, she had introduced many funny and amazing laws to us. And as a result I was attracted into the fascinating world of laws. So after class I would like to read some more things. While searching on Google, I found a book named The Mill on the Floss. After reading it, I thought that I can write something about the book.II. Abstract:George Eliot's The Mill on The Floss is a controversial one. In the novel there are conflicts among individuals as well as individuals between societies. One's own self-realization and acceptance are bonded by the outside world to some extent. One has to make sacrifice to fit into the society. This paper based on the main character's experience and social backgrounds. Through analysis, the papers try to reveal the relation between one's own will and the outside's bondage put him or her, then indicate only mutual understanding and love are important ways to solve the conflicts.III. Introduction of the writer and the story:For anyone living in a society, he or she is bonded by the outside world to some extent. His or her own self-fulfillment will be limited no matter what their own will is. In reality, individual has to sacrifice something for outside conciliation. However the conflicts which exist among society can‟t be solved easily. Usually after many twists and turns, mutu al understanding and love are proved to be the key to the problems. George Eliot‟s the Mill on the Floss reflects this phenomena clearlyIn fact George Eliot is a typical example who had undertaken pressure from the external force and taste the bitter of outside bondage. It can be seen from her name on one hand. Her origin name is Mary Ann Evans and Eliot seems to be more proper for a man‟s name. However, Evans chose writing as her occupation which was rare for a woman at that time. In order to meet fewer o bstacles she had to use a male‟s name as herpen name. On the other hand Eliot‟s own life experience told people one who wants to realize self-fulfillment must prepare for fighting against the outside world. “Eliot took over the management of the household only at sixteen. Finding local teachers to guide her she studied German, Italian, Greek and Latin.” With cumulative knowledge about science she refused to go to church at twenty two, which shocked her family and the society, then the conflicts between the religion and her own pursue for free spiritual world happens again and again. And she also does another surprising thing in a most conventual‟s society. She falls in love with G.H Lewes who had already got married; moreover she lives together with him publicly. There must be much courage taken for Eliot to defy an almost unanimous social disapproval in her way to seek true happiness. She got it at a high cost of losing many relatives including her beloved brother and some friends. Misunderstanding digs a deep gap between them.During Eliot‟s life she tries to escape from the society but involved in it, which is also reflected in her works. The Mill on the Floss is a classic one. The novel gives the detail of Tom and Maggie Tulliver‟ s life. They are brother and sister growing up on the river Floss near the village of St.Ogg. Their father Mr. Tulliver managers the mill handed down from their ancestors. He sent Tom to have better education he thought and had to borrow money from Waken a man Mr. Tulliver has deep prejudice. Unfortunately Mr. Tulliver fails in a suit case while Mr. Wakem is the opponent‟s counsel. Then Mr. Tulliver has to sell all his fortune to Wakem and become his employer in order to live. But he is not reconciled to the bad condition. After M r. Tulliver‟s bankruptcy Tom breaks his school study and become an accountant in a bank.Because of Tom‟s striving for success and diligent work their condition improved. However, when Tom tried to buy the mill Mr. Tulliver revenge himself fore Wakem but got stroke being too excited. His daughter Maggie is an intelligent and kind girl she keep pure friendship with Wakem‟s son Phillip in spite of the opposite from father and brother. Tom can‟t understand Maggie all the time and end their relation after