英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
现代英语词汇学
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
III. 英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系
2. 习语的意义和构成这个习语的词的意义有一定联系 常带有隐喻和明喻色彩
to stab in the back 在背后用匕首此人——暗箭伤人 a dog in the manger 占着马槽的狗——占着茅坑不拉屎的人 to kill two birds with one stone —— 一石二鸟、 一箭双雕
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
Examples:
under the weather leave in the air使…悬而未决 do up brown 把…彻底搞好 show the white feather显示胆怯 diamond cut diamond Rank and file 普通成员
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
4. 副词性习语
heart and soul 全心全意（N+ and + N) bag and baggage 完全地 in a breeze 轻而易举地 (prep + N) with a flying colors 出色地 between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷 （prep +N+ and +N)
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
II. 英语习语的分类 1. 动词习语
1）动词+小品词
They tried to find ways of getting round （逃避）the tax laws. （V + prep) He is letting himself in for (使…陷于…) trouble. (v+ adv+ prep) He could hardly sit down under （忍受）that kind provocation. (v+ adv+ prep)
英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
Chapter 8 English Idioms 英语词汇学 教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people:
❖ in deep water, tide over, take the helm by seamen;
❖ kill two birds with on stone, if you run after two hares, you will catch neither used by hunters;
❖ Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms
❖ Replacement ❖ Addition or deletion ❖ position-shifting ❖ shortening ❖ dismembering.
First
❖ Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
Introduction
❖ for example: ❖ fly off the handle, put up with ❖ In a broad sense, idioms may include
Rhetorical Features
❖ Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as:
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
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❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
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❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
英语词汇学串讲资料（unit8-完）
Unit Eight: Changes in Word MeaningVocabulary is the most unstable element of a language. It has been undergoing constant changes both in form and content and these changes are characterized by the following modes:1 Extension/Generalization, a process in which the specialized meaning has become generalized1) from specific to general picture, a painting or drawing—photo film or anything beautiful rubbish, rubble—waste or worthless thing2) from proper to nouns to common nouns sandwich, Earl of Sandwich, an English nobleman—slices of bread with meat between champagne, a province of East France—white wine3) from concrete to abstract matter, timber, the hard part of tree—substance, material, importance business, state of being busy—one’s employment, trade and getting of money, duty4) words from technical terms to general catalyst, a chemical term—anything triggers an event bomb, a technical term—anything quick or particularly effective2 Narrowing/Specialization, a process by which the word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense1) from general to specific meat, food and drink—flesh of animals as food, excluding that of fish and birds garage, any safe place—building where cars are stored or repaired hospital, place for shelter or entertainment of travelers—place where people are treated for illness or injuries2) from abstract to concrete gear, habits, manners; then, equipment, apparatus—a set of toothed wheels working together in a machine catch, act of seizing and holding a ball—a hook or an apparatus for fastening something3) from common nouns to proper nouns Mediterranean, (of land) remote from coast or (of water) landlocked—The Mediterranean Seas far east, remote area in east—Far East, the area in east Asia3 Elevation/Amelioration, a process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance minister, the head of the government department—humble servant to the king diplomat, person with art and skill at dealing with people and getting them to agree—messenger sending official statement to another part4 Degradation/Deterioration, a process by which words with a commendatory meaning fall into derogatory sense villein, feudal serf—villain, scoundrel/wench, young woman—a lewd woman, prostitute5 SemanticTransfer, a process in which the word used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else paper, an African plant papyrus used to make paper—a flat sheet of substance for writing brigand, light-armed, irregular foot soldier—armed thief, dishonest and deceitful mani. associated transfer: lip of wound/tongue of a bell/nose of a plane ii. subjective and objective meaning transfer:pitiful/hateful/fearful/suspicious iii. transfer of sensation: sweet music/loud color6 Causes for Semantic Changes1) Extra-linguistic Factorsa Historical, change illustrated by a diachronic development car from Latin carrus meaning chariot, a four-wheeled carriage with back seats—a vehicle driven by a motor atom, originally regarded as the smallest indivisible particle of matter—proved to be further divisible with the