机械类英语论文及翻译翻译

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专业英语--产品介绍

专业英语--产品介绍

c.Press the INV key and you can raise the constant e (2.7182818) to x powers.
(4)选择合适的翻译技巧遣词造句,重述原文内容; a. Internet is of great help to our work. b.Mankind has always reverenced what Tennyson call “the useful trouble of the rain”.
4)后置定语很常见; The connecting rod, in essence, is a bar or strut with a bearing at each end, whose purpose is to transmit the piston thrust to the crankshaft. 5)名词连用 a. computer programming teaching device manual
What are the chances of a nuclear war in the near future? How many Americans would survive a nuclear attack? Would such an attack make living conditions impossible for the survivors? These and similar questions are being asked by citizens groups throughout this country as they debate the issue of arms control and nuclear disarmament.

机械类英语作文

机械类英语作文
Firstly, mechanical engineering has a rich history that dates back to ancient civilizations. The early contributions of individuals such as Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, and James Watt laid the foundation for the modern principles of mechanical engineering. Over time, the field has evolved to encompass a wide range of disciplines, including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, materials science, and robotics.
Thirdly, the career prospects for mechanical engineers are vast and diverse. Graduates have the opportunity to work in industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy, and manufacturing. They are involved in the design and development of products, machinery, and systems, as well as the optimization of existing technologies. The demand for mechanical engineers is expected to grow in the coming years, particularly in emerging fields such as renewable energy and biomedical engineering.

大学英语精读(预备级)第三版课后翻译(1-16课)绿色

大学英语精读(预备级)第三版课后翻译(1-16课)绿色

大学英语精读(预备级)第三版课后翻译(1-16课)绿色翻译1.这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木。

What the boy likes to do most is putting together building block. 2.就先前的工作经验而言,约翰是这个职位的最佳候选人。

In terms of previous working experience john is the best choice for this position. 3.我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难理解的概念。

My physics teacher often uses analogy to explain some difficult concepts. 4.在家人和朋友的帮助下,汤姆经营店出版企业逐渐兴旺起来。

With the help of his family and friends ,Tom build up his publishing bussiness bit by bit. 5.琳达没能进入那所著名的大学,但他打算重新开始,而不是逃避挑战。

Linda was not able to go to that famous college but she planned to start all over again ratherthan give up the challenge.6. 这个公司有着很好的公众形象,人们总是将他的产品与高质量和优质服务联系在一起。

This company has a good public image. People always associate its product with high quality and good service.1.孩子们很苦恼,因为他们的家长不允许他们在铁道旁玩耍。

The children are pretty annoyed that their parent won ’t allow them to play around the railway track.2.我打赌我只要速度快一点,肯定会比他们先到目的地。

科技论文翻译

科技论文翻译


遗传学 genetics 力学/机械学 mechanics 热动力学 thermodynamics 天文物理学 astrophysics 园艺学 horticulture 畜牧业 animal husbandry
科技英语新词





Sina twitter, weibo, tweet 微博 podcast 播客 cybersquatting 抢注域 名 cyberspace 网络空间 Tele-office 远程办公 twitern (twitter实习生)

Clarity (明确性)
Clarity greatly facilitates effective communication between these professionals.

Accuracy(准确性)
Use accurate language to express the meanings exactly and clearly in scientific studies.
vocabulary?理论科学purescience?应用科学appliedscience?模型model?假设hypothesis?现行的科学定律theworkinglawofscience?生命周期thelifecycle?方程式equation?放射性radioactivity?金属疲劳metalfatigue?人类学anthropologyvocabularyextendedreading?物理科学thephysicalscience?地球科学theearthscience?生命科学thelifescience?天文学astronomy?古生物学paleontology?海洋学oceanography?气象学meteorology?植物学botany?动物学zoology?遗传学genetics?力学机械学mechanics?热动力学thermodynamics?天文物理学astrophysics?园艺学horticulture?畜牧业animalhusbandry科技英语新词?sinatwitterweibotweet微博?podcast播客?cybersquatting抢注域名?cyberspace网络空间?teleoffice远程办公?twiterntwitter实习生?flextime弹性工作制?ecommence电子商务?ejournal电子期刊?brexit英国退出欧盟的戏谑说法tryit?itisessentialthattheoverallprogramstrategybecompletelymappedoutbeforeanyofthedetailedprogrammingactuallybegins

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译

Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ;Rules for Design ;Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fullyto display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whetherdone formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to thesuitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of thematerial, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved.This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainlycannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。

科技英语翻译重点句子总结

科技英语翻译重点句子总结

1、P23 【例1】时态翻译The waster radiation is revolutionizing X-ray science, enabling researchers to see things on an atomic level with eyes that are a million times more powerful than ever before.这种歧视为废物的辐射使X射线科学发生了一场革命:它使科研工作者能用眼睛看到原子级的东西,这一放大率比以往提高了100万倍。

2、P24 【例3】虚拟语气If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive.如果这一反应要花费数小时,而不是几秒钟,燃料费就太高了。

3、P24 【例6】虚拟语气Moving parts of a machine would wear much more rapidly without being oiled.机器的运动部件如果不加油就会磨损的非常快。

