07年研究生试卷(答案)
苏州大学828英语翻译与写作2007-2015年考研真题及答案解析
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)苏州大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (2)苏州大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (4)苏州大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (6)苏州大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (8)苏州大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (10)苏州大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (12)苏州大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (14)苏州大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (16)苏州大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (18)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (20)苏州大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (20)苏州大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (25)苏州大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (30)苏州大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (35)苏州大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (41)苏州大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (46)苏州大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (52)苏州大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (58)苏州大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (63)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷苏州大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目代码：828科目名称：翻译与写作招生专业：外国语学院英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学专业考生须知：答案必须使用墨（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得在试卷（草稿）纸上作答；凡未按规定作答均不予评阅、判分一、汉译英（共40分）陆文夫是个现实主义作家，他写市井生活，他的小说从生活中撷取真实的细节。
有人说，陆文夫的小说里有一种“糖醋的现实主义”，因为他的作品中有甜也有酸，甜者，往往给人一点喜悦或希望，比较温和，酸者，人物命运总是坎坷波折，内含辛酸的人生经历和生活哲理。
太原理工大学基础研究生英语试卷及答案07-1
2007-6PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an evendeeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)HarvardUniversity's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, HarvardCollege dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordance with B. in line with C. in charge of D. in response to43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparklingPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at StanfordUniversity in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at StanfordUniversity that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by GovindasamyBala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. DrBala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.DrBala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, DrBala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3ْC temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6ْC of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3ْC cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, DrBala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to localcooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: £60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from £20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach £300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. DrBala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on DrBala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to DrBala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees? Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even fora patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advicemay not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。
南京航空航天大学二○○七年硕士研究生入学考试试题答案 (2)精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版07年评分标准及参考答案一（本大题 12 分）总分： 12 分。
(1) 6 分； (2)2 分 ;(3)4 分(1) 滚子B 、 C 两处存在局部自由度，应消除。
(2) 故机构自由度(3)二、（ 14 分）答案：总分 14 分。
(1)4 分； (2)3 分； (3)3 分； (4)4 分图解过程如图所示。
三、（ 16 分）答案总分 16 分 (1) 3 分 (2) 3 分 (3) 3 分 (4) 4 分 (5) 3 分(1) 因用于雷达天线俯仰传动，不应有急回作用 , 故（ 3 分）(2) 作，且使mm （ 3 分）(3) 以D 为圆心，mm 为半径作弧与C 2 C 1 连线的延长线交于A 点。
（ 3 分）(4) 量得mm , mm ,故mm , mm （ 4 分）(5) 作出可能为最小传动角的两个位置，可见在曲柄与机架重叠时，传动角为最小，且量得，满足要求。
〔 3 分〕四、 ( 本大题 16 分 )总分 16 分。
(1)8 分； (2)8 分（ 1 ）求，m/s，作速度多边形，利用影像法求d ，m/s（ 2 ）求，m/s 2，又，m/s 2作加速度多边形，利用影像法求m/s 2 ，方向如图所示五、（本大题 18 分）总分 18 分。
(1) mm（ 3 分）（ 2 分）(2)( 取)(4 分 )(3)（ 5 分）(4) mm(4 分 )六（本题 16 分）答案：答案：总分 16 分(1)，（ 6 分）(2) （ 6 分）(3) r/min （ˉ）（ 2 分）七题、（本题共 8 分）总分： 8 分。
(1) 2 分 (2) 2 分 (3) 2 分 (4)2 分（ 1 ）求N × m（ 2 ）计算各点的盈亏功，画出图。
J（ 3 ）在处，在处。
（ 4 〕。
武汉大学07数值分析研究生试卷(A)
武 汉 大 学2007~2008学年第一学期硕士研究生期末考试试题 科目名称：数值分析 学生所在院： 学号： 姓名： 注意：所有的答题内容必须答在答题纸上，凡答在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