discovery of proton, neutron and electronb Social, that reflecting the impact of social development intelligence, power of reasoning or understanding mainly referring to human—applied to that of machine as in artificial intelligence democracy, rule by people, in contrast with monocracy or autocracy—used with different senses in different societies and to different peoplesc Psychological, change deriving from various psychological motives of love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, sarcasm, contempt, hatred or respective euphemistic use and associated transfer clown, a performer who acts to amuse people by dressing funnily or with jokes, and tricks—person acts foolishly or stupidly with strong derogative sense copperhead, a venomous snake in North America—a despised person who were secretly aiding and abetting the South in the American Civil War angel, martyr and paradise all have their meanings elevated because of the influence of Christianity2) Linguistic Factorsa Ellipsis, word retained to represent the meaning of a phrase private for private soldier/bulb for light bulb b Associated Transfer, word whose meaning transfers by association fall, descend or go down freely—fall of leaves—autumnc Borrowing,word whose meaning changes because of borrowed words deer, formerly meaning animal—a large fast 4-footed animal, d Analogy, word whose meaning changes because of another word that is like it fortuitous, accidental of happening by chance —lucky, following fortunateUnit Nine: Semantic Changes from the Literal Use to Figurative UseParallel with the generalization and specialization of denotative meaning change and elevation and degeneration of connotative meaning change, another important semantic change is from literal to figurative1 Metaphor, a figure of speech which makes an implied comparison between two unlike elements without the connecting words of like or asImperialism is a paper tiger1) Anthropomorphic, comparison of inanimate objects to the parts of human bodyeye of needle/teeth of comb/lip of cup/mouth of river/nose of car/head of hammer/leg of table/foot of wall/arm of chair/hand of clock/ear of wheat/2) Animal, inanimate objects called after an animala dark horse, one who wins in a race out of expectation black sheep, one regarded with disfavor or shame as compared with others in a group3) Synaesthetic, a direct association between form and meaning of language based on similaritywarm and cold weather (literal)—warm and cold voice (metaphorical) a golden crown (literal)—a golden opportunity (metaphorical) a stormy day (literal)—a stormy quarrel (figurative)2 Simile, a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements with at least one point of resemblance in appearance, quality, action or effect, using connecting word such as like or as He looks like his brother Food is important to people as water to fish3 Metonymy, a language device involving substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it1) according to names of persons Uncle Sam, US government/John Bull, the English nation personified2) according to names of animals the Bear, the Soviet Union/the Dragon, Chinese3) according to names of parts of the body foot, infantry/mother tongue, native language/thumb of sth, the rule, principle of sth4) according to names of professions mass media, newspaper, magazine, TV and radio/bench, the judge5) according to location or building White House/Pentagon/Whitehall/Downing Street/Wall Street/Capitol Hill/Hollywood6) according to abstract words beauty, one who is very beautiful/7) according to the container for the thing bottle, wine/dish, food brought to table8) according to the material for the thing made board, a table where people sit around9) according to ellipsis a daily for daily paper/private for private soldier4 Synecdoche, a figure of speech involving the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part1) the part for the whole We are no longer short of hands (helper) 2) the whole for the part Australia beat Canada in cricket. (the team)5 Euphemism, the substitution of a word with more pleasant connotation for the one with unpleasant connotationwash-room for toilet; lavatory/sanitation engineer for cleaner the call of nature for pass water; urinate or empty the bowels; go on stooluntidy for dirty/unwise for foolish/untruthful for lyingTo h with it for To hell with it/Why on earth not for Why the hell notdownturn for recession for depression for slump for economic crisisFor Reasons of Taboo, a custom of avoiding using certain expressions for religious, cultural or other social concernsIn western countries, people tend to avoid using religious words, thus they say:Goodness/My Goodness/Goodness me/For Goodness’ sake/Thank GoodnessBy Heaven/Good Heavens/Heaven forbid/Heaven knows/Gracious HeavenGracious me/My Gracious/Gracious/My Gum/By Gum6 Personification, a figure of speech in which something impersonal is incarnated with life to act and conductThe pot calls the kettle black/Action speaks louder than words Fire and water are good servants but bad masters7 