4、P24 【例7】祈使句Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away.(如果)把蓄电池放在干燥的地方,就不会漏电。

5、P25 【例12】被动语态In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。

毕业设计论文--机器人

毕业设计论文--机器人

煤矿救援机器人是一种能够在煤矿井下灾害环境遥控或自主导航工作的机器人,能代替煤矿的搜救队员深入井下,抢救矿难后被困矿工,并以这种方式减少甚至避免救护队员的伤亡。

同时在煤矿爆炸事故后的探测救援过程中,救护人员在井下高温环境下负重作业,其体力以及氧气消耗都很大。

救援机器人主要作用是代替救护人员搬运、转移伤员和遇难者至安全区域,而且救援机器人需要携带必要的救护设备和仪器,因此救援机器人应该具有足够大的尺寸和动力以及良好的续航能力。

首先,本文在满足上述要求的基础上,设计了煤矿救援机器人行走机构的机械部分。

在综合比较后选择轮式的行走机构。

同时考虑到救援机器人的特殊工作环境,通过链传动实现了各轮的同步移动,克服了轮式移动机构跨沟能力差及易打滑等缺点。

参照PACKBOT机器人增加摆臂,机器人伸出摆臂有利于越障。

其次,详细设计了煤矿救灾机器人控制系统的硬件电路,包括数据采集单元电路、运动控制单元电路、编码器解析单元电路等。

关键字:轮式;同步移动;摆臂;数据采集;运动控制Coal mine rescue robot is one kind of robots used in underground destroyed coal mine. It can rescue trapped miners in the underground instead of mine rescue team after mine disaster. It will avoid casualties of mine rescue team in this way. At the same time after the explosion and the rescue process of detection in the coal mine, mine rescue team in underground load operation under high temperature environment, and their physical as well as consumption of oxygen is huge. A major role in the coal mine rescue robot is to replace the mine rescue team to transport, and transfer the wounded and the victims to a safe area. Rescue robots had to carry the necessary equipment and apparatus, so the rescue robot should have sufficient size and power and good endurance capacity.First of all, on the basis of these requirements, I designed the mechanical parts of the coal rescue robot. In comparison, I choose the wheel body. At the same time, I take the special working environment for the coal mine rescue robot into account, so I try to achieve all-round mobile synchronization through the chain drive. And it can overcome the shortcomings of Wheeled Mobile institutions such as the cross-channel capabilities and easy to spin. In refer to PACKBOT robot, I design the arm for the robot, so it can across the barriers more easily.Secondly, hardware circuit of robot control system is designed in detail, such as data acquisition unit circuit, motion control unit circuit; encoder analyzing unit circuit and so on.Keyword:Wheeled;Sync mobile;Arm;Data Acquisition;Motion Control目录1绪论 (1)1.1 引言 (1)1.2 设计背景、意义 (1)1.2.1设计的背景和意义 (1)1.3 设计基础 (3)1.4 国内外研究与应用现状 (4)1.5 本章小结 (5)2行走机构方案确定 (6)2.1 煤矿灾害现场特征 (6)2.2 矿井灾害的非结构环境特征 (7)2.3 行走机构方案选择与确定 (7)2.3.1轮式机器人 (7)2.3.2 履带式机器人 (8)2.3.3 腿式机器人 (9)2.3.4 其它形式机器人 (9)2.4 行走方案的确定 (11)2.5 本章小结 (11)3机器人行走机构的机械设计 (13)3.1 机器人行走机构总体方案 (13)3.1.1 主传动系统设计 (14)3.1.2 摆臂方案设计 (14)3.2 机器人行走机构具体设计 (15)3.2.1 主传动系统的具体设计 (15)3.2.2 摆臂方案的具体设计 (38)3.3 本章小结 (42)4 电气系统的分析与设计 (43)4.1 数据采集单元电路 (43)4.1.1 A/D转换电路设计 (43)4.1.2 高速光耦电路设计 (45)4.1.3 串行通信电路设计 (46)4.1.4 单片机程序设计 (47)4.2 运动控制单元电路 (48)4.2.1 后轮电机驱动电路 (48)4.2.2 摆臂电机驱动电路 (49)4.2.3 串行通信电路设计 (50)4.2.4 单片机程序设计 (51)4.3 编码器解析单元电路 (55)4.3.1 电路设计 (55)4.3.2 单片机程序设计 (56)4.4 本章小结 (57)5 结论 (58)参考文献: (59)翻译部分: (61)英语原文 (61)中文翻译 (68)致谢............................................. 错误!未定义书签。