一、（15分）给定方程 01)1()(=--=x e x x f(1) 分析该方程存在几个根；(2) 用迭代法求出这些根，精确至2位有效数；(3) 说明所用的迭代格式是收敛的.二、（15分）设线性方程组为0,,221122221211212111≠⎩⎨⎧=+=+a a b x a x a b x a x a(1)证明用Jacobi 迭代法和Gauss-Seidel 迭代法解此方程组要么同时收敛,要么同时发散.(2) 当同时收敛时比较其收敛速度.三、（10分）设A 为非奇异矩阵，方程组b Ax =的系数矩阵A 有扰动A ∆，受扰动后的方程组为b x x A A =∆+∆+))((，若1||||||||1<∆⋅-A A ，试证：||||||||1||||||||||||||||11A A A A x x ∆⋅-∆⋅≤∆--四、（15求)(x f 的Hermite 插值多项式)(3x H ，并给出截断误差)()()(3x H x f x R -=。
五、（10分）已知数据设2)1()(-+=x b ax x f ，求常数a ,b , 使得 ∑==-302min ])([i i i y x f六、（15分）定义内积 ⎰-=11)()(),(dx x g x f g f 在},,1{2x x Span H =中求||)(x x f =的最佳平方逼近元素. 七、（10分）给定求积公式⎰-++-≈hh h Cf Bf h Af dx x f 22)()0()()(试确定C B A ,,,使此求积公式的代数精度尽可能高,并问是否是Gauss 型公式.八、（10分）给定微分方程初值问题⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=≤≤=2)0(102y x y dxdy用一个二阶方法计算)(x y 在0.1 , 0.2 处的近似值. 取 1.0=h 计算结果保留5位有效数字。
华中农业大学07--11年食品化学硕士研究生入学考试试题及答案
华中农业大学二O0七年食品化学硕士研究生入学考试816食品化学一、名词解释（共20分，每题2分）1、疏水相互作用：疏水基团尽可能聚集（缔合）在一起以减少它们与水分子的接触。
2、水分活度：指食品中水的蒸汽压与同温度下纯水的饱和蒸汽压的比值。
3、Maillard reaction：指羰基与氨基经缔合，聚合生成类黑色素的反应。
4、淀粉老化：淀粉溶液经缓慢冷却或淀粉凝胶经长期放置，会变为不透明甚至产生沉淀的现象，被称为淀粉的老化。
5、酸价：指中和1克油脂中游离脂肪酸所需的氢氧化钾的毫克数。
6、油脂的自动氧化：是活化的含烯底物（如油脂分子中所含的不饱和脂肪酸）与基态氧之间发生的自由基反应。
7、盐析作用：一般是指溶液中加入无机盐类而使某种物质溶解度降低而析出的过程。
如：加浓（NH4）2SO4使蛋白质凝聚的过程；在乙酸的酯化反应中加入饱和碳酸钠溶液，降低乙酸乙酯溶解度，使其分层现象更明显的过程。
8、Essential amino acid（并举一例）：体内合成的量不能满足机体需要，必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸。
有赖氨酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸（甲硫氨酸）、苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸。
9、肌红蛋白的氧合作用：肌红蛋白和分子氧之间形成共价键结合为氧合肌红蛋白的过程称为氧合作用。
10、气味的阈值：指能够感受到的该物质气味的最低浓度。
二、填空（共20分，每空1分）1、冷冻法保藏食品时利用了（低温）效应，而结冰对食品保藏有两种非常不利的后果，即（膨胀效应）和（浓缩效应）。
2、糖类化合物参与的褐变反应属于（非酶）褐变，包括有（美拉德反应）和（焦糖化作用）。
3、在高温下长时间加热的油炸油，酸价（升高），黏度（增加），发烟点（降低），碘值（降低）。
4、稳定蛋白质三级结构的键力有（氢键）、（离子键）、（疏水相互作用力）、二硫键和（范德华力）等。
5、亚硝酸盐用于腌肉制品中的作用有（抑菌）、（发色剂）和（增加制品的风味）。
6、面粉精制后白度（增加），（纤维物质）和（矿物质）减少。
青岛科技大学传热学07-10.12.16-17年真题
青岛科技大学二OO七年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：传热学注意事项：1．本试卷共4道大题（共计15个小题），满分150分；2．本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。
要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3．必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。
﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡一、名词解释（本大题15分，每小题3分）1.珠状凝结2.辐射角系数3.对流换热温度边界层4.核态沸腾5.肋效率二、简答题（本大题25分，每小题5分）1.如何强化膜状凝结换热?并试举出一个强化水平管外凝结换热的例子。
2.在水平加热表面上沸腾（壁面温度可控）时，随着壁面过热度的增加，沸腾换热表面传热系数是否一定增加?为什么？3.什么情况下可以说两个物理现象是相似的？4.用一支插入装油的铁套管中的玻璃水银温度计来测量储气筒里的空气温度，请分析如何减小测试误差。
5.什么是临界热绝缘直径？平壁外和圆管外敷设保温材料是否一定能起到保温的作用？为什么？三、计算题（本大题80，每小题20分）1、为研究一换热设备的换热情况,采用一个缩小成原设备1/10的模型来研究,已知原设备空气流速为2m/s,热条件不变,模型中流体仍是空气,求模型中空气流速是多少才能保证模型与原设备的换热现象相似。
2、一内径为75mm、壁厚2.5mm的热水管，管壁材料的导热系数为60W/m.k，管内热水温度为90℃，管外空气温度为20℃。
管内外的换热系数分别为500W/m2.K 和35W/m2.K。
试求该热水管单位长度的散热量。
第1页（共2页）3、两平行大平壁的发射率各为0.5和0.8，如果中间加入一片两面发射率均0.05的铝箔，计算辐射换热减少的百分数4、用一裸露的热电偶测试圆管中气流的温度，热电偶的指示值t1=170℃。
已知管壁温度tw=90℃，气流对热接点的表面传热系数为h=50W/(m2·K)，热接点的表面发射率为0.6。
北工大07 08 09 13材料科学基础-真题及答案概述
北京工业大学试卷七2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：材料科学基础适用专业：材料科学与工程一、名词解释1．脱溶(二次结晶)2．空间群3．位错交割4．成分过冷5．奥氏体6．临界变形量7．形变织构8．动态再结晶9．调幅分解10．惯习面二、填空1．晶体宏观对称要素有 (1) 、 (2) 、 (3) 、 (4) 和 (5) 。
2．NaCl型晶体中Na+离子填充了全部的 (6) 空隙，CsCl晶体中Cs+离子占据的是 (7) 空隙，萤石中F-离子占据了全部的 (8) 空隙。
3．非均匀形核模型中晶核与基底平面的接触角θ=π/2，表明形核功为均匀形核功的 (9) ，θ= (10) 表明不能促进形核。
4．晶态固体中扩散的微观机制有 (11) 、 (12) 、 (13) 和 (14) 。
5．小角度晶界由位错构成，其中对称倾转晶界由 (15) 位错构成，扭转晶界由 (16) 位错构成。
6．发生在固体表面的吸附可分为 (17) 和 (18) 两种类型。
7．固态相变的主要阻力是 (19) 和 (20) 。
三、判断正误1．对于螺型位错，其柏氏矢量平行于位错线，因此纯螺位错只能是一条直线。
2．由于Cr最外层s轨道只有一个电子，所以它属于碱金属。
3．改变晶向符号产生的晶向与原晶向相反。
4．非共晶成分的合金在非平衡冷却条件下得到100%共晶组织，此共晶组织称伪共晶。
5．单斜晶系α=γ=90°≠β。
6．扩散的决定因素是浓度梯度，原子总是由浓度高的地方向浓度低的地方扩散。
7．再结晶完成后，在不同条件下可能发生正常晶粒长大和异常晶粒长大。
8．根据施密特定律，晶体滑移面平行于拉力轴时最容易产生滑移。
9．晶粒越细小，晶体强度、硬度越高，塑性、韧性越差。
10．高聚物材料中，大分子链上极性部分越多，极性越强，材料强度越大。
四、影响晶态固体中原子扩散的因素有哪些?并加以简单说明。
五、1．什么是时效处理?2．说明通过时效处理产生强化的原因。
中国石油大学安全系统工程真题07答案
中国石油大学（华东）2007年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（试卷A）考试科目：安全系统工程总1页第1页注意：考生在本试卷或草稿纸上答题无效。
所有试题答必须标明题号，按序写在专用答题纸上。
以下是试题内容：一、简答题（本题满分60分）1、（12分）解释下列基本概念（1）可靠性：只系统在规定的条件下和规定的时间内完成规定功能的能力。
（2）安全标准：经定量化的风险率或危害度是否达到我们要求的（期盼的）安全程度，需要有一个界限、目标或标准进行比较，这个标准我们就称之为安全标准。
（3）权重：是表征子准则或因素对总准则或总目标影响或作用大学的量化值。
（4）稀少事件：是指那些发生的概率非常小的事件，对它们很难用直接观测的方法进行研究，因为它们不但“百年不遇”，而且“不重复”。
2、（12分）FMFA与HAZOP的适用场合有何区别？为什么要进行危险度分析（CA）?FMFA用在系统运行的过程中，而HAZOP用在系统的设计阶段。
危险度分析的目的在于评价每种故障类型的危险程度。
3、（12分）芬兰提出的单元危险性快速排序法有何优点？其评价程序是怎样的？优点：是道化学公司的火灾爆炸指数法的简化，使用起来更加简捷方便。
评价程序：1.单元划分2.确定物质系数和毒性系数3.计算一般工艺危险性系数（GPH）4.计算特殊工艺危险性系数（SPH）5.计算火灾、爆炸指数F F=MF(1+GPH)(1+SPH)6.评价危险等级4、（12分）何谓模糊决策？模糊决策的具体步骤是什么？模糊决策：利用模糊数学的方法将模糊的安全信息定量化，从而对多因素进行定量评价与决策。
