chmosky and his contributions (乔姆斯基对语言学贡献)
乔姆斯基语言学理论对心理语言学发展的贡献
乔姆斯基语言学理论对心理语言学发展的贡献摘要：乔姆斯基的语言学理论不仅在语言学界影响深远，在心理学界也产生巨大的影响。
本文从乔姆斯基的语言学理论入手，探讨他的语言学理论对心理语言学发展的贡献。
关键词：乔姆斯基心理语言学贡献诺姆?乔姆斯基是20世纪著名的语言学家，他的转换生成语法理论、管辖与约束理论、最简方案等，对语言学的发展贡献巨大，被誉为“乔姆斯基革命”。
他的理论有关于语言本质的、语言习得规律的、语言的生成和理解的，这些范畴都已经超越了纯粹的语言学研究，涉及其他学科，如心理学、生物学等，极大地推动了相关学科的发展。
对于心理语言学，他的影响显著，他的语言学理论，他对语言学和心理学结合早期的一些研究提出的批评，还有他对语言学和心理学的关系应该是怎么样的，提出了看法，这几个方面结合，极大地推动了心理语言学的发展。
一、乔姆斯基的语言学理论美国夏威夷大学的斯坦博格教授[1]认为乔姆斯基的语言观是心灵主义中的理性主义派。
经典的理性主义者认为，激活头脑中已有的知识需要启动理性的参与，乔姆斯基则持否定的意见，他认为理性的因素，如逻辑、分析能力等在激活人类本来就固有的语言知识的过程中，作用非常有限，语言知识应该是一个独立的心灵功能。
乔姆斯基说：“学习语言的儿童和语言学家的问题是要从语言行为素材中找出说话人―听话人已掌握，并在实际语言行为中运用的潜在的规则系统。
因此，从技术上说，语言理论是心灵主义的，因为，它要发现实际语言行为后面的心灵实体。
”[2]乔姆斯基的语言理论都旨在回答“潜在的规则系统”是什么的问题。
在分析了儿童学习语言的特征后，比如儿童能够理解和创造出大量从来没有听说过的词汇和句子，儿童在3-5岁左右就能够掌握母语的语法结构、自由会话等，他提出语言能力是人类的天赋能力，人天生存在一套潜在的语法规则，人脑天生配备有语言加工的内部装置，叫做语言习得机制（Language Acquisition Device），儿童出生时就带有LAD，LAD使得儿童能够根据接收到的语言输入，识别该语言的特征，自动进行归纳和总结，对语言规则进行假设，通过不断地验证这些假设而形成对语言的具体结构的整体把握，从而强化语言能力。
简述乔姆斯基的语言观
简述乔姆斯基的语言观全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：诺姆·乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）是20世纪最为著名的语言学家之一，同时也是当代最重要的思想家之一。
他的语言观影响了整个语言学界和哲学界，对人类语言能力的理解产生了深远影响。
本文将简要介绍乔姆斯基的语言观。
乔姆斯基的语言观基于他对人类语言能力的研究，他提出了著名的“普遍语法”理论。
根据乔姆斯基的观点，人类语言能力是与生俱来的，是人类大脑中固有的能力。
这种固有的语言能力使得人类能够在自然语言中产生无限多的句子，并理解和掌握新的语言结构，即便是从未听说过的语言。
乔姆斯基认为，人类的语言能力并非一种机械的、被动的学习过程，而是一种天赋的、主动的能力。
他强调了语言中的创造性和规则性，认为人类能够创造出无数种句子，并且遵循着一定的语法规则。
这种语法规则是普遍存在的，不受具体语言的影响，是人类语言能力的内在特性。
乔姆斯基的语言观还深刻影响了对语言习得的理解。
他认为，人类的语言习得是一种自然的、本能的过程，婴儿从出生开始就会自动地学习语言。
这种语言习得不需要外部的教导和指导，而是通过与周围环境的互动和自我探索来实现的。
这就解释了为什么孩子们能够在非常短的时间内掌握并运用复杂的语言结构。
乔姆斯基的语言观还对语言学的研究方法和目标产生了深远影响。
他主张通过对语言结构和规则的研究来揭示人类语言能力的本质，而不是仅仅关注语言的表面现象。
他认为，语言学家应该致力于揭示普遍的语法规则，而不是仅仅收集各种语言的语料。
这种研究方法使得语言学成为了一门更加理论化和系统化的学科。
第二篇示例：世界语言学史上，诺姆·乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）一直被誉为最伟大的语言学家之一。
他在20世纪中叶提出了许多深刻的语言理论和观点，对当代语言学的发展产生了深远的影响。
乔姆斯基的语言观不仅涉及语言的结构和意义，还涉及到语言习得的本质和语言作为人类认知的重要性。
乔姆斯基
• 乔姆斯基是一位富有探索精神的 语言学家。最初，他用结构主义 的方法研究希伯莱语，后来发现 这种方法有很大的局限性，转而 探索新的方法，逐步建立起转换生成语法，1957年出版的《句法 结构》就是这一新方法的标志。 这种分析方法风靡全世界，冲垮 了结构语言学的支配地位，因而 被人们称为"乔姆斯基革命"。
MERCI
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
乔姆斯基革 命
• 他主张语言学家的研究对象应从语 言转为语法； • 研究范围应从观察现象转为描写和 解释现象； • 研究方向应从处理语言素材转到评 比语法假设。
背景
• 1)对当时生物进化论数学等学科知识的 借鉴; • 2)对结构主义语法和行为主义语言学的 反动; • 3)对柏拉图的灵魂回忆说和笛卡尔的天 赋观念的扬弃; • 4)对惟理语法的继承.
• 每—个句子都有两个结构层次——深 层结构和表层结构.深层结构显示基本 的句法关系,决定句子的意义；表层结 构则表示用于交际中的句子的形式,决 定句子的语音等.句子的深层结构通过 转换规则变为表层结构,从而被感知和 传达.
