天气现象与天气系统Weatherphenomenaandweathersystem
天气现象与天气系统教案
天气现象与天气系统●教学目标知识目标1.了解锋面系统的特点。
2.掌握简易天气图的阅读。
能力目标1.学会识读电视天气预报节目中常出现的简易天气图，听懂每天电视台播放的天气形势预报。
2.掌握各天气系统活动规律和处在不同天气系统及其不同部位的天气特点，利用天气图进行天气形势分析预报。
情感态度与价值观1.通过本节课学习，让学生懂得学科学、爱科学。
2.能将所学知识运用于实际，服务于社会。
●教学重点1.掌握常见锋面系统的特点。
2.简易天气图的阅读。
●教学难点理解冷锋、暖锋与天气的关系。
●教学方法1.采用理论联系实际的方法，让学生观看中央电视台《新闻联播》之后的《天气预报》节目，注意主持人对天气形势的分析。
2.本节教学以识图、辨图、启发诱导、精讲多练为主。
●教具准备多媒体。
●课时安排一课时●教学过程［导入新课］赤壁之战前夕，周瑜调兵谴将，打黄盖，献连环计，为火烧曹营作精心准备。
突然间，他想到自己竟然疏忽了一件大事，一下子急出了病。
诸葛亮借探病之机，挑明周瑜的病根是“只欠东风”，并应允借东风相助。
周瑜为什么“欠”东风呢？因为赤壁古战场在我国东部季风区，当时正值隆冬，盛行西北风，极少刮东南风，曹营在江北，东吴在江南，用火攻反会烧了自家。
周瑜焦急是有道理的。
而所谓的“借”东风，其实是诸葛亮预测到冬至前后短时间的天气反常现象。
古代诸葛亮掌握气候的规律，帮助东吴打败了曹军，而今天我们可以掌握天气变化的规律更好的进行农业生产，预防自然灾害。
［讲授新课］天气现象与天气系统(板书)各个天气系统都有其生长、移动和消亡的规律，而且与各种不同的大气运动有着密切的联系，故而出现不同的天气。
我国幅员辽阔，不仅同一地点不同时间的天气有晴、阴、雨、雪等变化，而且同一时间不同地区的天气也各不相同。
这就是不同天气系统的影响或处于天气系统不同部位的缘故。
影响我国的几种主要天气系统是锋面系统、低压系统、高压系统等。
下面我们首先来学习锋面系统。
一、锋面系统(板书)锋面系统是影响我国的主要天气系统，我国的降水和一些灾害性天气大都与锋面有联系，那什么是锋面呢？1.锋面的定义(板书)锋面示意图冷暖气团的交界面叫锋面，锋面亦称锋区，其水平范围可由几百米到几千千米。
天气系统知识点总结
天气系统知识点总结天气系统是指地球上大气的气候和气象现象，通常包括气温、湿度、气压、风、降水、云的种类和高度等。
天气系统对人类的生产生活、农业生产、国防事业和各种交通运输活动产生着巨大的影响。
因此，了解天气系统的知识对我们有重要的意义。
气象学是研究天气系统的科学。
天气系统的形成和变化是气象学研究的重要课题。
下面我们将从天气系统的基本知识、气象现象的成因和影响、气象预报以及气象灾害等几个方面对天气系统进行总结。
一、天气系统的基本知识1. 大气的组成大气由氮气（78%）、氧气（21%）、氩气（0.9%）、二氧化碳（0.03%）和少量的水蒸气等组成。
大气的温度、湿度、密度和气压分布均对天气系统的形成和发展起着决定性作用。
2. 大气的分层大气分为对流层、平流层、中间层、热层和界层。
对流层是最靠近地面的一层，这一层的气候和气象现象对我们的日常生活有着直接的影响。
平流层与对流层的气候和气象现象有所不同，这一层对地球上的生物和人类有着重大的影响。
3. 大气环流大气环流是指各种气象现象以及气候变化在大气中的传播和变化。
大气环流对气候的形成和变化有着决定性的影响。
大气环流又受到地球自转、地球与太阳的相对位置、地球的自转产生的离心力等多种因素的影响。
二、气象现象的成因和影响1. 气温的形成和变化气温是大气中气体分子的热运动的量度。
气温的高低与太阳能的辐射、大气环流、地形地势等都有一定的关系。
气温的变化对种植业、畜牧业、水利建设、城市规划等都有着直接的影响。
2. 湿度的变化湿度是指空气中所含水蒸气的含量。
湿度的大小直接影响着大气对水汽的运动和传播。
湿度对人类的健康和作物的生长都有着直接的影响。
3. 气压的变化气压是指大气对地面的压力。
气压的高低与地面上的地形地势、大气环流等因素有关。
气压的变化对气象现象的形成和发展都有着决定性的影响。
4. 风的形成和变化风是由大气运动形成的，是一种空气的水平运动。
风的强弱、方向和时空分布都对气候和气象现象有着重要的影响。
天气的英语词汇
天气的英语词汇关于天气的英语词汇非常丰富，以下是一些常见的词汇和短语：1. Weather Types:- Sunny (晴天)- Cloudy (多云)- Rainy (雨天)- Snowy (雪天)- Windy (有风)- Foggy (有雾)- Thunderstorm (雷雨)- Hailstorm (冰雹)- Stormy (暴风雨的)- Drizzle (细雨)- Showery (阵雨的)2. Temperature:- Hot (热)- Cold (冷)- Warm (温暖)- Mild (温和的)- Chilly (寒冷的)- Freezing (结冰的)- Sweltering (闷热的)3. Wind:- Breeze (微风)- Gale (大风)- Hurricane (飓风)- Tornado (龙卷风)- Typhoon (台风)- Cyclone (旋风)4. Atmospheric Conditions:- Humid (潮湿的)- Damp (湿润的)- Dry (干燥的)- Moist (微湿的)- Barometric Pressure (气压)5. Visibility:- Clear (清晰的)- Hazy (朦胧的)- Obscured (模糊的)- Visibility (能见度)6. Weather Phenomena:- Lightning (闪电)- Thunder (雷声)- Rainbow (彩虹)- Halo (晕)- Dew (露水)- Frost (霜)7. Weather Instruments: - Thermometer (温度计) - Barometer (气压计) - Anemometer (风速计) - Hygrometer (湿度计) - Rain Gauge (雨量计)8. Weather Forecasting: - Forecast (预报)- Prediction (预测)- Outlook (展望)- Probability (概率)以上是一些常见的关于天气的英语词汇。
科学认识天气和天气现象
科学认识天气和天气现象天气是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，它不仅关系到我们的出行、穿着和活动等方方面面，还对农业、交通和气候变化等产生重要影响。
因此，科学认识天气和天气现象，掌握天气变化规律，对我们的生活和社会具有重要意义。
一、天气的定义和组成天气是指地球大气层在一定时刻和一定范围内的气象状态。
它主要由空气的温度、湿度、气压、风速和降水等要素组成。
这些要素相互作用和变化，导致了不同的天气现象。
科学家通过观测和记录这些要素的变化，进行天气研究和预测。
二、天气的形成和变化原理天气的形成和变化是由大气中的物理和化学过程相互作用所引起的。
当地球表面受到太阳辐射时，地面的温度会上升，使空气被加热并上升。
上升的暖空气会与周围的冷空气交汇，形成气团。
气团在水汽的影响下会发生云雨的形成。
同时，地球的自转和不同地区的地形、海洋等因素也会影响天气的形成和变化。
了解这些原理，有助于我们对天气的预测和理解。
三、常见的天气现象和特点1. 暴雨和雷电：暴雨通常伴随着大风和雷电，给人们的生活带来不便和危险。
暴雨通常是由于空气中的水汽饱和而形成的，当气温下降时，水汽凝结形成云和雨。
2. 阴天和多云：阴天通常是由于云层较厚，太阳无法穿透云层而导致的。
多云天气能遮挡阳光，降低气温，给人们带来凉爽。
3. 高温和干燥：夏季常见的天气现象之一就是高温和干燥。
这是由于气温的升高和大气湿度的降低造成的，给人们的生活带来不适和健康隐患。
4. 寒冷和降温：冬季常见的天气现象是寒冷和降温。
这是由于气温下降和天气系统的活动造成的，需要人们做好保暖措施。
5. 风暴和龙卷风：风暴是指巨大的气旋性风，会带来强风和降水。
龙卷风则是一种强烈的旋转气流，具有破坏性，能造成严重灾害。
四、科学认识天气的方法和工具科学认识天气离不开观测、数据收集和分析。
气象学家通过一系列的观测设备和仪器，比如气象气球、气象卫星、雷达和气象雷达等，对天气要素进行记录和监测。
通过分析和解读这些数据，才能做出准确的天气预报和气候变化预测。
描述天气现象英语作文
描述天气现象英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Weather phenomena are a fascinating aspect of nature that have always captivated humans. From the serene beauty of a clear blue sky to the awe-inspiring power of a violent thunderstorm, the weather constantly surrounds us and impacts our daily lives. In this essay, I will describe some of the most common weather phenomena and the ways in which they affect the world around us.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets that fall to the ground. Rain is essential for sustaining life on Earth, as it provides the necessary moisture for plants to grow and thrive. However, excessive rainfall can lead to flooding and other hazards, while prolonged droughts can cause crop failures and water shortages.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is simply the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Wind can range from a gentle breeze to apowerful gale, and it plays a crucial role in shaping the Earth's climate and weather patterns. Wind can also carry pollutants and allergens, making it an important factor in air quality and human health.Thunderstorms are another fascinating weather phenomenon. Thunderstorms occur when warm, moist air rises rapidly in the atmosphere, creating unstable conditions that lead to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. These towering clouds can produce lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and even hail. Thunderstorms are a common occurrence in many parts of the world and can be both beautiful and dangerous.Snow and ice are two more weather phenomena that are particularly prevalent in colder regions. Snow forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals, which then fall to the ground as snowflakes. Snow can create stunning winter landscapes, but it can also cause transportation disruptions and pose hazards to people and animals. Ice is another form of precipitation that occurs when rain freezes upon contact with a cold surface, creating icy conditions that can be treacherous to navigate.Fog is a weather phenomenon that occurs when the air near the ground becomes saturated with moisture, leading toreduced visibility. Fog can form in a variety of conditions, including when warm air moves over a cold surface or when cool air settles into low-lying areas. Fog can make driving and flying hazardous, as it can obscure road signs and runway lights, making it difficult to see ahead.Tornadoes and hurricanes are some of the most powerful and destructive weather phenomena on Earth. Tornadoes are violent, rotating columns of air that form within severe thunderstorms and can cause widespread damage in a matter of minutes. Hurricanes are large, swirling storms that form over warm ocean waters and can bring high winds, heavy rain, and flooding to coastal areas. Both tornadoes and hurricanes are capable of causing devastation and loss of life, making them some of the most feared weather phenomena in the world.