具体步骤：1.建立因素集 2.建立权重集 3.建立评判集4.单因素模糊评判5.模糊综合决策5、（12分）什么叫灰色系统？为什么说安全系统具有典型的灰色特征？灰色系统：信息部分明确、部分不明确的系统原因：1.表征系统安全的参数是灰数2. 表征系统安全的因素是灰元3. 表征系统安全的各种关系是灰关系二、（本题满分20分）设某控制室操作人员的总任务由4项子任务A、B、C、D组成，每个子任务都有可能成功或失败，子任务失败的概率均为0.01.一个子任务的完成与否不会影响其子任务的完成，子任务均成功时，总任务才算成功，试建立事件数并求未完成总任务的概率。
07生物化学真题
中国科学院研究生院2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生物化学(乙)考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、选择题（共30分，1.5分/题）1. 蛋白质组分中，哪一种在280nm有最大的光吸收?A．苯丙氨酸的苯环B．酪氨酸的酚环C．胱氨酸的二硫键D．色氨酸的吲哚环2. 生物体内甲基的直接供体是A．Ｓ－腺苷蛋氨酸B．半胱氨酸Ｃ．蛋氨酸Ｄ．牛磺酸3. 下列氨基酸不能引起偏振光旋转的是A．Ala B．Gly Ｃ．Met Ｄ．Ser4. 在一个肽平面中含有的原子数为A．3 B．4 Ｃ．5 Ｄ．65. 下列途径中不产生化学能的是A．淀粉消化B．好氧糖酵解 Ｃ．柠檬酸循环Ｄ．电子传递链6. 下列辅酶不含腺嘌呤的是A．FAD B．NAD Ｃ．CoA Ｄ．FMN7. 根据Watson-Crick模型，求得1μm DNA双螺旋含核苷酸对的平均数为：A．25400 B．2540 Ｃ．29411 Ｄ．2941科目名称：生物化学(乙) 第1页共4页8. 艾滋病病毒HIV是一种什么病毒？A．双链DNA病毒B．单链DNA病毒Ｃ．双链RNA病毒Ｄ．单链RNA病毒9. 下列哪种性质可用于分离DNA与RNA？A．在NaCl溶液中的溶解度不同B．颜色不同Ｃ．T m值不同Ｄ．旋光性不同10. 长期食用精米和精面的人容易得癞皮病，这是因为缺乏：A．烟酸和烟酰胺B．泛酸Ｃ．磷酸吡哆醛Ｄ．硫辛酸11. 生物分子中大多数重要功能基团A．都含有氧和/或氮，并且是酸性的B．都含有氧，是一种碱Ｃ．都含有氧和/或氮，并且是极性的 Ｄ．都含有氮和一个磷酸基12. 下列物质中不能扩散通过脂双分子层的物质是A．水B．氧Ｃ．H+Ｄ．无机离子13. 辅酶Q作为中间体的作用是A．传递电子B．传递氢Ｃ．传递氧Ｄ．传递CO2 14. 下列哪种方式保证了免疫球蛋白的多样性？A．转化B．转染Ｃ．转位Ｄ．转导15. 合成尿素的器官是：A．肝脏B．肾脏Ｃ．肌肉Ｄ．心脏16. 下列哪种氨基酸能直接氧化脱氨基？A．谷氨酸B．丙氨酸Ｃ．天冬氨酸Ｄ．亮氨酸17. 紫外光对DNA的损伤主要是A．导致碱基置换B．造成碱基缺失Ｃ．引起DNA链的断裂Ｄ．形成嘧啶二聚体18. 真核基因表达受下列哪个成分调控？A．操纵基因B．非组蛋白Ｃ．组蛋白Ｄ．阻遏蛋白科目名称：生物化学(乙) 第2页 共4页19. 下列哪一种物质不是在肝脏合成？A．尿素B．脂肪酸Ｃ．糖原Ｄ．免疫球蛋白20. 苯巴比妥治疗婴儿先天性黄疸的机理主要是A．诱导葡萄糖醛酸转移酶的生成B．使肝重量增加，体积增大Ｃ．肝血流量增多Ｄ．肝细胞摄取胆红素能力加强二．请用“对”或“错”判断下列说法(共10分，1分/题）1．人类有些氨基酸必须由食物供给才能正常生存，其原因是人体不能合成这些氨基酸。
07东南大学考研真题
东南大学2007年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷请考生注意：试题解答务请考生做在专用“答题纸”上！做在其他答题纸上或试卷上的解答将被视为无效答题，不予评分。
科目代码：942 科目名称：材料科学基础一、选择题（单项选择，每题2分，共40分）1、在三元相图的水平截面的两相区中，连接线之间（a）必定相交；（b）必定平行；（c）可以相交或平行；（d）不能相交也不能平行。
2、非均匀形核的形核功（非）和接触角（）和（晶核和杂质之间的界面能）之间的关系为：（a）越小，越大，非越大；（b）越大，越大，非越小；（c）越小，越小，非越大；（d）越小，越小，非越小。
3、引入极射赤面投影的目的是（a）表示晶体结构的周期性；（b）晶体结构的对称性；（c）表示晶面之间或晶向之间的取向关系；（d）表征晶体中阵点或原子的投影位置。
4、单相固溶体凝固时，若k0<1，则：（a）k e=1时，偏析最严重；（b）k e=k0时，偏析最严重；（c）k<k e<1时，偏析最严重；（d）偏析与k e及k0均无关。
5、二元材料形成伪共晶的必要条件之一是：（a）两种组元必须都是金属元素；（b）溶液在凝固时必须以足够慢的速度冷却；（c）溶液在冷却时必须有适当的过冷度；（d）某一组元的含量必须高于相图中共晶点所示的值。
6、纳米材料的特征之一是：（a）具有与单晶体相近的性能特征；（b）具有超塑性；（c）具有超高强度效应；（d）具有表面效应。
7、空间点阵是用来描述晶体结构的周期性，因此（a）自然界存在的晶体结构和空间点阵的数量相同；（b）任何一个晶体的晶体结构和空间点阵完全等同；（c）表征晶体结构周期性的空间点阵的数量少于自然界晶体结构的种类；（d）表征晶体结构周期性的空间点阵的数量多于自然界晶体结构的种类。
8、离子晶体和正常价化合物都符合化合价规律，但它们分属不同的晶体类型，原因是：（a）离子晶体的密度高于正常价化合物；（b）离子晶体的致密度与正常价化合物不同；（c）离子晶体的电子浓度与正常价化合物不同；（d）离子晶体具有陶瓷的性能特征，正常价化合物属金属间化合物。
07细胞生物学真题中山大学研究生入学考试
一． 填空题（每空1分，共15分，请按顺序将答案写在答卷纸上，并注明序号）
1.生活在不同环境中的生物，其细胞质中不饱和脂肪酸的含量是不同的。相比之下，生活在
环境中的动物，其细胞质膜中不饱和脂肪酸的含量高于生活在动物细胞质膜中不饱和脂肪酸的含量。
2. 2006年诺贝尔化学奖颁给了美国科学家科恩伯格。其贡献是发现了;而发现
3.限制细胞大小的因素很多，包括核糖体的大小、表面积/体积比。细胞核产生的ｍＲＮＡ的数量。细胞含水量等。
4.由于蛋白聚糖能够结合大量的水，进而形成水合胶，从而增加了细胞外基质的弹性，增强了抗压能力。水合胶的形成在于蛋白聚糖的糖基具有丰富的正电荷。
5.虽然从破裂的细胞中分离得到的线粒体与叶绿体，给予适当的营养，能够在数小时内在体外进行呼吸和光合作用，但也不能说这些细胞器具有生命。
的两位美国科学家获得了医学/生理学诺贝尔奖。
3.从创新的观点看，1665年胡克发现细胞的两个主要创新点是：创新和创新。
4.在多细胞生物发育中，细胞有四种基本的行为，即：细胞增殖、细胞分化、和.
5.动粒和着丝粒由于它们在染色体中的位置相同，而倒置认识上的混淆，其实它们是两个不同的概念，最本质的差别是：前者是，后者则是。
6. Ras蛋白被SOS激活后，可激活其下游的MEK激酶，再通过激活的MEK激酶将Raf激酶激活，引起级联反应。
7.芽殖酵母的CDC28基因与裂殖酵母的cdc2基因在功能上是同源的；但在裂殖酵母MPF
的活性调解中，Cdc25蛋白与Weel蛋白的作用是协同的。
8.线粒体基质中进行的三羧酸循环对细胞能量代谢最重要的贡献是在乙酰CoA氧化成
1.为了研究某种生物中一种新基因是否含有Ⅱ组内含子。设计了如下实验：将总RNA与放射性标记的G和Mg 2+混和在一起，然后分析放射性标记的G的存在状态。如果RNA样品中没有Ⅰ组内含子的话，G为游离态：有Ⅱ组内含子时G最终出现在RNA分子中。
聚合反应工程2007研究生考题
大连工业大学2007 ～2008 学年第1 学期硕士研究生期末试题答案考试科目：聚合反应工程专业：材料加工工程（高分子）年级：07 级一、名词解释：（共10分每题2分）1、理想混合流反应器：刚进入反应器的物料微元与器内的原有的物料微元间瞬间达到充分混合，使各点浓度不随时间变化，出口流体的组成与器内相等。
2、反应速率：以反应体积为基准，定义为单位时间单位体积中所生成或消失的某组分的摩尔数。
3、反应器：物料在其中发生化学反应的设备称为反应器。
4、模型法：通过对复杂的的实际过程的分析，进行合理的间化，然后用一定的数学方法予以描述，使其符合实际过程的规律性，称为模型法。
5、稳定性：对系统外加一个干扰，使过程失去平衡，当外扰消失后，若过程恢复，称为热稳定性。
二、看图说明题：（共10分每题5分）1、在示踪实验中得到下列曲线图，试说明曲线表达的意义和出现曲线的原因。
a：正常分布曲线、b:提前分布，有短路。
c有内循环。
d 滞后，阻力大c，有平行流2、解释连串反应A R S 的浓度与时间变化曲线图，指出图中K1与K2的关系。
K1=K2K1>>K2 K1<<K三、简答题：（共40分每题10分）1、停留时间分布的测定的原理及具体实施方法停留时间分布的测定是应用“刺激—感应”技术。
对示踪物的要求为不与主体流体发生化学反应、不被萃取、本身不挥发、对主体流体的流动没有影响、在低浓度下能有效的检知、通常使用的示踪物质为有色物质、导电性物质、放射性物质等。
停留时间分布测定方法有二种，一是阶跃示踪法，一是脉冲示踪法。
（1）．阶跃示踪法待测定系统稳定后，将原来反应器中流动的流体切换为另一种在某些性质上与原来流体有所不同，而对流动没有影响的另一种含有示踪剂的流体。
（2）．脉冲示踪法待测定系统稳定后，自系统入口处于瞬间注入少量示踪物Q，此时t＝o，同时开始测定出口流体中示踪物的含量c(t)。
因为注入示踪物的时间与系统的平均停留时间相比是极短的，且示踪物且很少，示踪物的加入不会引起原来流体流动型态的改变，故示踪物在系统内的流动型态都能代表整个系统的流动型态2、描述典型间歇乳液聚合为三个阶段反应的具体形态（1）.第一阶段——乳胶粒生成期从诱导期结束到胶束耗尽这一期间为聚合第一阶段。
海事07年高代
大连海事大学2007年硕士研究生招生考试试题考试科目：高等代数适用专业：应用数学, 运筹学与控制论考生须知：１、所有答案必须写在答纸上，写在试题纸上无效；２、考生不得在答题上作与答题内容无关的标记，否则试卷作废。
一、（20分）设n m ij R a A ⨯∈=)(， 如果⎩⎨⎧≠==时，当时，当j i j i d a ij 1，,21,n j i ，，， = 求A 的所有特征值及相应的标准特征向量。
二、（20分）证明：任意一个极大线性无关组都与向量组本身等价。
三、（20分）n m R A ⨯∈，如果存在∈G n m R ⨯使得：1、A AGA =；2、G GAG =；3、AG AG T =)(；4、GA GA T =)(；则G 是唯一的。