Maggie‟s elopement. In the end when a flood happens in the floss, Maggie tries to rescue her brother Tom and they reconcile but die together in the flood.IV. The influence of societyThe story is a sad one, but the tragic destiny of the character is bonded closely with the outside world they live. In 19th century men and women have different responsibilities. Men are supposed to make a living for the whole family. In Mr. Tulliver‟s house Mr. Tulliver manages the business in the mill. After his bankruptcy his son Tom undertakes the heavy burden straightly. And women are confined in a very small circle. They are considered to be housewife in the household and dependent on men. Just illustrated with Maggie‟s story, although she is clever and independent to some extent, she still can‟t live herself, first under his father‟s protection then his brother‟s support, Maggie‟s aunts are all typical housewife in the society and Mrs. Maggie wants to educate Maggie to accept woman‟s role, too.One‟s social background has great influence on one‟s growth. A person‟s outlook, belief and behavior, etc are connected closely with his social background. One must adjust himself to the condition he lives in. take Maggie as an example, too. She sacrifices many things as a woman in Victorian England. Although she is intelligent she has got no right to get his education as boys like her brother, his father confirm Maggie is very clever, but thinks her “Too clever for a woman” “an over –clever woman is like a long –tailed sheep -- it doesn‟t add to her value” which is an almost unanimous social belief at that time. She love reading and Latin, but only learns them herself. Maggie can‟t work like his brother but only to stay at home, although she can do better than Tom at some things. Also in the pursuit of love and confirm she has no fair chance like men. She has to give up the companion of Phillip Wakem when his father and brother oppose. She also had to end her elopement in face of her family and the society. Maggie‟s educa tion, occupation and love are all influences by the society by the society at that time. She is a most tragic character in the novel.Tom as a male in 19th century is also restrained in many aspects by his social background. First “he is known to us as a l ively and adventurous boy and clearly enjoys traditionally manly activities such as fishing, riding big horses and thinking about owinga gun one day.” he may never worry much about his future before this time. There‟s suspect that Tom will enjoy a life laden with adventures and few responsibilities until it is his time to take over the family business and become a man. However, in order to meet his family‟s expectation, Tom is sent to school and receives an education where he is “a bit nimble with his tong ue and his pen, and [because] a smart chap” (Eliot, 1995:23). In the new environment all Tom‟s previous seems to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to his new subjects and failed to prove himself through his studies. He has become quite aware of his difficulties in grasping the new concept that were thrown at him every day make him appear “stupid” and this knowledge gives him a “girl‟s susceptibility” when Tom‟s school life has not ended, the terrible accident his family has been in makes him return home. Before this he is an immature boy, but he is pressed too quickly into manhood and soon becomes ultra-masculine. Tom manages to get a job to support his family and work hard to pay the family‟s debt. It can be summarized in the beginning Tom sacrifices his interest to satisfy his family‟s great expectations on him. Later he ends his childhood suddenly and undertakes a man‟s responsibility instead of a carefree boy.Phillip Wakem as Wakem‟s only s on should be happier than Tom for his rich family background. However he gets a deformed back when man is thought to be strong and masculine, he is often discriminated and pitied by others,, which makes him a sentimental boy, his father lawyer Wakem is tho ught to be a …rascal‟ by Mr. Tulliver，from which it can be known lawyer Wakem as a counsel may