电气工程及其自动化专业英语复习资料
电气工程专业英语+unit6资料
Note：①that applies a control signal to the plant为定语从句，修饰the agency。
adj. 手动的 adj. 智能的 相互依存的元件 n. 激励 恒温控制 n. 副翼 n. 方向舵 整流罩
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Elementary Concept of Control Systems
text
A control system is an interrelated collection of elements that directs or regulates (controls) energy or exerts restraint, from a source point to a usage point. To be acceptable①, it must have physical properties and performance characteristics that satisfy all concerned observers. Physical properties can be peculiar to an application, and they are usually subject to② economic constraints presenting their own challenge to the designer. However, different physical systems have performance similarities that logically lead to a unified control-system theory.
电气工程及其自动化期末考试资料(专升本)2020学年专升本大学英语III复习资料
Part I Choose a Chinese Expression in Column B for the word in Column A.(在B 组中结合A组中的单词找一个合适的中文解释) (每题1分，共15分)1．a llow A. 顾客2．o verseas B. 记得，记住3．c ompetition C. 便宜货4．m onth D. 接受5．r emember E. 餐馆，饭店6．i nformation F. 婚礼，结婚7．r estaurant G. 信息8．h elpful H. 目标，目的9．b argain I. 海外的10．textbook J. 机构，组织11．organization K. 教科书12．objective L. 允许13．accept M. 比赛，竞赛14．wedding N. 月份，一个月的时间15．customer O. 有帮助的，有益的Part II Directions: Choose the best answer to complete the sentences (每题1分，共20分)Section A16.Young as she is, Mary is very good at difficult customers.A. handleB. handlingC. handledD. handles17. After explaining his plan in great detail, Bob _______ in main points in a few sentences.A. summarizedB. summarizeC. summarizingD. to summarize18. The doctor insisted that everything would be alright. , I cannot help worrying about the safety of the child.A. InsteadB. AndC. NeverthelessD. While19. After spending a year in Australia, the little girl has gained a good ______ of spoken English.A. dealB. workC. commandD. job20. Though she is nearly 65, Mary does not want to .A. marryB. retireC. workD. sleep21. Einstein once said: “is more important than than knowledge.A. imaginingB. imaginationC.to imagineD. imagination22. The government is taking effective measures to overcome difficulties.A. currentB. corruptC. consentD. content23. The houses in our are very expensive.A. neighborhoodB. neighbourC. neighborsD. nearby24. The result of every accident, however , is a rise in the cost of insurance.A. radicalB. rareC. reluctantD. minor25. He says you are the best candidate.A.by farB. by nowC. by the wayD. by means26. The boat , throwing the boys into the water.A. flow awayB. started awayC. departed forD. turned over27. , the fire was discovered soon after it had started.A. FortunatelyB. GenerallyC. CompletelyD. Absolutely28. all the effort, they did not succeed.A. InsteadB. WithC. In spite ofD. After29. “Is there anything in your personal life which would the party if it becamepublic?”A. disturbB. embarrassC. wakenD. involve30. Parents worry about the harmful ______ of TV violence on their children.A. infectB. affectC. effectD. insect31. I’d like to that students should be allowed more time for independent study.A. proposeB. commandC. arrangeD. steer32. It can be argued, for example, that teaching can be more effectively ifteacher and student taketheir appropriate roles.A. disciplinedB. handledC. accomplishedD. proposed33. A sign at our local church is in wood, with gold lettering, but the isalready fading after three years.A. productB. latterC. laterD. medal34. The river at its mouth where it meets the sea.A. broadensB. extendsC. becomesD. explores35. This new expressway the trip from the city to the capital.A. shortB. shorteningC. to shortenedD. shortenSection B16. Our English teacher takes part in the 800-meter race. Let’s________ him.A. look atB. Cheer forC. come onD. call on17. How many big colleges are there in this city? Let me ________.A. tryB. learnC. doD. count18. What kind of events are you good ________?A. atB. withC. onD. in19. There are two cars here. One is big, and ________ is small.A. anotherB. otherC. an otherD. the other20. He is very ________. He often comes first in shot putting.A. simpleB. strongC. strictD. small21. Look, Lily is on ________ track!A. fiveB. the fiveC. fifthD. the fifth22. Do you often go ________ in the seaA. swimB. swimmingC. swamD. swiming23. May I ask ________ is calling?A. whoB. whomC. sheD. he24. ________ does the plane arrive?A. WhenB. WhatC. WhereD. How25. _____________ will the journey take?A. How oftenB. How muchC. How longD. How about26. Jane has worked there _____________ five hours.A. forB. inC. atD. from27. I received a letter _____________ English.A. inB. toC. fromD. with28. What can I _____________ for you, Madam?A. didB. doneC. doesD. do29.Swimming and painting _____________ two of my special interests.A. areB. isC. wasD. has30. _____________ over the sea can get rather boring after a while.A. FlyB. FlyingC. FliesD. Flied31. Please _____________ me introduce my sister to you.A. giveB. haveC. letD. ask32. You should fill in this application _____________ very carefully.A. passportB. letterC. visaD. form33. _____________ to the Chinese Culture Club. You can learn Beijing opera here.A. ComingB. WelcomeC. Well comeD. Will come34. The monitor takes care _____________ the class.A. ofB. inC. atD. over35. The big tree _____________ a lot of red apples.A. bearsB. wearsC. growsD. takesPart III Reading Comprehension (每题共40 分)Section A Reading and Blank-filling(每题1分，共10分)Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required toselect one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet.I like the street market in the city center in this small American town. It often36. _____________ me of the open-air market in my hometown. The market is full of sounds. The music plays 37. _____________, and people are calling to their friends. There are lots of different 38. _____________, too--- fried onions, coffee and fresh bread. All kinds of things are for 39. _____________ there --- food and vegetables, shoes and dresses, CDs and clocks. And there are all kinds of people doing 40. _____________ things --- selling, buying, talking, eating, trying on clothes, and just walking around.I went there with my 41. _____________ friend Bill last Saturday afternoon. We walked through the 42. _____________ slowly, looking at this and that. Suddenly, when we turned a corner, we found the sky 43. _____________ with colored hands: blue, red, pink, yellow, 44._____________ and white. I was so surprised that I stopped short with my mouth open. But I soon smiled and took out my 45. ____________: --- What a wonderful view, with all those beautiful gloves dancing in the sun.Section B Reading in Depth (每题2分，共20分)Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your choice on the Answer Sheet.第一部分Passage 1Some cities have planned their transportation systems for ear owners. That is what Los Angeles did. Los Angeles decided to build highways for cars rather than spending money on public transportation.This decision was suitable for Los Angeles. The city grew outward instead of upward. Los Angeles never built many tall apartment buildings. Instead, people live in houses with gardens.In Los Angeles, most people drive cars to work. And every car has to have a parking space. So many buildings where people work also have parking tots.Los Angeles also became a city without a Central Business District (CBD). If a city has a CBD, crowds of people rush into it every day to work. If people drive to work, they need lots of road space.So Los Angeles developed several business districts and built homes and other buildings in between the districts. This required more roads and parking spaces.Some people defend this growth pattern. They say Los Angeles is the city of the future.46. According to the passage, Los Angeles is a city where ______.A. there is no public transportation systemB. more money is spent on highways for carsC. more money is spent on public transportation systemsD. public transportation is more developed than in other cities47. "The city grew outward instead of upward" (Line 1, Para. 2) means ______.A. the city became more spread out instead of growing tallerB. there were fewer small houses than tall buildingsC. rapid development took place in the city centerD. many tall buildings could be found in the city48. According to the passage, if a city has several business districts, ______.A. people won't have to drive to work every dayB. there have to be more roads and parking spacesC. companies would be located in between the districtsD. there would be no need to build parking spaces within the districts49. According to the growth pattern of Los Angeles, homes were mainly built ______.A. in the city centerB. along the main roadsC. around business districtsD. within the business districts50. The passage is mainly about ______.A. the construction of parking spaces in Los AngelesB. the new growth pattern of the city of Los AngelesC. the public transportation system in Los AngelesD. the problem of traffic jams iii Los AngelesPassage 2What makes a person a scientist? Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others? The answer is “no”. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate, how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further, he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works.The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the Theory of Relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was later tested through investigations, and Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurements. Then the measurementsare used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.51. What makes a scientist according to the passage? ________A. The tools he uses.B. The way he uses his tools.C. His ways of learning.D. The various tools he uses.52. The underlined part in the passage shows_______.A. the importance of informationB. the importance of thinkingC. the difference between scientists and ordinary peopleD. the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs53. A sound scientific theory should be one that _________.A. works not only under one set of conditions at one time, but also under the sameconditions at other timesB. does not allow any changes even under different conditionsC. can be used for many purposesD. leaves no room for improvement54. The author quotes the case of Albert Einstein to illustrate __________.A. that measurements are keys to success in scienceB. that accuracy of mathematicsC. that investigations are important in scienceD. that the mathematical calculations may test his investigations55. What is the main idea of the passage? ________A. The theory of relativity.B. Exactness is the core of science.C. Scientists are different from ordinary people.D. Exactness and ways of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.第二部分：Passage 1Perhaps you are going to finish school soon and, like many other students, youwant to further your study abroad. Here are some points you should remember if you intend to apply for a scholarship to study in the United States of America.First of all, you will have to ask for an application form, fill in the form with great care, and then send it in with a copy of your school records. After that, you will have to ask your teachers to write some letters of reference. You will also need to take some tests such as TOEFL and GRE. You may apply to several universities at the same time. Overseas students in the States are not allowed to work in their spare time except in the summer.46. This passage is taken from a book for _______.A. professors visiting AmericaB. people who are going to work in AmericaC. American students who are going to graduateD. those who want to study in American universities47. The passage is mainly about how to _____________A. get a jot.B. take TOEFL.C. write a resumeD. apply for a scholarship.48. What is the first step to take in applying to an American university?A. To send school records.B. To write to ask for an application form.C. To provide the TOEFL score report.D. To supply letters of reference.49. What else is needed to be sent with the application form?A. School records.B. TOEFL score reports.C. Reference letters.D. Work permit.50. Which of the following statements is true?A. Overseas students are allowed to work in their spare time in the United States.B. You don’t need reference letters for application.C. Summer is the time when foreign students can work in their spare time.D. You cannot apply to several universities at the same time in the United States. Passage 2As there are so many nationalities in American, people can find almost any kind of restaurants in most of the large cities. The telephone book lists restaurants for each city according to the name, area of the city, or kind of food. Restaurants in large cities vary greatly in price. Many restaurants put up their menus on the window, and you are not sure about how expensive the place is, ask to see a menu before you sit down at a table, or just ask about the price. Appearances from the outside can be misleading--- what looks like a smell, informal restaurant may really be very expensive, and what looks like a large, expensive restaurant may be very reasonable.You can get a meal for about $4 or $5 or a little more if you eat in a snack bar of coffee shop, but in most city restaurants you should expect to pay $8 to $10 a person for dinner, with alcoholic drinks and wine extra. Prices in New York City are even higher.51. Restaurant in each city are listed in the telephone book according to __________.A. area of the cityB. name of the restaurantC. kind of foodD. any of the above52. Where can you see the menus in many restaurants?A. On the tables.B. On the door.C. On the window.D. On the walls53. To let people get some idea of __________, many restaurants have their menuput up on the window.A. the price of the foodB. the area of the cityC. the restaurantD. the kind of service provided54. In most city restaurants, what is the usual dinner price for a person?A. $4 to $6B. $4 to $8C. $6 to $8D. $8 to $1055. What does the passage intend to tell us?A. Prices in New York are very even higher.B. Restaurants in big cities vary greatly in price.C. Appearances of the restaurant from the outside can give you some wrong idea.D. Any kind of restaurants can be found in most of the large cities.Section C skimming and scanning (每题2分，共10分)Directions: Decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage .When you go shopping, there are three points you should remember in order to save money.First, read as many shopping ads as you can. In this way, you’ll have a clear picture of where to buy things at the lowest prices. If you are lucky, you’ll get go od bargains at even lower prices than you expected.Second, collect some coupons which offer discounts. With these coupons, you can save some money.Third, you must remember that prices vary from store to store and from time to time. When you visit open-air markets, flea markets, or yard sales, the prices of some goods are not final. There are always changes that you can get good buys by bargaining or asking for discounts.Remember these points when you go shopping, and you’ll save money.( ) 56. You can bargain over the prices of goods at most open-air markets( ) 57. You can save money by collecting more coupons.( ) 58. Prices may be different in different stores and different times.( ) 59. Shopping ads will help you to buy things at a lower price.( ) 60. The three suggestions given will help you make money.Part IV Translate the following sentences into English (每题3分，共15分)Section A61. 在生活中，我们最愚蠢的行为就是太执着于自己的东西，不愿意放弃。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语专业英语-11
Words and Expressions 4
• primary protection 主保护 • backup protection 后备保护 • overcurrent protection 过电流保护 • distance protection 远距离保护 • step-distance protection 分段式距离 保护 • loss-of-field protection 失磁保护 • out-of-step protection 失步保护 • pilot protection 纵联保护
当一个保护系统作为其他保护的后备系 统时，有必要使其后备保护动作减慢， 使主保护在后备系统动作以前，可以在 规定时间内切除故障。
Sentences 6
6 A secure relay is one that will not operate for conditions for which it is not intended to operate.
继电器以电流、电压或其他输入信号确 定应执行哪一个动作，来确定系统是否 存在故障。
Sentences 4
4 A fault in that zone must be isolated by tripping circuit breakers X and Y. While the breaker X is near the transformer and can be tripped locally, Y is remote from the station, and some form of communication channel must be used to transfer the trip command to Y.