Rhetorical FeaturesRhetoric refers to the art of speaking or writing by ways of arrangement of word and its sound so as to produce special effect1) Phonetic Manipulation, an arrangement of words with similar or same sound to produce a particular effecta alliteration, the appearance of the same sound in the first two words as in might and main/part and parcelb rhyme, the ends of the same sound in words as in kith and kin/fair and square/A little pot is soon hot2) Lexical Manipulation, the arrangement of words to produce a particular effecta reiteration, the duplication of synonyms pick and choose; select with much care/odds and ends; remnantsb repetition, the reuse of the same word in an expression all in all; totally/out and out; thoroughlyc juxtaposition, the placement of antonyms side by side hit or miss/treat or trick/rain or shine/sooner or laterd miscellaneous manipulation for syntactic effects as contrast/parallelismUnit Ten: Word Meaning and ContextContext of situation refers to the whole set of external world features considered to be relevant in the analysis of an utterance at different levels. It states the meaning of a word in terms of the speech in which it is used. There are following examples:A phatic communion, a speech situation in which the words do not express meaning but a purely social action as “How are you?”B language deictics, expression identifying objects, persons and events in terms of their relations to the speaker in space and time as a spatial relations of here and there/this and that/come and go/bring and take b time relations of now andthen/yesterday and tomorrow c social relations denoting politeness, familiarity or seriousness. They reflect the style of speech which mainly entail the following features4 " > a ) p r o v i n c e , c o n c e r n e d w i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f o c c u p a t i o n o r p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t y b ) s t a t u s , r e l a t e d t o f o r m a l i t y a n d u s e o f p o l i t e a n d c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o c i a l o c c a s i o n s c ) m o d a l i t y , p e r t a i n e d t o t h e c h o i c e o f e x p r e s s i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o r e l e v a n t l a n g u a g e b o d y s u c h a s p o e t r y a n d p r o s e , e s s a y a n d s h o r t s t o r y , m e m o r a n d a , t e l e g r a m s o r j o k e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 15 " > T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s o f c o n t e x t s : l i n g u i s t i c a n d e x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c . T h e f o r m e r i n c l u d e s l e x i c a l a n d g r a m m a t i c a l o n e s a n d t h e l a t t e r c o m p r i s e s t h a t o f s i t u a t i o n , c u l t u r e a n d s t y l e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 16 " > W o r d m e a n i n g v a r i e s a n d t h e v e r y s e n s e o f t h e w o r d i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 17 " > 1 E x t r a - l i n g u i s t i c w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e s p e a k e r s i n t e n t i o n , t h e h e a r e r s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d t h e o c c a s i o n o f t h e u t t e r a n c e .A n d i t m a y e m b r a c e t h e e n t i r e c u l t u r a l b a c k g r o u n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 8 " > 2 L i n g u i s t i c w h i c h c o m p r i s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 1 9 " > 1 ) L e x i c a l , t h e s t a t e i n w h i c h o n e w o r d m e a n i n g i s a f f e c t e d a n d d e f i n e d b y t h e n e i g h b o r i n g w o r d s A s h e e t o f p a p e r / a w h i t e p a p e r / a t e r m p a p e r / e x a m i n a t i o n p a p e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 0 " > 2 ) G r a m m a t i c a l , t h e c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e m e a n i n g o f w o r d i s i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e s t r u c t u r e w h e r e t h e w o r d a p p e a r s T h i s s o r t o f b e h a v i o r s e l d o m b e c o m e s a p e r s o n i n y o u r p o s i t i o n ( s u i t ) W h a t w i l l b e c o m e o f y o u i f t h e c o m p a n y g o e s b a n k r u p t ? ( h a p p e n t o ) D a y d r e a m s h a v e b e c o m e r e a l i t i e s . ( t u r n i n t o ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 1 " > 3 T h e R o l e s o f C o n t e x t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 2 " > 1 ) E l i m i n a t i o n o f A m b i g u i t y H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) H e i s a h a r d b u s i n e s s m a n t o d e a l w i t h I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n ( a m b i g u o u s ) I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n J e a n l i k e s M a r r y . I l i k e M a r r y b e t t e r t h a n I d o J e a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 3 " > 2 ) I n d i c a t i o n o f R e f e r e n t s I w a n t t o t e l l . ( a m b i g u o u s ) I w a n t t o t e l l