跨文化交际文献综述期末作业
大学本科跨文化交际期末试题
⼤学本科跨⽂化交际期末试题考试需知：考试前每⼀列学⽣把课本放在第⼀排。
考试时间为2．5个⼩时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前⾯40分钟⽤于完成试卷1。
待⽼师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学⽣做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。
可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电⼦词典及⼿机进考场。
Test Paper 1Ⅰ. Filling the blanks:1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, thecommunication in the West is low-contextual while thatin the East is high-contextual2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the Westadopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, theWest follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while theEast follows synthetic and concrete thinking4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, theWest uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductivepattern5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in Indiais Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and ArchimedesⅡ. Choose the best answer:1.Non-verbal messages are classified into twocomprehensive categories: those that are primarilyproduced by the body, suchas_________,________,_______; and those that theindividual combines with the setting, such as _______,_______, _______.DA.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space,time, manB.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silenceC.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding,occasion, manD.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives,proverbs and allusions than in English writing. SomeWestern scholars name this style “flowery”, stating thatits aim is to give a more fanciful impression thaninformation, and the information is usually of beauty,fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspectsso as to attract people. We may term this styleas_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct withobjective information. To them, much-repeated wordsmay mean less after a while. We may term the Westernwriting as ________-oriented.CA. adjective, objectiveB. Chinese, WesternC. impression, information C. indirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditionalWestern belief holds that _______, while the Asianpeople believe that_______.BA. basically good; basically badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditionalWestern belief holds that _______, while the Asianpeople believe that_______.DA. subjugation to nature; harmony with natureB. harmony with nature; mastery over natureC. harmony with nature; subjugation to natureD. mastery over nature; harmony with nature5. As to time orientation, generally speaking, the USAis______, the Philippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia, Britain, Greece, France are ______.CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-oriented; adult-oriented; elderly-orientedC. future-oriented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. present-oriented; future-oriented; past-oriented6. In terms of activity orientation, the USA is______, thePhilippines, Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia is ______.DA. doing-oriented; playing-oriented, being-orientedB. playing-oriented; being-oriented; doing-orientedC. being-oriented; doing-oriented; being-in-becomingorientedD. doing-oriented; being-oriented; being-in-becomingoriented7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanisticview. It goes by the following different names: DA. reason versus result; religion versus art; objectivityversus imaginationB. instinct versus intuition; science versus technology;imagination versus subjectivityC. tuition versus intuition; region versus religion;subjugation versus subjectivityD. reason versus intuition; science versus religion;objectivity versus subjectivity8. The Greek thinks in order to _______. It is speculation.The Hindu thinks in order to _______. It is meditation.The Chinese thinks in order to _______. It is contemplation. CA. do; die; liveB. spectacle; meddle; contemptC. understand; think; self-cultivateD. think; self-cultivate; understand9. “Your body doesn’t know how to lie” indicates_____BA. something is wrong with your body and you can onlystand.B. body language is important.C. body contact is dangerous.D. we can’t separate mind from body.10. Generally speaking, in the US, people make friends bysharing ______, while in China, people make friends by sharing _______.BA. personal relationship; activitiesB. activities; personal relationshipC. love; bloodD. blood; love11. In terms of physical contact, the high contact countriesare __________________________________, while the low contact countries are ________________________________.CA. the US, Britain, most Northern European countries;Arab world, Mediterranean countries, IndonesiaB. the US, Britain, Japan; East European countries,Russia, Middle EastC. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; theUS, Britain, most Northern European countriesD. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US,Britain, most Northern European countries12. Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality ofcommunication, the high-contextual people are__________________________________, while the low-contextual countries are________________________________AA. Latin Americans, Chinese, Japanese; the Americans,German, SwissB. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans,Chinese, JapaneseC. Native Americans, Chinese, Koreans; the Americans,Japanese, BritishD. the Americans, Japanese, British; Native Americans,Chinese, Koreans13. Each person has a “bubble” of space (territory). Studiesshow that people from ________, ________, ________have a smaller personal territory than do people from ________, ________, _________.AA. South America, Arab countries, and many Asiancountries; North America, Britain, GermanyB. North America, Britain, Germany; South America,Arab countries, and many Asian countriesC. South America, Britain, Germany; North America,Arab countries, and many Asian countries.D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asiancountries; South America, Britain, Germany14. In ___________ culture, the nuclear family is muchmore important to the individual than the extended family, while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ culture, the extended family is very important. CA. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, AfricanB. Arabian; American, Asian, African, HispanicC. American; Asian, African, Arabian, HispanicD. African; American, Asian, Arabian, Hispanic15. In nuclear-family culture, people rely mainly on ______,______, ________for help, while in extended-family culture, people rely mainly on ________for help. CA. families, friends, professionals; familiesB. families, friends, professionals; institutionsC. friends, professionals, institutions; familiesD. friends, families, institutions; professionals16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually comes first,while in extended-family culture, _______ usually comes first. BA. family; individualB. individual; familyC. husband; wifeD. wife; husband17.When it comes to friendship, an American friend wouldfeel that they had _______ if the friend gave up a real need to study to go shopping. One’s duties and obligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ______; one does not expect friends to assume burdensome, ______ responsibilities toward oneself. A close friend in the US is a person that one feels free to ask for help, recognizing, however, that the friend may _____, if they give you a reason. This is maybe that in the West, people prefer to be ______, so they do not feel comfortable in a relationship in which one person is ______ more and the other is dependent on what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostlya matter of providing ______ support and ______. BA. depended too much; limitless; small; say “OK”;dependent; receiving; material; get separateB. imposed too much; have limits; long-term; say “No”;independent; giving; emotional; spend time together.C. imposed too little; have limits; short-term; say “Yes”;free; earning; financial; get involvedD. depended a little; limitless; big; say “Sorry”;independent; giving; spiritual; get together.18. In China, the duties and obligations of friendships seemvirtually ________ for all practical purposes. Chinese friends give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western friends do. For example, they give each other _______ and might help each other _______for a_______period of time. A friend in China is someone who, sensing that you are in need in some way, offers to assist you_________.CA. impossible; more spiritual; things; practically; short;when being askedB. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long;unwillinglyC. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long;without waiting to be askedD. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; ifrequired19. In times of trouble, both American and Chinese friendsgive each other emotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinese friend is more likely to be________ to give _______ advice to a friend, while an American friend will be ________ to give ________ advice, instead she may raise questions to encourage her friend to consider carefully what may happen if she does one thing instead of another. CA. cautious; detailed; ready; specificB. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guidelineC. ready; specific; cautious; directD. unwilling; direct; ready; specific20. When it comes to the relationship between parents andmarried sons, in China, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. Thus in the event of any quarrel between his wife and his mother, a man should ____________. At most he might hope to __________, and this was regarded as ________. In America, a man’s relationship with his parents is _______ than that with his wife. He would be expected to ______________. He might even be counseled to _______________ the vicinity of his parents’home to ease the conflict. DA. more important; side with his mother; side with hisfather; honorable; more important; side with no one;move intoB. less important; side with no one; say something;honorable; less important; side with his father; get awayfromC. less important; side with his wife; remain silent;dishonorable; more important; side with his wife; moveintoD. more important; side with his mother; remain neutral;dishonorable; less important; side with his wife; moveawayⅢ. True or false:1.Generally speaking, China is an equal society, Americais a hierarchy society. ( F )2.Generally speaking, in Chinese society, the powerdistance is small, while in America, the power distanceis large. ( F )3.Both the Asian and Western countries have the conceptof “face”, and “face” has the same social significance forthese countries in that one’s face is also the face of one’sgroup.( F )4.The dividing worldview relies strongly on “facts”asopposed to “opinions”. ( T )5.A very rough generalization is that thinking for theGreek is to look upward, for the Hindu is to look inward,for the Confucians is to look outward. (F )6.Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are alwaysaware of them, and we make judgments according tothem. (F )7.Values are separate from each other. Each one workalone. ( F )8.Values can be compared on a continuum rather than oneof only two possible choices. People everywhere possessthe same values to different degrees, and the importanceof that common value, how it gets acted out, is a matterof degree. ( T)9.“Lover” and “爱⼈”have the same meaning. ( F )10.In both China and Western countries, it is verycommon and usual for adults to fondle other people’sbabies and very small children to show their affectionand friendliness. ( F )Ⅳ.Translation:1.Translate the following English into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are blended into one harmonious identity.天⼈合⼀2)Nature affects human affairs and human behavior findsresponse in Nature. 天⼈感应3)Nature accords with human wishes. 天从⼈愿4)Your character will be tinted “red”(good) if you are inthe company of “redness”, but “black”(bad) if you are in close contact with ink. 近朱者⾚，近墨者⿊5)God helps those who help themselves. 天助⾃助者6)Look before you leap. 三思⽽后⾏7)A single arrow is easily broken, but not a bunch. 轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万⽊林He who stirs another’s porridge often burns his own. 狗拿耗⼦，多管闲事8)2.Translate the following Chinese into English:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信⽤trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养⽗母filial piety8)Ⅴ. Tell the meaning of the following gestures in different countries:Gesture 1 Gesture 2 Gesture 31.In the US, England, Sweden it is used together with the verbalmessage “Let’s keep our fingers crossed”to mean that _ theperson is hoping for good luck______________. In Greece andTurkey it means the breaking of a friendship ________________.In parts of Italy it means _ OK _____.2.In the US it means Great, perfect, acceptable,OK_______________. In Belgium and France, it means _zero_____. In Brazil, Turkey, Greece and Malta it has _ anobscene _____ meaning. In Japan it means ___ money _______.In Tunisia, it is used ___ as threat _______.3.It means ____ Slow down”, “relax”or “wait a second________________.Test Paper 2下列各题请参阅了所指定的课本内容后，⽤中⽂回答，可翻译课本的内容作为答案。
跨文化交际学科综述
跨文化交际学科综述Summary of intercultural communication subject Abstract:Intercultural communication is a disciplinary subject, which around the world has a history of 50 yeas while in China only 20 years. As more and more global communication appears and after China’s entering into WTO, globalization has been popular in many areas. Considering the arousing and development of intercultural communication, the content of it, the nowadays situation and the future of it, we need more effort to work in its development since we have a long way to go. This paper is to firstly introduce the root and development of intercultural communication, and then the main content of it and the topic of how to foster intercultural communication sense will be followed, and the final part is its situation today and the future.Key words: intercultural communication subject; culture; development and nowadays situation摘要：跨文化交际学作为一门综合学科，在世界上已经有50多年的历史，但中国只有20多年的发展。
跨文化交际期末作业
Custom differences between China and Arab countriesThe Arab countries generally refer to countries consisting mainly of the Arab nation .They have their own common language--The Arabic, and they have their own common culture and customs. The majority of them believe in the Islam. I major in the Arabic so I’m interested in the custom differences between my country and the Arab countries.●The custom differences in clothes.Dressing a gown and cloak and wearing a head kerchief with an Arab head hoop, this is a usual Arabic man’s appearance. A woman always dresses in long gowns which can cover her whole body, and the silk scarf hides her face. Dressing in these styles owing to the high temperature in the hot summer .Comparing to the Chinese people, we use more colorful clothes to dress up ourselves. We always wear jeans、jackets 、T-shirts in daily life. When we attend to some formal parties or meetings, men will wear suits and women will wear suits of skirts. No matter the Arabian’s clothes or the Chinese’s will get more and newer changes in line with the development of society.●The custom differences in food.Different nations have different ways to eat. In tradition, the eastern people use chopsticks to eat, and the western people use forks and knife to eat. However, the Arabian people use their hands to eat. They usually sit in land then have their meals, just picking up a piece of bread or some rice, even dishes with soup; they can also have a good meal with hands. Furthermore, they like sweet food and sweet beverages very much, such as coffee、desserts、handmade cookies andblack tea. China has a great system of Chinese dishes concluding nearly 8 styles. What’s more, the Chinese people are used to eating with chopsticks, which is difficult for many foreigners. China is well known for some food ,such like Jiaozi、moon cakes and Baozi etc.●The custom differences in etiquette.According to the Arabian’s living habits, their right hands are always clear. In their views, the left hand is full of dirtiness. So you have to pay attention to this when you give something to them. And don’t present them alcoholic drinks as gifts, for drinking alcohol is obviously breaking the Islam laws. In contrast, Chinese people send something to others with two hands in order to express respect and politeness. When at table, Chinese men always strengthen relationships by drinking alcohol together.●The custom differences in religion.The Islam is the first and biggest religion in the Arab countries. For one hand, the majority of the Arabian profess the Islam. For another hand, the Islam plays an important part as a governor there until today. Arabian people follow its tradition and laws spiritually and materially, and their children have to recite the Koran when they are 3 years old. While In China, people have freedom to choose their religion. There are nearly 21,000,000 Chinese Muslims, as well as many Buddhists and Christians in China.Nowadays, China has more connections and closer relationship with theArab countries, so it is necessary for us to know how to get along withthem .Meantime, I’m convinced of a better future between China and the Arab countries。