Words and Expressions 2
电气工程及其自动化专业英语
time-invariant 时不变的
self-(or mutual-)induction 自（互）感
displacement current 位移电流 conductance 电导
voltage drop 电压降 volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性
metal-filament lamp 金属丝灯泡
seen, increase of current from zero to
I≈I1 causes the terminal voltage of the source to decrease linearly
V12=V=E－VS=E－RSI
Fig.1.3
In other words, the voltage drop VS across the source resistance rises in proportion to the current. This goes on until
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第三章section_3-2
Section 2 The DC-DC Converters
Text New Words and Expressions Transition of part of speech Exercises End
Section 2 The DC-DC Converters
Section 2 The DC-DC Converters
If the duty ratio D is made a linear function of uC, a control voltage
D = ku C
U o = (kU S )u C
(3-6)
The output voltage is then a linear function of the control voltage. This is also the principle of switchmode linear amplifier. The gain of this amplifier is determined by the input dc source voltage. Neglecting the power losses in the circuit elements, we could use the equation of the balance of power
Section 2 The DC-DC Converters
US I S = Uo Io
− −
(3-7)
where IS is the average current from the DC source. Hence,
Io
−
=
电气工程及其自动化专业英语
电气工程及其自动化专业英语Section I basic electric circuitChapter 1 Introduction to electric circuitsNew Words and Expressions1. electrical circuit n. 电路2. voltage n. 电压，伏特3. curre nt n. 电流，通用的，流通的，现在的4. curre nt flow n. 电流5. resistor n. 电阻，电阻器6. battery n. 电池7. load n. 负载，负荷8. performa nee n. 性能9. circuit diagram n. 电路图10. idealized model n. 理想模型Introduction*A simple circuit and its components.idealized model of the circuit*Model can be cha nged if n ecessary.*summarizeIn elementary physics classes you undoubtedly have been introduced to the fun dame ntal con cepts of electricity and how real comp onen ts can be put together to form an electrical circuit. A very simple circuit, for example, might consist of a battery, some wire, a switch, and an incandescent light bulb as shown in Fig.1-1. The battery supplies the en ergy required to force electro ns around the loop, heati ng the filame nt of the bulb and caus ing the bulb to radiate a lot of heat and some light.Energy is transferred from a source, the battery, to a load, the bulb———You probably already know that the voltage of the battery and the electrical resista nee of the bulb have something to do with the amount of curre nt that will flowin the circuit. From your own practical experienee you also know that no current will flow until the switch is closed. That is, for a circuit to do anything, the loop has to be completed so that electro ns can flow from the battery to the bulb and the n back aga in to the battery. And fin ally, you probably realize that it doesn t much matter, whether there is on e foot or two feet of wire connecting the battery to the bulb, but that it probably would matter if there is a mile of wire between it and the bulb.Also shown in Fig. 1-1 is a model made up of idealized components. The batteryis modeled as an ideal source that puts out a constant voltage, VB, no matter what amount of curre nt, i, is draw n. The wires are con sidered to be perfect con ductors that offer no resista nee to curre nt flow. The switch is assumed to be ope n or closed. There is no arcing of curre nt across the gap whe n the switch is ope ned, nor is there any bounce to the switch as it makes con tact on closure. The light bulb is modeled as a simple resistor, R, that never changes its value, no matter how hot it becomes or how much curre nt is flow ing through it.Fig. 1-1 (a) A simple circuit(b) An idealized represe ntati on of thecircuitFor most purposes, the idealized model shown in Fig. 1-1b is an adequate represe ntati on of the circuit; that is, our prediction of the current that will flow through the bulb whenever the switch is closed will be sufficiently accurate that we can consider the problem solved. There may be times, however, when the model is in adequate. The battery voltage, for example, may drop as more and more curre nt is drawn, or as the battery ages. --------------------------------- T he light bulb' s resistance may change as it heats up, and the filame nt may have a bit of inductance and capacitance associated with it as well as resistance so that when the switch is closed, the current may not jump in sta ntan eously from zero to some fin al, steady state value. The wires may beundersized, and some of the power delivered by the battery may be lost in the wires before it reaches the load. These subtle effects may or may not be important, depending on what we are trying to find out and how accurately we must be able to predict the performa nee of the circuit. If we decide they are importa nt, we can always cha nge the model as n ecessary and then proceed with the an alysis. The point here is simple. The comb in ati ons of resistors, capacitors, in ductors, voltage sources, curre nt sources, and so forth, that you see in a circuit diagram are merely models of real comp onents that comprise a real circuit, and a certa in amount of judgme nt is required to decide how complicated the model must be before sufficie ntly accurate results can be obta in ed. For our purposes, we will be using very simple models in general, leav ing many of the complicati ons to more adva need textbooks.Chapter 2Definitions of key electrical quantitiesNew Words and Expressionscharge n. vt.电荷；充电nu cleus n.原子核(pl.); nuclear adj.n egative n.否定，负数，底片adj.否定的，消极的，负的，阴性的positive adj.［数］正的adj.［电］阳的in gen eral 通常,大体上，一般而言，总的说来algebraic adj.代数的，关于代数学的soluti on to the circuit problem n.关于电路问题的解法the un its of power n.功率的单位direct curre nt (dc) n 直流电alter nat ing curre nt(ac) n.交流电sinu soidally adv.正弦地tran sistor n.晶体管Part 1 Charge and CurrentAn atom con sists of a positively charged nu cleus surro un ded by a swarm of n egativelycharged electr ons. The charge associated with one electr on has bee n found to be 1.602 x 10- 19 coulombs; or, stated the other way around, one coulomb can be defined as the charge on 6.242 x 1018 electro ns. While most of the electr ons associated with an atom are tightly bound to the nu cleus, good con ductors, like copper, have free electrons that are sufficie ntly dista nt from their nu clei that their attract ion to any particular n ucleus is easily overcome. These con ducti on electr ons are free to wan der from atom to atom, and their moveme nt con stitutes an electric curre nt.In a wire, when one coulomb ' s worth of charge passes a given spot in one second, the current is defined to be one ampere (abbreviated A), named after the nineteenth-century physicist Andr ' e Marie Amp'ere. That is, curre nt i is the net rate of flow of charge q past a point, or through an area:i=d q/d t (1.1)In general, charges can be negative or positive. For example, in a neon light, positive ions move in one direct ion and n egative electr ons move in the other. Each con tributes to curre nt, and the total curre nt is their sum. By conven ti on, the direct ion of curre nt flow is take n to be the direct ion that positive charges would move, whether or not positive charges happen to be in the picture. Thus, in a wire, electrons moving to the right constitute a current that flows to the left, as shown in Fig.1-2.