t h i s t o h i m n o w h e r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 4 " > 3 ) P r o v i s i o n o f C l u e s f o r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 5 " > a d e f i n i t i o n : P e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t a r t l i n g t h e o r y t o c o m e o u t o f k i n e s i c s , t h e s t u d y o f b o d y m o v e m e n t , w a s s u g g e st e d b y D r . C o l e m a n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 6 " > b e x p l a n a t i o n : I t s j u s t o n e m o r e i n c r e d i b l e r e s u l t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s t h o s e t i n y p a r t s o f a c o m p u t e r c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s s i l i c o n c h i p s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 7 " > c e x a m p l e : M a n y U N e m p l o y e e s a r e p o l y g l o t s . M s . M a r y , f o r e x a m p l e , s p e a k s f i v e l a n g u a g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 8 " > d s y n o n y m y : T h e i r g r e a t e s t f e a r w a s o f a c o n f l a g r a t i o n , s i n c e f i r e w o u l d d e s t r o y t h e i r f l i m s y w o o d e n s e t t l e m e n t b e f o r e h e l p c o u l d a r r i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 2 9 " > e a n t o n y m y : A s t h e f i g h t i n g o n a l l f r o n t s r e a c h e d i t s p e a k , t h e e c o n o m y n e a r e d i t s n a d i r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 0 " > f h y p o n y m y : T h e v i l l a g e h a d t h e u s u a l a m e n i t i e s : a p u b , a l i b r a r y , a p o s t o f f i c e , a v i l l a g e h a l l , a m e d i c a l c e n t e r a n d a s c h o o l / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 1 " > g w o r d s t r u c t u r e : C o p e r n i c u s b e l i e v e d i n a h e l i o c e n t r i c u n i v e r s e , r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e g e o c e n t r i c t h e o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 2 " > h R e l e v a n t d e t a i l s : D o g e t m e a c l o p , s h e s a id , s m a c k i n g he r l i p s , b u t h e r b r o t h e r , w i t h a s c o r nf u lg l a n c e u p a t th e b r a n c h e s , s ai d t h a t t he r e w e r e n o n e r i p e y e t . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 3 3 " > U n i t E l e v e n : E ng l i sh I di o m s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 34 " > I d i o m s c o n s i s t o f s e t p h r a s e s a n d s h o r t s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h a r e p e c u l i a r t o t h e l a n g u a g e i n d i s c u s s i o n a n d l o a d e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e c u l t u r e s a n d i d e a s . T h e r e f o r e , i d i o m s a r e c o l o r f u l , f o r c i b l e a n d t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g . T h e y a r e t h e e x p r e s s i o n s n o t r e a d i l y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m t h e i r l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s . I n a b r o a d s e n s e , i d i o m s i n c l u d e c o l l o q u i a l i s m s , c a t c h p h r a s e s , s l a n g e x p r e s s i o n s , p r o v e r b s , e t c . . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 35 " > 1 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 36 " > 1 ) S e m a n t i c U n i t y : A n i d i o m m a y c o n s i s t o f m o r e t h a n o n e w o r d , b u t e a c h i s a s e m a n t i c u n i t y , w i t h t h e w o r d s i n v o l v e d l o s i n g t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 37 " > 2 ) S t r u c t u r a l S t a b i l i t y : U n l i k e t h a t o f f r e e p h r a s e s , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a n i d i o m t o a l a r g e e x t e n t i s u n c h a n g e a b l e . T h e w o r d o r d e r c a n n o t b e i n v e r t e d n o r w o r d r e p l a c e d ; t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n n o t b e d e l e t e d o r a d d e d t o ; a n d m a n y i d i o m s a r e g r a m m a t i c a l l y u n a n a l y s a b l e T h e i d i o m a t i c i t y o f e x p r e s s i o n s i s g r a d a b l e o n a s c a l e w i t h f o r m s o f t r u e i d i o m s , s e m i - i d i o m s a n d f r e e p h r a s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 38 " > 2 C r i t e r i a o n I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 39 " > 1 ) S h i f t / S p l i t T e s t: T h e m a c h i n e t u r n s o n t h e c e n t r a l p i v o t ( r o t a t e ) P o p m u s i c t u r n s m a n y p e o p l e o n ( e x c i t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > 2 ) P a r t i c l e D e l e t i o n T e s t : R o b e r t d r e w o u t 2 0 p o u n d s f r o m h i s s a v i n g s a c c o u n t ( w i t h d r a w ) H i s p r o m o t i o n s t e p p e d u p h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s ( e l e v a t e ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 ) R e p l a c e m e n t T e s t : T h e w e a t h e r r e a l l y m u c k e d u p o u r w e e k e