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our natural environment and play a crucial role in shaping the world around us. From the gentle caress of a summer breeze to the raw power of a hurricane, weather phenomena are a constant reminder of the beauty and unpredictability of nature. By observing and understanding these phenomena, we can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing conditions of the world we inhabit.篇2Weather is a fascinating aspect of our environment that can greatly impact our daily lives. From sunny days to stormy nights, the weather can change rapidly and drastically. In this essay, we will explore different weather phenomena and how they affect us.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground as precipitation. Rain can be a gentle drizzle or a heavy downpour, and it can last for minutes or days. Rain is essential for plants, animals, and humans to survive, as it provides much-needed moisture for growth and hydration.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is created by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which causes air to move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas. Wind can be a gentle breeze or a powerful gust, and it can carry dust, pollen, and other particles with it. Wind is also responsible for shaping the Earth's surface through processes like erosion and deposition.Thunderstorms are a more intense weather phenomenon that can bring heavy rain, strong winds, lightning, and thunder.Thunderstorms occur when warm, moist air rises and cools, forming cumulonimbus clouds. Lightning is created by the discharge of electricity between the positively charged top of a cloud and the negatively charged ground. Thunder is the sound produced by the rapid expansion and contraction of air heated by lightning.Tornadoes are one of the most destructive weather phenomena, with powerful winds that can reach speeds of over 200 mph. Tornadoes form when warm, moist air collides with cold, dry air, creating a rotating updraft. The spinning air tightens into a funnel cloud, which can touch down as a tornado. Tornadoes can destroy buildings, uproot trees, and cause significant damage in a matter of minutes.Blizzards are another dangerous weather phenomenon, characterized by heavy snowfall, high winds, and cold temperatures. Blizzards occur when warm air from the Gulf of Mexico clashes with cold air from Canada, creating intense snowstorms. Blizzards can create whiteout conditions, where visibility is reduced to near zero, making travel dangerous and difficult.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our natural world, shaping our environment and influencing ourdaily lives. From rain and wind to thunderstorms and tornadoes, each weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impacts. By understanding and respecting these phenomena, we can better prepare for and adapt to the ever-changing weather around us.篇3Weather is a fascinating topic that affects all of us on a daily basis. From sunny skies to thunderstorms, each type of weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impact on our lives. In this essay, we will explore some of the most common weather phenomena and how they shape our world.One of the most common weather phenomena is rain. Rain occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into droplets and falls to the ground. Rain can vary in intensity, from a light drizzle to a heavy downpour. It is important for the health of plants and animals, as it provides much-needed water for growth and hydration. However, excessive rain can lead to flooding and damage to property.Another common weather phenomenon is wind. Wind is caused by the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. It can be gentle and refreshing, or strongand destructive. Wind is important for dispersing seeds, pollinating plants, and generating power through wind turbines. However, strong winds can also cause damage by toppling trees, blowing down power lines, and creating dangerous conditions for outdoor activities.Snow is another fascinating weather phenomenon, especially for those who live in colder climates. Snow forms when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals, which then fall to the ground as snowflakes. Snow can create a beautiful winter wonderland, but it can also cause transportation delays, school closures, and power outages. Snow is important for insulating the ground, providing moisture for plants, and replenishing freshwater supplies.One of the most awe-inspiring weather phenomena is the rainbow. Rainbows occur when sunlight is refracted, or bent, by water droplets in the atmosphere. This creates a spectrum of colors that arcs across the sky. Rainbows are a symbol of hope and beauty, and they are often seen as a sign of good luck. People have marveled at rainbows for centuries, and they continue to inspire wonder and joy in our modern world.Thunderstorms are another powerful weather phenomenon that can be both exciting and dangerous. Thunderstorms formwhen warm, moist air rises and cools, creating towering cumulonimbus clouds. Lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and strong winds are common features of thunderstorms. While thunderstorms can be beautiful to watch from a distance, they can also bring havoc in the form of downed trees, hail, flash floods, and tornadoes. It is important to take shelter during a thunderstorm and stay safe until the storm has passed.In conclusion, weather phenomena are an integral part of our lives and our planet. From rain and wind to snow and rainbows, each type of weather phenomenon has its own unique characteristics and impact on our world. By learning more about these phenomena and how they form, we can better understand and appreciate the wonders of the natural world. Next time you step outside and feel the sun on your face, or watch a rainbow arc across the sky, take a moment to marvel at the beauty and power of the weather around you.。