(〉)dq--- / =—dtFig. 1-2 By conven tio n, n egative charges movi ng in one direct ion con stitute a positive curre ntflow in the opposite direct ionW/hen charge flows at a steady rate in one direction only, the current is said to be direct current, or 血A battery, for example, supplies direct curre nt. When charge flows back and forth sinusoidally, it is said to be alternating current, or ac. In the United States the ac electricity delivered by tes of ac and dc are show n in Fig.1-3.Time ―(a)Fig. 1-3 (a) Steady-state direct curre nt (de) (b) Alter nat ing curre nt(ac)Part 2 Kirchhoff' s Current LawTwo of the most fun dame ntal properties of circuits were established experime ntally a cen tury and a half ago by a Germa n professor, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824 - 1887). The first property, known as Kirchhoff ' s current law (abbreviated KCL), states that at every instant of time the sum of the curre nts flow ing into any node of a circuit must equal the sum of the curre nts leavi ng the no de, where a node is any spot where two or more wires are join ed. This is a very simple, but powerful con cept. It is in tuitively obvious once you assert that curre nt is the flow of charge, and that charge is con servative—n either being created nor destroyed as it en ters a no de. Uni ess charge somehow builds up at a no de, which it does not, the n the rate at which charge en ters a node must equal the rate at which charge leaves the no de.There are several alter native ways to state Kirchhoff ' s curre nt law. The most com monly used stateme nt says that the sum of the curre nts flow ing into a node is zero as show n in Fig. 1-4a, in which case some of those curre nts must have n egative values while some have positive values. Equally valid would be the stateme nt that the sum of the curre nts leav ing a node must be zero as show n in Fig. 1-4b(aga in some of these curre nts n eed to have positive values and some n egative). Fin ally, we could say that the sum of the curre nts en teri ng a node equals the sum of the curre nts leav ing a node (Fig. 1-4c). These are all equivale nt as long as we un dersta nd what is meant about the directi on of curre nt flow whe n we in dicate it with an arrow on a circuit diagram. Curre nt that actually flows in the directi on show n by the arrow is give n a positive sig n. Curre nts that actuallyflow in the opposite direct ion have n egative values.(a) The sum of the curre nts into a node equals zero(b) The sum of the curre nts leav ing the node is zero(c) The sum of the curre nts en teri ng a node equals the sum of the curre nts leavi ng the node Note that you can draw curre nt arrows in any directio n that you want — that much is arbitrary — but once havi ng draw n the arrows, you must the n write Kirchhoff ' s curre nt law in a manner that is con siste nt with your arrows, as has bee n done in Fig.1-4. The algebraic soluti on to the circuit problem will automatically determ ine whether or not your arbitrarily determ ined direct ions for curre nts were correct.Example 1.1 Using Kirchhoff ' s Current LawA node of a circuit is shown with current direction arrows chosen arbitrarily. Havingpicked those directi on s, i1 = - 5 A, i2 = 3 A, and i3 = - 1 A. Write an expressi on for Kirchhoff ' s current law and solve for i4.Solution. By Kirchhoff ' s current law,i1 + i2 = i3 + i4 so thatThat is, i4is actually 1 A flowi ng into the no de. Note that i2, i3, and i4 are all en teri ng the no de, and i1 is the only curre nt that is leavi ng the no de.Part 3 Kirchhoff ' s Voltage LawElectr ons won ' t flow through a circuit uni ess they are give n some en ergy to help send them on their way. That “ push ” is measured in volts, where voltage is defi ned to be the amount nodenodenode1 + i4 i4 = - 1 AFig. 1-4 lllustrating various ways that Kirchhoff ' s current law can be statedof en ergy (w, joules) give n to a un it of charge,v=dw/dq A 12-V battery therefore gives 12 joules of en ergy to each coulomb of charge that it stores. Note that the charge does not actually have to move for voltage to have meaning. Voltage describes the potential for charge to do work.While curre nts are measured through a circuit comp onent, voltages are measured across componen ts. Thus, for example, it is correct to say that curre nt through a battery is 10 A, while the voltage across that battery is 12 V. Other ways to describe the voltage across a comp onent in clude whether the voltage rises across the comp onent or drops. Thus, for example, for the simple circuit in Fig. 1-1, there is a voltage rise across the battery and voltage drop across the light bulb. Voltages are always measured with respect to someth ing. That is, the voltage of the positive terminal of the battery is“ so many volts ” with respect to the negative terminal; or, the voltage at a point in a circuit is some amount with respect to some other poin t. In Fig. 1-5, curre nt through a resistor results in a voltage drop from point A to point B of VAB volts. V A and VB arethe voltages at each end of the resistor, measured with respect to some other point.The reference point for voltages in a circuit is usually desig nated with a ground symbol. While many circuits are actually groun ded — that is, there is a path for curre nt to flow directly into the earth —some are not (such as the battery, wires, switch, and bulb in a flashlight). When a ground symbol is show n on a circuit diagram, you should con sider it to be merely a reference point at which thevoltage is defi ned to be zero. Fig.1-6 points out how cha nging the node labeled as ground cha nges the voltages at each node in the circuit, but does not cha nge the voltage drop across each comp onent.