天赋假说
• 语法是生成的,儿童生下来就具有一种 普遍语法,这种普遍语法的实质就是一 种大脑具有的与语言知识相关的特定 状态,一种使婴儿能学会人类任何语言 的物理及相应的心理机制.婴儿就是凭 借这个普遍语法去分析和理解后天语 言环境中的语言素材.婴儿言语获得过 程就是由普遍语法向个别语法转化的 过程.这个转化是由先天的“语言获得 装置”(language acquisition device,LAD) 实现的
• 乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928--），美国语言学家， 转换-生成语法的创始人。 1928年12月7日出生于美国 宾夕法尼亚州的费城。1951 年在宾夕法尼亚大学完成硕 士论文《现代希伯莱语语素 音位学》，1955年又在该校 完成博士论文《转换分析》， 获得博士学位。从1955年秋 天开始，他在麻省理工学院 工作，如今是麻省理工学院 语言学的荣誉退休教授。他 的《生成语法》被认为是20 世纪理论语言学研究上最伟 大的贡献。
简述乔姆斯基的语言观
简述乔姆斯基的语言观全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：著名的美国语言学家乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）对语言的研究以及他的语言观在当今语言学领域中占据着重要地位。
乔姆斯基的语言观主要集中在生成语法理论以及普世语言能力（Universal Grammar）的假设上。
他认为，语言的本质在于人类天生的语言天赋，而不是仅仅通过学习可以获得的技能。
在这篇文章中，我们将简要介绍乔姆斯基的语言观。
乔姆斯基认为人类天生具有语言能力，这意味着人类在出生时就具备了特定的语言天赋，能够轻松地学习和使用语言。
他认为，这种天赋是普世的，存在于所有人类语言中，而不是仅仅存在于某种具体的语言结构中。
乔姆斯基认为，语言是人类基因的产物，是人类思维的一部分，而不仅仅是一种工具。
乔姆斯基提出了生成语法理论。
生成语法是一种描述语言结构和规则的形式化系统，用于描述语言是如何生成的。
乔姆斯基认为，语言的结构是通过一定的规则和原则来生成的，而这些规则和原则是内在于人类语言能力的。
他认为，人类具备一种普遍的语法结构，这种语法结构在所有语言中都存在，并且是人类大脑的固有属性。
乔姆斯基的语言观对当今语言学研究产生了深远影响。
他的理论为我们提供了一种全新的视角来理解语言的本质和结构。
他的研究挑战了传统的行为主义观点，认为语言是一种天赋，而不是简单的习得。
乔姆斯基的观点激发了许多语言学家和心理学家对语言学习过程的深入思考，为我们更好地理解语言学习的机制和原则提供了重要参考。
第二篇示例：译者按：瓦茨拉夫·约瑟夫·乔姆斯基（Vaclav Jzef Czemski,1929-1997）是20世纪著名的语言学家、哲学家和认知心理学家，他对语言和思维之间的关系进行了深入观察和研究，提出了许多有关语言结构和意义的重要理论。
本文将简要介绍乔姆斯基的语言观。
乔姆斯基是现代结构主义语言学的创始人之一，他认为语言是人类思维活动的产物，是人类独特的认知工具。
乔姆斯基 语言论 哲学基础
Chapter Four The Philosophical Foundation of Chomsky's Language ConceptAs a great linguist, Chomsky does make great contribution to the theory of linguistics. One of the reasons why his theories are so powerful and convincing, as we all know, is the solid philosophical bases.His brief commitments include realism, naturalism and mentalism, which render a range of implications for issues like the mind-body problem, innateness, the "private language" argument and the nature of language.In the following parts, this thesis will have an overview of the three stands in his thinking.4.2 RealismRealism is the first important view of Chomsky philosophy , for the reason that the concepts of language and entities put forward by Chomsky are the reflection of real features of the world.Chomsky was insistent on realism from the start. His position is that if one's best theory of some cognitive phenomena involved postulating, for instance, a representation X, then we have no more reason to doubt the existence of X on any a priori grounds.The constructs and entities that Chomsky put forward are just as those in chemistry and biology. They deal with the real features of the world. What he is concerned with is the empirical nature of linguistics, the internalized grammar in an individual's mind or the I-language rather than the social or collective E-language.In his study of realism, Chomsky devotes considerable attention to many indeterminism theses. For instance, Quine's view that it is impossible to decide among extensionally equivalent grammars and "Wittgensteinian"'s idea that it is never possible to decide which rules a system is following. Chomsky admonishes these criticisms by pointing out their lack of imagination in considering how one might go about empirically settling such questions.4.3 NaturalismChomsky finds that we will always learn more about human life and human personality from the study of language. Though linguistics is conducted in accordance with the methodology of the natural sciences, we cannot reduce linguistics to physics and other "hard" sciences.The naturalism of Chomsky was widely criticized by some distinguished philosophers including Willard Van Quine. Quine adopts a natural attitude whereas his position mistakenly rests on the assumption that properties of formal language can be found in all natural languages and that rules in linguistics are no more thandescriptive rules of language behaviors. As a matter of fact, the language he studies is just the E-language in the theory of Chomsky.2·1唯实论只有把Chomsky的唯实论观点与其它语言学理论做出的非唯实论的解释进行对比之后,我们才能看出它的重要性。
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献2007-08-22 18:08:19 作者：zhaolixia来源：浏览次数：893 网友评论0条文字大小：【大】【中】【小】评分等级：无乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献张淑静1，崔艳菊2(1. 解放军外国语学院河南洛阳471003; 2.解放军信息工程大学基础部河南郑州450002)摘要:乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家。
他的转换生成理论广为人知。
然而比较鲜为人知的是他对心理语言学的贡献他的转换语法理论塑造了实验心理语言学头十年的研究:他的普遍语法理论丰富了语言习得理论，至今仍有人批追随者。
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献不因在于他的语言学理论，还在于他对语言心理学旱期研究的批判，以及他关于语言学和心理学的关系的理论。
没有乔如斯基就没有心理语言学今天的繁荣发展。
关键词:乔姆斯基; 转换生成语法; 普遍语法; 心理语言学Abstract: Chomsky is a world famous linguist. His transformational generative grammar theory is well known all over the world, What is less well known, however, is his contribution to psycholinguistics: His transformational generative grammar theory shaped studies in experimental psycholinguistics of the first ten years: his universalgrammar theory enriched language acquisition theories and even today has a lot of followers. His contribution to psycholinguistics lies not only in his linguistic theory, but also in his critique of earlier research in the psychology of language and in his ideas about the relationships between linguistics and psychology. Without Chomsky,psycholinguistics would not be so prosperous.Key words: Chomsky; transformational generativegrammar; universal grammar; psycholinguistics.0. 引言众所周知,乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家同时他还是一位思想家、哲学家。
乔姆斯基的语言学理论
乔姆斯基的语言学理论据《圣经·旧约》上说，人类的祖先最初讲的是同一种语言。
他们在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间的巴比伦市定居，日子越过越好，决定修建一座可以通到天上去的高塔—巴比伦塔。
上帝大怒，决定让人世间的语言发生混乱，使人们互相言语不通。
这样就无法合作修建高塔.然而,人类在上帝面前从来就不是温顺的羔羊,他们总是在努力进行着不同语言之间的沟通.他们有的直接学习某种外语,有的对人类语言普遍规律进行探索,有的企图建立统一的世界语.从某种意上讲,这些有识之士都可以称作是再造巴比伦通天塔的工程师。
而转换生成语言学的创始人乔姆斯基无疑是其中最杰出的一位.一、乔姆斯基其人乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928-- ），美国语言学家，转换-生成语法的创始人。
1928年12月7日出生于美国宾西法尼亚州的费城的一个犹太家庭,父亲是一位研究希伯来语的学者。
1947年，在哈里斯的影响下他开始研究语言学。
1951年在宾西法尼亚大学完成硕士论文《现代希伯莱语语素音位学》，1955年又在该校完成博士论文《转换分析》，获得博士学位。
从1955年秋天开始，他一直在麻省理工学院工作，曾任该校语言学与哲学系主任，并任该校认知科学研究中心主任，为语言学界培养了一批有素养的学者。
乔姆斯基是一位富有探索精神的语言学家。
最初，他用结构主义的方法研究希伯莱语，后来发现这种方法有很大的局限性，转而探索新的方法，逐步建立起转换-生成语法，1957年出版的《句法结构》就是这一新方法的标志。
这种分析方法风靡全世界，冲垮了结构语言学的支配地位，因而被人们称为"乔姆斯基革命"。
后来他又不断丰富和发展转换-生成语法的理论和方法，相继发表了《句法理论要略》、《深层结构、表层结构和语义解释》、《支配和约束论集》等重要著作，对世界语言学的发展方向产生了巨大的影响。
二、生成语言学理论发展阶段关于乔姆斯基理论发展的阶段，有三阶段四阶段五阶段等说法，为了方便讲述，我们采取三个阶段的说法。
乔姆斯基的生成语言学及其影响
乔姆斯基的生成语言学及其影响乔姆斯基的生成语言学及其影响摘要：诺姆·乔姆斯基博士，美国哲学家、语言学家、认知学家、逻辑学家、政治评论家。
他的生成语法被认为是20世纪理论语言学研究上的重要贡献。
乔姆斯基提出研究语言普遍现象的问题。
他认为语言学的任务是揭示儿童大脑初始状态和内化了的语言规则。