天气系统知识点
天气系统知识点天气是指地球大气层中各种气象要素在一定时间范围内的变化状态。
天气系统是指在地球大气层中形成的一系列相互联系和相互影响的气象要素和现象，包括气压系统、风系系统、云系系统以及天气现象等。
本文将介绍天气系统的主要知识点。
气压系统气压是指大气中单位面积上受到的气体重量。
气压系统是在地球大气层中形成的由气压差引起的气流运动组织。
气压系统可以分为高压系统和低压系统。
高压系统指的是较为稳定的气压场，其特点是气压较高、空气下沉、相对干燥，常常伴随着晴朗的天气。
高压系统的运动方向为顺时针方向。
低压系统指的是较为不稳定的气压场，其特点是气压较低、空气上升、相对湿润，常常伴随着多云或降水的天气。
低压系统的运动方向为逆时针方向。
风系系统风是指大气中气压差引起的气流运动。
风系系统是由气压差引起的大气中的气流运动组织，包括大尺度风系统和小尺度风系统。
大尺度风系统是指在地球大气层中形成的较大范围的气流运动，主要包括全球大气环流和季节风等。
全球大气环流是指地球表面和大气之间相互作用引起的经纬度方向上的气流运动，主要包括赤道低压带、副热带高压带、副极地低压带和极地高压带。
季节风是指由陆地和海洋之间温度差异引起的气流运动，常见于亚洲和非洲沿海地区。
小尺度风系统是指在地球大气层中形成的较小范围的气流运动，主要包括海陆风、谷地风和地形风等。
海陆风是指由陆地和海洋之间温度差异引起的气流运动，常见于沿海地区；谷地风是指由地形或山谷引起的气流运动，常见于山区；地形风是指由地表地形特征引起的气流运动，常见于山脉和高原地区。
云系系统云是由水蒸气在大气中凝结形成的气象要素。
云系系统是由云的形成、演变和分布所组成的大气现象，包括云的分类和云的形态。
云的分类主要根据云的高度和形态进行划分。
根据高度可以分为低云、中云、高云和垂直云；根据形态可以分为层状云、卷状云、积状云和恶劣天气云等。
天气现象天气现象是指大气中各种气象要素在一定时间范围内的变化状态。
天气系统
温带气旋位于中高纬度的气旋。
500hPa位势高度 （500-hPa geopotential height）
• 极涡(Polar vortex) • 槽(trough) • 脊(ridge) (ridge) • 副热带高压 (subtropical high)
Fig.8.2
8.1.3 垂直结构 （Vertical Structure）
a. 高空图（Upper level charts） b. 探空图（Soundings） c. 垂直剖面图（Vertical cross sections）
a. 高空图
图8.22 00时
D
图8.23
图8.24
b. 锋区探空
冷锋后
Fig.8.10
暖锋
Fig.8.11
锢 囚 锋
Fig.8.13
3小时变压
Fig.8.14
e. 地面天气
Fig.8.15
Fig.8.16
f. 卫星图像
红外云图
Fig.8.17
水汽通道
Fig.8.18
g. 雷达图像
图8.20
图8.19
图8.21
锋面：
温度：冷暖分界 气压：等压线弯曲 湿度：干湿分界 风：风向转折 （气旋性切变）
图8.41
8.2 地形效应 （Orographic effects）
8.2.1 背风气旋和背风槽的生成 8.2.2 Rossby波沿坡面地形移动 8.2.3 冷空气坝 8.2.4 地形性暴风 8.2.5 地形对降水的影响
8.2.1 背风气旋和背风槽的生成 （Lee Cyclogenesis and Lee Troughing） • 由位涡守恒，气流过山后沿着山脉背风坡 下降时，气柱垂直拉伸和水平辐合将产生 正变涡（涡度增加），从而产生负变压 （气压下降）。 • 如果下坡气流足够强，在山脉的下风方向， 海平面气压场上将会形成地面低压或低压 槽。
大气层中的天气现象云降水和天气系统
大气层中的天气现象云降水和天气系统在大气层中，天气现象是地球上最常见和不断变化的现象之一。
其中，云、降水和天气系统是通过各种气候因素的相互作用而形成的。
本文将探讨大气层中的天气现象，重点关注云、降水以及它们与天气系统之间的关系。
一、云的形成和类型云是大气中可见的悬浮水滴或冰晶的团块。
云的形成是由于大气中的水蒸气在饱和时凝结形成云滴。
在空气中，当空气上升或冷却到饱和时，云就开始形成。
常见的云类型包括积云、层云、卷云和雨云等。
积云是白色、蓬松的云朵，形状像棉花糖。
层云则形成了一层连绵不绝的云层，通常灰色或白色。
卷云常常呈现卷曲的形状，有时会延伸成长。
而雨云则是带来降水的云，通常呈深灰色或黑色。
二、降水的形式和过程降水是指从云中落下的水滴或冰晶颗粒。
根据降水的形式，我们可以将其分为雨、雪、冰雹、霰和雾等多种类型。
降水的过程往往是由云中的水蒸气凝结到足够大的水滴或冰晶，然后落向地面的过程。
雨是一种最为常见的降水形式，当云中的水滴增大到一定程度时，由于重力作用而下落到地面。
雪则是在冷空气中云中的水蒸气先凝结为冰晶，然后再形成雪花飘落。
冰雹是形成在强烈对流云中的冰雹经历层层上升和下降的过程形成。
霰是一种介于雨和雪之间的降水形式，它是由于云中的冰粒在雨滴附近凝结而形成。
雾是由地面上升的水蒸气在接近大气中的饱和处产生，形成微小的水滴悬浮在空气中。
三、天气系统及其影响天气系统是由一系列的气压差异和高空气流的相互作用而形成的，它对地球上的天气变化起着至关重要的作用。
常见的天气系统包括高压系统、低压系统、锋面以及气旋等。
高压系统通常代表着晴朗和相对稳定的天气，因为高压区域空气下沉，形成晴朗的天空。
低压系统则相对不稳定，因为低压区域的空气会上升形成云和降水。
气旋是一种旋转的大气系统，其旋转的方向和速度会对降水和风向产生影响。
锋面是两种不同气团相遇的边界，其附近往往会有降水发生。
天气系统之间的交互作用会导致天气的变幻莫测。
外研版六年级下册英语第二模块天气作文
外研版六年级下册英语第二模块天气作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Wonders of WeatherWeather is one of the most fascinating and ever-changing forces in nature. As a student learning about it in my English class, I've come to realize just how incredible and powerful weather systems are. They can bring scorching heat, drenching rains, blankets of snow, or destructive winds in an instant. Yet weather is also a vital part of sustaining life on our planet. In this essay, I'll share some of the things I've learned about different weather phenomena and why understanding the weather is so important.To start, let's talk about the sun and how it drives all weather on Earth. The sun's radiant energy warms the planet's surface unevenly, causing some areas to become hotter than others. This heating creates winds as warm air rises and cooler air rushes in to take its place. The rotation of the Earth also factors into wind patterns and weather systems. I find it amazing how somethingas simple as temperature differences can lead to gusting winds, towering clouds, and powerful storms!One of the most dramatic weather events is a thunderstorm. They form when warm, moist air rises quickly, cooling and condensing into thick cumulonimbus clouds. The buildup of electrical charges within these clouds eventually triggers lightning bolts that can reach over five miles in length! The rapid expansion of super-heated air along those lightning channels causes the deafening thunderclaps we hear. While thunderstorms can be frightening with their racket of explosive sounds and torrential downpours, I've learned they play a vital role in the Earth's atmosphere and water cycle.Of course, thunderstorms are just one type of precipitation. Gentle rain showers, freezing rain, sleet, hail, and snow are all formed by moisture condensing in the clouds. The difference lies in the atmospheric conditions and temperatures aloft. I'm always in awe watching those tiny droplets of condensation transform into the white blankets of snow that cover the ground in winter. And yet, as beautiful as fresh snow appears, I've also witnessed its danger when heavy accumulations cause trees to topple onto power lines or make roads treacherous.On the other extreme, some of the most powerful weather systems are tropical cyclones like hurricanes and typhoons. With their spiraling winds of over 150 mph and walls of rain, these storms can cause widespread devastation. However, I've learned that these spinning vortexes also play a crucial role in distributing heat and moisture across the globe. The 2022 Hurricane Ian that struck Florida is a sobering example of a cyclone's incredible destructive power.Aside from cyclones, weather can also produce other hazardous conditions. Droughts can parch entire regions for months or years on end, hindering agriculture and straining water supplies. Heat waves bring scorching temperatures that endanger lives, especially among vulnerable populations. And severe thunderstorms can whip up tornadoes - violently rotating air funnels capable of incredible damage along their paths.On the opposite end of the spectrum are freezing winter storms, which can paralyze communities with blinding blizzards, heavy snowfall, and coating surfaces with thick ice. I'll never forget the sight of trees weighed down by ice after a major ice storm a few years ago, resembling sparkling crystal sculptures. As beautiful as some winter weather can appear, it also posesserious risks like power outages, impassible roads, and potential frostbite from the cold.Despite the hazards, I've also come to appreciate the many benefits weather provides. The changing seasons and weather patterns help sustain the incredible diversity of life and environments on our planet. From lush rainforests nourished by humid conditions to polar regions blanketed in snow and ice, this rich variety is only possible thanks to our dynamic weather systems continually replenishing and shifting precipitation, temperature, and climate patterns.Meteorology - the study of weather - has become vitally important in our modern world as we face challenges like climate change, severe weather preparedness, and managing our environment responsibly. Already, I've learned how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation are altering the delicate balance of gases in our atmosphere. This is slowly increasing average temperatures worldwide and destabilizing historical weather patterns.As I look to the future, I know studying weather and climate will only become more crucial. Being able to accurately predict severe storms and long-term patterns will be key to protecting lives and property. And developing sustainable energy solutionsis critical to minimizing humanity's atmospheric impacts. While weather will always retain an element of unpredictable chaos, our scientific understanding and modeling capabilities continue advancing to provide better forecasts and insights.In the meantime, I've gained a profound appreciation for the incredible power and beauty of our planet's weather systems through my studies. From the simple formation of a raindrop to the swirling massiveness of a hurricane, weather continually amazes me with its dynamism and complexity. I eagerly look forward to learning more about meteorology and playing my small part in humanity's efforts to understand, anticipate, and adapt to the breathtaking forces of nature's weather. After all, the weather doesn't just remain aloft in the clouds - it impacts every aspect of our lives here on Earth.篇2Weather Wonders - An Essay about Unit 2Hi everyone! For this assignment, I'm going to tell you all about the second unit we covered in our English textbook - the Weather unit. I thought it was a really cool and interesting topic.The unit started off by introducing some key vocabulary words related to weather and the seasons. We learned words like"sunny", "rainy", "windy", "snowy", "humid", and "freezing". The textbook had colored pictures to go with each word, which really helped me remember what they all meant. There were also illustrations showing the four seasons - spring, summer, fall, and winter. I thought the pictures were beautiful!After learning the basic vocabulary, we moved on to describing different kinds of weather in more detail. I remember one dialogue where two friends were deciding what clothes to wear based on the weather forecast. One friend said "It's supposed to be partly cloudy today with a chance of showers in the afternoon." And the other replied "In that case, I'll need to bring an umbrella!"From examples like that, I learned how to use more complex phrases like "partly cloudy", "chance of showers", "light rain", "heavy snow", and "strong winds". We also covered extreme weather events like blizzards, hurricanes, and heatwaves. While those can be scary and dangerous, I found them fascinating to learn about. Did you know a hurricane is nicknamed a "twister" because of the powerful spinning winds?The unit also talked about how weather influences our daily lives in many ways. Like if it's really hot out, we try to stay inside with air conditioning as much as possible. But if it's cold andsnowy, we can go outside and play in the snow - having snowball fights, making snow angels, sledding, etc. Certain types of bad weather might force schools or businesses to close for safety reasons too.One thing I found really mind-blowing was learning about how weather works and What causes different conditions. Clouds are just masses of tiny water droplets, and different cloud types can signal rain, thunderstorms, or snow. The water cycle explains how water moves through the air, falls as precipitation, and then evaporates back into the air in an endless loop. Wild!We did an experiment to model the water cycle which was super cool. We built a mini setup with a bowl of water, a glass bowl on top, and a lamp shining down to represent the sun's heat. The heat caused the water to evaporate and rise up, where the vapor condensed into water droplets on the inside of the glass bowl. Just like how clouds form from evaporated water vapor in the real water cycle. Science is awesome!Towards the end of the unit, we learned about tools meteorologists use to forecast the weather, like thermometers, barometers, anemometers, and radar. Weather prediction seems like such an important job - we rely on accurate forecasts to know if we should prepare for storms, dress warmly, or maybeplan a beach day. The book showed examples of weather reports and symbols used on weather maps too.My favorite part was when we did a group project making our own weather reports and pretending to be TV meteorologists. We got to be creative with wacky scripts and gestures while still practicing the academic vocabulary. Looking back, I can't believe how much I absorbed about different cloud types, weather patterns, and seasonal changes from just a few weeks on this unit.Overall, I'd say the Weather unit was one of my favorites so far. The hands-on activities, fun dialogues, and amazing science facts made it all feel really engaging and not just like a dry textbook chapter. I never realized how complex and fascinating the study of weather could be! From kinetic rainstorms to glistening snowfalls, the natural world has so many captivating phenomena for us to discover and appreciate. I think the unit taught me to have a greater curiosity and respect for Earth's atmosphere. Thanks for reading, and stay sunny!