四、（15分）设n s ij R a A ⨯∈=)(，m n ij R b B ⨯∈=)(，证明：秩（AB ）≥秩（A ）+ 秩（B ）n -五、设AX X x x x f T n =),,,(21 是一个实二次型，若有实n 维向量21,X X ，使得： 0,02211<>AX X AX X TT ，证明：必存在实n 维向量00≠X ，使得00AX X T=0。
六、（20分）设n n ij R a A ⨯∈=)(为实正定矩阵，证明： （1） ()0,,,21T n Y Y A y y y f = 是负定二次型，其中Y=()n y y y ,,,21 T ； （2） 1-≤n nn A a A ，其中1-n A 是A 的1-n 阶顺序主子式，且等式成立的充分必要条件为：n n n n a a a ,121-==七、（15分）设n 阶方阵()⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==000,,,21r n I A ααα ，()⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==-r n n I B 000,,,21βββ ，其中r I 表示r 阶单位阵。
证明：L R n =()n ααα,,,21 ⊕()n L βββ,,,21八、（15分）设T 是欧氏空间V 的正交变换，构造子空间： {}{}V x Tx x y y V V x x Tx x V ∈-==∈==,,,21，证明：⊥=21V V九、（10分）设n m ij R a A ⨯∈=)(满足条件：1、n j i a ij ,,2,1,,0 =≥；2、x Ax λ=，其中 .,,2,1,0,),,(,021n i x x x x x i T n =>=>λ 证明：存在对角元均为正数的n阶对角矩阵D ，使得n n ij R p AD D P ⨯-∈==)(11λ满足：1、ij p 0≥，n j i ,,2,1, =；2、1是P 的一个特征值；3、11=∑=nj ij p ，n i ,,2,1 =。
研究生学位英语2007年6月真题(附答案)
2007-6Part I Listening Comprehension (25minutes, 20points)Section A (1Point each)1. A. He doesn't like classic music. B. He feels sorry to decline the offerC. He is eager to go to the concert.D. He hasn't got a ticket yet.2. A. At the garage. B. At the restaurant. C. At the supermarket. D. At the office.3. A. Tony doesn't always listen. B. Tony has hearing problems.C. It's unusual that Tony missed the interviewD. Tony often forgets himself.4. A. The weather is generally cooler and drier. B. The weather is generally warmer and wetter.C. The weather is moderately hot.D. The weather is usually changeable.5. A. A doctor. B. An operator, C. A nurse. D. A dentist.6. A. $0.35 B. $3.50 C. $3.05 D. $30.57. A. He had something wrong with his watch. B. He thought the meeting was for a different day.C. His oral presentation was not well-prepared.D. He was not paying attention to the time.8. A. He didn't attend Professor Smith's class last time.B. He thinks the class will meet as scheduled.C. The woman should pose a more serious question.D. Professor Smith often cancels classes for the long weekend.9. A. The woman does not drink beer. B. It was not the woman's coat.C. The woman just had her coat cleaned.D. The woman is not angry with the man.Section B ( 1 point each)10. A. 850,000 children, around two percent, are currently learning at homeB. School system provides teachers for homeschooling.C. All the states in the U.S. permit homeschooling.D. Homeschooled children are never expected to go to college.11. A. Because their children do not like attending schools.B. Because they love their children too much to send them away from homeC. Because homeschooling provides more time for the family to be together.D. Because they are able to help their kids to learn more social skills.12. A. A variety of honeybee. B. A geographic magazine.C. A National Home School Honor SocietyD. A national top competition.13. A. Importance of biodiversity. B. Protection of wild species.C. Farm pollution.D. Agricultural methods.14. A. Rice, maize, potato and wheat. B. Corn, bean, rice and wheat.C. Potato, maize, bean and rice.D. Rice, corn, wheat and sweet potato15. A. They can harm wetlands, rivers and other environments needed to support lifeB. They can destroy crops, native species and property.C. They spread in areas they are not native to with natural controls.D. They hardly survive different conditions.Section C ( 1 point each)Lecture Topic: Getting a good night’s sleep16. There are several ___________ drugs available to help people sleep.If you don’t want to use drugs, there are some things you can do on your own to help get a good night’s sleep:17. 1)___________________________________________18. 2)___________________________________________19. 3)___________________________________________20. 4)___________________________________________PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous22. The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence.A. supportB. restrictC. raiseD. modify23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions for quick recovery.A. improve onB. abide byC. draw uponD. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove our fear of GM foods.A. abundantB. controversialC. conduciveD. convincing25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.A. more wealthyB. less successfulC. dismissed earlierD. favorably positioned26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum.A. influenceB. strengthC. outlookD. consequence27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches.A. believedB. discardedC. advocatedD. confirmed28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices.A. assessingB. cuttingC. elevatingD. altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices of housing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the cities to live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled up with32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his _____ home.A. humbleB. obscureC. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from ________ as possible.A. humidityB. humanityC. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play a huge role in our life.A. vesselB. vestC. ventureD. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high school diploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaning digitalization could drive an even deeper ______betweenthe rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation37. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to38. The sun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths.A. elegantB. immenseC. hollowD. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. That would _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution, around the sun.A. tourB. travelC. visitD. tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what manypeople had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization."Harvard needs to 43 its education for a world where global connections, cross disciplinary research, and science in general are ever more important," said Kirby.Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university." 46 studying Chinese history without leaving the university, students interested in the subject should be spending a semester at a university in China."It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required "core curriculum". The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized "ways of knowing".Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49 "Harvard College Courses", emphasizing knowledge over methodology and 50 wider territory. A life sciences course, for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting B. reviewing C. searching D. underlying42. A. in accordance with B. in line with C. in charge of D. in response to43. A. update B. uphold C. upset D. upward44. A. trust-worthy B. note-worthy C. praise-worthy D. reward-worthy45. A. turn out B. turn in C. turn to D. turn over46. A. In spite of B. As if C. Let alone D. Rather than47. A. perish B. destroy C. abolish D. denounce48. A. appropriate B. imaginative C. special D. specific49. A. optical B. optional C. opposite D. optimistic50. A. sparing B. spiraling C. spanning D. sparklingPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________.A. can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disasterB. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side ___________.A. where the wind is comingB. where the wind is goingC. where the wind is weakerD. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus55. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny iron particles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________.A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduceB. stay away from the traffic as far as possibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably ease the climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. "Wouldn't it be useful if the United States were to have a piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action," Alley said.Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said.Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider."This is not the biggest problem in the world. The biggest problem in the world is getting along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet," Alley said.57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________.A. can be easedB. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________.A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patternsB. subtle changes in atmospheric patternsC. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word "upbeat" (in Paragraph 3) probably means __________.