跨文化交流期末作业
跨文化交流期末作业 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020跨文化交流期末作业廖振宇3910新闻 1组从中外文化差异看体育跨文化的传播策略在一般意义上，跨文化传播是各种文化信息在时间和空间中的流动、共享和互动的过程，主要指涉人类社会中文化要素的扩散、渗透和迁移的现象，以及身处不同文化背景的人们之间发生的信息传播与人际交往活动。
究其实质，跨文化传播就是一种沟通和建立不同文化中人与人之间共存关系的文化交往活动。
体育交往已经从一种体能技巧的竞技、社会活动或是文化实践，上升至诸如奥运会这样具有跨文化传播特质的宏大文化景观。
体育交往通常伴随着人口流动、信息流动、文化流动与资本流动。
作为一种整合的力量，资本流动与信息流动、文化流动一起形成一种流动效应，与体育交往形成互动，成为彼此发展、相互融合的推进力。
在现代技术的强力支撑之下，人口流动与信息流动早已突破了空间对体育交往活动的限制，为全球范围内大规模的体育交往提供了技术的保证。
北京奥运会共有204个国家和地区的10050名运动员参加。
仅8月8至24日，北京市累计接待国内外游客652万人次。
其中，接待入境游客万人次。
这一数据还不包括其他几个奥运协办城市。
短时间内大规模的人口流动以及人口流动带来的文化交流，其实现的基本保障便是通讯手段的便利与安全。
同时，为了规避大规模的文化混杂产生“巴别塔”风险，需要相对简明的话语体系在人群中形成即时性的文化认同。
体育交往中约定俗成的诸多运动规则与规范用语简单并且高度符号化，成为不同文化人群交流的世界性语言符号，既能够发挥通用语的沟通作用，又为在不同空间转换中发生的文化的碰撞与交融预设了制度性的约束。
此外，虽然资本的介入引发了旷日持久的争议，但体育交往中的资本流动作为一种资源型的供给，为体育交往特别是全球性大规模的体育交往提供了的物质基础。
跨文化交际能力概念及理论模型文献综述
跨文化交际能力概念及理论模型文献综述随着全球化和国际化的加速，跨文化交际能力（ICC）的研究已经引起了全球学者的广泛关注。
ICC概念及理论模型的研究是ICC研究中的一个重要领域。
目前，学者们已经提出了相当数量的理论模型和对ICC概念的描述。
虽然这些概念和模型基于不同的理论，并且各有侧重，但是学者们对于ICC 的基本构成要素及其相互关系的认识正在趋于一致。
在当今世界，由于各国政治、经济和文化交流的不断增加，不同文化之间的沟通、交流和彼此依赖的关系达到了前所未有的程度。
然而，当人们与其他文化进行交流时，经常会出现各种误解、冲突甚至跨文化交际失败。
因此，“建立在个人跨文化知识、技能和态度基础之上，在跨文化交际实践中所表现出来的，进行有效和恰当沟通的能力”（Deardorff，2004，p.194）变得尤为重要。
通常，学者们采用两种方法来定义ICC：一种是将其泛泛地定义为掌握与异质文化沟通的能力，另一种是将其定义为包含具体构成要素的理论模型或框架（Anderson，2005）。
本文将对这两种定义ICC的研究成果进行梳理和评价，以期为进一步的ICC研究奠定坚实的理论基础，为后续的ICC研究指明方向。
在英语中，涉及“跨文化交际能力”的术语数量相当多。
其中，最广泛使用并为多数学者所接受的术语有：intercultural competence，XXX和XXX。
此外，根据Fantini（2006）的研究，还有其他二十种措辞方式也常被用来指代ICC，这里不再一一列举。
XXX ICC。
Firstly。
XXX different countries。
thus leading to the n of different XXX。
scholars from different countries have chosen different ways to express the same or similar concepts of ICC based on their research fields。
跨文化交际在英语教学中的重要性文献综述
跨文化交际在英语教学中的重要性(文献综述)一、国内外研究现状中国跨文化外语教学的历史有近60多年，近些年来有了更快的发展。
随着世界的进步与发展，不同国籍，不同肤色的人们之间的跨文化交际日益频繁，如何在跨文化交际中获得成功?这是一个值得重视和思索的问题。
在当今教育界，培养学生的跨文化交际能力己成为外语教学的最终目标之一，但应该如何培养学生的跨文化交际能力?这还是外语教学专家和学者们争论的话题。
“跨文化交际”这一术语既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们的交际。
也就是说跨文化交际不仅仅包括国际间的跨文化交际，还包括跨种族交际、跨民族交际，以及处于统一文化背景下的不同群体之间的交际，包括不同年龄、不同社会阶层、不同教育背景等之间的交际，现在对跨文化交际的探讨基本只限于以英语为本族语者和非本族语使用者之间的交际。
关于跨文化交际能力的培养，大部分国内的学者和教师还主要停留在语言知识的传授这个层面上，认为让学生了解和掌握了目的语国家的语言文化知识，对他们在交际中遇到的问题进行预测并进行针对性的练习，学生的跨文化交际能力自然就提高了，在跨文化交际中也就畅通无阻。
这样的观点是很片面的。
首先，这种教学方式要求学生必须具备较强的交际能力;其次，教学大纲无法也不可能将学生在现实交际中遇到的问题一一陈述。
知识的传授固然重要，但策略能力的培养也不容忽视，而在传统的课堂教学中，教师往往过于强调目的语和文化，缺乏对策略能力的培养。
在当今世界，英语已成为一门国际语言，不同国家，不同种族的人们在跨文化交际中的语言媒介大多是英语，因而他们的英语在不同程度上都有各自的特点，不一定完全遵循以英语为本族语的文化规约。
这样，当学生把课堂上了解到的知识视为准则，一旦面对着现实的交际对象，就往往缺乏现场应变能力，无法实现交际目的，其跨文化交际能力也无法得到提高。
《无声的语言》一书的问世标志了跨文化交际研究的开始，越来越多的语言工作者意识到跨文化交际能力的重要性，在外语教学的同时，有必要对学生进行文化教学，目的在于有效地提高学生的跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际期末考试
跨文化交际期末考试名词解释Unit 1:Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication eventComponents of Communication：①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea intoa symbol.③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.⑤Noise: T he term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Unit 5:Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.caseUnit11.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1)the material and spiritual products people produce2)What they do3)What they think3.What are the three ingredients of culture?1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2. behavior (what they do)3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)4.How to understand cultural iceberg?What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.5.What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation6.What are the characteristic of communication?Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.Unit 2-47.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names areused in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.9.What are the social functions of compliments?Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.Unit 510. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.Unit 611. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.12.What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgementUnit 914.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese cultureholds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。
跨文化交际导论期末试题答案B卷
on any observable believed group membership.
judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.
6. _______can be narrowly used to refer to intentional use as in using a nonspoken symbol to 2. A student from Colombia may study in the United States and earn a Ph.D., teach at a
meaning of Islam, to rejuvenate faith. 14. Confucius encouraged a sense of __________and harmony. 15. ______is composed of two or more nuclear families joined by an extension of the parent- child
12. ______ is the term for limiting women to traditional women’s roles and men to traditional men’s roles.
13.____________ is the ninth month on Islam’s lunar calendar and it is a time to reflect on the
18. _______ is a unique African American celebration with focus on the traditional African values of family, community responsibility, commerce, and self-improvement.
英语教学中培养学生跨文化交际能力文献综述