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。

which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。

turbines。

vehicles。

hoists。

printing presses。

washing machines。

and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。

the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。

___ to take into account。

The n and structural aspects of the device。

as well as the ___。

___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。

such as switches。

cams。

valves。

vessels。

and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。

It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。

it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。

轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点及翻译

轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点及翻译

轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点及翻译摘要:研究轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点,重点探讨轮机英语名词性专业术语构词特点、词法特点和语义特点,并讨论轮机英语名词性专业术语的翻译方法和翻译技巧.关键词:轮机英语;名词性专业术语;特点;翻译技巧The characteristics of nominal terms of marine engineering Englishand their translationAbstract The characteristics of special nominal terms of marine engineering Englishare explored with a focus on three aspects----word formation,morphology andsemantics.The translation techniques employed in translating special nominal termsof marine engineering English are also discussed.Key words marine engineering English;special nominal terms;characteristics;translation techniques0 引言轮机英语中有大量的名词性专业术语,这些术语在构词法、词法和语义等方面都有它自身的特点,这些特点又决定了其在汉译时必须选取特定的翻译方法和翻译技巧,因此,掌握轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点以及了解相应的翻译方法和技巧对于学习和翻译轮机英语是非常重要的.确实有一批工程技术人员,他们了解船舶机械的构造和原理,英语功底也比较好,而且对翻译表现出浓厚的兴趣,但是在翻译轮机英语时常常会感到茫然,原因之一可能就是由于对轮机英语中名词性专业术语的特点不够熟悉,对相应的翻译方法和翻译技巧缺乏分析和掌握.本文尝试归纳出轮机英语名词性专业术语的几个特点,并有针对性地提出翻译方法和技巧,以期对提高轮机英语的翻译质量有所帮助.1 轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点轮机英语属于科技英语,其词汇具有科技英语词汇的特点,如大量使用专用词汇,常用词汇具有专业意义,词性的转换较多等等.此外,轮机英语名词性专业术语在构词法、词法和语义等方面有非常明显的特点.1.1 构词法特点根据万本华的研究,英语构词有合成性、转化性、派生性、缩写性和借用性等五大特点[1].笔者对轮机英语名词性专业术语的构词方法进行研究发现,轮机英语名词性专业术语的构词有其自身特点,即轮机英语名词性专业术语一般采用合成法、词缀法、缩写法和复合法等构词法构成大量新词.1.1.1合成法合成法即将两个或两个以上的旧词合成一个新词的构词方法,轮机英语中有大量的名词性专业术语是用合成法构成的,合成法又分为合写式与分写式两种.用合写式合成的新词中间无连字符,如:crankshaft (曲轴),turbocharger (涡轮增压机),sandpaper (砂纸);用分写式合成的新词中间有连字符,如:blow-down (排污),dew-point (露点),fire-tube(火管),water-tube(水管),liquid-hammering (液击)等.1.1.2 词缀法词缀法是构成轮机英语名词性专业术语的重要手段.例如前缀anti--(反)加在fouling(污染)前构成antifouling(防污染),加在friction(摩擦)前构成antifriction(减磨);前缀de-(剥夺,分离)加在frost(霜冻)前构成defrost(除霜),加在contamination(污染)前构成decontamination(净化)等.此外,拉丁语源的前缀被广泛应用,作为轮机英语名词性专业术语的构词手段,如thermo-(热),electro-(电),carbo-(碳),hydro-(水、氢)等等.熟悉这些构词成份,对我们学习和翻译轮机英语是很有帮助的.后缀构词的应用更为普遍,如break--breaker(继电器),govern--governor(调速器),arrange—arrangement(安装,布置),install--installation(安装),move--movement(运动),drain--drainage (放残),cover--coverage(覆盖)等等.另外,由于轮机英语中有大量的机械动作或机械操作,为了准确、简洁地表达这些运动或操作,很多表示动作的动词后加ing后构成名词,如:cooling(冷却),opening(开口),starting(启动),flushing(冲洗),running(磨合,运转),buffing(抛光),casting(浇注),winding(缠绕),dribbling(滴漏),freezing(冰冻),hunting(发动机调速不稳),knocking(爆震),scavenging(换气,扫气),misfiring(不点火,不发火),steering(转向),stamping(冲压),tempering(回火,退火)等等.1.1.3 缩写法英语缩略语一般用术语Acronym(首字母缩拼词)、Abbreviation(缩写词)、Contractions(缩写式)、和Initials(起首字母)表示,且采用最多的是Acronym 和Abbreviation[2].为了使语言简洁,在不影响读者理解的前提下,轮机英语名词性专业术语也使用了大量缩写,其缩写方法主要有以下两种.1.1.3.1 首字母缩写.轮机英语中,有很多名词性专业术语有几个单词构成,为了使其简化,常利用各个单词的首字母构成缩写.这些缩写可以全部是大写字母,也可以是小写字母,但一般不大小写混合使用,如:ABDC--after bottom dead center(下止点后),AC--alternating current(交流电),VPP--variable pitch propeller(可变距螺旋桨),c.p.m.--cycles per minute(转/分钟),o.d.