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming?A. To find other energy sources besides fossil fuels.B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate.C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the "paradox of thrift." Imagine you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actually behave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University in the US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas of the brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain when the eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to _____________.A. enjoy their present life as much as possibleB. spend every penny they have earnedC. save every penny for the futureD. save some money for later use64. According to the context, "paradox" (in Paragraph 2) probably means “__________”.A. contradictionB. hypothesisC. declarationD. assertion65. It is implied that many people in the UK and the United StatesA. have to work hard to make ends meetB. spend more than they can affordC. have trouble in paying back their debtsD. don't pay back their debts on time66. According to the resent studies made by economists, people__________.A. take pleasure in buying useless thingsB. won't buy things that they need.C. spend their money irrationallyD. make rational choices while spending their money67. It has been proved by the scientists at Stanford University that some people like to save money because_____.A. they like keeping their money in the bankB. they will feel safe if they save enough money for the futureC. they don't want to spend their money on useless thingsD. spending money gives them pain68. The passage mainly tells us_________.A. how to spend our moneyB. it is better to save some money for the futureC. it is the chemicals released from the brain that decide our spendingD. how to form a habit of rational spendingPassage FourTrees are good. Good enough to hug. Planting trees will make the world cooler than it would otherwise be. This is the subject of a newly published study by Govindasamy Bala, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in California, and his colleagues. Dr Bala has found, rather counter-intuitively, that removing all of the world's trees might actually cool the planet down.The reason for this is that trees affect the world's temperature by means other than the carbon they take in. For instance forests remain quite a dark shade even after a snowstorm. They are certainly darker than grasslands, and thus they can absorb more of the sun's heat than vegetation which might otherwise cover the same stretch of land. That warms things up.Dr Bala and his colleagues took such effects into account using a computer model called the Integrated Climate and Carbon Model. Unlike most climate-change models, which calculate how the Earth should absorb and radiate heat in response to a list of greenhouse-gas concentrations, this one has many subsections that represent how the carbon cycle works, and how it influences the climate.Overall, Dr Bala's model suggests that complete deforestation would cause an additional 1.3ْC temperature rise compared with business as usual, because of the higher carbon-dioxide levels that would result. However, the additional reflectivity of the planet would cause 1.6ْC of cooling. A treeless world would thus be 0.3ْC cooler than otherwise.No one, of course, would consider chopping down the world's forests to keep the planet cool. But having made their point, Dr Bala and his colleagues then went on to look at forest growth and loss at different latitudes. Planting trees in convenient places such as Europe and North America may actually be counterproductive. In Russia and Canada, cutting trees down led mostly to local cooling. The carbon dioxide this released into the atmosphere, though, warmed the world all over. Around the equator, by contrast, warming acted locally (as well as globally), so a tropical country would experience warming created by cutting down trees.The results follow increasing criticism from climate scientists of the benefits of forestry schemes to offset carbon emissions. Planting trees to neutralise carbon emissions has become a big business: £60m worth of trees have been bought this year, up from £20m in 2005. By 2010 the market is expected to reach £300m.69. According to the passage, trees make the world warmer because of their _________.A. deep colorB. round shapeC. enormous sizeD. high reflectivity70. Dr Bala's Integrated Climate and Carbon Model____________.A. supports the findings of other climate modelsB. is based on the results of other climate modelsC. uses a system different from other climate modelsD. challenges the basic theory of other climate models71. Based on Dr Bala's model, a treeless world would__________.A. cause serious environmental problemsB. prove helpful in fighting global warmingC. make it difficult to deal with climate changeD. raise carbon dioxide levels and global temperature72. According to Dr Bala, the best places to plant trees would be__________.