often make an enemy of other. Although Phillip show intelligence in his study and is a master of the arts, he is repeatedly described as womanly or feminine for his deficiency. He calls Tom‟s dislike for his weak body and his family background, and also loses many chances of meeting with Maggie. The weak side of Phillip is often sympathized by others.As discussed above, women are confirmed to household. There are much discrimination against women at that time. Maggie is a main character in the novel, fighting almost all her life towards discrimination on her. As a little girl, she is so naughty that a boy can‟t compare with her when her mother and aunts are not sa tisfied with heruncurled disordered hair, Maggie, a nine years old girl, cuts her hair short herself, as a child, she can‟t understand why people expect her to act in such “a way that would make her physically uncomfortable and deny her the right to express all of her vibrant feelings.” during her growth, she continually defies society‟s expectation for her actions. Though her father thinks school education is no use for a girl, she reads every book she can get her hands on and gives herself a sort of “sel f-education”. In p ursuit of love, she keeps secret friendship with Phillip in spite of family‟s opposition. Because of falling in love with Stephen, she makes a decision on impulse: elopement. Fighting is always the choice Maggie chooses. However, as Maggie ages and comes to deal with his father's illness. She begins to let herself be pushed into a more traditional mold. "she reads the writing of Thomad A Kempis and decides to live a life of piety and self-denial" She makes this decision because she feels the desire to fit into her society, now that she must take on more responsibilities at home due to her father's illness. In face of the love for Phillip Wakem, Maggie also showed expected behaviors for women at that time. She feels more completed by the sense that it is a selfless love because Phillip's deficiency in body. Maggie is fighting and conciliating all the time. So it can explain why Maggie runs away with Stephen but ends their elopement soon. On one hand she is against the outside wish because she wants to pursue her own happiness. It's the only way for a woman like Maggie to do so. "For what response could poor Maggie ever win except by wresting?" But on the other hand, as an individual she belongs to the society, so she must take the limitations imposed on women by nineteen-century society.Tom Tuliver also accepts his role as a man in contemporary society. As a boy, he loves outside doors and always wants to fight physically for gis place in the world. Tom's spiturial worl fits the spirit of knight in traditional England. He tries to satisfy his family's expectations and he studies hard on the subject he is not good at. After the family's accident he receives the family's burden without complains, as if it is natural for him to follow this. Tom is aligned himself with the narrow, self-serving ethic of the rising entrepreneur. In Tom's long seek of employment from Mr. Deane Tom managers to hold up his tears and behaves a man's way, when Mr. Deane says he is no use in many jobs.But he succeeds at last.Another character Phillip's response to the society can't be neglected, either. Comparing with Tom, he is a gentleman in many aspects. However, because of his deformity in body, he is considered weak throughout the entire novel. During the school time when Tom and Phillip are schoolmates, "Phillip is always depicted in a gentler light with finer features and more refined talents. When Tom goes out and experiences adventures, Philips only reads about them and retells the stories of others." Phillip's gentle gestures are especially showed when he has dealings with Maggie. He draws the picture and sings songs for her. He's always polite and knowledgeable. However, most his behaviors are not merits but a kind of compromise to the society. He accepts the role the society assumes to him. He can be strong to oppose sometimes, but he conciliates with the circumstance and his family Only