文艺复兴的政治原因(英文版)

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文艺复兴英语ppt

Humanism
• The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body.
• This transcending belief can be done with education.
Da Vinci has shown a very high talent in painting since childhood, so his father sent him to the painting workshop to learn painting. Before the start of the study, the teacher let da Vinci practice painting an egg for many days.
• The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome and the fourth was the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society .
• The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any siMedici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts

文艺复兴作文英文

文艺复兴作文英文英文：The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual growth that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism.During this time, artists and thinkers began to focus on the individual and the human experience, rather than solely on religious or societal ideals. This led to the development of new forms of art, such as perspective in painting and the use of the sonnet in poetry.One of the most famous figures of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci, who is known for his artistic masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his scientific and engineering inventions.The Renaissance had a profound impact on Western civilization, shaping the way we think about art, science, and the individual. It paved the way for the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, which built upon the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance.中文：文艺复兴是欧洲14世纪到17世纪的一段文化和知识增长的时期。

文艺复兴英文RenaissancePPT完整版PPT

What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal (Europe was
recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)
period)
Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
Encouraged the use of credit and banking
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power.
Absolute Rule
He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.
Do Now
Write a definition for the word, ‘rebirth’
Lesson 1 Objectives
SWBAT identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance
Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renaissance

文艺复兴的背景(英文版)

Renaissance thoughtWhile the humanists were not primarily philosophers and belonged to no single school of formal thought, they had a great deal of influence upon philosophy. They searched out and copied the works of ancient authors, developed critical tools for establishing accurate texts from variant manuscripts, made translations from Latin and Greek, and wrote commentaries that reflected their broad learning and their new standards and points of view. Aristotle’s authority remained preeminent, especially in logic and physics, but humanists were instrumental in the revival of other Greek scientists and other ancient philosophies, including stoicism, skepticism, and various forms of Platonism, as, for example, the eclectic Neoplatonist and gnostic doctrines of the Alexandrian schools known as Hermetic philosophy. All of these were to have far-reaching effects on the subsequent development of European thought. While humanists had a variety of intellectual and scholarly aims, it is fair to say that, like the ancient Romans, they preferred moral philosophy to metaphysics. Their faith in the moral benefits of poetry and rhetoric inspired generations of scholars and educators. Their emphasis upon eloquence, worldly achievement, and fame brought them readers and patrons among merchants and princes and employment in government chancelleries and embassies.The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. It's increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more.What Was the Renaissance?There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence.At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in culturalachievement compared with the earlier eras. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. Some of these classical texts survived only amongst Islamic scholars and were brought back to Europe at this time.The Renaissance Period“Renaissance” can also refer to the period, c. 1400 –c. 1600. “High Renaissance” generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explor ers “finding” new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of the cosmos and the rise of gunpowder. Many of these changes were triggered, in part, by the Renaissance, such as classical mathematics stimulating new financial trading mechanisms, or new techniques from the east boosting ocean navigation. The printing press was also developed, allowing Renaissance texts to be disseminated widely (in actual fact this print was an enabling factor rather than a result).Why Was This Renaissance Different?Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths. There was the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth to ninth centuries and a major one in the “Twelfth Century Renaissance”, which saw Greek science and philosophy returned to European consciousness and the development of a new way of thinking which mixed science and logic called Scholasticism. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history.The Society and Politics Behind the RenaissanceAcross the fourteenth century, and perhaps before, the old social and political structures of the medieval period broke down, allowing new concepts to rise. A new elite emerged, with new models of thought and ideas to justify themselves; what they found in classical antiquity was something to use both as a prop and a tool for their aggrandizement. Exiting elites matched them to keep pace, as did the Catholic Church. Italy, from which the Renaissance evolved, was a series of city-states, each competing with the others for civic pride, trade, and wealth. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes.At the very top of Italian society, the rulers of the key courts in Italy were all “new men”, recently confirmed in their positions of power and with newlygained wealth, and they were keen to demonstrate both. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Displaying wealth and using culture to reinforce your social and political was an important aspect of life in that period, and when artistic and scholarly movements turned back to the classical world at the start of the fifteenth century there were plenty of patrons ready to support them in these endeavors to make political points.The importance of piety, as demonstrated through commissioning works of tribute, was also strong, and Christianity proved a heavy influence for thinkers trying to square Christian thought wit h that of “pagan” classical writers.The Spread of the RenaissanceFrom its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. Trade, marriage, diplomats, scholars, the use of giving artists to forge links, even military invasions, all aided the circulation. Historians now tend to break the Renaissance down into smaller, geographic, groups such as the Italian Renaissance, The English Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance (a composite of several countries) etc. There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa.。

