1995年考研英语真命题(张剑)
1995年考研英语真题及解析
徐绽老师博客：金榜教育网：1995年考研英语真题精解精析1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》的要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
该年试题题型与上一年相比，“语法结构与词汇”继续沿用相同的题型：语法选择、语法辩错题及词汇选择题；“语言知识运用”部分和“阅读部分”及“翻译”均难度适中。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文介绍了人们的睡眠的两个阶段——眼球快速转动并做梦的所谓快动眼睡眠REM sleep，和较长时间的非快动眼睡眠non-REM sleep。
人们对两种睡眠了解不多，但人们假定REM睡眠对大脑有某种康复功能。
non-REM sleep的作用更神秘。
【英汉对照】41.[A]Either(任一)[B]Neither(任一都不)[C]Each(每个)[D]Any(任一)42.[A]intended(打算)[B]required(要求)徐绽老师博客： 金榜教育网： [C]assumed(假定,认为)[D]inferred(推断)43.[A]subtle(微妙的)[B]obvious(明显的)[C]mysterious(神秘的)[D]doubtful(怀疑的)44.[A]maintained(保持，维持)[B]described(描述)[C]settled(解决、安顿)[D]afforded(担负得起)45.[A]in the light(根据，考虑到)[B]by virtue(凭借，由于)[C]with the exception(除了……)[D]for the purpose(为了……的目的)46.[A]reduction(减少)[B]destruction(损害)[C]deprivation(剥夺)[D]restriction(限制)47.[A]upon(一……就……,根据)[B]by(通过……方式)[C]through(通过……方式)[D]with(带着，借助)48.[A]paid attention to(注意)[B]caught sight of(看到)[C]laid emphasis on(强调，重视)[D]cast light on(阐明，说明，使人了解)49.[A]develop(发展)[B]produce(生产)[C]stimulate(刺激)[D]induce(诱导，引诱)50.[A]if(如果)[B]as if(好像，似乎)[C]only if(只有)[D]if only(要是……该多好)【核心词汇】characterize ['kærəktəraiz]v.（characterise ）表示……的特性;描述……特性（character+ize 动词后缀）crash [krAF ]v.＆n.碰撞,坠落,摔坏;n.失败,瓦解;爆裂声a.应急的,速成的ad.轰隆一声,哗啦一声immune [i5mjun ]a.免疫的,有免疫力的;不受影响的;豁免的（im 不+mun+e 形容词后缀）infection [in5fekFEn ]n.传染；感化（infect+ion 名词后缀）mechanism [5mekEnizEm ]n.机械装置,机构;机制，办法，途径（mechan+ism 名词后缀）【超纲词汇】bacterial [bæk'tiriəl]a.[微]细菌的fascinating ['fæsineitiŋ]a.迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的restorative [ri5stC:rEtiv ]n.[药]恢复药，滋补剂a.滋补的，有助于复元的；恢复健康的so-called a.所谓的；号称的【常用词组】fatal to 对……是致命的non-REM sleep 非快速动眼睡眠徐绽老师博客：金榜教育网：【答案与详解】41.答案→B考点→形容词辨析题解题技巧→根据上下文逻辑和词义。
1995年考研英语一真题及详解
1995年阅读理解真题及答案详解Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices， thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas， it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand， it ensures an increased need for labour， and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much， the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising， no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long， for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised， it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it， and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve， for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming［C］ advertising costs money like everything else［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage， which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?［A］ Securing greater fame.［B］ Providing more jobs.［C］ Enhancing living standards.［D］ Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well known TV personality is .［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author s opinion， .［A］ advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information［B］ advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over［C］ there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer［D］ the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement难句1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.【语法分析】本句主干比较简单：Money is money。
考研英语1995真题
PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed _____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A.which to base onB.on which to baseC. to base on whichD.which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one. A. rather than B. Other than C. better than D. less than 8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A. What B. That C. It D. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners. A. by B. with C. at D. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as aA Bbusy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.C D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or denyAthat what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canA B Cmake the difference between a full and an empty life.D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, thatA B Cman was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science areA B Ccareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyA B Cfor the people to have affected.D17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealthA Band happiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth toA Bpublic assistance and health than the United States does.C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projectsAwill account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protectB Cour diminishing resources.D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely toA Bbecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years. A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care. A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ____. A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___. A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ the consequences. A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into 31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignment before supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets. A. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary. A. missing B. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field is climbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about his plan. A. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state. A. stable B. rational C. legal D. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems--theself-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each tn)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required ( C) assumed ( D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue (C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of tc)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (c)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value inthe products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven actsof Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive----advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known televis ion personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame. (C) Enhancing living standards.(B) Providing more jobs. (D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertis ing informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisement Passage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubts Passage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming . Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently Passage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! ' By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management . If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient ( B) considerate ( C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity (C) competitive spirit(B) academic acbievements (D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decis ion to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(B) he would have a lot of trouble (D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measuredcan be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country " .E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLEVE:1. Present sluation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggetion参考答案：1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A 10.C11. A, renect 12. D, if13. B, to which 14. D, being15. C, writing about 或who write about 16. D, affected 17. C, whose 18. C, as19. C, do much 20. B, each time21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
1995考研英语真题
1995 Passage 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgement on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement重点词汇：know of知道。
1995年考研英语一真题及详解
1995年阅读理解真题及答案详解Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices， thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas， it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand， it ensures an increased need for labour， and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much， the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising， no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long， for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised， it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it， and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve， for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming［C］ advertising costs money like everything else［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage， which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?［A］ Securing greater fame.［B］ Providing more jobs.［C］ Enhancing living standards.［D］ Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well known TV personality is .［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author s opinion， .［A］ advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information［B］ advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over［C］ there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer［D］ the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement难句1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.【语法分析】本句主干比较简单：Money is money。