篇3The Weather Around the WorldWeather is something that affects all of us every single day. No matter where we live, the weather plays a big role in how we dress, what we do, and even how we feel. Some people love hot sunny days at the beach, while others prefer cool crisp autumn days. For me, I enjoy a little bit of everything when it comes to the weather.One of my favorite types of weather is a warm sunny day in the spring or summer. When the sun is shining brightly, it makes me feel happy and energetic. I love being able to go outside without having to bundle up in a heavy coat. Sunny days are great for playing sports like soccer or basketball with friends. We can run around and get exercise without freezing or overheating. The blooming flowers and green trees also make sunny days more beautiful.However, too much heat and sun can be uncomfortable as well. Those really hot and humid summer days can be quite miserable. Sometimes it's so hot that you start sweating as soon as you step outside. The air feels heavy and sticky. Those kinds of days make me want to just lay around inside with the air conditioning blasting. Playing outside becomes difficult when it's excruciatingly hot. That's why I also enjoy cooler weather at times.My next favorite type of weather is what we experience in the fall. I love when the air starts to get crisp and cool, but it's not too cold yet. You can still go outside in just a light jacket most days. The leaves on the trees turn into vibrant shades of red, orange and yellow. Jumping into piles of freshly raked leaves is one of the best parts of fall for me. Carving pumpkins and drinking hot apple cider are other fun traditions I look forward to.One of the most beautiful weather events in my opinion is the first snowfall of the winter. When those first few flurries start drifting down from the sky, it's a magical feeling. I love watching the soft white flakes blanket the ground. The world looks clean and peaceful under a layer of fresh snow. Building a snowman or going sledding are also really fun activities to do on snowy days.However, if the snow keeps piling up day after day, the magic starts to wear off a little. As much as I enjoy playing in the snow, dealing with too much of it can be a hassle. Shoveling heavy snow is definitely not my favorite activity. Having to bundle up in a ton of layers every time you go outside gets tiring as well. And snowstorms that cancel school and activities can be disappointing sometimes.That's why I don't mind when the snow eventually melts away and we get some mild, calm rain instead. The sound of rain falling can be quite soothing and relaxing. Rainy days are perfect for cozying up inside with a good book or movie. Getting caught out in a downpour isn't fun, but the fresh earthy smell afterwards is nice. Just as long as the rain doesn't last too long and cause flooding, I enjoy rainy days.Extreme weather like hurricanes, tornados, and blizzards can be truly terrifying though. Seeing pictures of the destruction that powerful storms can cause is hard to imagine experiencing firsthand. Massive waves, destructive winds, and heavy snowfall are no joke. I'm definitely grateful that where I live we mostly just experience the normal fluctuations between the four seasons rather than those kinds of severe natural disasters.No matter what the weather is like though, there's always something to appreciate about it. Each season has its own unique traits that make it special in its own way. The weather plays a big role in all of our lives whether we realize it or not. It influences the activities we do, the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and so much more. While we can't control the weather, we can choose how to make the most of it.So while hot summer days at the pool are amazing, I also look forward to being able to cozy up with a mug of hot chocolate on a snowy winter day. And as exciting as thunderstorms can be, I'm also happy making mud pies when it's just a gentle rain. The changing weather keeps things interesting and gives us a variety of activities to experience all year round.I feel very fortunate that where I live we are able to enjoy such a nice mix of weather patterns throughout the year. Getting to experience the four distinct seasons is something many people don't get to do. As much as I may occasionally complain about extreme heat, cold, snow or rain, I know I should appreciate the fact that I don't live somewhere with extremely harsh weather all the time. A little variety in the weather makes life much more enjoyable in my opinion.So while I may be wishing for cooler temperatures on a sweltering summer day, I'll try to remember how lucky I am compared to those dealing with hurricanes or drought. And if I'm shivering through a blizzard in the winter, I'll remind myself that warm sunshine and green grass will return eventually. No matter what the weather brings, I'll do my best to go out and make the most of it. Because at the end of the day, the weather impacts all of us, so we might as well learn to embrace it.。
介绍天气和气候英语作文
介绍天气和气候英语作文Weather and Climate。