在英语教学中培养学生跨文化交际能力（文献综述）辽东学院外语系姓名：王雪班级：B1102 学号：121.研究背景随着中国与世界接触越来越紧密，经济往来、文化碰撞越来越频繁的状况下, 跨文化交际能力越来越趋向成为英语教学的最终目的(H.L. Zhang 20)。
怎样在英语教学中培养学生跨文化交际能力已经变成了研究学家们一直研究的课题。
2.研究现状2.1国外相关研究综述国外跨文化交际研究是从20世纪50年代开始(Hu and Gao 78-98)，西方文化教学大致经历了以下三个阶段(G. Garcia 34)：语言教学与文化教学分割阶段。
这一阶段文化教学可以通过使用合适的教学方法在常规课程中得以实施(E. Garcia 20)。
文化教学依附于语言教学阶段(Chomsky 112-154)。
此阶段把文化知识的学习作为语言学习的手段，文化教学知识依附语言教学，没有确立自己的独立地位(Kidd 9)。
文化教学与语言教学有机结合阶段(Allen and Valette 67) 。
这一阶段文化教学与语言教学处于同等重要的地位，文化教学与语言教学一样(Frikson “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?”69-84)，既是教学手段又是教学目的(Mascia et al 101-104)。
2.2 国内相关文献综述最初是通过文学作品将文化引入外语课堂教学的(Dai 116-120)，二十世纪七八十年代，受Hymes的交际能力观的影响把文化列为教学的内容（Wardhaugh 3）。
在这个阶段，文化教学总处于次要甚至可有可无的位置( D.Q. Zhang 34)。
3.本人的研究思路跨文化交际应与外语教学相关课程相结合并配有相应的情景模式交流。
因为文化与语言相结合不仅符合外语教学的规律和目标(Cook 37)，同时也有助于充分发挥外语教学对于学生文化素质培养的潜移默化作用(Stern 39-49)。
英语跨文化交际能力的文献综述范文
英语跨文化交际能力的文献综述范文In the realm of global communication, the ability to navigate cross-cultural interactions in English is not merely a skill but a necessity. The rise of English as a lingua franca has made it the pivot around which cross-cultural communication often revolves. This literature review delves into the nuances of English cross-cultural communicative competence (ECCC), exploring its significance, challenges, and strategies for effective intercultural exchange.Understanding ECCC。
ECCC refers to the capability of an individual to effectively communicate and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds using English. This competence encompasses a range of skills including linguistic proficiency, cultural awareness, and the ability to manage and adapt to the unexpected nuances that arise during cross-cultural interactions.Significance of ECCC。
跨文化人际交往研究文献综述
《长江丛刊》2018.0395跨文化人际交往研究文献综述■魏瑞丹/西藏大学摘 要：本文主要从人们对陌生环境的心理反应、跨文化适应、跨文化交际效力、语言和非语言交际四个方面介绍了跨文化人际交往的研究现状，并指出了现阶段跨文化人际交往研究中的局限性。
关键词：人际交往 跨文化人际交往 研究现状局限性人际交往在人们的生活中至关重要。
在当今时代，人们不可避免地面临着跨文化人际交往。
了解有关跨文化人际交往的相关理论，对于建立稳定和谐的跨文化人际关系具有指导性的实践意义。
本文从以下研究领域对跨文化人际交往进行了探究：对陌生环境的心理反应研究，如“文化休克”，U 曲线以及减少不确定性理论 ； 跨文化适应研究；跨文化交际效力研究；语言和非语言交际研究。
一、对陌生环境的心理反应研究（一）文化休克1、概念休克原用于医学领域，指机体对有效循环血量减少的反应，是组织灌流不足引起的代谢和细胞受损的病理过程。
当休克用于语言研究领域时，指的是一种语言交际中受到障碍而交流中断的现象。
由于价值信念的不同、生活习惯的差异，以及性格、语言、文化水平等的不同，使得人们在交往过程中容易产生思想上的碰撞和情绪上的波动，这种在交际中产生的文化冲突现象在跨文化人际交往中被称为“文化休克”。
2、原因引发文化休克的原因包括：文化背景的冲突、价值观的冲突、不同文化中人们的生活习惯以及交际方式而产生的不适应或适应缓慢。
（1）文化背景的冲突。
在同一个民族内部，通常会具有相同的教育体制和文化传统，并且经过长时间的发展，会逐渐形成这一民族内部人们共同认可的价值观，文化观，进而形成较为趋同的行为模式。
而不同民族之间，由于其价值观，文化观的不同，在交往过程中就会容易产生误解和矛盾，造成“文化休克”。
（2）价值观的冲突。
首先，东西方的价值观存在很大的差异。
例如：在中国，提倡集体主义；在美国，则更注重个人主义，倡导实现个人价值。
其次，在同一国家内部，不同民族之间也有不同的价值观。
商务英语跨文化交际能力文献综述
商务英语跨文化交际能力文献综述一、引言商务英语是指在商务交流中使用的英语，而跨文化交际能力是跨越不同语言、文化和传统背景，进行有效交流的能力。
在全球化的今天，商务英语的跨文化交际能力愈发重要。
本文将针对商务英语跨文化交际能力的文献进行综述，从概念、理论、实践等方面全面探讨该主题。
二、概念理论从概念上看，商务英语跨文化交际能力是指在商务活动中，有效利用英语进行跨文化交际的能力。
跨文化交际不仅仅是语言和文化的交流，还包括对不同文化背景下的商务礼仪、沟通方式等的理解和应对能力。
研究表明，跨文化交际能力是一个复杂的概念，需要考虑到文化差异、语言技能、情感智商等多个方面。
在理论上，Hofstede的文化维度理论、霍尔的高/低上下文文化理论、霍夫斯泰德的文化比较模型等对商务英语跨文化交际能力的研究有着重要的指导作用。
这些理论探讨了不同文化之间的差异性，为我们理解跨文化交际能力提供了重要的思路。
三、实践应用在实践中，商务英语跨文化交际能力的提升需要我们从多个角度出发。
语言能力是基础，需要我们不仅要精通商务英语，还要了解对方的语言和文化。
了解对方的商务礼仪和沟通方式也是非常重要的，这需要我们对不同文化有一定的了解和敏感度。
情感智商和沟通技巧方面也不可忽视，情感智商能够帮助我们理解对方的情感表达和情绪变化，而沟通技巧则能够帮助我们更好地与对方进行交流。
四、总结回顾在全球化的今天，商务英语跨文化交际能力的重要性不言而喻。
通过本文的综述，我们了解了该主题的概念、理论和实践应用。
在未来的学习和工作中，我们应该不断提升自己的语言能力、文化敏感度和情感智商，以更好地适应跨文化交际的需求。
五、个人观点笔者认为，商务英语跨文化交际能力不仅是对语言和文化的了解，更是对人的理解和尊重。
只有在对跨文化的尊重和理解的基础上，我们才能够更好地进行商务交流和合作。
在提升商务英语跨文化交际能力的过程中，我们需要注重对他人文化的尊重和理解，以建立起互信与合作的基础。
跨文化交际文献综述
跨文化交际文献综述随着我国对外汉语教学事业的开展，在教学中产生的跨文化交际问题逐渐受到学术界关注。
虽然学术界关于跨文化交际问题的研究已经取得了一些成就，但是仍存有一定的空缺，笔者通过搜集我国跨文化交际相关文献，对这些文献进行了分析和整理，对我国近二十年来跨文化交际相关研究成果做一次综述性的概括和总结，并指出当前研究的不足。
标签：跨文化交际一、跨文化交际研究背景文化是一个国家和民族的灵魂，语言和文化相辅相成，密不可分，语言的教学同时也是文化的教学，任何一种语言都蕴含着这个国家特有的价值观念，人文特色。
认识跨文化交际问题有利于解决和避免交际和教学过程中产生的障碍，有助于增强国与国之间的了解，帮助我们更好的展示民族魅力，弘扬民族精神。
二、跨文化交际相关研究情况根据文献检索可知，跨文化交际的相关研究大致分以下几类：跨文化交际理论在对外汉语教学中的运用研究;跨文化非语言交际问题的研究;跨文化交际对教学的重要性研究;对外汉语教学过程中跨文化交际能力培养策略的研究;跨文化交际中两国文化差异研究。
（1）跨文化交际理论在对外汉语教学中的运用研究跨文化交际理论涉及的范围很广，但是关于跨文化交际理论在某一领域具体的运用的研究主要集中在跨文化交际理论与英语课堂教学，英语听力能力的训练，英语口语教学以及其他语言教学的应用研究中。
还有就是在医学文献等值翻译，网络教学等几个领域仅有的几篇。
如：吴迪龙、常晓丹、熊宇仙（2016）运用跨文化交际学理论探索出来源讲解法，文化对比法，情景教学法三种对外汉语教学方法。
斗本加（2019）提出在翻译中需应用跨文化交际理论。
周海燕（2018）提出了融入跨文化教学理论的教学方法。
詹璟（2010）指出跨文化交际的诸多理论对网络汉语教学具有指导意义。
综上所述，跨文化交际理论在对外汉语教学中的重要性是毋庸置疑的，但是在对外汉语具体领域，具体课型，如在口语，听力，阅读，写作等进行具有针对性的说明或者具体的运用情况研究的著作很少，以后的学者在这一方面研究有待开拓。
跨文化交际能力概念及理论模型文献综述
跨文化交际能力概念及理论模型文献综述摘要：随着国际化和全球化进一步加速，跨文化交际能力（ICC）研究越来越吸引了各国学者们的关注。
ICC概念及理论模型研究是ICC研究中重要的研究领域。
截至目前，学者们已经提出了相当数量的理论模型及对ICC概念化的描述。
尽管这些概念和模型基于不同的理论并且各有侧重，然而学者们对于ICC的基本构成要素及其相互关系的认识正在趋于一致。
关键词：跨文化交际能力；概念；理论模型；评述由于世界各国政治、经济、文化交往日益频繁，当今世界的全球化趋势加速发展，各个不同文化间的沟通、交流和彼此依赖的关系达到了空前的程度。
但是当人们同其他文化进行沟通的时候却经常会出现各种各样的误解、冲突甚至是跨文化交际的失败。
所以，“建立在个人的跨文化知识，技能和态度基础之上的，在跨文化交际实践中所表现出来的，进行有效和恰当沟通的能力”（Deardorff，2004，p.194）就显得尤为重要。
通常来讲，学者们会采取两种方法定义ICC：要么泛泛地将其定义为某种驾驭与异质文化沟通的能力，要么就会将其定义为某种包含有具体构成要素的理论模型或框架（Anderson，2005）。
在本文中笔者将会对上述两种定义ICC的研究成果进行一下梳理和评价，以期为进一步的ICC研究奠定坚实的理论基础，为后续的ICC研究指明前进的方向。
一、ICC的概念英文中意指“跨文化交际能力”的术语数量相当多。
其中使用最为广泛，并为多数学者所接受的提法有：intercultural competence，intercultural communication competence，和intercultural communicative competence三种。
除此之外，根据Fantini（2006）的研究，还有其他二十种措辞方式经常也意指ICC，这里不再一一列举。
这种情况至少说明两个问题：第一，各国学者对ICC内涵的认识还存在着一定差距，所以选择了不同的措辞。
对外经贸大学跨文化交际导论期末考试题