研究语言的最终目的则是揭示人脑的本质，人的知识的本质和人的本质。
本文将通过生成语言学的历史渊源、主要历史阶段以及其主要影响来展开描述生成语言学。
关键词：生成语言学；主要阶段；主要影响一、生成语言学的历史渊源转换生成语言学有其深远的历史渊源。
中世纪中期，学者波依修斯第一次提出了语言的普遍现象问题。
他认为语言具有普遍性，许多概念都具有普遍性质。
然而对转换生成语言学影响最大的是笛卡尔和洪堡特的观点。
笛卡尔等认为知识来源于理性。
人类心智在知觉和知识的获得中起到了积极的作用。
洪堡特认为人脑中天生有创造语言的能力。
语言能力是人类大脑功能的重要组成部分，讲话人是运用有限的语言手段创造出无限的语言行为。
洪堡特指出，一方面，各种语言的内在语言是人类共有的；另一方面，每种不同的语言形式又有各自的特点。
乔姆斯基借用了笛卡尔“心智”的概念。
人的大脑机制有其复杂而独特的功能，而能够表明“心”的存在的最主要证据就是语言。
儿童能够通过有限的语言材料在短时间内正确掌握母语的基本语法。
乔姆斯基认为语言创造性容易使对语言的研究和对人的“心智”的研究联系了起来。
乔姆斯基还发挥了洪堡特关于“语言能力”的观点。
他认为每个儿童的大脑，天生就具有学习语言的能力，称“语言习得机制”。
生成语言学的最终目的是通过分析讲话人的内在语法揭示出讲任何语言的人都具有的“普遍语法”。
二、生成语言学经历的主要阶段（一）语言模式时期第一语言模式的主要内容体现在其著作《句法结构》一书中。
在这个时期，对乔姆斯基产生直接影响的有两位语言学家，一是雅克布逊，一是哈利斯。
雅克布逊的音位学理论其目的是要探索语言的音位普遍现象。
乔姆斯基简介
扩展的标准理论
• 与标准理论相比, 我们会发现这样几点:1)基 础部分没有发生根本性的变化,只是在细节 上有所完善,2)为了防止大量不合法的句子 的产生,转换规则中增加了一些限制规则,3) 格确定原则也是标准理论时期所没有的,4) 乔姆斯基现在把语义解释完全放到了表层 结构中,因此,表层结构变得比原来复杂多了.
• 我们都知道直角坐标系中的圆的公式 一旦a,b,c的值确定了,直角坐标系上的任何一点 (x,y)在不在这个圆上都是确定无疑的,乔姆斯基的 目标就是希望建立一种类似于圆的公式一样的简 单明确的语法规则,任何语句序列合法与否只要通 过它一检验就一目了然,而就像公式中的参数确定 以后,我们就可以得到在圆上的无数的点一样,这些 语法规则确定以后,我们就可以生成无数的合乎语 法的句子,职是之故,乔姆斯基的句法研究被称为生 成语法.
• 1)对当时生物进化论数学等学科知识的借鉴; • 2)对结构主义语法和行为主义语言学的反动; • 3)对柏拉图的灵魂回忆说和笛卡尔的天赋观 念的扬弃; • 4)对惟理语法的继承.
天赋假说及经验触发论
• 乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，儿童天生 就具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言 习得机制”（LAD）。这是一种很适合他们 学习语言的独特的知识。在乔姆斯基看来， 儿童生来就有一种独特的天赋才能。他们 不仅有一般的倾向和潜力，而且有着关于 世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本质的 知识。按照他的观点，对语言或语言结构 的研究能够揭示人类思维的本质。
• 2)乔姆斯基的规则既可以生成正确的句子, 也可以生成错误的句子.比如用 S→NP+VP, VP→V+NP两条规则,我们可 以得出John drinks wine.和Wine drinks John,这说明动词和名词之间有一定的选择.比如John married Mary 和Mary was married by john 的意思完全不同.前句中约翰是玛丽的新郎, 后一句中他们根本就不太可能生活在同一 屋檐下.
乔姆斯基语言观
On C homsky’s View of LanguageAbstract: As a pioneer linguist，Noam Chomsky enjoys a position within linguistics probably unprecedented in the whole history of the subject. From his first book Syntactic Structures, published in 1957, he has been engaged in the linguistic study and brought many innovative ideas to linguistics, especially in the aspects of grammatical theory. His theory of grammar is undoubtedly the most dynamic and influential.This thesis reviews the development of Chomsky’s linguistic the ories and its philosophical foundation for linguistics, including his major contributions, like the theory of transformational-generative grammar that revolutionalized the scientific study of language. This systematic and historical overview of his linguistic studies will surely help to get a deeper understanding of Chomsky’s academic contributions and give a mathematically precise description of some of the most striking features of language.Key words: view of language; philosophical foundation for linguistics1.IntroductionNoam Chomsky is one of the most influential thinkers of modern times. The most cited writer in the humanities, his work has revolutionized the field of linguistics, and has dominated many other disciplines including politics and the philosophy of mind and human nature. He has also contributed significantly to our understanding of the abuse of power, and of the controlling effects of the mass media.Since the very day on which Chomsky’s theories were established, there have been many arguments. There are many faithful followers,while some people are radical objectors. Many researches have been made on his linguistic ideas and there have been quite a few breakthroughs. However, most of the study is limited to a certain developmental period of his theories, or an introduction of a certain theoretical work.This thesis aims to make an exploration of Chomsky’s linguistic ideas, which makes up for the limitation of previous researches. This is not only an exploration of a great linguist’s the ory, but also an exploration of the linguistic development since 1957. By doing this research, we can absorb some conducive experience and study methods.In the following chapter, I will make a comprehensive study of Chomsky’s linguistic revolution, namely the transformational grammar. In Chapter Three, we can see the major developmental phases of Chomsky’s linguistic ideas, from the transformational grammar, to Standard Theory, Extended Standard Theory, REST, GB to Minimalist Program. Chapter Four focuses on the philosophical foundation of his linguistic concept, which constitutes the bedrock on which the rest is built. In the last chapter, I will summarize the creative findings and the significance of them, including the great impact on the past and present linguistic study and the outlook of future development.2.Chomsky and His Linguistic Ideas2.1 BiographyNoam Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His undergraduate and graduate years were spent at the University of Pennsylvania where he received his PhD in linguistics in 1955. During the years 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard University Society of Fellows. While a Junior Fellow hecompleted his doctoral dissertation entitled, "Transformational Analysis." The major theoretical viewpoints of the dissertation appeared in the monograph Syntactic Structure, which was published in 1957. This formed part of a more extensive work, The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, circulated in mimeograph in 1955 and published in 1975.Chomsky received a faculty position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1955 and in 1961 was appointed full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics (now the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.) From 1966 to 1976 he held the Ferrari P. Ward Professorship of Modern Languages and Linguistics. In 1976 he was appointed Institute Professor.Chomsky has received honorary degrees from University of London, University of Chicago, Loyola University of Chicago, Swarthmore College, Delhi University, Bard College, University of Massachusetts, University of Pennsylvania, Georgetown University, Amherst College, Cambridge University, University of Buenos Aires, McGill University, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Columbia University, University of Connecticut, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, University of Western Ontario, University of Toronto, Harvard University, University of Calcutta, and Universidad Nacional De Colombia. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Science. In addition, he is a member of other professional and learned societies in the United States and abroad, and is a recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association, the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences, the Helmholtz Medal, the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award, the Ben Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science, and others.Alongside his career as a linguist, Chomsky has been active in left-wing politics. In 1965 he organized a citizen's committee to publicize tax refusal in protest to the war in Vietnam; four years later he published his first book on politics American Power and the New Mandarins. By the 1980's he had become both the most distinguished figure of American linguistics and one of the most influential left-wing critics of American foreign policy. He has been extremely prolific as a writer: his web-site in 2003 listed 33 book publications in linguistics (broadly construed), and although the individuation of his political books is complicated, their number definitely exceeds 40. According to a 1992 tabulation of sources from the previous 12 years in the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Chomsky was the most frequently-cited person alive, and one of the eight most frequently-cited authors of all time.2.2 Linguistic Revolution2.2.1 Finite-State GrammarsThe aim of the linguistic theory by Chomsky in Syntactic Structures (1957) was essentially to describe syntax, to specify the grammatical rules underlying the construction of sentences. In Syntactic Structure, Chomsky discussed “three models for the description of language”. Before going to deal with these three models, we have to make clear about some assumptions. The first is the language that is described by a particular grammar as the set of all the sentences it generates. In principle, the set of sentences may be finite or infinite in number. However, English comprises an infinite number of sentences, because there are sentences and phrases in the language that can be extended indefinitely and will yet be accepted as perfectly normal by native speakers. The point is that no definite limit can be set to the length of English sentences. Therefore, intheory, the number of grammatical sentences in the language is infinite while the number of words in the vocabulary of English is finite. There is also assumption that the distinct operations that are involved in the generation of English sentences are finite in number. If the grammar is to consist of a finite set of rules operating upon a finite vocabulary and is to be capable of generating an infinite set of sentences, it follows that at least some of the rules must be applicable more than once in the generation of the same sentences. These rules and the structures that they generate are recursive in nature.The simplest grammars that Chomsky discusses are capable of generating an infinite set of sentences by means of a finite number of recursive rules operating upon a finite vocabulary. These are what he calls finite-state grammars. Chomsky gradually found out the inadequacy of finite-grammars because there are certain regular processes of sentence formation in English that cannot be accounted for within the framework of finite-state grammar.Chomsky gradually found out the inadequacy of finite-grammars because there are certain regular processes of sentence formation in English that cannot be accounted for within the framework of finite-state grammar.2.2.2 Phrase Structure GrammarIn order to make up for the deficiency of finite-state grammars, Chomsky made the second of his “three models for the description of language”, phrase structure grammar. There are sets of sentences that can be generated by a phrase structure grammar but not by a finite-state grammar. As we all know, the first task of Chomsky's syntax is to account for the speaker's understanding of the internal structure ofsentences. In the view of Chomsky, sentences are not unordered strings of words, rather the words and morphemes are grouped into functional constituents such as the subject of the sentence, the predicate, the direct object, and so on. Two strings of elements may have the same linear structure but differ with respect to their phrase structure, and the difference in their phrase structure may be semantically relevant. This phenomenon is “constructional homonymity” in Syntactic Structures or structural ambiguity. With this mode of syntactic structure, Chomsky is the first to show how it could be formalized by means of a system of generative rules and to Chomsky claims that the phrase structure rules constructed by the grammarian "represent" the speaker’s competence. Though phrase structure were already implicit, such rules were not adequate to account for all the syntactical facts of natural languages.Phrase structure rules alone could not account for the various sorts of cases such as "I like her cooking" and "John is eager to please." John R. Searle made some analyses in Chomsky’s Revolution in Linguistic s. First, within such a grammar there is no natural way to describe the ambiguities in a sentence such as "I like her cooking." Phrase structure rules alone would provide only one derivation for this sentence; but as the sentence is syntactically ambiguous, the grammar should reflect that fact by providing several different syntactical derivations and hence several different syntactical descriptions. Secondly, phrase structure grammars have no way to picture the differences between "John is easy to please" and "John is eager to please." Though the sentences are syntactically different, phrase structure rules alone would give them similar phrase markers. Thirdly, just as in the above examples surface similarities conceal underlying differences that cannot be revealed by phrase structure grammar, so surface differences also conceal underlyingsimilarities. For example, in spite of the different word order and the addition of certain elements, the sentence "The book will be read by the boy" and the sentence "The boy will read the book" have much in common: they both mean the same thing—the only difference is that one is in the passive mood and the other in the active mood. Phrase structure grammars alone give us no way to picture this similarity.They would give us two unrelated descriptions of these two sentences. Chomsky has not been able to prove the possibility that there are sentences that cannot be generated by phrase structure. But in Syntactic Structures, he claims there are sentences that can only be desc ribed “clumsily” within the framework of phrase structure grammar, in an unrevealing