Weather and climate play crucial roles in shaping our environment and influencing various aspects of our lives. While they are related, they are distinct phenomena with different characteristics and impacts. In this essay, we will explore the differences between weather and climate, their significance, and how they affect us.Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions in a specific place at a specific time, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. It is the day-to-day variation in the atmosphere that we experience, such as sunny days, rainy weather, or cold fronts. Weather conditions are dynamic and can change rapidly, often influenced by factors such as air masses, fronts, and local geography.On the other hand, climate refers to the long-termpatterns and averages of weather conditions in a particular region over an extended period, typically 30 years or more. Climate is determined by factors such as latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans or mountains, and prevailing wind patterns. Unlike weather, which can change from day to day, climate changes slowly over time and is more predictable.The Earth's climate is influenced by several factors, including solar radiation, the composition of the atmosphere, ocean currents, and greenhouse gases. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have also contributed to changes in the climate, leading to global warming and climate change.Weather and climate have profound effects on the environment, ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, and heatwaves, can cause widespread damage and loss of life. Changes in climate patterns can also impact agriculture and food security, as well as water resources and biodiversity.Understanding weather and climate is essential for making informed decisions about how we interact with our environment and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Scientists use various tools and techniques, such as satellites, weather stations, and computer models, to monitor and predict weather and climate patterns.In conclusion, weather and climate are critical aspects of our natural environment that influence many aspects of our lives. While weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, climate describes long-term patterns and trends. Both weather and climate play vital roles in shaping our world and require careful monitoring and management to ensure a sustainable future.。
天气预报 天气系统
南亚高压
• 定义：南亚高压是夏季出现在青藏高原及邻近地区上空的 对流层上部的大型高压系统，又称青藏高压或亚洲季风高 压。
• ㈠ 形成：高原热力作用 • ㈡ 结构特点： • 1.具有行星尺度的反气旋环流 • 2.是对流层上部的暖高压 • 3.具有独特的垂直环流 • 4.具有潮湿不稳定特征，对流活动非常活跃
西太平洋副热带高压
• 副高的表示 （1） 副高脊线：副高内东西风分界线，在副高脊线上，东西 风速为零，我国常用120°E上副高脊线所在纬度变化来表示 副高的南北移动。 （2）副高西伸脊点：500hPa月平均图上， 588线最西端所在 的经度表示副高西伸脊点的位置。 （3）面积指数：取500hPa 月平均图上10°N 以北，110180°E 范围内588线所包含的范围，用来表示副高的强度。
暴雨中尺度系统
暴雨中尺度系统的触发条件
不同高度急流对暴雨的作用
• 超低空南风急流对暴雨的作用
1. 是暴雨区所需水汽的提供者 2. 是暴雨区超低空对流不稳定层结的建 立者和维持者 3. 是暴雨区超低空天气尺度上升气流的 建立者和对流不稳定能量释放的触发者
西南涡的活动
• (1) 西南涡移出的年平均频数占其总数的41% • (2) 移动路径: • ① 向东南移动经贵州、湖南、江西、福 • 建出海，有时会影响到广西、广东； • ② 沿长江东移入海； • ③ 向东北方向移动，经陕西、华北地区 • 出海，有时甚至可进入东北地区。
低空急流
• 定义：是与夏季强降水相联系的、位于600-900百帕之间的水平动量相 对集中的气流带。 日常工作中常把850或700百帕等压面上，风速≥12米/秒的西南风极大
地球科学教案 天气现象和气候变化
地球科学教案天气现象和气候变化【引言】天气现象和气候变化是地球科学中重要的研究领域。
天气现象是指地球上某一特定地区某一时间段内的气象条件，包括温度、湿度、降水、风速等因素。
而气候变化涉及更长时间尺度的气象模式和趋势，包括长期气温变化、极端气候事件频率增加等。
【一、天气现象】天气现象是人们日常生活中经常关注的内容之一。
我们可以通过观察和收集气象数据来了解天气现象的特点和规律。
常见的天气现象包括晴天、多云、阴天、雨天、雪天等。
1. 晴天晴天是指天空无云、阳光明媚的天气。
在晴朗的天空下，我们可以感受到温暖的阳光，这种天气特别适合户外活动。
2. 多云多云是指天空上有云层，但云层并未完全遮挡住太阳。
多云的天气会使阳光变得柔和，不会太刺眼。
这种天气一般是温暖的。
3. 阴天阴天是指天空被厚厚的云层所覆盖，太阳光无法透过云层。
阴天的天气一般较为阴冷，容易给人一种压抑的感觉。
4. 雨天雨天是指降水发生的天气情况。
雨水的形式可以是细雨、中雨或大雨等不同强度的降水。
雨天可能给人们的出行和活动带来一定的不便。
5. 雪天雪天是指气温低于零度时，水汽凝结成雪晶并降落到地面上的天气。
雪天会给地面披上一层洁白的雪花，带来浪漫和欢乐的气氛。
【二、气候变化】气候变化是地球科学中更为广阔的话题，它涉及了更长时间尺度的气象变化和趋势。
1. 长期气温变化气候变化中最明显的就是长期气温的变化。
科学家通过收集和分析大量的气象数据，发现全球气温呈现上升的趋势。
这种变化可能导致极端气候事件的频率增加，如干旱、洪涝等。
2. 极端气候事件随着气候变化，极端气候事件的发生频率也在增加。
比如，一些地区可能会出现更频繁的暴雨和洪涝灾害，而其他地区则可能经历更严重的干旱问题。
这些极端气候事件会对人类的生活和经济产生重大影响。
3. 海洋变化气候变化还会导致海洋环境的变化。
海洋对地球的气候和气象具有重要影响。
随着气候变暖，海平面上升、海洋温度升高等问题成为普遍关注的焦点。
关于天气的介绍英语
关于天气的介绍英语The Enigma of Weather.Weather, a phenomenon that has fascinated and perplexed mankind for centuries, is a dynamic display of atmospheric conditions that constantly change and evolve. It is the combination of various meteorological elements such as temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure that determines the state of the weather at any given time and place. The study of weather and its patterns is known as meteorology, a branch of Earth science that employs a range of tools and technologies to observe, predict, and understand weather systems.The atmosphere, the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, is the medium through which weather occurs. It is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, with trace amounts of other gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone. The interaction of these gases with solar radiation, the Earth's surface, and each other gives riseto the complex array of weather phenomena we experience.Temperature, a key player in weather systems, is influenced by the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, the reflectivity of the surface, and the presence of water vapor and clouds. The distribution of temperature across the globe creates pressure gradientsthat drive wind systems, causing air to move from regionsof high pressure to low pressure.Humidity, another crucial factor, is determined by the amount of water vapor present in the air. High humidity can lead to the formation of clouds, fog, and dew, while low humidity can result in dry, clear weather. The water cycle, which involves the evaporation of water from the Earth's surface, its condensation into clouds, and itsprecipitation back to the surface in the form of rain, snow, or hail, is a crucial process that maintains the humidity balance in the atmosphere.Wind, generated by the pressure gradients created by temperature and humidity differences, plays a pivotal rolein weather systems. It can carry moisture, heat, and pollutants across vast distances, affecting weather patterns far away from their source. Winds can alsointeract with the Earth's terrain, causing localized weather effects such as mountain waves and sea breezes.Precipitation, the fall of water from clouds to the Earth's surface, is a critical component of weather. It can take various forms, including rain, snow, hail, and sleet, depending on the temperature and humidity conditions. Precipitation is essential for life on Earth, providing water for plants, animals, and humans