--outside diameter(外径),fs--four stroke(四冲程)等等.1.1.3.2 单词缩写.在轮机英语中,即便是对一个单词,有时也要进行缩写.可以对一个单词的后半部分进行省略,构成缩写词,如:auto.--automation(自动控制),acc.--acceleration(加速),cyl--cylinder(气缸),fil.--filter(过滤器),com.--combustion(燃烧),gen--generator(发电机,造水机),lub--lubrication(润滑)等等;也可以把一个专业术语中的元音和一些辅音省略,只保留最后的辅音来构成缩写词,如:trd--thread(螺纹),syd--shipyard(造船厂),spnr--spanner(扳手),pcs--pieces(件,片,块),pol--petrol(汽油)等等.1.1.4 复合法前面提到的合成法是把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个术语,在轮机英语中,还有一些专业术语是根据机械部件的运动特点或机械部件的形状或者发明者的名字复合而成的.在这类术语中,前面的词起描述作用,后一个词是复合术语的主体.1.1.4.1 V-ing+ n. 这类专业术语通常用来陈述船舶机械的部件,含有主动之意,如:a driving gear (主动轮),turning gear(盘车机),connecting rods(连杆),starting system(启动系统),starting valve(启动阀),reciprocating internal combustion engines(往复式内燃机),evaporating pressure(蒸发压力)等等.1.1.4.2 V-ed + n. 这类专业术语也是主要用来陈述船舶机械的部件,但含有被动之意,如:a driven gear(从动齿轮),unattended machinery space(无人看管机舱),chrome-plated plate(镀铬板),distilled water(蒸馏水),forced lubrication(压力润滑)等等.1.1.4.3 专有名词 + n. 在科技发展的历史进程中,有些机械设备或技术是以科学家或发明者的名字来命名的,如:Hotchkiss drive(霍奇凯斯式传动装置),Redwood viscosimeter(雷乌粘度计),Engler viscosity(恩氏粘度),Roots blower(罗氏鼓风式增压机),Starling engine(斯特林发动机)等等.1.1.4.4 大写字母 + n. 有些轮机英语名词性专业术语是以大写字母加名词复合而成,大写字母表示该设备部件的形状、特性等,如:I-beam(工字梁),I-head engine(I 式发动机),T-head engine(T式发动机),V-belt(V型皮带),U-bolt(U 型螺栓),S-cam(S型凸轮),Y-connection(Y型接法),T-bend(T型三通接头)等等.1.2 词法特点轮机英语名词性专业术语有显著的词法特征,主要表现如下:1.2.1 大量使用抽象名词轮机英语中广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词,运用这种动词的名词化手段,能有效地简化叙事的层次和结构,减少使用句子和从句的频率,使行文更直接、紧凑和简洁,如:the lubrication of the engine(发动机润滑),the installation of the piston(安装活塞),the solution to the heating problem(发热问题的解决方法),the transmission of the signal(信号的传送),the operation of the main engine(主机的操作)等等.1.2.2 广泛采用名词连用形式在轮机英语名词性专业术语中,有很多是由两个或两个以上的名词构成,而中心意思以最后一个名词为主,前面的名词对后面的名词起修饰和限定作用,例如:the gas transfer velocity(废气的排出速度),the temperature control valve(温度控制阀),oil scraper ring(刮油环),propeller blade(叶桨),crankcase explosion relief valve(曲轴箱防爆门),hand capacity control valve(手动能量控制阀),spill valve type fuel injection pump(回油阀式喷油泵),fresh water generator(造水机)等等.名词连用形式可以简化语言结构,使文章言简意赅,这正是轮机英语叙述机械原理、构造、操作、推论所需要的.1.3 语义特点轮机英语名词性专业术语的另一特点是语义特征非常鲜明,具体如下:1.3.1 常用词汇专业化轮机英语中有很大一部分名词性专业术语看起来好像是英语常用词,但实际是轮机英语专业术语,如果没有一定的专业基础,很容易理解错误,如:plus earth(正极接地),minus earth(负极接地),hot wire(火线), kill switch (紧急开关),bank(气缸侧体),boring(镗缸),boss(轮毂),coast side(非工作齿面),endless belt(环形皮带),exciting coil(励磁线圈),field current (磁场电流),leaf spring(钢板弹簧),left-hand crankshaft(左旋曲轴),right-hand crankshaft(右旋曲轴),liner(气缸套),donkey boiler(辅助锅炉),monkey wrench(活动扳手)等等.1.3.2 专业词义明确轮机英语名词性专业术语有明确清晰的意义,因此,熟悉轮机英语的读者能够准确判断其意义,不易造成歧义,如:piston(活塞),cylinder(气缸),crankshaft(曲轴),cam(凸轮), filter(滤器),轴承(bearing),engine block(缸体),power stroke(做功冲程),screw(螺丝),nut(螺母),bolt(螺栓),propeller(螺旋桨),stern tube(尾轴管),expansion valve(膨胀阀)等等.1.3.3 专业词义相对或互补很多船舶机械的运动或操作是相对或相反进行的,为了准确表达这些相对或相反的运动和操作,相应的名词性专业术语就应运而生了,如:connecting rod big end bearing(连杆大端轴承),connecting rod small end bearing(连杆小端轴承);left-hand engine(左旋发动机),right-hand engine(右旋发动机);direct-cooled piston(直接冷却式活塞),indirect-cooled piston(间接冷却式活塞);direct current(直流电),alternating current(交流电);driving gear(主动轮),driven gear (从动轮);variable pitch propeller(变距螺旋桨),fixed pitch propeller(定距螺旋桨);inlet valve(进气阀),outlet valve(排气阀)等等.2 翻译方法的选取按照戴文进的研究,科技英语翻译的基本方法有直译、意译、音译和阐译四种[3].对于翻译轮机英语名词性专业术语,笔者认为应该选用直译、意译、音译、象译,以及这些翻译方法的组合.选择翻译方法的原则应以直译为主,其余为补.2.1 直译直译是最能全面地、直接地完成翻译所承担的任务,达到公认的翻译标准的一种翻译方式[4].以直译方法为主翻译轮机英语名词性专业术语的根据是:首先,轮机英语名词性专业术语结构顺序和汉语结构顺序基本是一致的,这就为直译的应用奠定了基础.其次,轮机英语属于科技英语,科技英语的客观性、精确性和严肃性要求翻译中尽量使用直译.再者,运用直译翻译出来的术语和轮机英语专业术语有良好的对应,可以帮助学习者学习和记忆.