1995年考研英语真题(张剑)
精心整理1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
[实用参考]1995年考研英语真题及解析
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1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbPrapid ePemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis 2 toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepi sevenmore 3 .TheneweGperiments,suchasthese 4 forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietPforSleepResearchinMinnea polis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-REMsleep.ForeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100percentfataltorats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnormal.Arese archerhasnow8 themPsterPofwhPtheanimalsdie.Therats 9 bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theirimmunesPstems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.1.[A]Either [B]Neither [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]required [C]assumed [D]inferred3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsterious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]described [C]settled [D]afforded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPvirtue [C]withtheeGception[D]forthepurpose6.[A]reduction [B]destruction [C]deprivation [D]restriction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]through [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]produce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生考试英语试卷及答案PartⅠSection A:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed_____.A. had producedB. have been producedC. would have producedD. had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ___ in the public mind todayA. existsB. existC. existingD. existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his argument in favor of the new theory.A. which to base onB. on which to baseC. to base on whichD. which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.A. EverybodyB. AnybodyC. SomebodyD. Nobody5. How many of us ___, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attendedB. AttendingC. to attendD. have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ____ it provides he building blocs from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ____ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. Other thanC. better thanD. less than8. ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A. WhatB. ThatC. ItD. As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ____ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.A. byB. withC. atD. on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _____ the atmosphere.A. as it isB. the same asC. so isD. and so isSection B(改错):ll . The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.A BC D12. In debating one must conect the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, unless relevant , is sufficient.A B C D13 . We are not conscious of the extent of which provides the psychological satisfaction that canmake the difference between a full and an empty life.A B C D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, that manwas Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.A B C D15 . Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science arecareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.A B C D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathyfor the people to have affected.A B CD17 . It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth andhappiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.A B C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth topublic assistance and health than the United States does.A B C D19 . There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projects willaccount for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect our diminishing resources.A B C D20. If individuals are awakend each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely tobecome irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.A B C DSection C:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ___ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.A. admiredB. regardedC. expectedD. worshipped22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committed was submitted to the mayor for approval.A. shorthandB. schemeC. scheduleD. sketch23. A man has to make ____ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.A. spaciousB. sophisticatedC. substantialD. steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___ free medical care.A. entitled toB. involved inC. associated withD. assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at____.A. dangerB. stakeC. lossD. threat27. I felt ____ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.A. fatiguedB. tiredC. exhaustedD. bored28. When the engine would nto start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ___.A. wrongB. troubleC. faultD. difficulty29. Your advice would be ____ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _____ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step into31. The river is already _____ its bans because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatenedwith a likely flood.A. parallel toB. level inC. flat onD. flush with32. People _____ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _____ for language learningpurposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programmed for the reading skills.A. adaptedB. acknowledgedC. assembledD. appointed34. The mother said she would ____ her son washing the dished If he could finish his assignmentbefore supper.A. let downB. let aloneC. let offD. let out35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.A. missingB. losing C dropping D. leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ____ this field isclimbing.A. engagingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it _____, but he gave us an idea about hisplan.A. at handB. in turnC. in conclusionD. at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ____ of being met.A. prospectB. predictionC. prosperityD. permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a _____ way when in a furious state.A. stableB. rationalC. legalD. crediblePart Two:Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood , but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 .The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep .For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 1OO percent fatal to rats, yet ,47 exanlination of the dead bodies , the animals look completely normal . A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the aninlals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood ,50 their immune systems——the self-protecting mechanism against disease——had crashed.41 . (A)Either (B)Ndther (C)Each (D)Any42 . (A) intended ( B)required (C) assumed (D) inferred43 . (A) subtle (B)obvious (C)mysterious (D)doubtful44 . (A) maintained ( B) described (C)settled (D)afforded45. (A)in the light (B)by virtue(C)with the exception (D)for the purpose46 . (A) reduction ( B) destruction (C) deprivation (D) restriction47. (A)upon (B)by (C)through (D)with48. (A)paid attention to (B)caught sight of(C)laid emphasis on (D)cast light on49 . (A) develop (B)produce (C)stimulate (D)induce50. (A)if (B)as if (C)only if (D)if onlyPart ⅢReading ComprehensinnPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribotion of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it , and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive——advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51 . By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming(C) advertising costs money like everything else(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?(A) Securing greater fame.(B) Providing more jobs.(C) Enhancing living standards.(D) Reducing newspaper cost.53 . The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising(B) interested in nothing but the buyers' attention(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's opinton,__.