alike.Atmospheric pressure, which is determined by the weight of the air column above a given point on the Earth's surface, also plays a role in weather systems. High-pressure systems are typically associated with clear, dry weather, while low-pressure systems often bring clouds, rain, and windy conditions.The complexity of weather systems is further compounded by the presence of large-scale atmospheric circulationpatterns, such as the Hadley cell and the Coriolis effect. These patterns influence the movement of air and moisture across the globe, shaping weather patterns and climates on regional and global scales.In addition to these fundamental elements, weather can be influenced by a range of natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors include volcanic eruptions, which can inject ash and gases into the atmosphere, affecting temperature and precipitation patterns. Anthropogenic factors, such as climate change, can also have significant impacts on weather systems, altering temperature and precipitation patterns on a global scale.The study of weather is not just about understanding the present state of the atmosphere; it is also about predicting future weather conditions. Meteorologists employ a range of tools and techniques, including weather radar, satellites, and numerical weather prediction models, to forecast weather systems and warn the public of potential hazards such as severe storms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards.In conclusion, weather is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that is influenced by a range of factors, including temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure. The study of weather and its prediction is crucial for understanding our environment, planning daily activities, and protecting life and property from the potential hazards associated with severe weather events. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the atmosphere and the impact of human activities on weather systems, the field of meteorology remains a vibrant and essential area of scientific inquiry.。
ch6-天气与天气系统(网络版)
脊线
脊线 槽线 槽后脊前 下沉运动 晴朗天气
槽线
副高 G
四、天气预报
1、天气预报方法 2、天气预报项目
思考题：
如何利用天气预报为 农业生产、交通运输 和日常生活服务？
复习题
1、什么是天气、天气系统？天气系统主要分成哪四 大类？天气系统分类的主要依据是什么？ 2、西太平洋副热带高压是怎么形成的？其季节性活 动有什么规律？它对我国天气气候有什么影响？ 3、什么是气团？气团是怎样形成的？影响我国的气 团主要哪几种？有什么天气特征？ 4. 冷锋是怎样形成的？有哪几种？主要在什么季节 影响我国？各有什么天气特征？ 5、台风是怎样形成的？台风的结构和天气有什么特 征？试说明台风在我国出现的概况、台风是给工 农业生产带来的灾害及防御台风的措施。
天气预报是根据过去的观测资料、现在 的天气实况和天气变化的规律，预报未来天 气的变化。
一、天气预报制作流程
全球气象观测网
二、天气预报方法 1、天气图法(Weather map)
天气图：把同一时刻、广大地区所观测 到的气象要素值填在一张图上，分析出要素 的等值线，标出有意义的天气系统，就称为 天气图。 • 在天气图，我们可以了解天气系统的分布， 某一地区受哪些天气系统的控制。气象预报 人员根据若干张天气图的连续变化及天气系 统的发展规律，判断出未来天气的变化。
大尺度 水平尺度 （km） 时间尺度 中 纬 度 低 纬 度 >400 几日—几十 日 长波 温带气旋 反气旋 云团 热带气旋 中尺度对流 群 对流单体 边界层涡动 中尺度 4—40 几小时—几 十小时 锋面 飑线 背风波 小尺度 0.04—4 几分钟—几 小时 积雨云 边界层涡动 龙卷 微尺度 <0.04 几十秒—十 几分钟
高一地理知识点天气系统
高一地理知识点天气系统天气系统是地球大气所表现出来的一种气候现象。
它是由于地球的自转和各种能量交换所产生的。
天气系统对人类的生产、生活和交通等方面具有重要的影响。
下面将从气象要素、大气循环和天气现象三个方面介绍高一地理的知识点——天气系统。
一、气象要素1. 温度：天气系统中的温度是指空气的热度，是衡量热能大小的指标。
温度的变化会影响空气的密度、压强和湿度等。
2. 湿度：湿度是空气中水汽含量的多少，通常用相对湿度表示。
湿度的高低会影响降水和云的形成。
3. 气压：气压是大气对单位面积的压力，是衡量大气稳定与否的指标。
气压的变化会导致风的产生和气候变化。
二、大气循环1. 对流层循环：大气的循环在对流层中进行，包括北半球和南半球的两个循环。
它们是由于太阳辐射照射地面，使空气受热膨胀而上升，形成低气压带，然后向高气压带流动，最后下沉形成高气压带。
2. 移动带：在大气循环中，有三个重要的移动带，即赤道低压带、副热带高压带和副极地低压带。
它们的位置会随着太阳的直射位置的变化而移动。
3. 高压带和低压带：高压带多为蓝天白云的晴朗天气，低压带多为多云、降水的天气。
它们的产生和移动会对地面的天气产生重要影响。
三、天气现象1. 风：风是空气由高压向低压流动的现象，是天气系统中的重要组成部分。
风的产生与气压差异和地球自转有关，风向和风速会对天气产生明显的影响。
2. 降水：降水是指空气中水汽凝结成液态或固态，从云层下降到地面的过程。
常见的降水形式有雨、雪、雾和露等，不同的降水形式会出现在不同的气象条件下。
3. 云：云是由水汽凝结形成的气团，是天气系统中常见的现象。
云的种类、高度和形状有助于判断天气的变化和气候的类型。
总结天气系统是地球大气中各种气象要素相互作用的结果。
温度、湿度和气压是天气系统中的重要要素，它们的变化直接影响着天气的形成和变化。
大气循环是天气系统的基础，对流层循环、移动带和高压带、低压带都是天气变化的重要原因。
地理英语词汇大全领略地球上的壮丽风光
地理英语词汇大全领略地球上的壮丽风光地理英语词汇大全-领略地球上的壮丽风光地球是我们生活的家园，它拥有各种各样的自然景观和壮丽风光。
为了更好地了解和描述这些地理景观，我们需要掌握一些与地理相关的英语词汇。
本文将为大家介绍一些与地球上壮丽风光相关的地理英语词汇。
一、山脉与高原 (Mountain Ranges and Plateaus)1. Mountain Range - 山脉2. Peak - 山峰3. Summit - 顶峰4. Cliff - 悬崖5. Valley - 山谷6. Plateau - 高原7. Mesa - 台地8. Butte - 孤立的小丘二、水体 (Bodies of Water)1. Ocean - 海洋2. Sea - 海3. Lake - 湖泊4. River - 河流5. Stream - 小溪6. Waterfall - 瀑布7. Bay - 海湾8. Gulf - 海湾9. Strait - 海峡10. Estuary - 河口三、草原与沙漠 (Grasslands and Deserts)1. Grassland - 草原2. Prairie - 大草原3. Savannah - 热带稀树草原4. Steppe - 大草原5. Desert - 沙漠6. Dune - 沙丘7. Oasis - 绿洲8. Cactus - 仙人掌四、森林与丛林 (Forests and Jungles)1. Forest - 森林2. Rainforest - 热带雨林3. Jungle - 丛林4. Canopy - 林冠5. Trunk - 树干6. Branch - 树枝7. Leaf - 叶子8. Understory - 林下植被五、岛屿与半岛 (Islands and Peninsulas)1. Island - 岛屿2. Archipelago - 群岛3. Peninsula - 半岛4. Cape - 海角5. Bay - 海湾6. Strait - 海峡六、冰川与冻土 (Glaciers and Permafrost)1. Glacier - 冰川2. Iceberg - 冰山3. Crevasse - 裂缝4. Permafrost - 永久冻土5. Tundra - 冻土地带七、火山与地震 (Volcanoes and Earthquakes)1. Volcano - 火山2. Lava - 熔岩3. Eruption - 爆发4. Crater - 火山口5. Earthquake - 地震6. Fault - 断层7. Seismic - 地震的八、天气现象 (Weather Phenomena)1. Thunderstorm - 雷暴2. Hurricane - 飓风3. Tornado - 龙卷风4. Lightning - 闪电5. Hail - 冰雹6. Fog - 雾7. Rainbow - 彩虹九、自然奇观 (Natural Wonders)1. Grand Canyon - 大峡谷2. Great Barrier Reef - 大堡礁3. Mount Everest - 珠穆朗玛峰4. Victoria Falls - 维多利亚瀑布5. Northern Lights - 极光总结：通过学习以上地理英语词汇，我们能够更加准确地描述和了解地球上的壮丽风光。
各类天气现象的英文
【原创】天气现象的英文表达Khubilai2008/10/1以下按照英文字母顺序介绍气象现象（meteorological phenomena）。
air mass（气团）：含有水蒸汽（water vapour）的一定温度（temperature）的大量空气（a large volume of air），包括移动（movement）和锋面（front）。
anticyclone（反气旋）：空气向下移动（descending），形成高压区（a high pressure area）。
arctic cyclone（极地气旋）：也叫polar vortices（plural of vortex）或polar cyclone。
指大面积低压（low pressure），在冬天加强，而在夏天减弱。
clouds（云）：指地球或其它行星大气（atmosphere above the surface of the Earth or other planetary body）中漂浮（floating）的一团可见的液滴（driplets）或冰晶（frozen crystals）。
它也可以是引力吸引的可见物质（a visible mass attracted by gravity），也叫星云（interstellar clouds/nebulae）。
云一般分为两大类：层状云（stratus/stratiform clouds）和积云（cumulus/cumuliform clouds）。
按照高度（altitude），这两类可以继续细分为四个组（group/family）。
高云（high clouds）：包括卷云（cirrus clouds）、卷积云（cirrocumulus clouds）和卷层云（cirrostratus clouds）。
中云（middle clouds）：包括高积云（altocumulus clouds）和高层云（alostratus clouds）。
探索天气认识不同天气和天气现象
探索天气认识不同天气和天气现象天气是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