对外经济贸易大学《跨文化交际（英）》期末考试I.True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is tme orfalse. Write T for "true” and F for “false”.（每题 1 分» 共20 分）1.The tenn “intercultural coniniumcation M was fiist used by Geert Hofstede ill 1959.2・ Hall defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us ill our daily interactions ・3.In most of Afiica, Argentina and Peru, putting one^s index finger to his temple means'You are crazy/4.Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes yourexperiences and guides your behavior toward a paiticular group of people・5.\alues aie social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a cultme・They are the imiennost “skin of the oniony6.People from some cultures may lower their gaze to convey respect, whereas this may betuiderstood as evading or even insulting in other cultiues・7.Unbuttoning one^s coat is a sign of openness, fi iendliness or willingness to reach anagieement.8.In order for iiitercultiiral negotiation to be successful, the parties must providefor a wiii-lose situation.9.Edward Hall's theory states that the fdur levels embody the total concept of culturelike an onion 一symbols, heroes, rituals, and values・10. Successfill intercultiual business conununication involves knowing the ethnocentrismsof persons in other cultaes. Understanding the mindsets of both oneself and the person of another culture will result in more efficient communication.11・ Etlmocentrism is the belief that somebody else，s cultural background、including ways of analyzing problenis, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and non verbalcommunication, is better than our own・12・ People ill the United States place a greater emphasis on liistory and do not like change as compared with people of Asian and Latin cultiwes.13.When dealing with German business people, you should avoid jokes and other forms ofhumor during the actual business sessions.14.In the business ciicle, American business people use fii st names immediately.15・ Companies should avoid sending female employees to the Middle East, as in Aiab coimtries men may refiise to work with women.16.In Southeast Asia, you should avoid presenting your business card with your right hand・17.Wlien accepting a business card, Gennan business people carefiilly look at the card、observe the title and organizatioiL acknowledge with a nod that they have digested the information, and perhaps make a relevant comment or ask a polite question.18.The OK sign may be iiiteipreted as asking for money by Japanese business people.19.Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultmal communicationbecause a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.20.In short，iiitercultiiral communication competence requiies sufficient awarenessknowledge, motivations, and skills. Each of these components alone is sufficient to achieve intercultmal conmiunication conopetence・II.Tdmskdion: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese.（每题 1 分•共20 分）1. stereotypes3.etlinocentrism5.high-context culture 7.speech act9.vocal qualifiers 2.paralangiiage4.masculinity6.monochronic time 8.conversation taboos 10.power distance12.偏见14.不确定性回避16.语用错误18.归纳法20.礼仪与礼节III. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate answer.（每题 1 分，共20分）1・ Understanding another cultuie ____________ .a. enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and act as theydob ・ is best achieved tlirough “do's and don'ts^ listsc. is important for businesspeople because they can appear to be better informedd. isn't necessary for businesspeople2. Non-liiiear languages ________ .a. are object orientedb ・ see time as a continuum of present, past and fiitiirec.are circular, tradition oriented and subjective d. lead to short-range planning in business practices3・ Which statement about values is incorivct?a. \alues are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in aculture.b. \alues are learned by contacts with family members, teachers, and religiousleaders.c. "Values will be influenced by what is seen on television or read innewspapers.d. People in various cultiues have basically similar values.4. People from cultiues that follow the monoclironic time system tend toa.do one thing at a time. b. be committed to people.11.译码 13.文化震惊 15.概念意义 17.礼貌原则 19.空间语言c・boiTOW and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationsliips.5・ Which statement regarding haptics is incorrect?a.Ill Thailand, it is offensive to touch the head.b.Japan is considered a "don't touch11 culture.c.Greece is considered a ”touch” culture・d.Ill Latin American comitries, touching between men is miacceptable.6. The opinion that everyone has a position and clearly defined privileges is _________ ・a. a view of hierarchical stmcture of social relationshipb. a view of group orientation stmctiue of social relationsliipc. a view of individual orientation stnictiire of social relationshipd.none of the above7・ General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another cultiu e include all of the following except:a.politics is a safe topic in most cultures.b.avoid telling jokes.c.avoid personal questions.d.keep the conversation positive.8.Wliich statement best describes an incorrect handshake?a.Ill the U.S., a handshake should be firm.b・ An Asian handshake is usually gentle.c.Germans repeat a bnisque handshake upon anival and departure.d. A British handshake is film and repeated frequently.9.Which statement refeniiig to thouglit patterns is inconvct?ns typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b・ Thouglit patterns impact oral conmiunication.c.Wlien using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts andgoes to generalizations.d.Recognizing different thouglit patterns is important in negotiation withdifferent cultxues.10.Which statement is incoiTect?a.Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge ofanother cultured nonverbal conmiimication patterns.b.Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures・c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages inintercultiiral encounters.d.When in another culture、an appropriate caution would be to watch thebehavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.11 ・ Language is important because it ________a.helps us shape concepts, contiols how we think, and controls how we perceiveothers.b.allows us to be understood by foreigners・c.is determined by colonialism・d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12.Which of the following comitries uses liigh-context language?a.Canadab.Germanyc.Japand.United States13.Slang is generally _______a.imderstood by everyone.b.spoken by the masses.c.easily translated.ed by subgroups・14.Nonverbal conmiunication does not include __________a.chromatics.b.clironemics.c.haptics.d.semantics.15.Dominance, harmony and subjugation are all value orientations that conespond towliich of the following cultural problems?a. Wliat is the nature of human beings?b・ Wliat is the relationship of humans to nature?c.What is the orientation of humans to time?d.Wliat is the human orientation to activity?16.Proverbs are significant to the study of intercultiiral conununication beeause .a.they provide a compact description of a cultured valuesb.they tell a great deal about wliat a cultlire praises and what it rejectsc・ they unite a people with the wisdom of theii* ancestorsd. all of the above17.Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance?a.One group f s tmth should not be imposed on others・b.Scientific opponents caimot be personal friends.c.Citizen protest should be repressed.d.Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people・18.The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is thatnguage is just a device for reporting a person^ experience・b.two languages can represent the same social reality.c・ the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak the language.d. language fimetions as a way of shaping a person f s experience・19.Many multinational films find that cultmal shock can be alleviated bya.sending only top executives abroad.b.sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.c.testing associates to see who is most qualified.d.selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal andprofessional qualifications・20・Which of the following statement is iiicoiTect?a.Knowing cultural variations ill the use of silence is helpfi.il when conversingwith persons ill another cultiue・b.Wie need to keep tilings ill perspective and not get ofiended each time we dealwith someone who has a different attitude toward touchingc.Good advice when coimnunicating with persons in other cultures is to keepgestures to a minimumd.Although oral communication varies from culture to culture, non-verbalcoimnuiiication is almost always iiiteipreted the same in each cultme.IV.Answer tlie following essay question.（共20 分）Compare and contrast the following proverbs from hvo different cultmes: “It is the duck that squa wks that gets shot” and “The squeaky r wheel gets the grease•”How do people from these cultiues perceive silence and talk? In light of their different perceptions, how might they view each other? What problems might arise in their interactions?se Annlvsis: Analyze the following conversation from an intercultural perspective.（共20 分）The following conversation took place between hvo Chinese fi iends.A: We're going to New Orleans this weekend・B: What firn! I wish we were going with you. How long are you going to be there?A: Tlnee days・B: Do you need a ride to the aiiport? Fll take you・A: Are you sure it's not too much trouble?B: No, no. Ifs no trouble at all.Case Analysis: Analyze the following conversation fiom an intercultiual perspective.参考答案及评分标准A 卷VI. True-False: Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for "true”and F for “false”.（每题 1 分，共 20 分）I. F2. F3. F4.T5. T6. T7. T8. F9. F 10. T II. F 12. F 13. T 14.T 15. T 16. F 17. F1& T 19. T 20. F VII. Translation: Translate the following Chinese terms into English aud English termsinto Chinese.（每题 1 分•共 20 分）17 .礼貌原贝U the Politeness Principle pattern 19 . 空间语言 spatial language/proximicsand protocol'HI. Multiple Choice: Choose the ONE appropriate aaswer.（每题 1 分，共 20 分）I. a 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. d 6. a 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. bII. a 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. d 20. dIX. Answer the following essay question.（共 20 分）测试重点：Connate and contrast the proverbs "It is the duck that squawks that gets shot” and"The squeaky wheel gets the grease.^ The former is an English proverb while the latter is aChinese proveib. In light of their different perceptions, the two cultuies might differ in tennsof silence and talk etc. and problems might arise in their interactions.评分标准：从以上角度进行分析，其他根据具体答题情况酌情。
23秋国家开放大学跨文化交际与汉语教学期末大作业参考答案
国家开放大学《跨文化交际与汉语教学》期末大作业参考答案一、案例分析（25分/题，共50分）案例一李老师是一名汉语志愿者教师，在美国大学教口语课。
期末考试的形式为一对一的口语考试，考试的时候，她面对学生，认真倾听学生的口试，记录出现的语音语法错误，尽最大可能做到客观评分。
然而，分数发布以后，一名美国学生对分数提出申诉，理由是：“我在进行口试的时候，老师一直对我微笑，并且频频点头，我以为她对我的口试非常满意，可是为什么给了我这么低的分数！”李老师很迷惑：考试时对学生微笑，是为了缓解学生的紧张情绪；点头是为了鼓励学生继续往下说。
请问，如何理解学生对李老师的误解？如果你是李老师，这件事对你的教学有何启示？请你从非言语交际行为的文化差异、国际汉语教学环境中师生文化冲突两个方面对案例进行分析。
参考答案：这个案例涉及到了非言语交际行为的文化差异以及国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突。
让我们从这两个方面来分析学生对李老师的误解以及可能的启示：（1）非言语交际行为的文化差异：微笑：在一些文化中，微笑通常被视为友好和支持的体现，可能会用于鼓励、安慰或者表示满意。
然而，在其他文化中，微笑的含义可能不同，有时甚至被视为不尊重或不严肃。
在美国文化中，通常会鼓励积极表达情感，因此，学生可能将老师的微笑解读为对自己口试表现的积极反馈。
点头：同样，点头在不同文化中也具有不同的含义。
在一些文化中，点头可以表示同意或者支持，而在其他文化中，可能被视为礼貌的回应而不一定表示同意。
在美国文化中，点头通常被视为肯定的反馈，因此学生可能误解老师点头为对他们表现的认可。
（2）国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突：期望和反馈差异：在不同国家和文化中，教育体系和教育风格可能有很大的差异。
学生可能希望更直接的反馈和评价，而老师可能采用更为委婉的方式，以免伤害学生的自尊心。
这种期望和反馈的差异可能导致学生误解老师的意图。
文化教育：对于国际汉语教学来说，了解学生的文化背景以及他们对于教学方式和反馈的期望至关重要。
英语教学中培养学生跨文化交际能力文献综述