论文艺复兴的政治经济文化原因

论文艺复兴的政治经济原因文艺复兴（Renaissance）是盛行于14世纪到16世纪的一场欧洲思想文化运动。

文艺复兴最先在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。

文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动（文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动）之一。

11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。

在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利，最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。

当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位及其虚伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古代希腊、罗马文化的形式来表达自己的文化主张，这就是所谓的“文艺复兴”。

意大利最早兴起资本主义萌芽且较多的保留了古希腊、古罗马的文化，所以文艺复兴最先起源于此。

从政治因素来看，来自弗洛伦萨的美第奇家族在取得意大利的统治地位后,在采取必要政治措施的同时,对文化、教育和艺术的发展也采取了一系列强力推动政策,成就斐然,尤其是积极创办大学,倡导学术研究;大胆擢拔使用学者能人（值得一提的是，美蒂奇家族是人文主义思想的积极拥护者，在其统治时期，政府中有许多人文主义者任职，为日后的文艺复兴运动营造了较宽松的政治环境。

）,并极力给以赞助和保护;注重抢救和保护文化遗产等。

其中最著名的家族成员洛伦佐美蒂奇更是被誉为文艺复兴运动时期最慷慨的艺术赞助人，受其赞助的艺术家中不乏如米开朗基罗等名誉世界的艺术家。

正是因为美蒂奇家族的种种政策措施使15世纪意大利进入历史发展的黄金时代，各个城市发展欣欣向荣，为文艺复兴运动的兴起提供了良好的孕育温床。

从文化因素来看，意大利若干世纪以来，一直是古罗马文化的中心；由于地理位置和历史条件，使意大利在对古希腊文化吸收方面在西欧各国独占鳌头，从古代继承下来的文明还继续居于领导地位，并因此产生了一系列文化效应——文化的世俗化和非闭锁型倾向、注重文化教育投资的城市观念、物质归向于文化型的市民消费特征等，都成为意大利文艺复兴运动发起的动力源泉。

文艺复兴英文介绍

Birth of rade focused on the Mediterranean(地中海) coast ， Italy produced bud of capitalism.
Culture Foundation
（文化基础）
• Italy had many states , and
The new theory system
Develop production
Improve life level
The rising bourgeoisie believed that medieval culture is retrograde , and Greek, Roman classical culture is advanced, they try to revival of classical culture, and the so-called "Renaissance" is actually a unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit.
cities are independent or semi-independent .After the 14th century, the city gradually from the Republic to dictatorship. Dictator wanted free of the fetters of religious asceticism, so they protected the artist and the paintings of secular life.
Class foundation
(阶级基础)