(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advenisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world(B) a new way of taking risks(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances(B) promptness in self-adaptation(C) open-mindedness to new experiences(D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent——A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B' s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child' s personality to his possible future employment . It is top management .If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.63 . According to the passage , A-type individuals are usually__.(A) impatient (B) considerate (C) aggressive (D) agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schoois because__.(A) the pressure is too great on the students(B) some students are bound to fail(C) failure rates are too high(D) the results of exarninations are doubtful65 . The selection of medical professionals are currentiy based on__.(A) candidates' sensitivity(B) academic acbievements(C) competitive spirit(D) surer values66. From the passage we can draw the oonclusion that__.(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth(B) family innuence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics(C) the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors(D) B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consquences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be intffpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Inded, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produoe relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration. Without fotgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by or-dinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage ( input) and forgetting (output) . Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view,__.(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.(A) he would survive best(B) he would have a lot of trouble(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced(D) the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that__.(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systenl(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.(A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencingPart ⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71 )The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the sktlls he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74)In general,the tests work most effectivelv when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be messured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part ⅤWrlting (15 points)DIRECTIONS :A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit : 40 minutesC. Word limit : 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence : "Education plays a very important role in the modernization ofour country " .E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLEVE:1. Present sluation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion参考答案：1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A 10.C11. A, renect 12. D, if13. B, to which 14. D, being15. C, writing about 或who write about 16. D, affected17. C, whose 18. C, as19. C, do much 20. B, each time21. B 22. D 23. C 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. A31. D 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. D 39. A 40. B41. B 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B51. D 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. C 57. A 58. D 59. B 60. C61. A 62. D 63. C 64. B 65. B 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. B71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
1986—1995年历年考研英语真题集
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be soboring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, frien ds or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, socia l and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities [B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart Ⅲ English-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumerswill be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned [B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources [D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works [D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Li ne 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and developmen t. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was us ed by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society [B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials [D] disabled children deserve special consideration21. This passage mainly deals with__.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children。
1995年考研英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in whichartificial beings were portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of gettingcancer than ________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ hisargument in favor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. ________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he istaken by the science fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to uswould be interested in the discussion?[B] attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ itprovides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formalstyle ________ in a personal one.[A] rather than[B] other than[C] better than[D] less than8. ________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined bythe smooth development of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creativeforce ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at[D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.[A] as it is[B] the same as[C] so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)12. In debating, one must correct the opponent’sAfacts, deny therelevance of his proof, or deny thatB whatChe presents as proof,unlessDrelevant, is sufficient.13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichBwork provides thepsychological satisfaction thatC can make the differenceDbetween afull and an empty life.14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manBforhaving promotedC sea travel, that man wasDPrince Henry thenavigator, who lived in the 15th century.15. Accounts ofA scientific experiments are generally correct forBthosewrite aboutC science are careful in checkingDthe accuracy of theirreports.16. whenever we hear ofA a natural disaster, evenBin a distant part ofthe world, we feel sympathyC for the people to have affectedD.17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayAthat we shall soon betrustingB our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whomCvery names the general public areDunfamiliar.18. The speaker claimed that no otherA modern nation devotes so smallBa portion of its wealth to public assistance and health thanCtheUnited States doesD.19. There are those who consider it questionable that thesedefence-linkedA research projects will account forBan improvementin the standard of living or, alternately, to do muchCto protectour diminishingDresources.Part CDirections:21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired[B] regarded[C] expected[D] worshipped[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enoughmoney to live on when old.[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last ahundred years.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are________ free medical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the citybecause they had more at ________.[A] danger[B] stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of thechairman’s speech.[A] fatigued[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all theparts to find what was at ________.[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D] difficulty29. Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at presentat his wit’s end.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, andnow he has to ________ the consequences.[A] answer for[B] run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already ________ its banks because of excessiverainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood.[A] parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People ________ that vertical flight transports would carrymillions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced[B] anticipated[C] resolved[D] assured[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes ifhe could finish his assignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off[D] let out35. We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often leadto bitter regrets.[A] urgent[B] hasty[C] instant[D] prompt[A] missing[B] losing[C] dropping[D] leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the numberof women ________ this field is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ ofbeing met.