(1-2)Fig. 1-5 The voltage drop from point A to point B is V AB, where VAB = VA - VBThe sec ond of Kirchhoff ' s fun dame ntal laws states that the sum of the voltages around any loop of a circuit at any instant is zero. This is known as Kirchhoff ' s voltage law (KVL). Just as was the case for Kirchhoff ' s curre nt law, there are alter native, but equivale nt, ways of stat ing KVL. We can, for example, say that the sum of the voltage rises in any loop equals the sum of the voltagedrops around the loop. Thus in Fig. 1-6, there is a voltage rise of 12 V across the battery and avoltage drop of 3 V across R1 and a drop of 9 V across R2. ------------- Notice that it doesn' t matterwhich node was labeled ground for this to be true. Just as was the case with Kirchhoff ' s current law, we must be careful about labeli ng and in terpret ing the sig ns of voltages in a circuit diagram in order to write the proper vers ion of KVL. A plus (+) sig n on a circuit comp onent in dicates a reference direct ion un der the assumpti on that the pote ntial at that end of the comp onent is higher than the voltage at the other end. Aga in, as long as we are con siste nt in writi ng Kirchhoff ' s voltage law, the algebraic soluti on for the circuit will automatically take care of sig ns.Part 5 Summary of Principal Electrical QuantitiesThe key electrical qua ntities already in troduced and the releva nt relati on ships betwee n these quantities are summarized in Table 1-1.Since electrical quantities vary over such a large range of magnitudes, you will often find yourself work ing with very small qua ntities or very large qua ntities. For example, the voltage created by your TV antenna may be measured in millionths of a volt (microvolts, 卩V), while the power gen erated by a large power stati on may be measured in billi ons of watts, or gigawatts (GW). To describe quantities that may take on such extreme values, it is useful to have a system of prefixes that accompany the units. The most commonly used prefixes in electrical engineering are give n in Table 1-2.Part 6 Ideal Voltage Source and Ideal Current SourceElectric circuits are made up of a relatively small nu mber of differe nt kinds of circuiteleme nts, or comp onen ts, which can be in terc onn ected in an extraord in arily large nu mber of ways.At this point in our discussion, we will concentrate on idealized characteristics of these circuit eleme nts, realiz ing that real comp onents resemble, but do not exactly duplicate, the characteristics that we describe here.An ideal voltage source is one that provides a give n, known voltage vs, no matter what sort ofload it is conn ected to. That is, regardless of the curre nt draw n from the ideal voltage source, it will always provide the same voltage. Note that an ideal voltage source does not have to deliver a con sta nt voltage; for example, it may produce a sinu soidally vary ing voltage —the key is that voltage is not a fun ctio n of the amount of curre nt draw n. A symbol for an ideal voltage source is show n in Fig. 1-7.A special case of an ideal voltage source is an ideal battery that provides a con sta nt dc output, as show n in Fig. 1-8. A real battery approximates the ideal source; but as curre nt in creases, the output drops somewhat. To acco unt for that drop, quite ofte n the model used for a real battery is an ideal voltage source in series with the internal resista nee of the battery.An ideal curre nt source produces a give n amount of curre nt is no matter what load it sees. As show n in Fig. 1-9, a commo nly used symbol for such a device is circle with an arrow in dicati ng the directi on of curre nt flow. While a battery is a good approximati on to an ideal voltage source, there is nothing quite so familiar that approximates an ideal curre nt source. Some tran sistor circuits come close to this ideal and are ofte n modeled with idealized curre nt sources.Section II The electric power systemChapter 1 Brief Introduction to The Electric Power SystemNew Words and ExpressionsMinimum a 最小prime mover n 原动机gen erator n 发电机load n 负载furn ace n 炉膛boiler n 锅炉fissi on able n 可裂变的fissi on able material 核燃料Part 1 Minimum Power systemelevatio n n 高度，海拔internal combusti on engine 内燃机 steam-drive n turbi ne 汽轮机hydraulic turbi ne 水轮机convert v 变换，转换 shaft n 传动轴，轴 torquen 力矩servomecha nism n 伺服机构* Elements of a minimum electric power system *Types of energy source *Types of prime mover *Types of electrical load*Functions of the control systemA minimum electric power system is shown in Fig.1-1, the system consists of an energy source, a prime mover, a generator, and a load.The en ergy source may be coal, gas, or oil burned in a furnace to heat water and gen erate steam in a boiler; it may be fissi on able material which, in a nu clear reactor, will heat water to produce steam; it may be water in a pond at an elevatio n above the gen erat ing stati on; or it may be oil or gas burned in an internal combusti on engine.The prime mover may be a steam-driven turbine, a hydraulic turbine or water wheel, or aninternal combustion engine. Each one of these prime movers has the ability to convert energy in the form of heat, falling water, or fuel into rotation of a shaft, which in turn will drive theEnergy source Prime nioverGenerator Lx>adContjolFig* 1-1 The tninfnmm electric power systemgen erator.The electrical load on the gen erator may be lights, motors, heaters, or other devices, alone or in comb in ati on. Probably the load will vary from mi nute to min ute as differe nt dema nds occur. The control system functions (are ) to keep the speed of the machines substantially constant and the voltage within prescribed limits, even though the load may cha nge. To meet these load con diti on s, it is n ecessary for fuel in put to cha nge, for the prime mover in put to vary, and for the torque on the shaft from the prime mover to cha nge in order that the gen erator may be kept at con sta nt speed. In additi on, the field curre nt to the gen erator must be adjusted to maintain con sta nt output voltage. The con trol system may in clude a man stati oned in the power pla nt who watches a set of meters on the gen erator output term in als and makes the n ecessary adjustme nts manu ally .In a moder n stati on, the con trol system is a servomecha nism that sen ses gen erator-output con diti ons and automatically makes the n ecessary cha nges in en ergy in put and field curre nt to hold the electrical output with in certa in specificati ons.Part 2 More Complicated Systems*Foreword*Cases of power system with out circuit breaker *Power system with circuit breakerNew Words and Expressions1. associated2. circuit3. circuit breaker4. dee nergize5. dee nergized6. outage n7. diagram8. switch out of9. switch offIn most situati ons the load is not directly conn ected to the gen erator term in als. More com monlya 联接的 n 电路n 断路器 vt 切断，断电 adj 不带电的停电 n 简图退出来，断开 v 切断，关闭the load is some