普通本科毕业论文(设计)文献综述论文(设计)题目The Cultivation of InterculturalCommunicative Competence inEnglish Teaching学院外国语学院学生姓名翁倩学号 0093941专业英语(经贸) 届别 2013届指导教师史希平职称副教授完成日期二○一二年十二月二十日文献综述前言本毕业论文的题目是《在英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力》，随着中国与世界接触越来越紧密，经济往来、文化碰撞越来越频繁的状况下，跨文化交际能力越来越趋向成为英语教学的最终目的，本文对如何在英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的研究很具有必要性。
本文在研究的过程中参考了大量的文献，通过图书、网络等各种方法、手段来搜集资料，对本课题的研究有了更深刻的认知。
本文的研究目的主要是为了推动我国英语教学在培养学生跨文化交际能力这一方面的进一步发展。
正文1.国外研究现状跨文化交际是由美国文化人类学家Edward T. Hall出版的The Silent Language中首次提出的，标志着跨文化交际学的诞生。
跨文化交际是指来自两个或多个不同文化中的个人之间的交际。
国外跨文化交际研究是从20世纪50年代开始，西方文化教学大致经历了以下三个阶段：分割阶段，依附阶段以及有机结合阶段。
1.1分割的语言教学与文化教学1880年，法国教育家Gouin在他的著作The Art of Teaching and Studying Language中讨论了文化的重要性（胡文仲等，1997：30）。
两年后，该书的英文版问世，并迅速在英美两国推广。
在书中，作者传递了一个这样的信息：文化教学可以通过使用合适的教学方法在常规课程中得以实施。
这是西方第一部阐述文化教学重要性的理论著作。
20世纪初，语言教学界一些有识之士开始著书立说，阐释文化因素对语言教学的重要性。
1900年美国现代语言学会起草的一份题为“Report of the Committee of Twelve”的报告，第一次提出欧洲文化应作为语言教学的一部分（陈申，1999：9）。
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Table MannersAs we know, people in China and western countries all pay lots of attention to good table manners. People are showing their respect to others when they are in good table manner.And this will certainly make others comfortable. But as a result of different cultures, people from different areas have varies table manners. And some of them are quite the same,while some are so much different.Table manners have a decisive position in the communication between China and Western countries. During communication we will show our best image and avoid cultural conflicts. Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our own impression, Being on time for dinner can be a general standard for all people.And it seems that guests who are invited to the dinner tend to be present earlier to show their respect. Let us see from the tableware.Chinses always use chopsticks while eating.Attention, hold your chopsticks towards their end, not in the middle or the front third when dining with them. When you are not using your chopsticks, or have finished eating, lay them down in front of you with the tips to left. For the main or meat curse, the English keep the fork in the left hand, point curved downward, and bring the food to the mouth either by sticking the points onto it or in the case of soft vegetables, by placing it firmly on the fork in this position with the knife. Although people use different tools on table, they all put the tool aside in a good order when they finish eating.Sometimes we can be embarrassed when food seem to spit out from our mouths . Apprently , this situation will happen to everyone in the world . And the method that we use are always the same: move the food with your tableware . And hand them at the edge of the plate . The whole process should be gently.Always chew and swallow all the food in your mouth before taking more or taking a drink. Always say thank you when served something. It shows appreciation.Never lick or put your knife in your mouth.These are the same in China.Now let us see some differences. The hostess takes up her a spoon or a fork, before the guest may not eat any kind of a dish. The hostess normally wait until every guest get after dish began. When she picked up the spoon or a fork, that means you can do that. In China, hostess will let gusts to eat first.When you are in the UK, you should pay attention to these:If you cannot eat a certain type of food or have some special needs, tell your host several days before the dinner party. It can not be seen often in China because we can not know what we will be served most of the time.If you are a guest, it is polite to wait until your host starts eating or indicates you should do so. It shows consideration. You may eat chicken and pizza with your fingers if you are at a barbecue, finger buffet or veryinformal setting. Otherwise always use a knife and fork.When eating rolls, break off a piece of bread before buttering. Eating it whole looks tacky. When eating soup, tip the bowl away from you and scoop the soup up with your spoon.When you have finished eating, and to let others know that you have, In a restaurant, it is normal to pay for your food by putting your money on the plate the bill comes on.In China,make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone.it is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody.the spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table.Beer is very popular in China.The other popular alcoholic drink is rice wine. Beware, this can be very strong .In China, drinking alcohol is still mainly a male custom . Male guests are routinely offered alcohol and cigarettes at meal times. Just politely refuse if you don’t want them. An empty glass is always refilled, no matter about protests that the guest has had enough, as a mark of politeness or good will. Often a refusal has to be given three times.With the development of China’s opening-up, more and more Western culture gets into our sight. As we face with unfamiliar cultures and countries, some inevitable cultural conflicts might happen in the communication, which will seriously affect the contacts being carried out smoothly.The action of people from different countries may be much different from each other . The thing we should is to respect every table manners although they can not be understand in a short time .And when we are in other countries , we have to follow their table manners both in arrival of time, the concept of dishes, seat arrangement, using of tools, etc.In total,we should be aware of the importance of table manners (859)Bibliography:<A lady at the table> Shade,Sheryl<Table manners> King,Mia<The art of the table> Von Drachenfels, Suzanne英语 105朱芸 10096528浙江师范大学行知学院。