[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ waywhen in a furious state.[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credibleSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if onlyDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in theadvantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ att ention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion andinformation[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author’s opin ion, ________.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man byproviding information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins themover[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from anadvertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when________.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a processwould ________.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges57. When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) heis referring to ________.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the followingEXCEPT ________.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 359. The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the factthat ________.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthyinformation[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily61. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmittingmessages[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed informationefficientlyText 4Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations atschools because ________.[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on________.[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family infl uence dominates the shaping of one’scharacteristics[C] the development o f one’s personality is due to multiplefactorsText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of view, ________.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviouslyinadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be veryadaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of anindividual’s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that ________.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-outputsystem[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited becauseforgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of________.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given openingsentence)OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1995年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)Part C (10 points)Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
1995年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）
Passage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itsetf, but rather the attitudes and feellings people have, their caution or courge, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process ,the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept .In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail"at first. How we see our-selves as we try a new way of being is essential to our abitity to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thiQk we're slow to adapt to change or that we' re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making .55 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then__.(A) he has given up his smoking habit(B) he has made great efforts in his work(C) he is keen on leaming anything new(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author' s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder(B) judge his ability to glow from his own achievements(C) face difficulties and take up challenges(D) aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to__.(A) a new approach to experiencing the world (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves(B) a new way of taking risks (D) a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth ,the author advocates all of the following except_.(A) curiosity about more chances ( C) open-mindedness to new experiences(B) promptness in self-adaptation (D) avoidance of intemal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing , complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life' s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are qaestions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned .Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated , time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information . Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing , and problems in dispute can be settled without the parttcipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity , the need for infomtatian is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate , reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. "Knowledge is power" may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59. The word "it" (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to__.(A) the lack of stable communities(B) the breakdown of informal information channels(C) the increased mobility of families(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.(A) they have to learn new things consciously(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed informatton readily(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.61 . From the passage we can infer that__.(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.(A) it is necessary to obtain as much(B) people should make the best use of the information(C) we shoutd realize the importance of accumulating information .(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent--A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school , which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides , the first marathon runner , dropped dead seconds after saying: ' Rejoice, we conquer! 'By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable , but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that a l l A - y o u n g s t e r s c h a n g e i n t o B ' s . T h e w o r l d n e e d s A t y p e s , a n d s c h o o l s h a v e a n i m p o r t a n t d u t y t o t r y t o f i t a c h i l d ' s p e r s o n a l i t y t o h i s p o s s i b l e f u t u r e e m p l o y m e n t . I t i s t o p m a n a g e m e n t . b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > I f t h e p r e o c c u p a t i o n o f s c h o o l s w i t h a c a d e m i c w o r k w a s l e s s e n e d , m o r e t i m e m i g h t b e s p e n t t e a c h i n g c h i l d r e n s u r e r v a l u e s . P e r h a p s s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e c a r i n g p r o f e s s i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y m e d i c i n e , c o u l d b e m a d e l e s s b y g o o d g r a d e s i n c h e m i s t r y a n d m o r e b y s u c h c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a s s e n s i t i v i t y a n d s y m p a t h y . I t i s s u r e l y a m i s t a k e t o c h o o s e o u r d o c t o r s e x c l u s i v e l y f r o m A - t y p e s t o c k . B ' s a r e i m p o r t a n t a n d s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d . b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 3 " > 6 3 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , A - t y p e i n d i v i d u a l s a r e u s u a l l y _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 4 " > ( A ) i m p a t i e n t ( B ) c o n s i d e r a t e ( C ) a g g r e s s i v e ( D ) a g r e e a b l e b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 5 " > 6 4 . T h e a u t h o r i s s t r o n g l y o p p o s e d t o t h e p r a c t i c e o f e x a m i n a t i o n s a t s c h o o i s b e c a u s e _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 6 " > ( A ) t h e p r e s s u r e i s t o o g r e a t o n t h e s t u d e n t s b r b d sf i d = " 1 3 7 " > ( B ) s o m e s t u d e n t s a r e b o u n d t o f a i l b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > ( C ) f a i l u r e r a t e s a r e t o o h ig h b r b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > ( D ) t h e r e s u l t s o f e x a r n i n a t i o n s a r e d o u b t f u l b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 6 5 . T h e s e l e c t i o n o f m e d i c a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s a r e c u r r e n t i y b a s e d o n _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > ( A ) c a n d i d a t e s ' s e n s i t i v i t y ( C ) c o m p e t i t i v e s p i r i t b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > ( B ) a c a d e m i c a c b i e v e m e n t s ( D ) s u r e r v a l u e s b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > 6 6 . F r o m t h e p a s s a g e w e c a n d r a w t h e o o n c l u s i o n t h a t _ _ . b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > ( A ) t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o f a c h i l d i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a t b i r t h b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 5 " > ( B ) f a m i l y i n n u e n c e d o m i n a t e s t h e s h a p i n g o f o n e ' s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > ( C ) t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f o n e ' s p e r s o n a l i t y i s d u e t o m u l t i p l e f a c t o r s b r b d s f i d = " 1 4 7 " > ( D ) B - t y p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c a n f i n d n o p l a c e i n c o m p e t i t i v e s o c i e t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > / p >。