因此,只要直译时译文符合汉语语法修辞习惯,就要采取直译,如:water-lubricated bearing(水润滑轴承),vapor-compression cycle(蒸汽压缩循环),automatic hydraulic capacity control device(自动液压能量控制装置),medium pressure lubrication system(中压润滑系统),single-acting plunger oil cylinder(单作用柱塞油缸)等等.2.2 意译当用直译不能解决轮机英语名词性专业术语的翻译问题时,就要考虑采用意译.意译在很大程度上能有效地解决直译所不能解决的翻译问题,特别是当日常词汇用做专业词汇时,更宜采用意译,如:hot wire(火线), kill switch (紧急开关),coast side(非工作齿面),endless belt(环形皮带),leaf spring(钢板弹簧),left-hand crankshaft(左旋曲轴),right-hand crankshaft(右旋曲轴),donkey boiler(辅助锅炉),monkey wrench(活动扳手)等等.2.3 音译加意译有些轮机英语名词性专业术语是把发明者的名字和该发明物复合而成,翻译这些专业术语一般采用音译加意译的办法,通常是用音译翻译出发明者,用意译翻译出发明的物品,如:Hotchkiss drive(霍奇凯斯式传动装置),Redwood viscosimeter(雷乌粘度计),Engler viscosity(恩氏粘度),Roots blower(罗氏鼓风式增压机),Starling engine(斯特林发动机),Rockwell hardness A scale(洛氏A级硬度)等等.2.4 象译加意译象译,顾名思义是“译出形象”.有些轮机英语名词性专业术语的前半部分是表示该物品形状的字母或单词,翻译成汉语时要把这一部分译成表示具体形状的字眼,或保留原来的字母,后半部分则采用意译,采用象译技巧能够使译文简洁、明了、易懂、易记,如:H-beam(工字梁),U-steel(槽钢),V-belt(三角皮带),cross head(十字头),O-ring (O型环),Y-connection(Y型接法)等.3 翻译技巧的应用汉英翻译有很多翻译技巧,结合轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点,笔者认为在汉译时应主要采用转译和增译两种翻译技巧.3.1 转译为了使译文符合汉语习惯,翻译时要防止照搬英语的词类去照译成汉语的对应词类,可以在忠实原文意义的前提下将原文中某些词的词性转换成汉语的其他词性和词义[5].轮机英语中有很多名词性专业术语是由动词派生出来的,这类术语在翻译成汉语时往往要翻译成汉语的动词,才会使译文通顺,符合汉语表达习惯.例1.The capacity of a centrifugal pump can be increased by the installation of a large diameter impeller.译文:安装大口径叶轮可以提高离心泵的排量.例2.The operation of an boiler needs some knowledge of its performance.译文:操作锅炉需要懂得锅炉的一些性能.另外,由于英汉两种语言的达意方式不同,因此在翻译轮机英语名词性专业术语时其含义有时也要转译,主要是把抽象名词的意义转译为所代表的具体事物.例3.The emission from the main engine is a great source of pollution. “emission”的原义是“光、热等的散发,发射,喷射”,此处应翻译成具体的排放物“尾气”.译文:主机尾气是一个重要污染源.3.2 增译所谓增译,就是在汉译时在原文的基础上增补一些在修辞上、语法结构上、语义上或语气上必不可少的词,从而使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,达到译文与原文在内容、形式和精神方面对等的目的.这里的增加不是随心所欲的添加,而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词语[6].在对轮机英语名词性专业术语的翻译中,以下三类名词性专业术语需采取增译方法.3.2.1 汉译复数名词术语引起的增译英语名词的复数一般通过其复数形式表示,而汉语则靠加数词或其它词的方式表示.因此汉译时应增译某些表示复数的汉语词汇,如:“许多”、“若干”、“一些”、“有些”等.特别是当原文中的复数具有不可忽视的词义,若不译出会造成误解或语义不全时,更应如此.例4.A two ram hydraulic gear consists of a hydraulic ram situated on the port side of the tiller and another ram on the starboard side, linked at their outer ends to the tiller arm by a crosshead and swivel block, the other ends of the rams working inside their own hydraulic cylinders and pipes connect these cylinders to a hydraulic pump.译文:双撞杆液压操舵装置由位于舵柄左侧的液压撞杆和位于舵柄右侧的另一撞杆组成,两撞杆外端由十字头和旋转块连接到舵柄,两撞杆的另一端分别在它们自己的液压油缸内工作,再由油管将这些油缸和液压泵相连接.例5. The cylinders will be lifted soon.译文:这些汽缸将很快被吊出.3.2.2 汉译抽象名词术语时引起的增译轮机英语中有许多抽象名词术语,这些名词若直译,不能给予具体明确的含义.因此,汉译时要添加“情况、作用、现象、装置、方法、物品”等词语.例6.Diesel dope is a multi-functional fuel treatment containing combustion catalysts and ash modifiers.译文:柴油机助燃剂是一种多功能燃油处理剂,含有燃烧催化剂和灰分调节剂.例7.Elimination to the mechanical problem of the steering gear has not been found.译文:还没有找到舵机机械故障的排除方法.3.2.3 汉译描述设备工作特征的名词性专业术语时引起的增译轮机英语名词性专业术语中有很多是关于机器设备和装置的,这些设备和装置有各自不同的工作特征,对这类术语的翻译要采用增译法才能准确表达其真正内涵,如:opposed piston engine(对置活塞式发动机),pneumatic hair humidity controller(毛发式气动湿度控制器),heat-pump air conditioner(热泵式空调器),top ventilator(顶式布风器)等等.4 结束语轮机英语名词性专业术语的特点绝不仅限于此,而翻译方法和技巧更是变化多端.限于篇幅,在此不再一一赘述.笔者选取轮机英语中的名词性专业术语进行分析和探讨,旨在以此为突破口,以小见大,为轮机英语的学习和翻译研究工作提供借鉴.参考文献:[1] 万本华等.英语科技术语的构词特点及其翻译[J].攀枝花学院学报,2008(2):97-99.[2] 张文果等.论英语缩略语的翻译[J].四川理工学院学报,2007(4):99-104.[3] 戴文进.科技英语翻译理论与技巧[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003:25-28.[4] 许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004:8-9.[5] 朱江.英译汉中词类转译的技巧[J].长春理工大学学报,2004(12):46-47.[6] 李银芳.科技英语增译原则[J].中国科技翻译,2007(5):19-21.。