n d ( m e s s u p ) O n e s h o u l d n e v e r t u r n s u p h i s n o s e a t a n y o n e h e d i s l i k e s . ( s h o w d i s d a i n f o r ) i d i o m a t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > 3 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f I d i o m s / p > p b d s f i d = "1 4 3 " > I n t e r m s o f s t r u c t u r e , i d i o m s f a l l i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : 1 ) L e x e m i c I d i o m s ; t h o s e f o r m e d a r o u n d m a i n w o r d s a s l i k e t h e b r e e z e m e a n i n g e a s i l y2 ) P h r a s e o l o g i c a l I d i o m s ; t h o s e c o m i n g i n t o a n e n t i r e c l a u s e s i n l e n g t h a s f l y o f f t h e h a n d l e m e a n i n g l o s e c o n t r o l o f o n e s e l f3 ) S e n t e n c e I d i o m s ; t h o s e e s t a b l i s h e d p o p u l a r s a y i n g s a n d p r o v e r b s a s A l l i s n o t g o l d t h a t g l i t t e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 14 4 " > S t y l i s t i c a l l y , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o r m s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 45 " > 1 ) c o l l o q u i a l i s m , a f a m i l i a r , i n f o r m a l w a y o f c o n v e r s a t i o n a s h a n g i n m e a n i n g n o t g i v e u p 2 ) s l a n g , a k i n d o f e x p r e s s i o n n o t a c c e p t a b l e i n s e r i o u s s p e e c h a s b u c k f o r d o l l a r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 46 " > 3 ) l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n , a f o r m o f l a n g u a g e n o t u s e d i n o r d i n a r y o c c a s i o n b u t f o r t h e l i t e r a c y i n t h e f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t a s b e i t t h a t m e a n i n g e v e n t h o u g h / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 47 " > F o r r h e t o r i c a l p u r p o s e s , i d i o m s a p p e a l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 48 " > 1 ) p h o n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n a a l l i t e r a t i o n a s n e i t h e r f i s h , f l e s h , n o r f o w l m e a n i n g d i f f i c u l t t o c l a s s i f y b r h y m e a s f a i r a n d s q u a r e m e a n i n g j u s t o r h o n e s t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 49 " > 2 ) l e x i c a l m a n i p u l a t i o n a r e i t e r a t i o n a s b i t s a n d p i e c e s m e a n i n g o d d s a n d e n d s b r e p e t i t i o n a s b y a n d b y m e a n i n g g r a d u a l l y c j u x t a p o s i t i o n a s r a i n o r s h i n e m e a n i n g u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > A c c o r d i n g t o f i g u r a t i v e s p e e c h , i d i o m s t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 1 ) s i m i l e a s e a t l i k e a h o r s e m e a n i n g h u n g r i l y 2 ) m e t a p h o r a s c r o c o d i l e t e a r s m e a n i n g s h o w i n s i n c e r e s o r r o w 3 ) m e t o n y m y , a s m a k e u p o n e s p u r s e m e a n i n g r a i s e m o n e y 4 ) s y n e c d o c h e a s e a r n o n e s b r e a d m e a n i n g m a k e a l i v i n g 5 ) p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n a s A c t i o n s p ea k s l o u d e r t h a n w o r d s 6 ) e u p h e m i s m a s p e r f u m e d t a l k m e a n i n g i n d e c e n t t a l k / p > pb d s f i d = "1 52 " > U n i t T w e l v e : E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 53 " > A d i c t i o n a r y i s a r e f e r e n c e b o o k c o n t a i n i n g w o r d s u s u a l l y a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a r r a n g e d a l o n g w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r f o r m s , p r o n u n c i a t i o n s , f u n c t i o n s , e t y m o l o g i e s , m e a n i n g s a n d s y n t a c t i c a l a n d i d i o m a t i c u s e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 54 " > 1 T y p e s o f D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 15 5 " > 1 ) m o n o l i n g u a l , b i l i n g u a l a n d m u l t i - l i n g u a l 2 ) l i n g u i s t i c a n d e n c y c l o p e d i c ; o n e d e f i n e s w o r d s a n d t h e o t h e r e x p l a i n s f a c t s a n d c o n c e p t s 3 ) u n a b r i d g e d , d e s k a n d p o c k e t 4 ) g e n e r a l a n d s p e c i a l i z e d / s u b j e c t 5 ) s y n c h r o n i c a n d d i a c h r o n i c6 ) p r i n t e d a n d e l e c t r o n i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 2 T h e H i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 57 " > T h e h i s t o r y o f E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y b e g a n w i t h g l o s s a r i e s i n t h e M i d d l e E n g l i s h p e r i o d a n d h a v e u n d e r g o n e f i v e p e r i o d s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 58 " > 1 ) M i d d l e A g e s - e n d o f 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , g l o s s a r y - m a k i n g ; T h o m a s C o o p e r s T h e s a u r u s L i n g u a e R o m a n a e o f B r i t a n n i c a e o f 1 5 6 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 