文艺复兴英文简介

The Renai‎s sanc‎eT he Renai‎s sanc‎e refer‎s to the perio‎d in Europ‎e an civil‎i zati‎o n towar‎d s the end of the Middl‎e Ages, which‎was chara‎c teri‎z ed by a surge‎of inter‎e st in class‎i cal learn‎i ng and value‎s.1.The origi‎n of the Renai‎s sanc‎eThe Renai‎s sanc‎e emerg‎e d when socia‎l insta‎b ilit‎y, econo‎m ic slugg‎i shne‎s s and intel‎l ectu‎a l depre‎s sion‎becam‎e so intol‎e rabl‎e that most of the peopl‎e, espec‎i ally‎the intel‎l ectu‎a ls could‎no longe‎r accep‎t the worse‎n ing situa‎t ion. The Renai‎s sanc‎e as a movem‎e nt first‎start‎e d in Flore‎n ce and then expan‎d ed to Venic‎e, Rome and other‎Itali‎a n citie‎s befor‎e it swept‎the rest parts‎of Europ‎e. Paint‎i ng and sculp‎t ure were the most sensi‎t ive field‎s to the chang‎e with their‎subje‎c ts and taste‎s, shift‎i ng from dulln‎e ss, stagn‎a tion‎,lack of emoti‎o n and divin‎i ty to dynam‎i cs, enthu‎s iasm‎and human‎i tari‎a nism‎.Liter‎a ture‎and ideol‎o gy soon follo‎w ed as other‎impor‎t ant areas‎proce‎e ded and the movem‎e nt furth‎e r separ‎a ted itsel‎f from feuda‎l isti‎c tyran‎n y, eccle‎s iast‎i c bonda‎g e and sough‎t intel‎l ectu‎a l freed‎o m and ideol‎o gica‎l emanc‎i pati‎o n.2.The chara‎c teri‎s tics‎of the Renai‎s sanc‎eThe Renai‎s sanc‎e is chara‎c teri‎z ed by seeki‎n g ideol‎o gica‎l emanc‎i pati‎o n, intel‎l ectu‎a l freed‎o m and polit‎i cal aware‎n ess, based‎on cultu‎r al produ‎c tion‎and relig‎i ous refor‎m atio‎n. All these‎were under‎t aken‎or unfol‎d ed gradu‎a lly but widel‎y, exten‎d ing its influ‎e nces‎to every‎corne‎r of Europ‎e, with more and more peopl‎e getti‎n g invol‎v ed. The achie‎v emen‎t s were seen princ‎i pall‎y in six areas‎,namel‎y, paint‎i ng, sculp‎t ure, poetr‎y, ficti‎o n, drama‎and relig‎i ous refor‎m atio‎n as well as the chang‎e in the cultu‎r al and intel‎l ectu‎a l clima‎t e.3.The influ‎en ce of the Renai‎s sanc‎eThe Renai‎s sanc‎e was an impor‎t ant stage‎in the histo‎r ical‎proce‎s s of the Weste‎r n civil‎i zati‎o n and indic‎a ted a trans‎i tion‎a l perio‎d from the Middl‎e Ages to the moder‎n era in the devel‎o pmen‎t of Weste‎r n cultu‎r e. Econo‎m ic and intel‎l ectu‎a l chang‎e s durin‎g the Renai‎s sanc‎e both helpe‎d to speed‎up Weste‎r n socia‎l and cultu‎r al devel‎o pmen‎t and prepa‎r ed the neces‎s ary condi‎t ions‎for the rapid‎progr‎e ss in polit‎i cal, socia‎l and ideol‎o gica‎l areas‎of the Moder‎n Age.文艺复兴是‎指由于意大‎利最早产生‎了资本主义‎萌芽，13世纪末‎在意大利兴‎起，以后扩散到‎西欧各国，16世纪盛‎行的一场思‎想文化运动‎。

文艺复兴英文 Renaissance ppt课件

When did the Renaissance Take Place?
Roughly the 14th to the 17th century
How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?
Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time
• Trade and commerce increased • Cities grew larger and wealthier • Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the
growth of the arts and learning • The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters
• Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside
Bubonic Plague Continued
• After five years 25 million people were dead--one-third of Europe's population.

解释文艺复兴的英语作文

解释文艺复兴的英语作文The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" in French, was a period of great cultural and intellectual awakening that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. During this time, there was a renewed interest in the classical texts of Greece and Rome, as well as a focus on humanism and individualism. The Renaissance was a time of great change and progress, and it had a profound impact on the arts, literature, science, and politics of the time.The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe over the next few hundred years. One of the key factors that contributed to the rise of the Renaissance was the rediscovery of classical texts. During the Middle Ages, many of these texts had been lost or forgotten, but they were rediscovered during the Renaissance and became the basis for much of theintellectual and artistic activity of the time.Another important factor in the Renaissance was therise of humanism, which emphasized the importance of individualism and the potential of human beings to achieve great things. This philosophy was reflected in the art and literature of the time, which often depicted human figures in realistic and naturalistic ways, rather than thestylized and symbolic representations of the Middle Ages.The Renaissance was also a time of great innovation and progress in science and technology. Scientists and inventors made significant advances in fields such as astronomy, physics, and medicine, and new technologies such as the printing press and the compass were invented, which had a profound impact on the world.In addition to its intellectual and artistic achievements, the Renaissance also had a significant impact on politics and society. The rise of humanism and individualism led to a greater emphasis on democracy and the rights of the individual, and many of the political and social structures of the time were reformed or replaced as a result.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a period of great change and progress that had a profound impact on the world. Its focus on classical texts, humanism, and individualism, as well as its innovations in science and technology, continue to influence our culture and society today.。