机械类英语词汇中英文对照

机械类英语词汇中英文对照
propller推进者,推进物,尤指轮船、飞机上的螺旋推进器
crank mechanism曲柄连杆机构
Proprietary专利的,独占的,有财产的,私有的
crankshaft曲轴,机轴
prototype样机,原型
criterion标准,规范,准则,判据
prototype原型,模型,典型,榜样,样机
caterpillar履带式车辆,履带式挖土机
N
caustic腐蚀性的,碱性的
NC-.Numerical Control数字控制
cavity型腔,空洞,模腔
negotiation谈判
center-lines of symmetry对称中心线
newtonian牛顿的,牛顿学说的
centimeter厘米
pitch齿节
consensus一致
planar平面的
consistency一致性原则,稠度,一致,稳定性
plasma血浆,乳浆,等离子体,等离子区
constraint约束,强制,局促
pneumatic气动的
constraint约束
political science政治学
contaminant杂质,污染物质
polygonized subgrain structure多边形亚晶结构
contour轮廓
porosity多孔性,有孔性
contract合同
powder metallurgical mould粉末冶金模
contractual契约的
power train动力传动系
converting…into…转换形式
conceptualization化为概念,概念化
phantom line假想线

机械类专业英语论文2

机械类专业英语论文2

机械类专业英语论文22012级专升本1班姓名:xxx 学号:201215310145Machinery industry statusBased on my understanding of mechanical industry.Machinery industry is manufacturing and all walks of life to provide mechanical equipment and electrical equipment department, known as "the equipment department of national economy". It also provides large jobs. "". In the industry, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, because there was no production according to market economic organization, resulting in the production line with the market, at the same time, these old enterprises heavy historical burden. Overstaffed, economic benefit is not good. In recent years, the machinery industry in the eyes of people greatly. However, due to the importance of mechanical industry and large scale, mechanical most graduates are "hot" talent in the talent market. It is predicted, mechanical talents in the futurewill continue to have a larger demand. High level talents will become the targets enterprises fight forMachinery industry to get out of the present predicament of benefit glides, must achieve three changes: one is from a purely for thenational economy to provide equipment, turn is "equipment" is the mass consumer goods and services; two is from the past to the production technology as the center gradually to meet the market, to market oriented center; three is composed of pure industrial service to expandto the rural market. To implement these three change, must be adjusted and the development of human resource structure, to adapt to the requirements of.Machinery industry personnel structure at present are two small, middle, is the product of the development of staff and sales personnel, and the intermediate production personnel proportion is too large. Sales personnel are not allowed to market model, the developer can not develop marketable products, Production of surplus is bound to lead to product backlog. Therefore, must let the production team swelling middle large, increasing development and sales team. Machinery industry at present most lack talent: one is the talents, which not only know the technology and12012级专升本1班姓名:xxx 学号:201215310145management, according to the rules of market economy to organize production, senior personnel to grasp the direction of the enterprise; two is the senior technical talents with innovative consciousness; three is to know the technology and marketing, understand the market situation. And improvement, product design and development talent; four are senior technicians.Machinery industry graduates overall demand is bigger, but a considerable part of the engineering and technical personnel gap. The lack of the NC machine tools of professional and technical personnel. Many enterprises machinery industry had been conducted andtransformation technology update of modern production technology of CIMS system, NC machine tools industrial forest center and other advanced equipment to replace the original production equipment technical workers, the original production line has been unable to meet the digital equipment operation and maintenance requirements, senior technical personnel in urgent need of NC technology application. The introduction of advanced CNC machine tools from a foreign country, but not manypeople can operate. While the mechanical specialty of domestic high school are taught "gear", this also shows that the mechanical professional content is old, can't keep up with the times, to be updated. The mechanical design and manufacturing and processing of professional talent supply and demand in recent years was also very high. Casting, heat processing because the condition is relatively difficult, hasalways been the students enter oneself for an examination and employment upset. Some cars, pliers, milling, electricity and other post skilled workers in many enterprises do not get added, hardship posts have hired many farmers contract workersFrom the development of mechanical industry, printing machinery, CNC machine tools, power generation equipment, engineering machinery and other products from the outlook remains bullish. In addition to these traditional industries, the industry will be further developed to machine photoelectrocatalysis, extended to the optical processing, environmental protection this emerging field. Although the machinery industry ailing, but after the reform of state-owned enterprises,through the configuration optimization and adjustment of industrial structure and human resources,22012级专升本1班姓名:xxx 学号:201215310145once to keep up with the market economy and the pace of the information age, will show a strong vitality, the economic benefit will reboundThe above is my understanding of the machinery industry. I am also studying mechanics, I love this profession, hope I will have a good development in this industry.3。