distanee from the generator, requiring a power line connecting them. It is desirable to keep the electric power supply at the load with in specificati ons. However, the con trols are near the generator, which may be in another building, perhaps several miles away.If the dista nce from the gen erator to the load is con siderable, it may be desirable to in stall transformers at the generator and at the load end, and to transmit the power over a high-voltage line (Fig.1-2). For the same power, the higher-voltage line carries less current, has lower losses for the same wire size, and provides more stable voltage., TransformerTransformerPrime 〔Mover Generator f C High-voltage line—Fig- 1-2 A generator connected through transformers anda high-voltage line to a distant loadIn some cases an overhead line may be un acceptable. In stead it may be adva ntageous to use an un dergro und cable. With the power systems talked above, the power supply to the load must be in terrupted if, for any reas on, any comp onent of the system must be moved from service for maintenance or repair.Additi onal system load may require more power tha n the gen erator can supply. Ano ther gen erator with its associated tran sformers and high-voltage line might be added.It can be shown that there are some advantages in making ties between the generators (1) and at the end of the high-voltage lines (2 and 3), as shown in Fig.1-3. This system will operate satisfactorily as long as no trouble develops or no equipment needs to be taken out of service.Kig. 1-3 A system with para)lei operation or the generators t of the transformers andof the transmission lintsThe above system may be vastly improved by the in troducti on of circuit breakers, which may be ope ned and closed as n eeded. Circuit breakers added to the system, Fig.1-4, permit selected piece of equipme nt to switch out of service without disturb ing the rema in der of system. With this arran geme nt any eleme nt of the system may be dee nergized for maintenance or repair by operati on of circuit breakers. Of course, if any piece of equipme nt is take n out of service, the n the total load must be carried by the remaining equipment. Attention must be given to avoid overloads duri ng such circumsta nces. If possible, outages of equipme nt are scheduled at times when load requireme nts are below no rmal.Low-voltageo=^GeneratorsFig.1-5 shows a system in which three gen erators and three loads are tied together by threeFig* 1-4 A system with necessary circuit breakerstran smissi on lin es. No circuit breakers are show n in this diagram, although many would berequired in such a system.Fis- 1-S Three generators supplying threeloads over hlgh-voltnge trAnsmlsston linesChapter 2 Faults on Power SystemNew Words and Expressions1. fault2. in terfere neen 干扰，防碍6. feed (fed)给。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Section1 Current and Voltage
We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×1019C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.
Section1 Current and Voltage
flow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates. This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin (l706 ～ l790), the American scientist and inventor. Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted convention that current is the net flow of positive charges. Thus, Electric current is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes (A). Mathematically, the relationship among current i, charge q, and time t is
电气工程及其自动化专业英语苏小林
电气工程及其自动化专业英语-ZOE Su1. Introduction电气工程及其自动化( Electrical Engineering and Automation)是一个广泛应用于各个领域的学科，它涵盖了电力系统、电子电路、自动控制、仪器测量等多个方面。
在学习和研究这门学科时，熟悉相关的英语专业术语是非常重要的。
本文档将介绍一些电气工程及其自动化专业中常用的英语词汇和短语。
2. Electrical Engineering 英语词汇2.1 电力系统•Power system: 电力系统•Power generation: 发电•Power transmission: 输电•Power distribution: 配电•Power plant: 发电厂•Substation: 变电站•Transformer: 变压器•Generator: 发电机•Transmission line: 输电线路•Circuit breaker: 断路器•Load: 负载2.2 电子电路•Circuit: 电路•Resistor: 电阻器•Capacitor: 电容器•Inductor: 电感器•Diode: 二极管•Transistor: 晶体管•Integrated circuit (IC): 集成电路•Printed circuit board (PCB): 印制电路板•Voltage: 电压•Current: 电流2.3 自动控制•Control system: 控制系统•Feedback: 反馈•PID controller: 比例积分微分（PID）控制器•Sensor: 传感器•Actuator: 执行器•Control signal: 控制信号•Closed-loop control: 闭环控制•Open-loop control: 开环控制2.4 仪器测量•Instrumentation: 仪器测量•Measurement: 测量•Accuracy: 精度•Calibration: 校准•Sensor: 传感器•Meter: 仪表•Voltmeter: 电压计•Ammeter: 电流计•Oscilloscope: 示波器•Multimeter: 电表3. Electrical Engineering 英语短语3.1 电力系统•Power blackout: 停电•Grid integration: 网络集成•Load shedding: 负荷调节•Power factor: 功率因数•Power outage: 断电•Voltage regulation: 电压调节•Renewable energy: 可再生能源•Power factor correction: 功率因数校正•Power supply: 电源3.2 电子电路•Logic gate: 逻辑门•Circuit design: 电路设计•Printed circuit board (PCB) design: 印刷电路板设计•Analog circuit: 模拟电路•Digital circuit: 数字电路•Circuit analysis: 电路分析•Circuit simulation: 电路仿真•Circuit board layout: 电路板布局•Electronic component: 电子元件•Circuit diagram: 电路图3.3 自动控制•Automatic control: 自动控制•Control loop: 控制回路•Feedback loop: 反馈回路•Control system design: 控制系统设计•Proportional control: 比例控制•Integral control: 积分控制•Derivative control: 微分控制•Control algorithm: 控制算法•System response: 系统响应•Setpoint: 设定值3.4 仪器测量•Measurement uncertainty: 测量不确定性•Precision measurement: 精密测量•Measurement accuracy: 测量准确性•Metrology: 计量学•Calibration procedure: 校准程序•Test equipment: 测试设备•Instrument calibration: 仪器校准•Measurement range: 测量范围•Measurement error: 测量误差•Data acquisition: 数据采集4. 总结掌握电气工程及其自动化专业中的英语词汇和短语是很有必要的，它可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流相关知识。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter 4 Electric Machinery
Section 1
Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine
Whereas the copper disk will rotate in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field, it will never reach the same speed as the rotating magnet, because if it did, there would be no relative motion between the two and therefore no current induced in the copper disk. The difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field and the copper disk is known as slip, which is essential to the operation of an induction motor. In induction motors the rotating magnetic field is set up by windings in the stator, and the induced currents are carried by conductors
Section 1
Principle of Operation of an Inductive Machine
into shape around forms and then taped. The coil is formed to the proper size so that the complete coil can be inserted into the stator slots at the time the stator is wound. Form-wound coils are used for high-voltage windings because it is relatively easy to add extra insulation on the individual coils before inserting them into the stator.