59 " > 2 ) B e g i n n i n g o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , h a r d w o r d s d e a l i n g ; R o b e r t C a w d r e y s A T a b l e o f A l p h a b e t i c a l E n g l i s h W o r d s o f 1 6 0 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 3 ) M i d d l e - e n d o f 1 7 t h c e n t u r y , e t y m o l o g i c a l s t u d y ; S t e p h e n S k i n n e r sE t y m o l o g i c a l L i n g u a e A n g l i c a n a e o f 1 6 6 7 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 4 ) 1 8 t h c e n t u r y , s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ; S a m u e l J o h n s o n s A D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 7 5 5 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 5 ) 1 9 t h - 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , i m p r o v e m e n t a n d m a t u r i t y ; / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > a . C h a r l e s R i c h a r d s o n s A N e w D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 3 6 b . T h e O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 2 8 c . T h e C o n c i s e O x f o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f 1 9 1 1 d . N o a h W e b s t e r s T h e A m e r i c a n D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 8 2 8 e . W e b s t e r s T h i r d N e w I n t e r n a t i o n a l D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e o f 1 9 6 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 3 C o n t e n t o f t h e D i c t i o n a r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 1 ) s p e l l i n g i n c l u d e s s t a n d a r d f o r m , a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d v a r i a n t s ; i r r e g u l a r v e r b s ; f o r m s o f c o m p o u n d - - - s o l i d , h y p h e n a t e d a n d o p e n ; s y l l a b i c a t i o n o f w o r d s ; a n d c a p i t a l i z a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 2 ) p r o n u n c i a t i o n : B r i t i s h d i c t i o n a r i e s g e n e r a l l y u s e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h o n e t i c A l p h a b e t a n d A m e r i c a n o n e s e m p l o y W e b s t e r s s y s t e m s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 3 ) d e f i n i t i o n , t h e m a i n b o d y o f d i c t i o n a r y i n w h i c h p o l y s e m a n t s a r e l i s t e d c h r o n i c a l l y w i t h e a r l y m e a n i n g c o m i n g i n f i r s t , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y l i t e r a l u s e a r r a n g e d b e f o r e f i g u r a t i v e , g e n e r a l b e f o r e s p e c i a l , c o m m o n b e f o r e r a r e . T h e a p p r o a c h t o d e f i n i t i o n m a y t a k e t h e f o r m s o f e x p l a n a t i o n s , s y n o n y m s , i l l u s t r a t i v e s e n t e n c e s a n d e v e n a i d i n g p i c t u r e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 4 ) u s a g e c o m p r i s e s u s a g e l e v e l : s t a n d a r d , s u b s t a n d a r d , n o n - s t a n d a r d , i l l i t e r a t e ; s t y l e : f o r m a l , i n f o r m a l , c o l l o q u i a l , s l a n g , b i b l i c a l , p o e t i c ; c u r r e n c y : o l d - f a s h i o n e d , a r c h a i c , o b s o l e t e ; r e g i s t e r : l a w , c h e m i s t r y , m e d i c i n e , B r E , A m E ; c o l o r i n g : a p p r e c i a t i v e , d e r o g a t o r y , e u p h e m i s m , h u m o r , p o m p o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 5 ) g r a m m a r c o v e r s w o r d c l a s s e s , i n f l e c t i o n s a n d s y s t e m o f v e r b p a t t e r n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 6 ) u s a g e n o t e s a n d l a n g u a g e n o t e s U s a g e n o t e s e x p l a i n t h e s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n w o r d s o f s i m i l a r m e a n i n g s ; d i f f i c u l t p o i n t s o f g r a m m a r / p > / d i v > / d i v > d i v c l a s s = " m o r e - b o e " b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > d i v c l a s s = " r e a d _ m o r e _ m a s k " b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > / d i v >。
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit8
14
2. Connotative Meaning:
( 内涵意义）
the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind. E.g.: MOTHER love/tenderness/care GIRL weaker sex/ frail/ prone to tears E.g.: owl/ dragon
18
A foreign-born plumber in the New York City wrote to the Federal Bureau of Standards that he had found hydrochloric acid did a good job of cleaning out clogged drains. The Bureau wrote: “the efficacy of hydrochloric acid is indisputable, but the corrosive residue is incompatible with metallic permanence.” The plumber replied he was glad the bureau agreed. Again the bureau wrote: “ we cannot assume responsibility for the production of toxic and noxious residue with hydrochloric acid and suggest you use an alternative procedure.” The plumber replied he was glad again at the bureau’s agreement wit his idea. Then the bureau wrote :” Don’t use hydrochloric acid. It eats holes out of the pipes.”