1995年考研英语一真题及详解
1995年阅读理解真题及答案详解Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices， thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas， it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand， it ensures an increased need for labour， and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much， the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising， no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long， for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised， it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it， and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve， for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming［C］ advertising costs money like everything else［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage， which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?［A］ Securing greater fame.［B］ Providing more jobs.［C］ Enhancing living standards.［D］ Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well known TV personality is .［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author s opinion， .［A］ advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information［B］ advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over［C］ there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer［D］ the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement难句1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.【语法分析】本句主干比较简单：Money is money。
[研究生入学考试]1991-1995年张剑黄皮书考研英语真题及解析
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1994 年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way一、文章结构总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。
1995年考研英语(一)答案及解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep.1kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is2to serve some restorative function of the brain.The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more3.The new experiments,such as these4for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations5of non-REM sleep.For example,it has long been known that total sleep6is100percent fatal to rats,yet,7_examinations of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.A researcher has now8the mystery of why the animals die.The rats9bacterial infections of the blood,10their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any2.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed[D]inferred3.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious[D]doubtful4.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled[D]afforded5.[A]in the light[B]by virtue[C]with the exception[D]for the purpose6.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction7.[A]upon[B]by[C]through[D]with8.[A]paid attention to[B]caught sight of[C]laid emphasis on[D]cast light on9.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate[D]induce10.[A]if[B]as if[C]only if[D]if onlySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor,and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services:without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much,the price of your television licence would need to be doubled,and travel by bus or tube would cost20per cent more.And perhaps most important of all,advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long,for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised,it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it,and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personalitydeclare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasiv e—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A]he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B]everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C]advertising costs money like everything else[D]it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12.In the passage,which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A]Securing greater fame.[B]Providing more jobs.[C]Enhancing living standards.[D]Reducing newspaper cost.13.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A]very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B]interested in nothing but the buyers'attention[C]correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D]obviously partial in his views on advertising14.In the author's opinion,__.[A]advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B]advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C]there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D]the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage2There are two basic ways to see growth:one as a product,the other as a process.People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured.The worker who gets a promotion,the student whose grades improve,the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast,the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine,since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.The process is not the road itself,but rather the attitudes and feelings people have,their caution or courage,as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.In this process,the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.In order to grow,to travel new roads,people need to have a willingness to take risks,to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may“fail”at first.How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious?If so,then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think we're shy and indecisive?Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,to move slowly,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge?Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts,if we protect ourselves too much,then wecease to grow.We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A]he has given up his smoking habit[B]he has made great efforts in his work[C]he is keen on learning anything new[D]he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16.In the author’s eyes,one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A]succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B]judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C]face difficulties and take up challenges[D]aim high and reach his goal each time17.When the author says"a new way of being"(line3,Para.3)he is referring to__.[A]a new approach to experiencing the world[B]a new way of taking risks[C]a new method of perceiving ourselves[D]a new system of adaptation to change18.For personal growth,the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A]curiosity about more chances[B]promptness in self-adaptation[C]open-mindedness to new experiences[D]avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage3In such a changing,complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this,there is the growing mobility of people since World WarⅡ.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off.Thus,things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.The individual now has more information available than any generation,and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated,time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files,and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television,radio,and very shortly,electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages.Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence.Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homesand/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information,thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity,the need for information is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate,reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems,the critical problems of their business,social and family life,will survive and succeed.“Knowledge is power”may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19.The word"it"(line3,Para.2)most probably refers to__.