电气工程及其自动化专业英语期末复习资料整理
This simple circuit made up of a source,a load and two wires is seldom,if ever,met with in practice.Practical circuits may contain a large number of sources and loads interconnected in a variety of ways.这种由一个电源、一个负载和两根导线组成的简单电路，在实践中即使能碰到也是很少见的。
实际电路可能包括许多按不同方式连接的电源和负载。
The direction of current flow may be shown either by a hollow arrowhead or by supplying the current symbol with a double subscript whose first digit identifies the junction at a higher potential and the second (省略了identifies) the junction at a lower potential.电流的方向既可用一个空心箭头来表示，又可用带有双下标的电流符号来表示，且第一个下标认定为高电位点，第二个下标为低电位点。
In a potential-distribution diagram it is represented(on a suitable scale)by the slope of the respective curve at any point,the slope being defined as the tangent of the angle that the line tangent to the curve at that point make with the x-axis.在电势分布图中，电流由曲线上该点相应的斜率表示，斜率定义为切线与x 坐标轴夹角的正切。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语期末复习资料整理(单词)
circuit components 电路元件the dielectric 电解质circuit parameters 电路参数storage battery 蓄电池electrical device 电气设备wire导线electric energy 电能 e.m.f.=electromotive force 电动势energy source 电源unidirectional current 单方向电流primary cell 原生电池circuit diagram 电路图secondary cell 再生电池load characteristic 负载特性energy converter 电能转换器terminal voltage 端电压conductor 导体external characteristic 外特性generator 发电机load resistance 负载电阻heating appliance电热器voltage drop 电压降direct-current （D.C.）circuit 直流电路conductance电导magnetic and electric field 电磁场volt-ampere characteristic 伏-安特性time-invariant时不变的metal-filament lamp 金属丝灯泡self-（or mutual-）induction 自（互）感carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡displacement current位移电流non-linear characteristic非线性特性part 1-unit 2ideal source理想电源ideal current source 理想电流源series and parallel equivalent circuit串并联等值电路active circuit elements 有源电路元件internal resistance 内阻passive circuit elements 无源电路元件sending end 发送端power transmission line 输电线double subscript 双下标receiving end 接收端ideal voltage source理想电压源lackage current漏电流part 1-unit 3Ohm’s law 欧姆定律active branch有源支路circuit branch 支路positive reference direction 正（参考）方向reference point 参考点potential distribution电位分布passive element 无源元件single-loop network （circuit ）单回路网络（电路）complex circuit 复杂电路 D.C. machine直流电机P.D.=potential drop电压降part 1-unit 4r.m.s values=root of mean sguare 均方根complex number 复数effective values 有效值Cartesian coordinates 笛卡尔坐标系steady direct current 恒稳直流电counter-clockwise 逆时针方向sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数vector diagrams 矢量图clockwise顺时针方向complex plane复平面trigonometric transformations 三角转换vector of voltages （currents ，magnetic ，fluxes ）电压（电流，磁通等）矢量Argand 阿尔冈，法国数学家analytical solution 解析法absolute value 绝对值Argand diagram 阿尔冈图modulus复数模origin of coordinates 坐标原点complex time function 复数的幅值rotating vector 旋转矢量real part 复数实部instantaneous values 瞬时值imaginary part复数虚部epoch angle初相角301&302吐血整理男生版专业英语单词part 1-unit 1complex-number method=method复数法phase displacement相位差of complex numbersvector矢量constant angular velocity恒定角速度Part 1-unit 5small signal amplifier小信号放大器isolation隔离。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语 Chapter 6 Electric Power Systems
Section 1 Introduction
Return
The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.
Section 1 Introduction
In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: （1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of diቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱferent voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption. （ 2 ）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.
电气工程及其自动化专业英语复习资料
1.目前，煤仍然是凝汽式电厂最长用的能源。
At present coal is the most mon food of a steam power plant.2.为防止人畜触电，高压电一般采用架空线输送。
High voltage current is usually carried by overhead wire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted.3.这座由电子计算机控制的核电站将向全市供电。
This nuclear power plant which is puter-controlled will serve the entire city. 4.电学与电子学实际上是唯一难以分开的，二者相互渗透，相互联系。
Electricity and electronics are really indivisible, each forming part of the other.5.元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。
The major contributors in ponent technology have been in the sosemiconductor ponents.6.电压，电流和电阻这三个因素是相互关联的。
The factors, voltage, current and resistance , are related to each other .7.电动机与发电机就是以磁和电这二者之间的关系为根底的Based upon the relationship between magnetism and electricity are motors and generators8，随着电气工程学的开展，电力能被输送到非常遥远的地方去。
With the development of electrical engineering , power can be transmitted over long distance.9每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变成另一种形式。
电气工程及其自动化-自动化-专业英语重点-考试题
四川理工的学弟学妹们，特别是自电学院的兄弟伙们，专业英语难过啊，是否需要这个呢？我的淘宝店铺：信诚悦购包你80分电气自动化、自动化专业英语课堂笔记一．短语互译（10个，每个2分，共20分）1、DC/AC：direct/alternating current.(直流/交流)2、a good rule of thumb.（根据经验）3、step-up/step-down transformer(升压/降压变压器）autotransformer(自耦变压器)4、gate-turn-off thyristor [θai'ristə](门极可关断晶闸管）5、silicon-controlled rectifier(可控硅整流器）6、forward voltage drop(正向压降)7、reverse breakdown voltage(反向击穿电压）8、reverse leakage current（反向漏电流）9、peak reverse voltage（反向峰值电压）10、forced commutation(强制换流）11、three-phase ac squirrel cage induction motor（三相交流鼠笼式感应电机）12、AM/FM :amplitude/frequency modulation(调幅/调频)13、active/passive filter（有源/无源滤波器）14、bistable circuit(双稳电路)15、flip-flop（触发器）16、emf：electromotive [i,lektrəu'məutiv] force(电动势)17、magnetic flux（磁通）18、magnetizing current（磁化电流/励磁电流）19、general-purpose relay（通用继电器）20、solid-state relay(固态继电器)21、time constant（时间常数）22、ADC：analog-to-digital conversion （模数转换器）二、汉译英（5-6个，共30分，2个课外）1、通过互联网进行商业交易，其便利性和速度是推动电子商品快速发展的主要因素。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语词汇复习