his decision that marry Maggie is against his father's will , but it's only an episode and fails at lastV. Analysis of the conflicts showed by main characterThere are many conflicts in the novel which are showed in many characters and concentrated on Maggie. George Eliot explores the conflict between self-realization and acceptance that makes for the ambivalence at the heart of characters. It's also the origin of Maggie's inner conflict. Maggie is not willing to accept the role the society give to her, but at the same time she assumes duties a woman should have. Maggie Tulliver is trapped by being too compliant with other people's expectations of her, although she fights bravely but her inner struggle often brings her extreme pains. The climax is Maggie and Stephen‟s elopement. Maggie struggles between her love for Stephen and her duties to Phillip and Lucy, contracted as it were in her past .She rejects Stephen eventually and makes her way back to St.Oggs. Her last compromise implicates many women's plight at that time.Inner conflicts come from outside force. Maggie is influenced heavily by the external world. Her years for the education are not considered necessary or good for girls. She needs to love and be loved but is blocked by her brother's incomprehension. The plight ofwomen in general is showed by Maggie in a serious way. There are also many petty family obstacles to her freedom. Maggie has tasted and sought more of a forbidden knowledge for a woman. She shows her sympathy with others which is sharp contrast with many persons around her. She loves her brother Tom, but "as the heads strong Maggie grows into womanhood, the deep love which she has for Tom turns into conflict, because she can't reconcile his bourgeois standards with her own lively intelligence." Then Maggie's conflicts between her and the whole bourgeoisies‟ spirit exist. Also "Tom's pragmatics and reserved nature clashes with Maggie idealism and fervor for intellectual gains and experience."Lack of mutual understanding is another key reason for conflicts in the novel. Tom and Maggie are beloved brother and sister. They care about each other deep. But without understanding Maggie, Tom refuses Maggie many times, and at last he even roughly sends her away for Maggie's mistake on impulse, "telling her that she will never be welcome under his roof." and Mr. Tulliver's prejudice and contradiction with Phillip Wakem's father as well as Mr. Tulliver untimely death, serve both to intensify Tom and Maggie‟s prejudice, but in the same time highlight their love for each other. Confronting with difference, they don't talk the problem directly but misunderstand each other in a further step.Although Tom and Maggie have conflicts and differences, they reconcile at last. It is love and mutual understanding that solve the divergence especially in the end of the novel. Maggie tries to rescue Tom without concerning about her own life. Tom understands Maggie eventually and all their conflicts disappear.VI. ConclusionThe individual are influenced by their circumstances in many ways, Georg e Eliot‟s The Mill on the Floss reveals it clearly. The effect of society upon the individual is great and the individual responds the outside force different at different life's time.In Victorian England male and female have different roles in the society,. Men are assumed to have more right and responsibility than women. it is the same case with theirpressure. However, the limitations societies given to women are sadder for women. "Eliot herself once compares Victorian England to a prison" so under this condition individual fights the external force on one hand and on the other hand makes a compromise from time to time. In Eliot's novel each character is portrayed as behaving in various ways due to varied external and internal forces. This is reflected in Maggie very well. She is intelligent and not satisfied with the role family expected of her. she fight with the unfair in early years but later family's bankruptcy make Maggie's intellectual aptitude waste in her socially isolated state. She makes many sacrifices as to fit herself to the society needs for her.In sum the novel tries to tell us self-realization and acceptance is not an even way. There are many conflicts, here and there, now and then. One's own destiny is not dependent on its own choice. In order to meet with the external force, he has to sacrifice something for conciliation.。