or ad hoc way.2.2.3 Transformational GrammarAs the last one of “three models for the description of language”, transformational grammar, which is far more complex than phrase structure grammar, yields a “simpler” description of certain sentences.A transformational grammar doesn’t consist only of transformational rules, but a set of phrase structure rules as well. Different phrase markers produced by the phrase structure rules are transformed into the same phrase marker by the application of the transformational rules. One of the advantages the earlier version of transformational grammar presented in Syntactic Structures was that it could account more satisfactorily than phrase structure grammar for certain type of structural ambiguity. For example, “Flying planes can be dangerous” is ambiguous. (To fly planes can be dangerous and Planes that are flying can be dangerous). The structurally ambiguous sentences can be accounted for rather nicely in terms of transformational grammar. Instead of generating two unrelatedphrase markers by phrase structure rules, we can construct a simpler grammar by showing how both the active and the passive can be derived from the same underlying phrase marker. Instead of rewriting one element as a string of elements, a transformational rule maps one phrase marker into another. Transformational rules therefore apply after the phrase structure rules have been applied; they operate on the output of the phrase structure rules of the grammar.One of the advantages the earlier version of transformational grammar presented in Syntactic Structures was that it could account more satisfactorily than phrase structure grammar for certain type of structural ambiguity. For example, “Flying planes can be dangerous” is ambiguous. ( To fly planes can be dangerous and Planes that are flying can be dangerous). The structurally ambiguous sentences can be accounted for rather nicely in terms of transformational grammar. With the introduction of transformational rules, Chomsky's grammars are often called“transformational grammars”.3. Major Developmental Phases of Chomsky's Linguistic TheorySince the turning out of his first book Syntactic Structure in which he formulated his transformational grammar, Chomsky has updated his extensively-applied linguistic notions with more lectures given and books issued. It is commonly recognized to be five phases.Phase One: Transformational GrammarIt is impossible to understand C homsky’s linguistic notions without understanding his transformational grammar which is undoubtedly a milestone in the history of modern linguistics. Prior to the publication of Syntactic Structure in 1957, the linguistic study was mainly concernedwith structuralism. Structural linguistics, with its insistence on objective methods of verification and precisely specified techniques of discovery, derives from the "behavioral sciences" approach to the study of man, and is also largely a consequence of the philosophical assumptions of logical positivism.During that period, most American linguists, according to Chomsky，defined the task of linguistics as “collecting language elements and classifying them”(Chomsky 1970:100). The approach was the mechanic procedure to find the language truth and discipline. Linguistics was a kind of verbal botany. Linguists at that time were just giving a description of a language by colleting data, colleting a large number of utterances of language. These utterances were always recorded on a tape recorder or in a phonetic script. The second step was to classify these elements of language at different linguistic levels, from the units of sounds, the phonemes, to the morphemes, then to the sequences of word classes. The study target was the rich language elements and structuralism was inductive with a word-grammar.However, with the language ability as the study target, TG aims to establish some theories, by means of which we can make sure which rules form the basis of language structure. The aim of linguistic theory was to provide the linguist with a set of rigorous methods, a set of discovery procedures which he would use to extract from the "corpus" the phonemes, the morphemes, and so on. Its approach is putting forward hypothesis which is to be tested by native language speakers. Therefore, TG is a deductive language-category grammar which can explain infinite sentences with limited analyses.John R. Searle concludes that:Chomsky argued that since any language contains an infinite number of sentences, any "corpus," even if it contained as many sentences as there are in all the books of the Library of Congress, would still be trivially small. Instead of the appropriate subject matter of linguistics being a randomly or arbitrarily selected set of sentences, the proper object of study was the speaker's underlying knowledge of the language, his "linguistic competence" that enables him to produce and understand sentences he has never heard before.(Searle 1972: 29) Once the conception of the "corpus" as the subject matter is rejected, then the notion of mechanical procedures for discovering linguistic truths goes as well. Chomsky argues that no science has a mechanical procedure for discovering the truth anyway. Rather, what happens is that the scientist formulates hypotheses and tests them against evidence. Linguistics is no different: the linguist makes conjectures about linguistic facts and tests them against the evidence provided by native speakers of the language. He has in short a procedure for evaluating rival hypotheses, but no procedure for discovering true theories by mechanically processing evidence.The Transformational Grammar can be expressed in the following way: a. Two levels of representation of the structure of sentences: an underlying, more abstract form, termed 'deep structure', and the actual form of the sentence produced, called 'surface structure'. Deep structure is represented in the form of a hierarchical tree diagram, or "phrase structure tree," depicting the abstract grammatical relationships between the words and phrases within a sentence.b. A system of formal rules specifying how deep structures are to be transformed into surface structures.Like a revolution, the transformational grammar established the basis for other subsequent theories of human grammatical knowledge. Since Chomsky's original presentation, many different theories have emerged. With the notion of a transformation remaining a central element in most models, concepts like deep structure and surface structure, phrase structure tree, phrase structure rules, verb phrase, noun phrase, creativity/ productivity became the grammatical elements in language study.Phase Two: Language Competence and Performance; Standard TheoryIn Aspects of the Theory of Syntax in 1965, Chomsky put forward two sets of concepts, which are now widely known. One is competence and performance and the other deep structure and surface structure. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his or her language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.According to Chomsky，speakers have internalized a set of rules about their language. This rule system enables them to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. Chomsky holds that linguists should study the ideal speaker's competence, because the speaker's performance is too haphazard to be studied. Thus, the task of the linguists is to discover the speaker's internalized rules. Competence is independent from performance. The difference between them is like that between knowledge of language and use of that language. Although the investigation of competence is challenging because of the complexity of our knowledge of language, performance is observable. From this point,Chomsky began to look at language from a psychological point of view and consider linguistic competence as a property of the mind of a speaker.In order to explain the difference between "performance" (all sentences that an individual will ever use) and "competence" (all sentences that an individual can utter, but will not necessarily utter), Chomsky emphasizes the existence of some innate knowledge. Chomsky proves that the grammar of a natural language cannot be reduced to a finite-state automaton. He then argues for the existence of two levels of language: an underlying deep structure, which accounts for the fundamental syntactic relationships among language components, and a surface structure, which accounts for the sentences that are actually uttered, and which is generated by transformations of elements in the deep structure. Transformational analysis does overcome the limitations of phrase structure.Chomsky divides the knowledge of language into two components: a universal grammar, which is the knowledge of language possessed by every human, and a set of parameter values and a lexicon, which together constitute the knowledge of a particular language. On the whole, the various components of the grammar as articulated in Chomsky's Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965) are: the base component, transformational rules, the lexicon (the set of lexical items with syntactic, semantic, and phonological information), semantic interpretation rules, and the phonological component. Then comes the other distinctive feature of the second phase is the establishment of the Standard Theory, which defines a grammar as made of a syntactic component (phrase structure rules, lexicon and transformational component), a semantic component and a phonological component. The deep structure of a sentence is a tree (thephrase marker) that contains all the words that will appear in its surface structure.By including an account of the relation between sound and meaning in the construction of a grammar, Chomsky started coupling syntax and semantics. In this sense the "standard theory" syntax provides the mechanisms for transforming a meaning (a deep structure) into a phonetic representation (a surface structure).Phase Three: Extended Standard TheoryIn early transformational generative grammar, it was assumed that all semantic interpretation would be done off deep structure, but with the proposals for the extended standard theory (EST) of Chomsky came the realization that certain aspects of semantic interpretation, such as focus and presupposition and scope of quantifiers, must be done off surface structure. More recent developments suggest that EST did not go far enough. In Reflections on Language 1975, Chomsky made a good non-technical review of the EST and various philosophical issues related to generative grammar.In fact, the label 'Extended Standard Theory' was used for a while during the 1970's to describe a particular stage in the evolution of the framework. Over the next 15 years, the framework experienced great revision and changes.Phase Four: REST, GBBy the early 1980's a framework of syntactic theory had been developed, which became different enough to require a completely new presentation and a distinctive period.In 1980 Chomsky delivered a series of lectures at Pisa which were published in the subsequent year under the title 'Lectures on Government and Binding'. These lectures essentially presented the new framework for the first time in an organized, relatively coherent form. As a result, the title of the book was very swiftly given to the framework, which consequently is referred to by many as 'Government & Binding' or 'GB'. GB theory develops directly and without a radical break from earlier work in transformational generative grammar, in particular, from research that falls within the framework of the Extended Standard Theory.Government theory deals with the relationship between a syntactic head (e.g., a verb or preposition) and its dependents and binding theory, the relations among anaphors, pronominals, referring expressions, and their possible antecedents in sentences. 'Government & Binding' has been taken for the label 'Revised, Extended Standard Theory', often abbreviated 'REST'. Chomsky (1985) published Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use, in which the concepts of principles and parameters approach, typically abbreviated `P&P' or `PPA', took the place of former rules.The principle advantage of the Principle and Parameters framework lies in its potential for solving "Plato's Problem": how children can acquire their first language with such remarkable speed and efficiency. The principles do not generalize but the approach might be suggestive both in its achievements and apparent boundaries. Along with developments in other fields, especially immunology, it is regarded as a task of selection rather than that of instruction. The idea can be expressed like: everything is already laid out in the child's mind and the acquisition of knowledge lies in selecting particular choices from what has been laid out.Phase Five: Minimalist ProgramIn the 1990s Chomsky formulated a "Minimalist Program" in an attempt to simplify the symbolic representations