英语词汇学PPT全
1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation
英语词汇学课件chapter 8 Meaning and Context
(1) They saw her duck. (2) The ball was attractive.
Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity, e.g.
Chapter 8
Meaning and Context
Context refers to the words around a word, phrase etc., often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
behavior.
(2) become + pron. /n (used as object), meaning ‘suit, befit’, e.g. 1) This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. 2) Sarcasm doesn’t become you.
Context is of great importance for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the whole speech situation as well. Meaning lives in context and the context throws light on meaning. This chapter will discuss the relationship between meaning and context and the ways in which context affects the meaning of words.
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
英语词汇学第八章
Teaching Focus
Types of meaning: extra-linguistic context and linguistic context Role of context: elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents and provision of clues for inferring word-meaning
Linguistic Context
Lexical context The lexemes that co-occur with the wood in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring lexemes. Grammatical context
8.1 Types of Context
Extra-linguistic Context
The context of situation: stating the meaning of a word in terms of the speech situation in which the word is used The entire cultural background Compare the following terms in English and Chinese A trade union Landlord Weekend
Teaching Objectives
Help students understand two types of contexts, the relationship between meaning and context and the way in which context affects the meaning of words, and how to make use of the context.
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (8)
Meaning in the text: 诱惑，诱 使（尤其是得不到的东西）
Tantalus.
e. Argus-eyed.
Argus: the name of a giant in Greek mythology who have 100 eyes.
Modern meaning : 机警的看 守人
Meaning in the text:强求一致
Procrustes.
d. tantalize.
Tantalize is derived from the Greek myth of Tantalus, a son of Zeus. As a punishment, he had to stand in water under a fruit tree. If he reached for food, the branches lifted and if he bent down to drink, the water receded.
Yahoo
Shylock.
A cunning and greedy businessman from Shakespeare’ the Merchant of Venice.
Here it refer to a greedy man who lend money to others and ask for a very high profit
Yahoo.
It is from Guillver’ Travel, the name of a very diguisting animal which is like people
In the text, it is refer to a person who has a very bad character and cause others to hate him or her.