英国历史文化论文
英国历史文化论文英国历史文化公元前地中海伊比利亚人，比克人，凯尔特人，先后来到不列颠。
公元１－５世纪大不列颠岛东南部为罗马帝国统治。
罗马人撤走后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁人、萨克逊人、朱特人相继入侵并定居。
７世纪开始形成封建制度，许多小国并成七个王国，争雄达２００年之久，史称“盎格鲁—撒克逊时代”。
８２９年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一了英格兰。
８世纪末遭丹麦人侵袭，１０１６年至１０４２年为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。
其后经英王短期统治，１０６６年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。
１２１５年约翰王被迫签署大宪章，王权遭抑制。
１３３８年至１４５３年英法进行“百年战争”，英国先胜后败。
１５８８年击败西班牙“无敌舰队”，树立海上霸权。
１６４０年英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命，成为资产阶级革命的先驱。
１６４９年５月１９日宣布成立共和国。
１６６０年王朝复辟，１６６８年发生“光荣革命”，确定了君主立宪制。
１７０７年英格兰与苏格兰合并，１８０１年又与爱尔兰合并。
１８世纪后半叶至１９世纪上半叶，成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。
１９世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，１９１４年占有的殖民地比本土大１１１倍，是第一殖民大国，自称“日不落帝国”。
第一次世界大战后开始衰败。
英国于１９２０年设立北爱兰郡，并于１９２１年至１９２２年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家。
１９３１年颁布威斯敏斯特法案，被迫承认其自治领在内政、外交上独立自主，大英帝国殖民体系从此动摇。
第二次世界大战中经济实力大为削弱，政治地位下降。
随着１９４７年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立，到６０年代，英帝国殖民体系瓦解。
１９７３年１月加入欧共体。
文化宗教在英国，每个人都享有宗教自由，因此，在英国各中心地区也形成了多种不同的宗教信仰蓬勃发展的局面。
英国有两个“官方的”教堂：即英格兰教堂（英国圣公教会）和苏格兰教堂（长老教派），除此之外，各种不同的宗教和数不胜数的教派在英国都可以找到自己的代表。
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英国历史文化论文精编
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英国历史文化
现代世界的一个突出特征是许多国家都形成了宗教信仰多元化的现实，其中包括英国。
英国宗教信仰多元化的问题不但反映了这个国家宗教文化的历史进程，更重要的是从一个侧面说明了宗教与、经济、、民族等问题的密切关联，这些关联又证实了宗教在现代世界各国的重要意义所在。
但是，从我们掌握的情况看，国内有关英国宗教问题的研究成果很少，而专门研究英国宗教多元化问题的论着还没有见到。
因此，研究、分析和了解英国宗教多元化的历史成因、表现及其特点（注：本文为教育部重点研究基地重点项目“现代欧美人口迁移与宗教多元化”的阶段性成果。
），不但具有历史学科价值，也具有现实意义。
历史上宗教信仰多元化的起源与发展
1054年基督教公开分裂为天主教和东正教以后，英国原本也是一个天主教国家。
1529年，都铎王朝的亨利八世以教皇不同意他与王后离婚为由开始与罗马教廷走向决裂。
与罗马教廷决裂后的英国教会称“安立甘宗(Anglican Communion)”，又称“圣公会(Anglican Churches)”，具有国教的地位。
由于英国与罗马教廷的决裂是经由亨利八世的改革来进行的，而且亨利八世并没有宣布放弃天主教信仰，改革后的英国国教保留了主教制等天主教传统，安立甘教成为一个既有罗马天主教传统、又有新教特点的教派。
由于国教内部对天主教残余问题存在不同看法，加之其他新教教派观点和思想的传入，使英国宗教从近代开始出现了多元化的趋向。
首先，英国安立甘教本身分为“高教会派”和“低教会派”两大教派。
所谓高教会派，又称“安立甘公教派”，也可以翻译为“英国天主教”，英语为Anglo-Catholicism，主张天主教传统礼仪和教义，但提倡改革教会；所谓低教会派，又称“安立甘宗福音派”，也有人翻译为“福音新教”，英语为Anglican Evangelicals，强调个人悔改和虔修，注重在圣公会中保持新教传统，贬低天主教礼仪和教义的重要性。
尽管英国所有的安立甘教派，包括扩散到英国国外殖民地上的安立甘教派都以坎特伯雷大主教为精神领袖，但在对待天主教及其传统的态度等问题上存在分歧，所以，安立甘教内部的多元化已成事实。
其次，在宗教发展史上，英国安立甘教经历了曲折的历史发展过程，其中包括爱德华六世时期的改革、血腥玛丽时期的天主教复辟、伊丽莎白时期的恢复国教统治，最后，终于发展成为一场对英国宗教、政治，乃至经济都发生重大影响的内战。
由
此看来，如同其他欧洲国家一样，在近代以前和近代前期，尽管人们在信仰上并不是统一的，或者说是多元的，但英国是没有宗教自由的。
也正是由于这个原因，英国从内战期间开始就曾经多次颁布宗教容忍法令，力图解决宗教信仰自由的问题，但这个问题直到19世纪中期才最后解决。
众所周知，主张清除英国国教内部天主教残余的人被称为“清教徒(Puritan)”（注：清教徒(Puritan)在17世纪发起的那场运动又被称为“清教运动”，众所周知，那场运动是主张清除英国国教中的天主教残余。
但是，人们对清教徒和清教运动并不十分清楚，对什么是新教、什么是清教等概念性问题也很模糊。
首先，尽管马克斯·韦伯把清教与新教混为一谈，但应该说二者完全不是一回事：新教是指欧洲宗教改革期间出现的新教派，包括英国的安立甘教、德国的路德教、瑞士的加尔文教、法国的胡格诺教等等，而清教却仅仅是英国国教徒发起的清除国教内天主教残余的运动。
清教徒本身又有分野，主要有长老派和独立派之分。
一般认为，长老派比较保守，独立派比较激进，但从宗教角度看，人们没有注意到一个最为重要的问题，那就是长老派是主张留在安立甘教内部进行斗争，而独立派却是主张脱离安立甘教进行独立斗争的，所以，独立派又被称为“分离派”。
事实上也正是这样，在英国内战结束后，除了一些独立派成员移民美洲外，绝大多数清教徒仍然是英国国教的成员。
所以，在基督教的历史上，英国的清教徒是不入流的，革命后清教徒自消自灭足以证明该派的地位。
），但一般人并不了解，除了个别独立派成员外，清教徒从来没有脱离国教，内战的一个根本原因也正是宗教改革的要求得不到满足。
所以，还在战争进行的过程中，英国国会就决定改革教会，于1643年废除主教制，并召开了威斯敏斯特会议以制订信条及教会行政制度。
大会有121位牧师代表和30位信徒代表参加，其中除公理派与圣公会外，大部分是长老派清教徒。
威斯敏斯特会议成为英国教会史中一次划时代的会议。
会上制订了“崇拜指南”、“威斯敏斯特信条”、“大本信仰问答”、“小本信仰问答”等重要文献。
1648年，国会通过并接受了这些文件，只将威斯敏斯特信条作了些许修订（注：祁伯尔：《历史的轨迹——二千年教会史》第31章。
）。
尽管内战期间曾经颁布过“容忍法令”，但由于国教统治地位的存在和不信奉国教者受到迫害，所谓宗教信仰自由根本有名无实。
与此同时，信奉天主教的人还存在，不信奉国教的其他教派还存在，国教也时时感受到各种威胁，宗教信仰自由的问题还是没有得到解决。
例如，根据1689年的“容忍法案”，凡是愿意实行以下各
点的，都可以自由崇拜：(1)发誓效忠威廉和玛丽；(2)拒绝接受罗马教皇的权威和天主教法规；(3)接受《三十九条信纲》。
在这样的条件下，或者说只要接受了这些条件，新教各个教派都可以在英国自由存在和活动。
然而，这种宗教信仰自由仅仅是新教中某些教派的自由，如长老派、公理派、浸礼派和贵格派等等，而且其总人数仅仅约占当时英国总人口的1/10（注：祁伯尔：《历史的轨迹——二千年教会史》，第31章。
）。
当时，不但天主教信徒不能担任公职，其他一些不信奉国教者也还是没有得到平等的待遇，因而，宗教自由还是一句空话。
此后，贵格派、循道派、亚米纽斯主义、苏西尼主义、自然神论等一些新兴教派都对国教发动冲击（注：阿萨·勃里格斯：《英国史》，中国人民大学出版社1991年版，第179-180页。
）。
因此，这个时期英国的宗教多元化仅仅是英国国教内部各个派别的多元化。