[A]the lack of stable communities[B]the breakdown of informal information channels[C]the increased mobility of families[D]the growing number of people moving from place to place20.The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A]they have to learn new things consciously[B]they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C]they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D]they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21.From the passage we can infer that__.[A]electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B]it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C]people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D]events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22.We can learn from the last paragraph that__.[A]it is necessary to obtain as much[B]people should make the best use of the information[C]we should realize the importance of accumulating information.[D]it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents;it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school,which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the'win at all costs'moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying:“Rejoice,we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s.The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment.It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened,more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock.B’s are important and should be encouraged.23.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually__.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable24.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A]the pressure is too great on the students[B]some students are bound to fail[C]failure rates are too high[D]the results of exanimations are doubtful25.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academic achievements[C]competitive spirit[D]surer values26.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A]the personality of a child is well established at birth[B]family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics.[C]the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors[D]B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.Typically,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals.Indeed,when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety,forgetting may produce relief.Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferring duration.Without forgetting,adaptive ability would suffer;for example,learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded of people who(by ordinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed,there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory thatassume an input-output balance.27.From the evolutionary point of view,__.[A]forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B]if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C]the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability[D]sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28.According to the passage,if a person never forgot__.[A]he would survive best[B]he would have a lot of trouble[C]his ability to learn would be enhanced[D]the evolution of memory would stop29.From the last paragraph we know that__.[A]forgetfulness is a response to learning[B]the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C]memory is a compensation for forgetting[D]the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30.In this article,the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting[D]experiencingPartⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning,or promoting students,employees,and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines,the daily press,and even in congress.(31)The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.The tests themselves are merely tools,with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions.Whether the results will be valuable,meaningless,or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades,research productivity,sales records,or whatever is appropriate.(32)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context.They provide a quick,objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned,the skills he has developed,or the kind of person he is.The information so obtained has,qualitatively,the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.(33) Whether to use tests.other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34)In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.Properly used,they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people.Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do.(35)For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.PartⅣWriting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:THE"PROJECT HOPE"B.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:“Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E.Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Present situation2.Necessity of the project3.My suggestion下一站考研主要经营:【1】全国500所院校专业课真题与解析【2】公共课全程视频【3】上百门专业课视频【4】各种考研书籍.（下一站考研信息网QQ号：3116711802）。
1995年考研英语真题及答案
1995 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
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16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of A B the world, we feel sympathy for the people to have affected. C D 17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be A trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whom B C very names the general public are unfamiliar. D 18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a A B portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than the C United States does. D 19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence-linked research projects will account for an improvement A B in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect our C diminishing resources. D 20. If individuals are awakened each time as they begin a dream phase A B of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their C total amount of sleep has been sufficient. D Part C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) 21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four
1995年考研英语一真题及详解
1995年阅读理解真题及答案详解Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices， thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas， it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand， it ensures an increased need for labour， and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much， the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising， no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long， for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised， it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it， and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve， for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming［C］ advertising costs money like everything else［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage， which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?［A］ Securing greater fame.［B］ Providing more jobs.［C］ Enhancing living standards.［D］ Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well known TV personality is .［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author s opinion， .［A］ advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information［B］ advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over［C］ there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer［D］ the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement难句1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.【语法分析】本句主干比较简单：Money is money。
考研英语一真题71页(95年到05年)