Renaissance文艺复兴英文介绍

Humanism The dignity of human beings The worth of the present life Man’s ability to perfect himself
“Man is the measure of all things.”
---Protagoras (480BC-408BC)
1.1 What is Renaissance?
A cultural & intellectual movement A European phenomenon “Renaissance”---rebirth, revival Ancient Greek and Roman classics
1.2 What does the Renaissance involve?
David (1504) by Michelangelo
In essence,
the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers attempted to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by Roman Catholic Church and to introduce new ideas expressing the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.
II Historical Background
1558 Death of Mary, accession of Elizabeth I (Protestant) 1576 The first playhouse built in London 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada, apex of England 1603 Death of Elizabeth I, accession of James I

文艺复兴的了解英语作文

文艺复兴：唤醒人类精神的曙光The Renaissance, a historical era that transformed Europe from the medieval age into a new age ofenlightenment and progress, remains a pivotal epoch in the annals of human civilization. This period, spanning approximately from the 14th to the 17th century, witnesseda profound cultural, artistic, and intellectual revivalthat laid the foundation for modern Europe.The Renaissance began in Italy, particularly inFlorence and Venice, where a renewed interest in classical antiquity, combined with a desire for innovation and experimentation, flourished. Artists and thinkers of this era rejected the rigid constraints of medieval dogma and embraced a more humanistic approach, focusing on the individual, their experiences, and the natural world. This shift in perspective led to a profusion of creativity and innovation in various fields, including painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, music, and science.In the realm of art, the Renaissance marked atransition from the abstract and symbolic representationsof the medieval era to a more realistic and naturalisticstyle. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael explored the depths of human emotion and expression through their masterful depictions of figures and landscapes. The use of perspective and lighting techniques added a new dimension to paintings, bringing them to life with a startling realism.Architecture also underwent significant changes during the Renaissance. Buildings became more symmetrical and harmonious, with a focus on proportion and balance. The use of classical elements like columns, arches, and domes gave buildings a sense of grandeur and elegance that reflected the newfound confidence and optimism of the age.Moreover, the Renaissance saw a resurgence of interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy and literature. This led to a renewed emphasis on rational thinking andscientific inquiry, laying the groundwork for theScientific Revolution that followed. Scholars like Copernicus and Galileo challenged traditional beliefs about the universe, paving the way for modern astronomy and physics.The influence of the Renaissance spread beyond Italy to other parts of Europe, including France, England, and Germany. Each country embraced the spirit of the Renaissance in its unique way, giving rise to a diverse array of cultural expressions and artistic achievements.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a pivotal period in the history of human civilization. It marked a transition from the medieval age to a new era of enlightenment and progress, laying the foundation for modern Europe. The Renaissance not only revitalized culture and art but also fostered a new mindset that emphasized rational thinking, scientific inquiry, and the pursuit of knowledge. Its legacy continues to inspire and inform our understanding of the world today.**文艺复兴：唤醒人类精神的曙光**文艺复兴，一个将欧洲从中世纪带入启蒙与进步新时代的历史时期，在人类文明史册中占据着举足轻重的地位。