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. High-latitude countries.D. tropical countries73. As is shown in the passage, criticism from other climate scientists__________.A. should be taken rather seriouslyB. is unreasonable and far-fetchedC. involves mostly economic interestsD. is voiced on behalf of the government74. The best title for the passage is____________.A. Should Green Trees Be Left Alone?B. Why Green Trees Might Not Be Green?C. How to Help Green Trees Survive?D. How to Go Green with Green Trees?Passage FiveThe patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, "The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring." But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedback -- positive and negative -- about their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and nonconfrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patient's benefit, is whistle-blowing.75. As mentioned in the passage, the hospital hierarchy______________.A. is useful to the people on the lower layerB. is built on a performance-reward systemC. is a barrier to the exchange of medical viewsD. is an effective way of teaching medical students76. "the benefit of the doubt" in Paragraph 5 shows that_________________.A. the student was not quite certain that she was rightB. the resident did not respond to the student's doubtC. the student was denied the chance to doubt the superiorD. the resident benefited from the student's suggestion77. James Dwyer's words mean that___________.A. students should learn to speak both kindly and professionallyB. students should challenge the superior for the benefit of patientsC. students should retain their faith even after facing some difficultiesD. students should be educated on how to care more about the patients78. What is the attitude of medical educators toward teaching students to give feedback?A. Confused.B. Indifferent.C. Reluctant.D. Enthusiastic.79. The author tends to believe that the problem faced by medical studentsA. will remain for a long timeB. will disappear in the near futureC. should not be exaggeratedD. cannot be solved successfully80. The passage focuses on_____________.A. the development of teaching hospitals' hierarchiesB. the different roles in teaching hospitals' hierarchiesC. the future reforms on teaching hospitals' hierarchiesD. the problems caused by teaching hospitals' hierarchiesPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation．Section B(15 minutes，10 points)中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。
青岛科技大学材料科学基础07-10.12.16-17年真题
3) 金属扩散的驱动力是（
）,影响扩散最主要的因素是（
4) 铁素体是碳在（ ）中形成的间隙固溶体；奥氏体是碳溶入（
固溶体。
）。 ）中形成的间隙
5) 位错柏氏矢量的方向可以用（ ）表示，柏氏矢量的大小可用（ ）表示，柏
氏矢量的大小又称为（ ）。
6) 固溶体具有（ ）组元的点阵类型。溶质原子在溶剂中的最大含量称为（ ）。
固溶体按照溶质原子在溶剂点阵中所占据的位置不同可以分为（
）和
（
）。
7) 固溶体合金凝固时，在正温度梯度下，由于固－液界面前沿液相中存在成分过冷，
随着成分过冷度由小变大，其界面生长形态将从平直界面向（
）和
（
）发展。
8) 一个（
）和（
）组成一个滑移系。
2. 作图题：
1）在立方晶胞中画出 (112) 、 (213) 晶面 及[110]、[321] 晶向。（8 分）
﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡﹡
1. 在立方晶胞中，画出 (111) 晶面及其上的[112] 晶向，并求过[112] 晶向且垂直于 (111) 晶面
的晶面指标。(12 分)
2. 一个位错环能否各部分都是螺位错，能否各部分都是刃位错？为什么？(12 分) 3. 为什么只有置换固溶体的两个组元之间才能无限互溶,而间隙固溶体则不能? （12 分） 4. 锌单晶在拉伸前的滑移方向与拉伸轴的夹角为 45o，拉伸后二者夹角为 30o，试求拉伸后
力，若此方向上的临界分剪应力为 9000Pa，此时会出现滑移吗？(14 分)
11. 将一楔型铜片置于间距恒定的两轧辊间轧制，如下图所示：
第 1 页（共 2 页）
11 题图 铜片轧制过程图 （1） 画出此铜片经完全再结晶后晶粒大小沿片长方向变化的示意图 （2） 如果在较低温度退火，何处先发生再结晶？为什么？(14 分)
太原理工大学硕士生2007年矩阵论试题
第 1 页 共 2 页 考试方式： 闭卷 太原理工大学 矩阵分析 试卷(A) 适用专业： 07级硕士研究生 考试日期： 08. 1.16 时间： 120 分钟 共 8 页 一．填空题(每小题3分，共15分) 1．设向量)1,,2(-=i α，矩阵ααH A =，其中1-=i ，则 =F A |||| 2．设矩阵⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1001A ，则=)cos(At dt d _______________ 3．设矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=100034011A ，A E A -=λλ)(，则)(λA 的Smith 标准形为 4．设矩阵⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1101A ，则=A 5．设矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=102020001A ，则A 的Jordan 标准形为 二．单项选择题(每小题3分，共15分) 6． 设A 是幂等矩阵（即A A =2），则下列命题不正确的是 （ ） （A ）A 与对角矩阵相似； （B ）A 的特征值只可能是1或0； （C ）A A )1(sin sin =； （D ）幂级数10)(-∞=-=∑A E A k k 。
7． 设21,V V 是V 的两个线性子空间，则与命题“21V V +的任意元素的分解式唯一”不等价的命题是 （ ） （A ）}0{21=⋂V V ； （B ）2121dim dim )dim(V V V V +=+； （C ）V V V =⋃21； （D ）21V V +的零元素的分解式唯一。