车床介绍的英文作文

车床介绍的英文作文

车床介绍的英文作文英文:As a professional machinist, I have had the opportunity to work with many different types of lathes. One of the most common types of lathes is the engine lathe, which is also known as a center lathe. This type of lathe is usedfor turning, drilling, boring, threading, and facing operations.The engine lathe is typically used for machining cylindrical workpieces, such as shafts, rods, and bushings. It is also used for machining flat surfaces, such as flanges and discs. The lathe is equipped with a chuck that holds the workpiece and rotates it around its axis. The cutting tool is mounted on a tool post that can be moved along the lathe bed to adjust the depth of cut.One of the advantages of the engine lathe is its versatility. It can be used to machine a wide range ofmaterials, including metals, plastics, and wood. It is also capable of producing a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the tooling and setup.Another type of lathe that I have worked with is the CNC lathe. This type of lathe is controlled by a computer program, which allows for precise and automated machining operations. The CNC lathe is capable of producing complex shapes and contours, and is often used in high-volume production environments.Overall, the lathe is an essential tool in the machining industry. It is used in a variety of applications, from small-scale hobby projects to large-scale industrial production. Whether you are a machinist, engineer, or hobbyist, the lathe is a valuable tool to have in your arsenal.中文:作为一名专业的机械师,我有机会与许多不同类型的车床一起工作。

机械类英语论文翻译.doc

机械类英语论文翻译.doc

机械类英语论文翻译.doc轴承内径 bearing bore diameter轴承寿命 bearing life轴承套圈 bearing ring轴承外径 bearing outside diameter轴颈 journal轴瓦、轴承衬 bearing bush轴端挡圈 shaft end ring轴环 shaft collar轴肩 shaft shoulder轴角 shaft angle轴向 axial direction轴向齿廓 axial tooth profile轴向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent axial load轴向当量静载荷 static equivalent axial load轴向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic axial load rating轴向基本额定静载荷 basic static axial load rating 轴向接触轴承 axial contact bearing轴向平面 axial plane轴向游隙 axial internal clearance轴向载荷 axial load轴向载荷系数 axial load factor轴向分力 axial thrust load主动件 driving link主动齿轮 driving gear主动带轮 driving pulley转动导杆机构 whitworth mechanism转动副 revolute (turning) pair转速 swiveling speed rotating speed转动关节 revolute joint转轴 revolving shaft转子 rotor转子平衡 balance of rotor装配条件 assembly condition锥齿轮 bevel gear锥顶 common apex of cone锥距 cone distance锥轮 bevel pulley; bevel wheel锥齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆 milled helicoids worm准双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear子程序 subroutine子机构 sub-mechanism自动化 automation自锁 self-locking自锁条件 condition of self-locking自由度 degree of freedom, mobility。