文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

文艺复兴背景英语作文

文艺复兴背景英语作文Title: The Renaissance: A Cultural Rebirth。

The Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" in French, was a period of immense cultural, artistic, and intellectual transformation that swept across Europe from the 14th tothe 17th century. It marked the transition from themedieval period to the modern era and brought about arevival of interest in classical art, literature, and learning. This essay will explore the key aspects of the Renaissance and its profound impact on Western civilization.One of the defining features of the Renaissance was the renewed interest in the literature and philosophy ofancient Greece and Rome. Scholars and artists studied classical texts and works of art, seeking inspiration and guidance from the achievements of antiquity. The revival of classical learning led to the development of humanism, an intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of human reason, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledgefor its own sake.Art flourished during the Renaissance, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael producing some of the most iconic works in Western art history. These artists broke away from the rigid conventions of medieval art and embraced naturalism, perspective, and anatomical accuracy. Their masterpieces, such as da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David," continue to captivate audiences with their beauty and complexity.In addition to visual arts, the Renaissance witnessed significant advancements in literature, music, and science. Writers like William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes produced timeless literary works that explored the complexities of the human experience. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed music that remains an integral part of the Westernclassical music canon. Meanwhile, scientists like Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler revolutionized our understanding of the natural world through theirgroundbreaking discoveries and experiments.The Renaissance was also a period of great social and political change. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century facilitated the spread of knowledge and ideas, paving the way for the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, making literature and learning more accessible to people across Europe.Furthermore, the Renaissance saw the emergence of powerful city-states such as Florence, Venice, and Rome, which became centers of trade, finance, and culture. Wealthy merchants and patrons of the arts sponsored artists and scholars, fostering an environment of creativity and innovation. The rise of the merchant class challenged the traditional social hierarchy, leading to the growth of secularism and individualism.However, the Renaissance was not without its dark side. Despite its emphasis on humanism and enlightenment, it wasalso a period of religious intolerance, political intrigue, and social inequality. The Catholic Church, threatened by the spread of Protestantism and the questioning of its authority, launched the Counter-Reformation to suppress dissent and preserve its power.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a pivotal period in Western history that laid the foundations for the modern world. It brought about a revival of classical learning, artistic innovation, and scientific inquiry that continues to influence our society today. While it was a time of great achievement and progress, it was also a time of upheaval and conflict. Nevertheless, the legacy of the Renaissance endures as a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and intellect.。

西方现代主义文学产生的原因英文版

Reasons for the Emergence of Western Modernist LiteratureIntroductionWestern modernist literature refers to a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by experimentation with narrative techniques, non-linear plots, and an emphasis on subjectivity and the inner workings of the human mind. This article aims to explore the reasons behind the emergence of Western modernist literature and shed light on the socio-cultural, political, and artistic factors that contributed to its rise.1. Reaction against Realism1.1 Movement towards Subjectivity•Authors felt constrained by the conventions of realism•Desire to explore the complexities of the human psyche and challenge traditional narrative structures•Subjectivity offered a new way to represent the fragmented, disjointed nature of the modern world1.2 Dissatisfaction with Traditional Narrative Techniques•Linear plotlines and straightforward storytelling deemed inadequate to capture the complexities of modern life •Fragmentation and disruption of narrative structures became key features of modernist literature•Authors sought to reflect the disorienting and chaotic nature of the modern era through unconventional narrative techniques2. Influence of Industrialization and Urbanization2.1 Impact on Perception of Time and Space•Rapid technological advancements and urban expansion led to a sense of disconnection from nature and traditional values •Accelerated pace of life and the blurring of boundaries, challenging the linear sense of time and space•Modernist literature sought to depict the fragmented and chaotic experience of urban life2.2 Alienation and Fragmentation•Rapid urbanization resulted in the loss of community and a sense of alienation•Increased individualism and isolation contributed to a fragmented sense of identity•Modernist writers de picted the individual’s struggle to find meaning in a disconnected and impersonal world3. Response to World Wars and Political Upheaval3.1 Impact of World War I•The devastation and disillusionment caused by the war challenged traditional beliefs and values•Loss of faith in progress and the belief in the inherent goodness of humanity•Modernist literature reflected the shattered illusions and the existential crisis of the post-war era3.2 Political Tensions and Ideological Shifts•Rise of totalitarian regimes and ideological conflicts challenged established notions of power and authority•Modernist literature responded to these tensions by questioning societal norms and exploring alternative ways of thinking •Authors sought to expose the dehumanizing effects of political ideologies and the dangers of authoritarianism4. Artistic and Cultural Revolution4.1 Influence of Visual Arts and Avant-garde Movements •Interdisciplinary exchange between literature, visual arts, and music•Influence of Cubism, Surrealism, and Expressionism on narrative techniques and aesthetics•Modernist literature embraced experimentation and blurred the boundaries between different art forms4.2 Literary Manifestos and Intellectual Debates•Founding of literary magazines and artistic movements promoting new approaches to literature•Intellectual debates on the nature and purpose of art in the modern world•Modernist writers actively participated in these discussions and used their works to challenge existing artistic conventions ConclusionThe emergence of Western modernist literature was a result of various interconnected factors, including a reaction against realism, the influence of industrialization and urbanization, the turmoil of world wars and political upheaval, as well as a cultural revolution within the arts. These factors created a fertile ground for experimentation, allowing writers to challenge traditional narrative techniques, explore the complexities of human experience, and respond to the fragmented and disorienting nature of the modern world. Western modernist literature continues to be an influential and vibrant literary tradition that has left a lasting impact on the art of storytelling.。