无论是晴天、阴天、雨天还是雪天，都会对我们的日常活动产生一定的影响。
为了更好地认识不同的天气和天气现象，让我们一同来进行探索。
一、晴天和阴天晴天和阴天是我们经常遇到的两种常见天气。
晴天是指天空晴朗，阳光明媚，没有云朵遮挡的天气。
在晴天里，阳光通过云层直射地面，给人们带来温暖和愉悦的感觉。
人们可以在晴天里进行各种户外活动，如野餐、郊游等。
而阴天则是指天空被云层所覆盖，看不到太阳，天气较为阴暗。
阴天常常伴随着多云、雾霾等天气现象。
在阴天里，阳光被云层阻挡，温度较为低下。
人们常常感到压抑和疲倦，此时可以选择在家内进行一些室内活动，比如看书、写字等。
二、雨天和暴雨雨天是指天空下起了雨。
雨水是大气中水汽凝结而成的水滴，通过重力作用下落到地面的天气现象。
雨天的降水量一般是比较适宜的，会给大地带来滋润和清洗作用。
人们在雨天可以享受到雨水的洗礼，也可以选择一些雨天活动，如漫步雨中、品味热汤等。
而当降水量超过正常范围，雨水密集且强烈，就会形成暴雨。
暴雨会给人们的生活和城市交通带来不便和困扰，也会引发一些自然灾害，如山体滑坡、洪水等。
在暴雨天气里，人们应该注意安全，避免外出或者选择安全通道。
三、雪天和雾霾雪天是指天空下起了雪。
雪是由冰晶通过云层中的水汽凝结而成的物质，从天空中飘落到地面形成白色的雪花。
雪天的到来往往给人们带来欢乐和温馨的氛围，人们可以堆雪人、滑雪等。
同时，雪还会起到一定的保温作用，使得气温较低的地区变得更加温暖。
而雾霾是一种常见的大气污染现象。
在雾霾天气中，大气中的浮尘、颗粒物等污染物混合在空气中形成雾霾。
雾霾天气会使空气质量下降，能见度降低，对人体健康产生负面影响。
人们在雾霾天气里应该注意防护，尽量减少户外活动，保持室内空气的清洁。
通过对不同天气和天气现象的探索，我们能更好地了解和适应不同的气候变化。
同时，我们也应该关注天气预报，做好天气应对措施，确保自身的安全和生活的正常进行。
地理学中的天气系统与气候变化
地理学中的天气系统与气候变化地理学是研究地球表面的自然和人文现象的学科，天气系统与气候变化是地理学中非常重要的研究领域之一。
天气系统和气候变化相互关联，了解其原理和变化规律对于理解地球的动态和预测未来的气候趋势具有重要意义。
一、天气系统天气系统是指地球大气层中的各种大尺度气象现象相互联系和相互作用的总和。
地球的天气系统由许多气压系统、风、云、降水等多种要素组成。
其中最为重要的是气压系统和风。
1. 气压系统气压是指在单位面积上受到大气分子撞击所产生的力。
气压系统是指地球大气层中区域性的高压和低压带。
高压带的气压较大，空气下沉，形成干燥晴朗的天气；低压带的气压较低，空气上升，形成多云、降水的天气。
这些气压系统的相互运动和分布特征是形成天气系统的基础。
2. 风风是水平方向上气压的不平衡所引起的空气运动。
大气中的气压差引起气流的形成，吹动空气的力量就是风。
风是地球大气层中常见的气象现象，具有不同的风向和风速。
风的产生和运动对地球表面的气候和天气有着重要的影响。
二、气候变化气候变化是指长期时间尺度上地球气候系统的变化。
气候变化是地理学研究的重点之一，尤其是全球气候变化的影响已经引起了全球范围内的广泛关注。
1. 温室效应温室效应是指大气中的温室气体阻止地球表面的部分热量向太空散发，导致地球温度升高的现象。
温室气体包括二氧化碳、甲烷、氮氧化物等。
人类活动导致温室气体的排放增加，加剧了温室效应，进而引起气候变化。
2. 全球变暖全球变暖是当前全球气候变化的一个显著特征。
由于温室气体的增加和人类活动的影响，地球表面的平均温度逐渐上升。
全球变暖导致冰川消融、海平面上升、生物多样性减少等问题，对地球生态系统和人类社会产生了重大影响。
3. 极端天气事件气候变化还导致了许多极端天气事件的增多和强度的增强，如暴雨、干旱、洪涝、台风等。
这些极端天气事件对人类的生活、农业、交通等造成了严重影响，也对生态系统造成了巨大破坏。
总结：地理学中的天气系统与气候变化紧密联系，通过研究气压系统和风、温室效应以及全球变暖等现象，我们可以更好地理解和预测气候的变化趋势。
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第三章天氣現象與天氣系統（Weather phenomena and weather system）● 3.1前言在大氣中許多影響吾人生活（Life）與活動（Activities）的狀態（State），統稱為天氣（Weather），它包括大氣所有要素的短期（分至月）變化。
一般而言，天氣指氣溫、濕度、雲、降水、能見度（Visibility）、明亮程度（Brightness）及風場的總體表現。
上述大氣中的狀態，可以一個具有某些特徵的系統(system)代表之，也就是不同的天氣系統都有不同的天氣現象（Weather phenomena）或大氣現象。
這些現象都有不同的空間範圍與不同的生命期。
● 3.2大氣現象之尺度（Scale）圖3-1為大氣現象時空尺度的分布圖。
圖中由A至R分別代表之現象如下：A：塵旋風（Dust devil）B：龍捲風（Tornado）與水龍捲（Watersport）C：積雲（Cumulus cloud）D：下衝風（Downburst）E：陣風鋒（Gust front）F：中尺度氣旋（Meso-cyclone）G：雷雨（Thunderstorm）H：海陸風(land sea / lake breezes)、山谷風(mountain-valleg circulation)、中尺度高低壓meso-high and meso low)I：降水帶(Rain band)J：岸邊鋒（Coast front）K：中尺度對流系統（MCS，Mesoscale convective system）L：低層噴流（LLJ，Low level jet）M：乾線（Dry line）N：爆生氣旋(Bombs)、熱帶氣旋(tropical cyclone)O：西風噴流（Westerly jet），ULJ ( upper level jet）P：地面鋒(surface front)Q：熱帶外氣旋（Extra-tropical cyclone）、反氣旋（Anticyclone）R：斜壓波（Baroclinic waves）、槽與脊（Trough and ridge）其中Q與R屬準地轉領域(regime)。
圖 3-1a 天氣現象的水平空間尺度圖3-1b 天氣系統現象之深度與廣度3.3氣旋尺度擾動與大氣環流設Q 與v 分別代表大氣之特性量（property ）與運動速率，並設二者均包括平均量與偏差量（deviation ），即：Q Q Q '+= ， v v v '+= ， Q 、v ：平均值；Q '、v '：偏差值 Q v Q v Q v Q v vQ ''+'+'+=∴ i.e., Q 之傳輸總量由右邊四項完成。
再取時間平均（time mean ）（以‾表之）：Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v vQ ''+=''+'+'+=∴vQ Q v ≡：兩平均量之積； Q v ''：兩偏差量積之平均 再取圈平均（zonally average ）（以[ ]表之）可得：[][][][][]）2（ ）3（ ）1（ Q v Q v Q v vQ ''+''''+=[]Q v ''''：與緯度平均之差（Deviation from latitude mean ）上式中，（1）[][]Q v：表沿經度（南北向）Q量的傳輸（Transport）；就地轉平衡狀態而言，由於[]v（or[]v）=0，在等壓面上本項為0。
（2）[]Q v''：表（1）之餘項，亦即與時間平均值之偏差，乃駐留渦流（Standing eddies）的貢獻。
（3）[]Q v''''：表與緯圈平均值的偏差，亦即通過某緯圈的移動性渦流（Transient eddies）的貢獻。
由此可知，1.基本上，大氣運動以緯流為主，且因（在北半球）北冷南暖，所造成之「熱力直接環流」（Direct thermal circulation～哈德萊胞，Hadley cell）是由南向北，而後因地轉偏向而形成了西風緯流（Zonal flow）2.造成南北向環流的是駐留或移動性渦流，兩者[]Q v''與[]Q v''''中的時間變量，v'與Q'以及v''與Q''均需有正相關。
3.在赤道附近，南北溫差～0，但太平洋海水溫度西高東低，致東西向溫差反倒比較明顯，這就形成了畢雅可尼（Bjerkness）於1969年由分析所得到的行星尺度（Planetary scale）東西向環流，稱為沃克胞（Walker cell）。
（何以不會偏轉為南北向經流？）大氣環流示意圖如下：由赤道上沃克環流之垂直剖面（Vertical equatorial cross-section of the Walker circulation）圖3-2，可見到聖嬰南方振盪(El Nino Southern Oscillation，ENSO)對該環流的影響。
圖3-23.4氣團與氣團變性（Air mass and air mass transformation）1.定義：氣團指在廣大水平範圍內秉性（以溫度與濕度為主）均勻之空氣體（body）；在上述範圍內，溫濕之垂直變化亦大致相同。
2.源地（Source regions）與分類（Classification）（1）氣團源地之條件：表面均勻，秉性相同。
空氣體常可在當地停留且為輻散區。
（2）重要源地、氣團名稱與代字：極圈，極地大陸，以及熱帶海洋上，凡大氣環流下沈地區均符合上述條件。
（3）白吉龍（Bergeron）以源地為準將氣團分為：(a)極地（Polar），P(b)熱帶（Tropical），T(c)極區（Arctic），A(d)赤道（Equatorial）氣團，E。
為後來加上的一個。
嚴格說它並不符合氣團要件。
另外，以c（Continental）與m（maritime）分別代表發源地為陸地或海洋；k與w代表氣團較下界面冷(kalt)或暖(warm)cP）的影響最大；對東亞大陸沿海與台灣而言，冬半年受極地大陸冷氣團（k夏半年則以熱帶海洋氣團（mT）影響時間最多。
颱風時有E氣團入侵。
3.氣團變性（Air mass modification）氣團生成後會因下述過程而有秉性的改變：（1）與下界面間熱量的交換（exchange）（2）與下界面間水分的交換（3）大尺度垂直運動（large scale vertical motion）（4）擾動之垂直傳輸（eddy transfer along the vertical）在上述過程中，（1）與（2）包括熱與濕的源（source）與匯（sink）對氣團的影響，（3）與（4）則會導致氣團內溫濕之重分配（redistribution），進而改變其內部結構。
由以上分析可知，氣團變性包括溫度，相對濕度，以及穩定度（stability ）的改變，可概分為：a. 熱力（thermodynamic ）變性b. 動力（dynamic ）變性c. 濕度變性d. 混合變性氣團變性程度與其路徑關係密切。
● 3.5中緯度綜觀天氣系統 1. 反氣旋（Anticyclone ）（1） 熱力高壓，即大陸高壓（Continental high ）：亦稱極地（polar ）大陸（冷）高壓；為冷心、平淺之反氣旋，具有較低（5～8公里）、較暖（C C 60~50--）之對流層頂（tropause ）。
冷卻（cooling ）為主要的成因。
發生於西風帶以北，與熱帶外氣旋（extra-tropical cyclone ）共成一個系統，並隨西風波移動。
（2） 動力高壓：暖心，具有高（12～17公里）、冷（C C 80~65--）對流層頂與較冷之平流層，大範圍下沈為主要成因。
副熱帶高壓為其代表。
（3） 混合型高壓：具有極地高壓之低對流層冷空氣，與動力高壓之高冷對流層頂，通常相當強。
此型高壓一般發生於N 50附近；在較低緯度，由於缺少低層冷空氣，不易形成。
2. 熱帶外氣旋（extra-tropical cyclone ），亦即中緯度氣旋。
其中心溫度較周圍低，即為冷心之低壓系統。
通常伴有鋒面（Front ）。
3. 熱低壓（Thermal low ）：中緯度夏季內陸地面加溫所形成之暖心低氣壓。
由流體靜力方程得：Kp p KT z z z dz RTg p d RT p p gdz RT p gdz dp gpm67.442K ， )ln(ln RT ， 2121==∆≡-==⇒=-=-=*****ρρρi.e., 二定壓面間厚度與該層空氣之平均虛溫（K ）成正比。
所以暖心低壓與冷心高壓之強度隨高度遞減；冷心低壓與暖心高壓之強度則隨高度遞增。
● 3.6 認識天氣圖，圖3-3a 、圖3-3b3.6.1 地面天氣圖：在平均海平面(Mean Sea Level ，MSL ）上分析氣壓、風、溫度、濕度（Td ）、雲、天氣系統與現象，圖3-3c3.6.2 高空圖：在選定之定壓(925，850，700，500，300，250及100hpa)面上分析高度，溫度，風。
3.6.3厚度圖(thickness chart)，圖3-4；3.7輔助圖3.7.1 斜溫圖(skewT-log p diagram)，圖3-5；3.7.2 風徑圖(hodograph)，圖3-5；3.7.3衛星雲圖，圖3-7；3.7.4 風花圖（wind ross）。
圖3-3 八十六(1997)年十二月九日0000UTC 天氣圖(寒流)。
十一月中旬200 hpa 南亞高壓仍在偏暖。
十二月上旬消失八十六年十二月寒流12.2-3涼12.4-暖(正2STD) 12.8-11冷(負2STD，寒流) 12.7鋒面到降水：Taipei 52.0mm 松山47mm 台南4.0mm(等於平均一旬雨量)圖3-3a 地面分析圖圖3-3b 500 hpa分析圖圖3-3c颱風與東北季風共伴效應；18.19日北基宜風雨大，18日台中乾強風吹襲圖3-4 700-500 hpa厚度圖圖3-5 斜溫圖圖3-6 風徑圖圖3-7 1994.08.23 1500L GMS衛星雲圖(台北西南方發生午後雷陣雨)圖3-8 天氣圖分析案例 a.地面圖b. 500 hpa 高空圖c.700hpa至300hpa平均流場。