机械类的英文作文

机械类的英文作文

机械类的英文作文Title: The Evolution of Mechanical Engineering。

Mechanical engineering, often referred to as the backbone of engineering disciplines, has undergonesignificant evolution over the years. From ancient times to the modern era, the field has seen remarkable advancements, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with technology. In this essay, we'll delve into the journey of mechanical engineering, exploring its historical roots, key innovations, and future prospects.The origins of mechanical engineering can be tracedback to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. In these early societies, rudimentary machines like pulleys, levers, and wheels were developed to aid in agricultural, construction, and transportation activities. These innovations laid the foundation for moresophisticated mechanical systems in the centuries to come.During the Renaissance period, mechanical engineering experienced a resurgence as scholars and inventors soughtto understand and harness the principles of mechanics. Visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci conceptualized intricate machines and mechanisms, contributing to the expansion of knowledge in the field. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century marked a pivotal moment, revolutionizing communication and paving the wayfor the Industrial Revolution.The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed unprecedented progress in mechanical engineering, driven by theIndustrial Revolution. Innovations such as the steam engine, textile machinery, and machine tools transformed industries and spurred economic growth. Engineers like James Watt, George Stephenson, and Eli Whitney became household namesfor their contributions to mechanical innovation.The 20th century brought about further advancements in mechanical engineering, propelled by rapidindustrialization and technological breakthroughs. The development of the internal combustion enginerevolutionized transportation, leading to the proliferation of automobiles, airplanes, and ships. Meanwhile, the fields of robotics, aerospace engineering, and materials science emerged, pushing the boundaries of what was possible in mechanical design and manufacturing.In recent decades, the advent of digital technology has revolutionized mechanical engineering once again. Computer-aided design (CAD) software has enabled engineers to create intricate designs with unprecedented precision and efficiency. Simulation tools allow for virtual testing and optimization of mechanical systems, reducing the need for costly physical prototypes. Furthermore, the integration of sensors and actuators has enabled the development of smart, interconnected devices that can adapt to changing conditions in real-time.Looking ahead, the future of mechanical engineering holds immense promise and challenges. As society grapples with issues such as climate change, resource scarcity, and urbanization, mechanical engineers will play a crucial role in developing sustainable solutions. From renewable energytechnologies to advanced manufacturing processes, the opportunities for innovation are vast.In conclusion, the evolution of mechanical engineering is a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance. From humble beginnings to the forefront of technological innovation, the field has continually pushed the boundaries of what is possible. As we stand on the brink of a new era, the principles of mechanical engineering will continue to shape the world around us, driving progress and improving the quality of life for generations to come.。

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译

机械类英语论文及翻译 Prepared on 22 November 2020附录一:Mechanical DesignLiqingyu zhangjiaMachinery manufacturing equipment designAbstractA machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design ;Rules for Design ;Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products.To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and applicationa thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation productmanufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.机械设计李庆余, 张佳.机械制造装备设计摘要机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。

关于机床的英语作文

关于机床的英语作文

关于机床的英语作文I have always been fascinated by machine tools, also known as machine tools. These powerful machines are essential in the manufacturing industry, helping to shape and cut materials with precision and efficiency.English response:Machine tools come in various types, such as lathes, milling machines, and grinders. Each type has its own unique functions and capabilities. For example, a lathe is used to rotate a workpiece while a cutting tool removes material to create a symmetrical object. On the other hand, a milling machine uses rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece to create complex shapes and designs.Machine tools play a crucial role in the production of a wide range of products, from car parts to household appliances. Without these machines, it would be impossible to mass-produce goods at the speed and precision requiredby modern industry.中文回答:机床有各种类型,比如车床、铣床和磨床。

英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)

英文学术论文翻译-中英文对照(三)

•These new measures will, we believe, increase the people’s purchasing power and lead to thriving financial and commercial conditions rather than make a mess of the country’s finances as some people argue.
一、主谓单句
汉语的主谓单句,从外形结构 上来看,跟英语的“主谓”结构是 相似的,但它的主语和谓语表达却 与英语有许多不同的地方。所以翻 译汉语主谓单句时,至少应注意几 个问题。
1、防止主语的机械对应。 中国近几年来发生了巨变。 ①There have been great changes in China these years. ②These years have seen (witnessed) great changes in China. ③Great changes have taken place in China these years. ④China crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.
汉语的基本句型及其翻译
汉语造句以名词为重心,以词组、散句和 分句为手段,善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横 排式叙述,有时断句不严,外形松散。有人 称汉语是时间型的动态结构,主要体现于形 式自由,富于弹性。
英语则以“主—谓”主干结构为重心来统 领各种语言成分,句界分明,外形严密。 因此,汉语各种句型译成英语时,不仅在 逻辑关系上而且在外形上都应该体现出英语 句法结构的特点。
2-3 Reversing • 1)沿路都是小商店。 Small shops dot the way. • 2)他这样悍然行事使我们非常气恼。 Hot anger burned in our minds against him at his rashness.

机电专业英文作文

机电专业英文作文

机电专业英文作文英文:As a student majoring in electromechanical engineering, I have gained a lot of knowledge in both electrical and mechanical fields. In terms of electrical engineering, I have learned about circuit analysis, electronic devices, power systems, and control systems. I am able to design and analyze circuits using tools such as Multisim and MATLAB. In addition, I have also learned about mechanical engineering, including mechanics, materials science, thermodynamics, and manufacturing processes. I am familiar with software such as SolidWorks and ANSYS, which allow me to design and simulate mechanical systems.One of the most interesting projects I have worked on was designing and building a robotic arm. This project required both electrical and mechanical knowledge, as we had to design the circuitry for the arm's motors and sensors, as well as the mechanical structure of the armitself. We also had to program the arm to perform certain actions using a microcontroller.In terms of career aspirations, I am interested in working in the field of automation and control systems. I believe that my knowledge in both electrical and mechanical engineering will be valuable in designing and implementing such systems. I am also interested in pursuing further education in this field, such as a master's degree incontrol systems engineering.中文:作为一名机电工程专业的学生,我在电气和机械领域都获得了很多知识。

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High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of ahardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magneticbearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fullyplay its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basicmeans of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently,such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3~5μm, rise to 1~1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it e nter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realizethe inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.。

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