文艺复兴的政治原因（英文版）

文艺复兴的政治原因（英文版）第一篇：文艺复兴的政治原因(英文版)After the introduction of economical reason, I will lead you to explore the European political system in middle age, and find the political contribution to the Renaissance(第一张PPT完) We all know that economic base determine the superstructure, and we can know that the economic of Europe has developed in 14 centare, newly confident bourgeoisies are rise, people become wealthier, so they begin to hold on their hands into the politics.(第二张PPT完)Now, we can see The relationship between state and society in medieval EuropeFirst , The relationship was a finite state model(有限国家模式) Second, The state power and the Christian Church has two opposite, great er independence.Third,The state’s ability of social control is weak, social life is mainly controlled by the feudal lords, and not by the crownIn this political system，it is very difficult for The bourgeoisie to develop themselves第三张The growing citizen stratum are eager to have more rights，so they did many things to realize their dreams.In 1266, The regime of Florence were split by aristocrats and commoners, 100 new business members consist of the “public meeting” and they have the legislative and executive powersIn 1293, Florence business people overthrow the feudal aristocracy(封建贵族统治)And then, The political pattern of Italy became this:Although，there somefeudal survivals，the people has the real power.There is the comparison with The citizens stratum and The feudal aristocracy(封建贵族), in a word, the citizens stratumin the green tree and the feudal aristocracy At a disadvantage.(第五张）And another political reason is about The revolution of law.In the Middle Ages:w is regarded as God ordained(上帝制定), and cannot be changed, in European feudal society2.Franchise(特权法)and canon(教会法)law is an important part of medieval law3.hierarchy(等级制)is the product of the medieval(中世纪的)feudal social legal system第六张This are the significants of the revolution of law:1.(Law is no longer one's master, and people could enacted laws, change the law)2.(The activities of the social order shall be formulated by the people themselves, people become the really dominant in society)3.People have been liberated, promoting the development of Humanism(第七张完)Last but not least, the unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy is also a important reasonThis is the Political map of Italy in early 1494,(第七张完)we can find that Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early middle period, Many of Italian cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings, so that, the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire's heartland.(第八张完)These are the three main political reason of Renaissance.第二篇：文艺复兴英文简介The Renaissance陈玖霖英美文化12班 2013704002The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilizationtowards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation.The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe.Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism.Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the Renaissance The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation.All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the Renaissance The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture.Economic and intellectualchanges during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.第三篇：关于文艺复兴关于文艺复兴。

西方文化文艺复兴之宗教改革 religious reformation

宗教改革不但对基督教的发展产生了重要影响，而且对西方后来的社会和知识的发展开创了新的道路。
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宗教改革
The Religious Reformation 1.Significance and Causes 2.Martin Luther’s Religious Reform 3.Calvinism
Significance(意义) and causes
The Reformation is closely related to the Renaissance in its origin and significance. If the Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art, the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology. One could say the Renaissance would have been incomplete without the unfolding of the Religious Reformation and the Religious Reformation could hardly have gone into operation without the social and intellectual conditions prepared by the Renaissance. Both of them made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.