1995年英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more3 . The new experiments, such as these4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D]cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormouslyto raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the productsand services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not doso for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. Ifyou see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimedfor it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossibleto achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that____.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is____.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,____.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront theves as we try a new unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see oursel way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, thenwe tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we?re slow to adapt to change or that we?re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when_____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author?s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to____.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except____.[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated.Many of life?s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyondthe capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determinewhich expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move awayfrom their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informalflow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when neededand will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has moreinformation available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant tohis or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possiblebefore. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, andto program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those peoplewho have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problemsof their business, social and family life, will survive and s ucceed. “Knowledge is power” may well be thetruest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to____.[A] the lack of stable communities[B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that____.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that____.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that ____.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But theenvironment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likelyto become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highlycompetitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure theirsuccess by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against theirclassmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in someway better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: rememberthat Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we c By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is arare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition byexamination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positivelyharmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B?s. The world needs types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child?s personality to his possible future employment. It istop management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teachingchildren surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made lessby good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely amistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B?s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually____.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because____.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on____.[A] candidates? sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that____.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decisionto cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one?s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to considerwhat would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade agomay no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual andthe species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, ____.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ____.[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that____.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of____.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart Ⅲ English-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacksin books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyonewho keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of personhe is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kindsof information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things theydo not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell howable an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.31. ____32. ____33. ____34. ____1996年年全真试题Part ⅠCloze TestVitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhilePart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Tight lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. Inmaking a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, youcan intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him toand abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected employ you and your “wares” manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have somethingtangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could bejob. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and useyour own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, andkeep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It?s not what you want in this world, but what you get.［A］You?ll certainly get what you want.［B］It?s no use dreaming.［C］You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］It?s essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .［A］an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］an indication of how to secure a good job［C］ a guideline for job description［D］ a principle for job evaluation13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a jobbecause .［A］that is the first step to please the employer［B］that is the requirement of the employer［C］it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you havesomething .［A］definite to offer ［B］imaginary to provide［C］practical to supply ［D］desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can nowwatch the Corporation?s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBCnational radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music,news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films foran annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years —yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. TheCorporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, butits role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC —including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and evenwhether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC?s royal charter runsout in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many — are fond of quoting the American slogan“If it ain?t broke, don?t fix it.” The BBC “ain?t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken distinct from the word ,broke?, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. Thecommercial TV channels ——ITV and Channel 4 ——were required by the Thatcher Government?sBroadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costsand jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly bywhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.viewers?subscriptions —15. The world famous BBC now faces .［A］the problem of news coverage ［B］an uncertain prospect［C］inquiries by the general public ［D］shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］Its existence as a broadcasting organization..17. The BBC?s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for［A］the financial support from the royal family.［B］the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］ a contract with the Queen.［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .［A］the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth cen tury “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with abureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging alarge professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes offamily firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step awayfrom individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike oldfamily business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams andother services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importanceof shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from theland and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management ofbusiness. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe werebeing developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world?s movementtowards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except thatof drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders? meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen The “shareholders” employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and laborwas not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their。
1986—1995年历年考研英语真题集