of the language facility. The MP remains a version of the P&P model and thus enjoys the benefit of reducing the tension between descriptive and explanatory adequacy. Specific rules and constructions were being abstracted and subsumed under parameterised principles, which were then attributed to the initial state of the language faculty. In general, there are two aspects of this program: first, the minimisation of linguistic levels; second, the economy principles of derivation and representation.Although Chomsky's core ideas and their psychological implications have already formed during the first half of the 20th century, he never stops his revision of his own inventions. Minimalism is a manifestation of Chomsky's intellectual vigor in revision and regarded as the most radical of the periodic upheavals in his thinking.Although this paper have divided the development of Chomsky's language notions into the above five phases, it is no doubt that he has never stopped his devotion to language study and we also see the Post-Chomsky Linguistics which included three major tendencies. The first tendency is generative semantics, which motivates syntactic rules by means of semantic evidence. The second one is the upholding of the viewpoint like "Deep structures are universal" and "All languages have the same deep structure."A third tendency is the constantly increasing employment of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of modern formal logic and formal semantics.4. The Philosophical Foundation of Chomsky's Language ConceptAs a great linguist, Chomsky does make great contribution to the theory of linguistics. One of the reasons why his theories are so powerful and convincing, as we all know, is the solid philosophical bases. His brief commitments include realism, naturalism and mentalism, which render a range of implications for issues like the mind-body problem, innateness, the "private language" argument and the nature of language. In the following parts, this thesis will have an overview of the three stands in his thinking.4.1 RealismRealism is the first important view of Chomsky philosophy , for the reason that the concepts of language and entities put forward by Chomsky are the reflection of real features of the world. Chomsky was insistent on realism from the start. His position is that if one's best theory of some cognitive phenomena involved postulating, for instance, a representation X, then we have no more reason to doubt the existence of X on any a priori grounds.The constructs and entities that Chomsky put forward are just as those in chemistry and biology. They deal with the real features of the world. What he is concerned with is the empirical nature of linguistics, the internalized grammar in an individual's mind or the I-language rather than the social or collective E-language.In his study of realism, Chomsky devotes considerable attention to many indeterminism theses, for instance, Quine's (1972 442) view that it is impossible to decide among extensionally equivalent grammars and "Wittgensteinian"s (1978 31) idea that it is never possible to decide which rules a system is following. Chomsky admonishes these criticisms。
乔姆斯基语言观及其对外语教学的启示4页word
乔姆斯基语言观及其对外语教学的启示认知心理学的语言观认知心理学认为，语言学习是一个创造性的假设验证过程。
在这一过程中，语言学习者不断根据输入的语言材料，对语言规则提出假设，并通过验证，对这些规则加以修正、补充和完善。
[1]认知心理学的语言观主要是指来源于乔姆斯基语言学研究所提出的一系列理论。
乔姆斯基的语言观20世纪50年代乔姆斯基的语言理论代替结构主义成为语言研究的主流，它一方面继承了结构主义偏重形式分析的传统，另一方面受当时兴起的认知科学的影响，以探索知识的心理表征结构为核心，强调对语言本体及其心理机制进行解释。
[2]1.哲学基础乔姆斯基的语言观的哲学基础是客观主义，它反对以经验主义哲学为基础的结构主义语言观，坚持理性主义。
受笛卡尔唯理主义的影响，乔姆斯基在摒弃二元论的基础上提出了语言是人的天赋官能的假说，认为语言能力是人类心智的体现，是人类所特有的能力，通过遗传先天地存在于每个健康的人的大脑中。
2.研究方法乔姆斯基主要采用演绎法进行语言理论的研究。
他首先提出假设,再收集素材，进行归纳，最后验证假设，找出语言的共性,揭示出语言的普遍规律,最终建立普遍语法。
通过深入地研究个别语言，他总结出其中无需学习便可掌握的语言规律，并使之与另一种语言中的相关规律加以比较，从而得出普遍语法的表现形式。
他主张在语言描写中采用语言生成模式衍生出各种语句，用内省式的演绎方法对语言进行明晰的形式化处理。
3.乔姆斯基的语言先天论乔姆斯基认为语言不是一系列习惯行为，而是一个以复杂语法为基础的语言体系,大部分语言习得都是通过学习这一语言体系而获得，通过掌握其有限的语法造出无限的语句。
语言是人类心智的体现，为人类所独有，语言能力通过基因遗传先天地存在于每一个健康的人的大脑里。
语言先天论可以较好地解释以往结构主义难以回答的语言知识获得问题。
[1]他提出了著名的语言机制假说。
语言习得机制是人类固有的语言组成部分,是头脑中专门处理语言的生理部分，它作用于原始语言数据,生成儿童语言特殊的抽象语法。
论乔姆斯基的语言学理论和外语教学
论乔姆斯基的语言学理论和外语教学作者：秦燕来源：《科学大众·教师版》2019年第06期摘要：本文论述了乔姆斯基的语言学的基本观点，他的“天赋”理论，我们要把他的语言学理论灵活地运用到外语教学中去，通过采用灵活多样的外语教学方法，充分发挥学生的积极性和主动性，提高学生的交际能力，综合提高学生的全面能力。
关键词：乔姆斯基; 转化生成语法; 交际能力中图分类号：H09 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-3315（2019）06-163-00120世纪50年代乔姆斯基的语言学理论逐渐取代了结构主义语言学。
认知语言学认为，语言的学习是一个创造性的假设验证过程，在这一过程中，语言学习者对于不断输入的语言材料提出假设，通过验证，从而对规则进行修正，完善。
根据《圣经》旧约上说，人类本来用同一种语言，他们在巴比伦定居，决定建造一个通天的巴别塔，上帝让人们的语言混乱，从而使人们无法合作建成高塔。
但是人类仍然探索语言规律，致力于语言的沟通，这些有识之士中最杰出的就应当是乔姆斯基了。
1.乔姆斯基的语言学理论乔姆斯基是美国语言学家，转换生成语法的创始人。
他富有探索精神，先是用结构主义的方法研究希伯来语。
他的研究有三个阶段：（1）第一阶段是古典理论时期，认为语义和语法分析无关。
（2）标准理论阶段，认为语法分析可以纳入理论，但转换规则只改变句子结构，不改变意义。
（3）扩充式标准理论阶段，认为表层结构对于语义解释也起一定作用，转换不仅改变句子结构，有时也改变意义。
他采用演绎法进行研究，先提出假设，再搜集资料，最后验证假设。
通过深入研究个别的语言，他总结出人们无需学习便可以掌握的语言规律。
笛卡尔具有“天赋观念说”，认为人的很多公理和原则不是来自经验，而是“先验的”。
“知识的内容是后天的，但使知识成为可能的东西不是后天的，而是先验的，不是来自经验的，而是与经验无关的”。
（邓晓芒：1-12）他还把这种天赋观念说扩展到天赋的认识能力。
乔姆斯基方案的笛卡尔贡献
２０１６年第３期（总第１４６期）／五月号现代哲学ＭＯＤＥＲＮＰＨＩＬＯＳＯＰＨＹＮｏ ３２０１６／ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＮｏ １４６／Ｍａｙ乔姆斯基方案的笛卡尔贡献刘小涛【摘要】笛卡尔究竟为乔姆斯基语言研究方案作出了何种贡献？这个问题对于乔姆斯基语言哲学研究和理性主义思想史研究有重要意义。
着眼于历史和学理两个方面，本文从麦吉利夫雷提供的答案入手讨论，致力于论证两个观点：（１）否定性的论点：语言的创造性算不上是乔姆斯基方案的笛卡尔贡献；（２）肯定性的论点：乔姆斯基方案真正的笛卡尔贡献是一种理智化的解释人类认知能力（特别是语言能力）的思路。
【关键词】语言能力；语言知识；理智主义；笛卡尔；乔姆斯基中图分类号：Ｂ７１２ ５９ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００－７６６０（２０１６）０３－００９８－０７一自《笛卡尔语言学》（１９６６）出版以后，在相当长一段时间里，乔姆斯基称自己的语言研究纲领是“理性主义的（ｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｓｔｉｃ）”；甚至，按照詹姆士·麦吉利夫雷（ＪａｍｅｓＭｃＧｉｌｖｒａｙ）的判断，乔姆斯基晚些时候的“生物语言学”旗号也不过是“笛卡尔语言学”的“升级”而已①。
以历史的眼光看，不管是就语言研究这一特殊领域来说，还是就一般性的哲学倾向而言，乔姆斯基都已成为二十世纪理性主义发展史的重要环节。
众多理性主义哲学家里，笛卡尔或许是影响乔姆斯基最深的一位。
因此，出于语言哲学研究的动机（特别是如何评价乔姆斯基方案对语言能力和语言知识作出的解释），抑或出于哲学史或语言学探究的兴趣，笛卡尔究竟在哪些方面影响了乔姆斯基都是一个有点意思的问题。
讨论这个问题，需要预先作出一个限制。
一方面，乔姆斯基强调当代语言研究（指生成语法研究）有其现代理性主义哲学的根源，或者说，它跟一种特定的心灵理论有关联。
更明确地说，他指的是当代语言研究和现代理性主义哲学都特别重视语言的创造性特征，后者曾是促使笛卡尔发展一种区别于机械论的心灵哲学的重要原因。
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献2007-08-22 18:08:19 作者：zhaolixia来源：浏览次数：893 网友评论0条文字大小：【大】【中】【小】评分等级：无乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献张淑静1，崔艳菊2(1. 解放军外国语学院河南洛阳471003; 2.解放军信息工程大学基础部河南郑州450002)摘要:乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家。
他的转换生成理论广为人知。
然而比较鲜为人知的是他对心理语言学的贡献他的转换语法理论塑造了实验心理语言学头十年的研究:他的普遍语法理论丰富了语言习得理论，至今仍有人批追随者。
乔姆斯基对心理语言学的贡献不因在于他的语言学理论，还在于他对语言心理学旱期研究的批判，以及他关于语言学和心理学的关系的理论。
没有乔如斯基就没有心理语言学今天的繁荣发展。