8．设321,,ααα与321,,βββ是线性空间V 的两组基，T 是V 上的线性变换，且在基321,,ααα下的矩阵为A ，321,,ααα到321,,βββ的过度矩阵为B ，则T 在基321,,βββ下的矩阵为（ ） （A ）AB B 1-； （B ）BA A 1-； （C ）1-BAB ； （D ）1-ABA ． 9. 线性变换为正交变换的必要条件而非充分条件的是 （ ） （A ）保持向量的长度不变； （B ）将标准正交基变为标准正交基； （C ）保持任意两个向量的夹角不变； （D ）在任意标准正交基下的矩阵为正交矩阵． 10．设矩阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=000000111A ，则=-20072008A A（ ）第 2 页 共 2 页 （A ）0； （B ）E ； （C ）A ； （D ）2A .三．证明与计算题(共70分)11．（10分）设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=0110A ，},|{22XA AX R X X V =∈=⨯， 1）验证V 是22⨯R 的一个线性子空间；2）求V 的维数及一组基，并给出A 在该基下的坐标。
07年考研英语真题解析
2007年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析Section l Use of English1. [答案][B][分析]词义辨析题，“native”意为本地人，本国人，指一个地方原始居民或长期居住者中的一位；“inhabitant ”意为居民，居住者，指长期居住在某地的人；“people”意为人，人们，本身通常为复数；“individual”意为个体，指具有自己独特个性的、作为个体存在的人。
前面句子说一些殖民地已经成为独立国家，本句话说这些国家的…展望着未来，说明本句话指的是生活在这些国家的人民，所以应选B。
2. [答案][D][分析] 词义辨析与搭配题，“confusedly”意为“困惑地，混乱地”；“cheerfully”意为“高兴地，愉快地”；“worriedly”意为“担心地，担忧地”；“hopefully”意为“满怀希望地，抱有希望地”。
所填之词修饰“looked to the future”，所以本题应选D。
3. [答案][A][分析]词义辨析与搭配题，“share”意为“分享，共享”，指与另一个人或其他人共同享有或具有；“forget”意为“忘记，忘却”；“attain”意为“获得，得到”，指经过努力得到；“reject”意为“拒绝，不接受”。
句子的主语是“many of the leaders”，根据前面的“Born in the crisis of the old regime…”可知，应选A。
4. [答案][C][分析]词义搭配题，所填之词与“to”搭配。
“related to”意为“与…有关”；“close to”意为“接近…”；“open to”意为“向…开放”；“devoted to”意为“投身于…”，主语通常是人。
所填之词与“to talent(有才能者)”搭配，修饰“careers”，所以本题应选C。
5. [答案][C][分析] 词义辨析与搭配题，“a ccess”指接近、进入或使用权力。
武汉大学法综07-11年真题解析(刑法)
武汉大学2011年法学硕士研究生入学考试试题综合知识刑法部分（30分）一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）1. 犯罪对象答题要点：犯罪对象是指刑法分则条文规定的犯罪行为直接作用的具体的人或物。
犯罪对象的主要特征是：（一）犯罪对象是具体的人或物。
（二）犯罪对象是犯罪行为直接作用的人或物。
（三）犯罪对象是刑法规定的人或物。
2. 结果加重犯答题要点：结果加重犯，也称加重结果犯，是指实施基本犯罪构成要件的行为，发生基本犯罪构成要件以外的重结果，因而刑法规定加重刑罚的犯罪形态。
结果加重犯的特征如下：A 实施了基本犯罪行为。
B 产生了基本犯罪构成以外的重结果。
C 刑法就加重结果加重了法定刑。
3. 侵占罪答题要点：侵占罪，是指以非法占有为目的，将他人的交给自己保管的财物、遗忘物或者埋藏物非法占为己有，数额较大，拒不交还的行为。
4. 诬告陷害罪答题要点：诬告陷害罪，是指捏造事实诬告陷害他人，意图使他人受刑事追究，情节严重的行为。
二、填空题1. 根据我国刑法的规定，犯罪的（行为）或（结果）有一项发生在中华人民共和国领域内的，就认为是在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪。
2. 单位犯罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其（主管人员）和（其他直接责任人员）判处刑罚。
本法分则其他法律另有规定的，依照规定。
3. 判处死刑缓期执行的，在死刑缓期执行期间，如果没有（故意犯罪），两年期满以后，减为无期徒刑。
4. 我国的主刑种类如下：管制、（拘役）、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑。
5. 刑法第97条规定，本法所称首要分子，是指在（犯罪集团）或者（聚众犯罪）中组织、策划、指挥作用的犯罪分子。
三、简答贪污罪和挪用公款罪的区别答：贪污罪和挪用公款罪的区别如下：A对犯罪客体侵犯程度与犯罪对象的范围不同。
前者只侵犯公共财物所有权中的占有、使用、收益三种权能，而后者侵犯了包括出有、使用、收益、处分权能的公共财产所有权的四种权能；就犯罪对象而言，前者为公款和特定公物，后者为公共财产。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
电子科技大学研究生试卷 （考试时间： 至 ，共_____小时） 课程名称 图论及其应用 教师 学时 60 学分 教学方式 讲授 考核日期_2007__年___月____日 成绩 考核方式： （学生填写） 一．填空题(每题2分，共12分) 1．简单图G=(n,m)中所有不同的生成子图(包括G 和空图)的个数是___2m __个； 2．设无向图G=(n,m)中各顶点度数均为3，且2n=m+3,则n=_ 6__; m=_9__； 3．一棵树有i n 个度数为i 的结点，i=2,3,…,k,则它有2+(i −2)∑n i i 个度数为1的结点； 4．下边赋权图中，最小生成树的权值之和为__20___; 5、某年级学生共选修9门课。
期末考试时，必须提前将这9门课先考完，每天每人只在下午考一门课，则至少需要___9__天才能考完这9门课。
二．单项选择(每题2分，共10分) 1．下面给出的序列中，不是某简单图的度序列的是( D ) (A) (11123); (B) (22222); (C) (3333); (D) (1333). 2． 下列图中，是欧拉图的是（ D ）
学 号 姓 学 …………………… 密……………封……………
线……………以……………内……………答…… ………题…
…………无……………效…………………… v 5
v v
6A B
3．下列图中，不是哈密尔顿图的是（B）
A B C D
4．下列图中，是可平面图的图的是（B）
A B C D
5．下列图中，不是偶图的是（B）
C
A B D
三、 (8分)画出具有7个顶点的所有非同构的树
解：m=n−1=6
……
四，用图论的方法证明：任何一个人群中至少有两个人认识的朋友数相同(10分) 证明：此题转换为证明任何一个没有孤立点的简单图至少有两个点的度数相同。
参考教材P5。
五．(10分) 设G为n 阶简单无向图，n>2且n为奇数，G与G的补图G中度数为奇数的顶点个数是否相等？证明你的结论
证明：根据补图定义d G(v i)+d G(v i)=n−1。
相等。
由频序列相同证明有同样奇数的顶点个数。
参考教材P5。
六．(10分)设G 是具有n 个顶点的无向简单图，其边数2)2)(1(2
1+--=n n m ，证明(1) 证明G 中任何两个不相邻顶点的度数之和大于等于n 。
(2)给出一个图，使它具有n 个顶点，1)2)(1(2
1+--=n n m 条边，但不是哈密尔顿图。
证明：(1) 参考教材P79定理6的证明
(2)n=4时，m=4。
七、(10分)今有赵、钱、孙、李、周五位教师，要承担语文、数学、物理、化学、英语五门课程。
已知赵熟悉数学、物理、化学三门课程，钱熟悉语文、数学、物理、英语四门课程，孙、李、周都只熟悉数学和物理两门课程。
问能否安排他们5人每人只上一门自己所熟悉的课程，使得每门课程都有人教，说明理由
解：建立图论模型，设A, B, C, D, E 分别代表赵、钱、孙、李、周五位教师。
a, b, c, d, e 分别代表语文、数学、物理、化学、英语五门课程。
得模型图如下：
A B C D E
问题转化为是否存在饱和A, B, C, D, E 的匹配存在。
取顶点子集合S ={B,C,D,E}，因N(S)={b,c,e}，所以|N (S )|<|S|
由霍尔定理知：不存在饱和A, B, C, D, E,的匹配。
故不能安排他们5人每人只上一门自己所熟悉的课程。
八、(10分)设G 是具有n 个顶点，m 条边，p()2≥P 个连通分支的平面图，G 的每个面至少由k （3≥k ）条边所围成，则
m ≤
k(n−p−1)k−2
证明：(1)n −m +ϕ=p +1
(2)ϕk ≤∑deg (f )=2m f∈ψ
将(2)带入(1)即可得证。
a b c d e
九．(10分)求下图G的色多项式P
(G).
k
图G
解：参考教材P189习题28
该图的补图G如下图所示：
H2
H1
它有两个分支，对于h(K1,x)=x+x2
对于H2：N4(G)=1，N3(G)=4，N2(G)=2，N1(G)=0，
h(K2,x)=2x2+4x3+x4
所以
h(G,x)=(2x2+4x3+x4)(x+x2)
=2x3+6x4+5x5+x6
于是G的色多项式
P k(G)=2[k]3+6[k]4+5[k]5+[k]6
=k(k−1)(k−2)2(k2−5k+8)
十、(10分) (1)、在一个只有2个奇度点的边赋权图中，如何构造一个最优欧拉环游？说明理由；
(2)、在一个边赋权的哈密尔顿图中，如何估计其最优哈密尔顿圈的权值之和的下界？
解：(1)参考教材P70推论
(2) 参考教材P88。