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if onlySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage lMoney spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.11. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that__.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising12. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame. [B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards. [D] Reducing newspaper cost.13. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is_.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising14. In the author's opinion,__.[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementPassage 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.15 . A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when____.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on learning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey16. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would____.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time17. When the author says "a new way of being" (line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world [B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves [D] a new system of adaptation to change18. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.[A] curiosity about more chances [B] promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences [D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsPassage 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, frien ds or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming .Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, socia l and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.19. The word "it" (line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to__.[A] the lack of stable communities [B] the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families [D] the growing number of people moving from place to place20. The main problem people may encounter today arises form the fact that__.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family.21 . From the passage we can infer that__.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites22. We can learn from the last paragraph that __.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much[B] people should make the best use of the information[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information .[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyPassage 4Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents; it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the 'win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system , in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.23. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.[A] impatient [B] considerate [C] aggressive [D] agreeable24. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.[A] the pressure is too great on the students [B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high [D] the results of exanimations are doubtful25. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.[A] candidates’ sensitivity [B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit [D] surer values26. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyPassage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to readingand understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.27. From the evolutionary point of view, __.[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive.[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences28. According to the passage, if a person never forgot __.[A] he would survive best [B] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced [D] the evolution of memory would stop29. From the last paragraph we know that__.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs30. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.[A] remembering [B] forgetting [C] adapting [D] experiencingPart Ⅲ English-Chinese TranslationThe standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (31) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (32 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the informationavailable is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (33) Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(34) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (35) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Part Ⅳ Writing (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: THE "PROJECT HOPE"B. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with hiscomprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned [B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources [D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works [D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Li ne 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and developmen t. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their。
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1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
虽然人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不是十分了解，但是人们推测浅睡对大脑起修复作用。
深睡的作用更令人难以理解。
在最近睡眠研究协会的会议上，专家们首次描述的新实验，对非快眼动睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。
因剥夺睡眠而死亡的老鼠的尸体检查发现，其免疫系统似乎已崩溃了。
二、试题解析1.[答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。
空格上文提到，睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。
因此空格处____ kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。
四个备选项中，首先排除[D]项。
any 指“任何一个”，如：You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。
余下的选项中，each指两个或多个中的每一个，例如：Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。
either表示两者之一，表示肯定，如：You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。
neither表否定含义，表示“两者都不”。
如：Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。
空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用，即not…at all，意为“一点也不，根本不”，因而这里应填表否定含义的词，[B]正确，意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。
2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。
intend意为“想要，打算，企图”，intend to do sth. (=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”，主语一般是有生命的事物。
如：I hear they intend to marry. 我听说他们要结婚了。
require意为“需要，要求，命令”，be required to do sth.意为“被要求/必须做某事”，如：All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都必须出示车票。
显然不能说，“浅睡眠阶段被要求做某事”。
assume意为“假定，设想”，be assumed to do sth.意为“被假定/认为做某事”，如：He is assumed to be a Belgian.（他被认为是个比利时人。
）infer意为“推论，推断”，但它不用于infer sth. to do结构中，而用于infer sth. from sth.结构中，如：Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.（大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。
）因此，只有assume符合上下文的要求。
另外，根据上文可知，人们对睡眠的两个阶段都不十分了解，因此有关浅睡眠的功能的论述只是一种推测，[C]为正确项。
3. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。
subtle意为“微妙的，难以捉摸的”，如：He complained that these people were subtle. 他抱怨说这些人难以捉摸。
obvious意为“明显的”；mysterious意为“难以解释或无法理解的”；doubtful意为“可疑的，值得怀疑的”，如He is a doubtful character. 他是个可疑的人物。
前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段都不是很了解时用了well-understood一词，从逻辑语意上可以推出人们对non-REM sleep也不很了解，因此，几个选项中mysterious最合适。
4. [答案] B[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是一个长句，主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations. such as 引导的短语是对experiments的举例说明。
these指的是the new experiments，空格处填入的过去分词表示被动含义，相当于一个后置定语从句，即these which are _____ for the first time…，用来修饰these。
四个选项中，maintain意为“保持，维持”，与句中的for the first time相矛盾；settle意为“解决”，afford意为“支付得起”，与experiments不搭配。
describe意为“描述”，用在文中表示“（会议上）描述的一些新实验”，符合文意。
5. [答案] D[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：短语语意辨析。
四个选项都可与介词of连用。
in the light of (= in light of/according to)意为“按照，根据，考虑到”，如：He rewrote the book in the light of further research.（他根据进一步的研究重写了那部书。
）by virtue of意为“依靠，由于”，如：She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.（她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。
）with the exception of(= except)意为“除了……之外”，如：All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.（他的小说除最后一部外全是以意大利为背景。
）显然，这三个含义代入文中都不符合文意。
for the purpose of可以看作是一个固定短语，意为“为了……的目的”，如：The three groups have been combined for the purpose of this study.（为了这项研究工作，三个小组业已合并。
）但本文中却不是把它作为一个固定短语使用，而且分成了两个部分，explanations常与for搭配，表示“解释……的原因”，the purpose of non-REM sleep在上文中出现过，表示“深睡眠的作用”，正确答案是[D]。
6. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：名词词义辨析。
for example一词提示空格所在部分是衔接上文，解释深睡眠的作用的举例。
reduction意为“减少”；deprivation意为“剥夺”；restriction意为“限制”。
destruction意为“破坏，毁灭”，通常指具体事物，如：The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。
“对老鼠产生致命影响”的应是“睡眠的剥夺”，所以[C]符合题意。
7. [答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。
upon+名词/动名词=when引导的从句，其中upon相当于when/directly after，表示“当……时……”。
如：Upon entering the room（=When I entered the room）, I found him lying on the floor.用在文中表示“当检查死亡老鼠的尸体时”，因此[A]为正确答案。