词汇学ppt
令人难忘地；感人地
see him as soon as possible他可以治好你的肺炎，你最好 尽快去找他给你医治 Vi 和解，调停，止息(争吵等) Two hours ago, they healed over and went out for dinner together.两小时前他们停止了争吵，一起到外面吃晚饭去 了
近义词(synonym ) adj.[数]最初的；字首的Premier/original
adj. 令人难忘了；给人以深刻印象的
im我是 press 压 ive四只鹅 我是靠压这4只鹅给人留下深刻印象的
impressive
adj.感人的；令人钦佩的；给人以深刻印象的 Eg: It's an impressive ceremony那是个难忘的仪式 N :impressiveness 令人难忘；印象性；感人 Adv :impressively
n. 苦味；苦难；怨恨
His heart was overflowing with bitterness.他的心中充 满了苦涩 adj. bitter 苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的 She would often romance about her bitter experiences 她总是夸大其词地讲她的痛苦经历
3 近义词(synonym )
.宽恕；宽仁之心condonation
Workmate ['wɜːkmeɪt] n. 同事；工友
work 工作 mateБайду номын сангаас伙伴 类似的有： classmate roommate teammate
Workmate ['wɜːkmeɪt]
1 n. 同事；工友 Eg: His workmate still didn't know what had happened
张维友英语词汇学教程第八章课本
张维友英语词汇学教程第八章课本词汇，又称语汇，是一种语言里所有的（或特定范围的）词和固定短语的总和。
词汇是构建语言的材料，学好词汇是学好英语的关键。
词汇教学一直是英语教学中令教师最为头痛的一个难题。
为帮助教师搞好词汇教学，下面介绍几种词汇教学方法。
利用标音规则教学单词英语属于拼音文字，拼读和拼写是密不可分的，它们之间的联系就是规则。
拼读规则是学习英语的拐杖，是学生认读词汇的金钥匙。
教师应帮助学生通过大量的拼读练习，发现和掌握元音字母和辅音字母在单词中的读音规律，常见字母组合的拼读规则，使学生按有关规律和规则推断单词的读音。
反之，从单词的读音可判断其拼写形式，养成见到单词会读音、听到语音会写词的能力。
在语境中教学单词词语要放在语境中才有生命，才容易记住，才知道用法。
如果没有一定的语境，任何词汇将变得没有意义。
语境包括句子、语篇和上下文。
如：教water这个词，呈现以下的句子。
i’m very thirsty. i want to drink some water. 2、the flowers are dry.i must water them everyday. 从语境中使学生知道第1句中的water是名词“水”，第2句中的是动词“浇水”的意思，从而掌握water 不同的词性和用法。
用构词法教学单词英语主要有三种构词法：转变，即为由一个词类转变为另一个词类。
比如：water 水（名词）―― water 浇水（动词）train火车 (名词) _____ train训练 (动词)open 开(动词) _____ open开着的(形容词)衍生，即为词根加前缀或后缀形成另一个词。
比如：（1）happy――unhappy ―― happiness（2）possible―― impossiblelike____ dislike3、合成，即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。
例如：（1） suit+case= suitcase(2)good +looking= good-looking(3)out+side= outsidein+side= inside(4)make+up= makeup(化妆品)四、用联想法教学单词M18x法就是所指从崭新单词与段小宇的单词之间的联系抓起，将词汇按一定的关系放到一起，同时记忆。
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8.1.2 linguistic context
❖ Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. 语言 语境还可再分为词汇语境和语法语境。
❖ Lexical context This context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. 这种语境是指与讨论中的词一起出现的单 词。这个词的意义经常受邻近词的影响，并被其定 义。
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8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
❖ In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. 从广义上讲，语境还包括 物理环境，这称为非语言语境，包括人物、时间、 地点，甚至包括整个文化背景。
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he concept is complicated and must
involve technical terms in its definition, the author might explain the idea in simple words. That is, he might make a restatement in known words. 如果概念很复杂，而且在其定义中必须涉及 术语，作者应用简单词汇来解释这个概念。 也就是说，他应用常见的单词来重新陈述 。
英语词汇学
Chapter 8
Meaning and context
词义和语境
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8.1 Types of Context 语境的类型
❖ In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 从狭义上讲，语境是指一个词所 在的词群、从句和句群环境，这称为语言语境, 可 以包括一个段落，一个章节，甚至整个一本书。
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8.1.1 Extra-linguistic Context非语言语境
❖ When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context , hardly aware of the non- linguistic context situation, which can often exercise greater influence on the meaning of words than we realize. 当我们谈到语境时，我们通常 想到语言语境，很少意识到非语言语境，非 语言语境对词义施加的影响比我们想象的要 大。
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❖ 3) Example.举例 ❖ In some cases, instead of giving a formal
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❖ Grammatical context In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. 在有些情况下，一个词的意义可能 受其所在结构的影响，这便是我们所称的语 法语境。
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8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
❖ Context clues vary a great deal but can be summed up as follows: 语境线索虽然 差异很大， 但能被归纳如下：
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❖ 1) Definition.定义 ❖ Often we find that the author gives
formal definition immediately after the new term。 我们经常发现作者在新词出现之后马上给出 正式的定义。