关键词:乔姆斯基; 转换生成语法; 普遍语法; 心理语言学Abstract: Chomsky is a world famous linguist. His transformational generative grammar theory is well known all over the world, What is less well known, however, is his contribution to psycholinguistics: His transformational generative grammar theory shaped studies in experimental psycholinguistics of the first ten years: his universalgrammar theory enriched language acquisition theories and even today has a lot of followers. His contribution to psycholinguistics lies not only in his linguistic theory, but also in his critique of earlier research in the psychology of language and in his ideas about the relationships between linguistics and psychology. Without Chomsky,psycholinguistics would not be so prosperous.Key words: Chomsky; transformational generativegrammar; universal grammar; psycholinguistics.0. 引言众所周知,乔姆斯基是一位著名的语言学家同时他还是一位思想家、哲学家。
乔姆斯基语言习得机制的天赋性和普遍性思想及其对心理语言学的贡献
乔姆斯基语言习得机制的天赋性和普遍性思想及其对心理语言
学的贡献
乔姆斯基语言习得机制的天赋性和普遍性思想及其对心理语言
学的贡献
【摘要】语言习得机制的天赋性和普遍性是转换生成语法理论中的一个重要思想,也是乔姆斯基语言理论的重要基础。
本文从语言习得机制的内容以及哲学基础出发来论述评价乔姆斯基语言习得机制的正确性及其对心理语言学的重大贡献。
【关键词】乔姆斯基;普遍语法;语言习得机制;对心理语言学的贡献
1.引言
1957年,美国麻省理工学院的青年教授诺姆·乔姆斯基(noam chomsky)发表的仅有108页的专著《句法结构》不仅在美国语言学界引起了强烈反响,而且迅速波及欧、亚、澳各洲, 并很快越出语言学的范围, 影响到数学、社会学、哲学、心理学、神经生理学和计算机科学的广大领域。
《句法结构》的发表被誉为‘乔姆斯基革命’的开端, 标志着生成语言学的诞生。
乔姆斯基语言学理论是典型的解释性科学理论, 具有鲜明的‘纯科学’色彩, 其目的是要建立一种人类语言所共有的普遍原则――普遍语法。
贯穿乔姆斯基语言学理论的核心思想是他的心智主义认识论基础。
心智主义(mentalism)认识论的基本含义是: 小孩生下来之前, 大脑就具有遗传下来的人种属性, 其中包括一个可以使人在后天环境作用下
学会使用人类语言的生物学属性, 因此人的语言能力的获得和形
成是人脑固有属性和后天经验相互作用的结果。
乔姆斯基的观点 -回复
乔姆斯基的观点-回复'乔姆斯基的观点'是什么？乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）是一位美国语言学家、政治评论家和社会活动家。
他被认为是现代语言学的创始人之一，并对心理学和认知科学作出了重要贡献。
乔姆斯基的观点主要与语言和思维之间的关系以及政治和社会问题相关。
在这篇文章中，我们将回答以下问题：- 乔姆斯基对于语言和思维之间关系的观点是什么？- 乔姆斯基的政治观点是什么？- 乔姆斯基对社会问题的立场是什么？- 乔姆斯基的观点受到了什么样的批评和争议？乔姆斯基对于语言和思维之间关系的观点：乔姆斯基认为，语言是人类思维的一种表达形式。
他提出了“普遍语法”（Universal Grammar）的理论，认为人类天生具备语言的能力，而不仅仅是通过学习环境来获得。
他认为，语言是一种内置的结构，其规则和特征在不同语言之间存在共性。
乔姆斯基的政治观点：乔姆斯基是一位积极的政治评论家和社会活动家。
他反对美国的帝国主义扩张和军事干预，并倡导和平与民主。
他对美国政府在国内外的行为提出了批评，认为它违反了国际法和人权。
乔姆斯基还关注社会不平等和经济制度的不公正性，并呼吁更公正和包容的社会。
乔姆斯基对社会问题的立场：乔姆斯基对社会问题持有进步和人道主义的立场。
他关注贫困、歧视、性别不平等和环境问题等。
他认为，社会的不公正是由于权力和资源的不均等分配造成的，应该通过社会变革来解决这些问题。
他主张人民的权力和参与，以实现社会正义和公平。
乔姆斯基的观点受到了什么样的批评和争议？乔姆斯基的观点虽然赢得了广泛的支持者，但也遭到了一些批评和争议。
批评者认为，乔姆斯基的理论在一定程度上忽视了语言在社会和文化背景下的变异性，并且过于强调了人类天生的语言能力。
此外，他的政治观点也受到了批评，一些人认为他对美国政府过于批评，并对其他国家的问题保持缄默。
总结：乔姆斯基作为一位语言学家、政治评论家和社会活动家，他的观点涵盖了语言、思维、政治和社会问题。
乔姆斯基语言学
时间：2008年11月19日星期三地点：教一107主讲人：Fu xiaoge Chen qian主持人：Huang yan指导老师：锁麟囊观众评分（各类指数均为满分5分）：学术指数：4.5分；逻辑指数：4.5分；表达指数：4.5分；魅力指数：4分乔姆斯基语言学第一部分乔姆斯基其人（主讲人：付晓歌）一、生平1928年12月7日生于费城的一个犹太人家庭。
一个人的成才，往往和家庭环境的影响是分不开的，乔姆斯基也不例外。
他的父亲——威廉乔姆斯基——就是一位颇有名望的希伯来语学者。
曾经写过《大卫金西的希伯来语法》。
幼年的乔姆斯基在他父亲的熏陶下，爱上了语言研究工作。
1947年，他认识了美国描写语言学“后布龙菲尔德学派”的代表人物海里斯。
在学习了海里斯《结构语言学方法》一书的内容后，他被海里斯哪种严密的方法深深吸引了，从此，他立志以语言学作为自己的毕生事业，进入海里斯执教的宾夕法尼亚大学，专攻语言学。
在这之后，他试图用结构主义的方法来研究希伯来语，但是收效甚微。
于是他决定适当改变海里斯的方法，建立一种形式学语言理论。
使语法获得一种较强的解释力。
他感到，在结构主义的框架中研究语言，往往会引出错误的结果。
为了完成形式语言理论这一有意义的课题，在海里斯的建议下，乔姆斯基从1953年开始学习哲学逻辑学现代数学学。
在这种多学科知识背景下，他对美国描写语言学的那一套方法越来越不满意，决心与结构主义思想彻底决裂，另起炉灶，走一条自己的语言学道路。
1954年乔姆斯基开始写《语言理论的逻辑结构》（The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory）一书，乔姆斯基的成名作《句法结构》就是这部著作的缩写本。
在这本书里，初步勾画出生成语法的理论观点和思想方法。
1955年乔姆斯基以《转换分析》一文获得了博士学位。
通年乔姆斯基经哈勒和雅各布逊推荐，在麻省理工学院的现代语言学系任教。
这时候，乔姆斯基的形式语言学理论的思想已经基本成熟，他更加清醒的认识到，结构主义的路子完全是错误的，他开始大胆的向结构主义挑战，但是人微言轻，当时的语言学界并没有对他的言论表现出丝毫的兴趣。
乔姆斯基“语言”研究
乔姆斯基“语言”研究乔姆斯基把语言研究的目标直指人类的心智和大脑，试图发现一个适用于所有人类语言的普遍规律。
他认为研究语言的最终目的是揭示人脑的实质、人的认识的本质和人的本质。
标签：乔姆斯基生成语法语言心智大脑“以往的语言研究，关心的是怎样通过某种发现程序对某个具体语言进行切分、等同、分类、组合等一系列的描写、分析。
能把一个语言的语音、词汇、语法、构词等等的内在规律描写、分析清楚了，就算完成了研究任务。
”（陆俭明，2002）乔姆斯基关心的不是某种具体语言内在规律的描写和分析，他关心的是整个人类语言，特别是人的语言机制，即人脑中的语言能力本身，以及语言的习得。
乔姆斯基研究语言的目的是要揭开这样一个秘密：人的语言机制是一种什么样的机制？人脑所具有的语言能力是一种什么样的语言能力？一、什么是“语言”在乔姆斯基看来，无论是传统语法还是结构主义语法，都只满足于描写语言，都没有回答一个最根本的问题：“语言是什么？”关于什么是语言，乔姆斯基一贯的、根本的主张是：语言是位于人类心智/大脑中的语言认知系统，是一种心智器官。
人类与生俱来的“语言器官”就如同我们天生有一颗心、两只手、两条腿一样，都是进化的产物。
它跟其他器官的主要区别在于它并不是一种有形的“硬件”，而是一种无形的“软件”。
对语言的研究就是对心智的研究，这是生成语法理论的一贯主张。
乔姆斯基把语言研究的对象定位于语言能力或内在性语言，即人脑中的语言知识。
语言的研究，是关于心智、关于大脑的研究。
对语言本质的认识最终要归结到对大脑结构的认识。
因此乔姆斯基认为，语言学的任务就是揭示人类大脑的初始状态和内化了的语法规则。
语言学之所以有意义，是因为语言研究是一条最有希望通向人的心智奥秘的桥梁。
二、“语言”的本质乔姆斯基认为人类语言的本质就是这一知识是如何构成的问题，他将其称作“洪堡特问题”，因为德国著名学者洪堡特曾经对这个问题做过认真的思考和分析并提出了非常有启发性的见解。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
In 1953 : further work During the year of 1955 : obtained a position at MIT, taught for 19 years Between 1965 and1973 : against the Vietnamese policy of the US
Surface structure
and
deep structure
• Surface structure: syntactic structure • Deep structure: more abstract and complicated • eg, John is eager to please. John is easy to please . Structurally similar sentences might vary in the meaning, for they have quite different deep structures
Noam Chomsky
Developed by -----
陈娇 陈竞 董琴 黄莉萍 黄昕 李丹 李东蔚 李雪 李 娅茜 李应琴 李玉 李芝 廖鑫 罗津 莫雨婷 庞婷 任 婵 佘思雅 Class12
American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and activist
Transformational-generative Linguistics
“Language Acquisition Device” (LAD)
Transformational generative linguistics
• LAD
• Surface structure and Deep structure
• The inadequacy of structuralism
• Fail to explain some common linguistics facts and phenomena. eg. why children acquire their first language in a few years?
Born：Dec.7.1928 ：
in Philadelphia
His father: William Chomsky, an emigrant from Russia His wife: Carol Schatz
Between 1940 and1945 :acquainted with the workings of the
socialist- anarchist
Between 1945 and1950 : a student at the University of Pennsylvania and
began his study of linguistics proofread developed
In 1951 :accepted nomination by Goodman as a Junior Fellow to Harvard
LAD
• It is made up of a set of general principles called universal grammar • This can be adopted to all the languages in the world • Manage to be accounted for the facts which structuralism can’t explain
Government
the father of modern linguistics
impressive
A revolution in the linguistics
Chomsky studied in the structuralism atmosphere while he was not satisfied with the theory of structuralism
• e.g.
He is crying. He saw Mary with the microphone. With the microphone, he saw Mary. Flying planes is very dangerous. It is dangerous to fly planes. Planes that are flying is dangerous.
universal grammar
• • • • • definition run fast 跑得快 e.g. a red apple 红苹果 be innate to make up LAD LAD + outside language input = the ability of language learning
Competence and Performance • Competence refers to a to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences
• Performance refers to the specific
Deep structure vs Surface structure
• meaning • a sentence
surface structure one deep structure one surface structure two
surface structure one deep structure two surface structure two
utterances