the second fingers 中指
4. slip 转差
rotor 转子
stator 定子
5. exciting voltage 励磁电压
6. electrical steel 电工钢
7. laminated core 叠片芯
8. squirrel cage 鼠笼
9. cast-aluminum 铸铝
14
1 Key words-Chapter 6
1. incandescent lamp 白炽灯
2. electric utility industry 电力工业
3. high voltage DC (HVDC) 高电压直流
4. primary energy 一次能源
5. fossil 化石燃料
nuclear 核能
10. voltage divider 分压器
4
1 Key words-Chapter 2
11. clock pulse 时钟脉冲
12. time interval 时间间隔
13. a relative term 相对量
14. reference voltage source 参考电压源
15. a weighted value 加权值
9
1 Key words-Chapter 4
10. random-wound 散绕
11. form-wound 模绕 13. ferromagnegnetic flux 磁通
15. primary winding 一次绕组,初次绕组
16. secondary winding 二次绕组
primary voltage 一次侧电压
27. copper losses 铜耗
电气工程及其自动化专业英语(1)重点
Amplifier n.放大器Active a.有源的，有功的，有效地；活动的，主动的，积极的；活性的，放射的，激励的Active element有源元件Algebraic a.代数Ampere n.安，安培Amplitude n.振幅，幅度，波幅Atom n.原子Absorb v.吸收Approximate ad.近似，接近By the same token同理，同样；另外，还有Branch n.支路，支线，支脉；分支；部门，分部Battery n.电池(be) out of phas e异相的Capacitor n.电容器Chassis n.底盘，底架，底板，底座Current n.电流AC=alternating current交流电流DC=direct current 直流电流Charge n.电荷，v.充电，带电，起电Positive charge 正电荷Negative charge 负电荷Neutrally charge 电中性A unit charge 单位电荷Coulomb n.库仑Circuit n.电路Short circuit短路Open circuit开路Clockwise a.; ad. 顺时针方向的Counterclockwise a.; ad. 逆时针方向的Coefficient n.系数，因素，常数，率；折算率Conductance n.电导，导电性，导纳；传导Configuration n.结构，构造Convention n.习惯，惯例，常规Constant voltage source恒定电压源Controlled source受控源Dependent source受控源Diamond-shaped a.菱形的Dimension n.维数，度数；尺寸，线度；量纲，因次Determinant n.行列式；决定因素，遗传素Datum n.基准（点，线，面），基标；数据，资料，信息Domain n.区域，定义范围；区，界；支配，所有权，统治权Time domain时域Frequency domain频域Desired operating region规定的工作范围Electron n.电子Electromotive a.电动的，起电的Electromotive force电动势Error-minimizing a.]令错误最少的Effective a.有效的，等效的，生效的，能行的，有作用的，有影响的Equivalent a.等效的，等值的，等同的Ensure v.确保Generator n.发电机；（脉冲，信号，气体）发生器，振荡器，加速器Independent source独立源Ideal independent source理想独立源Incandescent a.白炽的，炽热的Incandescent lamp白炽灯Integrated circuit集成电路Instant n.瞬间，瞬时，即刻，时，时刻Instantaneous power瞬时功率Integrate v.积分，求积分Inductor n.电感器Impedance n.阻抗Joule n.焦尔Loop n.回路，闭合电路，环路，循环，环Linear a.线性的，一次的；直线的，线状的线性电阻Linear resistor线性电阻Nonlinear a.非线性的，非直线的Nonlinear resistor非线性电阻Neutral linear 中线Load n.负荷，负载Lag n.; v.滞后，落后，迟滞Lead v.超前，提前，领先Leave n.使，让Magnitude n.大小，幅值，幅度，量，数量，尺寸，值；等级，量级Mesh n.网孔Mesh analysis网孔分析Nodal a.结点的，节点的，结的，节的Nodal analysis 节点分析Network n.网络，电路，电网Node n.节点，结点，交点，叉点；节，结Operational a.运算的，计算的；操作的，工作的，业务的，运转的Ohm欧姆Ohm’s law欧姆定律Phase n.相；阶段，时期，局面；方面Phase voltage 相电压three-phase三相Phasor n.相量，相图，相位负矢量Phasor diagram 相量图Passive a.无源的；消极的，被动的；n.无源Passive element 无源元件Polarity n.极性Planar a.平面的，平的；二维的，二度的Power n.功率，效率；动力，电力，能力，电源；乘方，幂Potential difference n.电位差Property n.属性Proton n.质子Quotient n.商，系数；份额，应分得的部分Resistor n.电阻，电阻器Resistance n.电阻，电阻器；阻尼，阻力；抵抗，抵制，反对Reference direction参考方向Rectangular a.矩形的，直角的，正交的Rearrange v.重新整理，调整Siemens n.西门子Source n.电源Current-controlled voltagesource电流控制电压源Sequence n.顺序，次序，时序，序列，系列Positive sequence正序Phase sequence相序Negative sequence 负序Simultaneous a.联立方程的；同时（存在，发生）的，一起的，同步的Symmetry n.对称（性，现象）匀称，调和Sinusoidal a.正弦的Steady-state a.稳态的Superposition theorem叠加定理Stated n.规定值Theorem n.定理，原理，命题，法则Transistor n.晶体管，半导体管Time-varying a.时变的Token n.标记，象征，记号；特征，证明Topology n.拓扑，拓扑学，拓扑结构Topologically ad.在拓扑结构上，从拓扑结构Transform v.;n.变换，改变，转换，换算；变换式，反式Transmission n.输电，传Underlying n.基本的，根本的；潜在的，在下面的，下伏的Voltage n.电压Terminal voltage 端电压Linear voltage 线电压Variable n.变量Independent variable自变量Volt n.伏特Voltaic battery伏打电池Voltage-current characteristic伏安特性Work n.功Watt n.瓦特It should be noted that an ideal voltage source(dependent or independent) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。
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1.1.1 We consider the flow of electric charges. A unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to another form of energy.我们认为电荷是流动的。
电荷和电的特点是它具有流动性；即它可以从一个地方转移到另一个地方，在转移的过程中，电荷或电能转变为另一种形式的能量。
1.1.2 The power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it.一个元件吸收或者发出的功率是元件两端的电压和通过该元件的电流的乘积。
1.2.1 We might observe at this point that the polarity marks on Fig.1-4(b) are redundant since the polarity could be defined by the positions of the longer and shorter lines.大家或许注意到图1-4(b)所标注的极性是多余的。
因为恒压源的极性可以用长线、短线来定义。
1.2.2 It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.应该注意一个理想电压源，(独立和受控)可向电路提供任意电流，以保证其端电压为规定值，而理想电流源，可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。
1.4.1 Still anther class of relationship is one between several variables of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i.e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected.另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。
1.4.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law is based on the law of conservation of charge, which requires that the algebraic sum of charges within a system can not change.基尔霍夫电流定律基于电荷守恒定律，要求一个系统内电荷的代数和不变。
1.5.1 Since a voltage is defined as existing between two nodes, it is convenient to select one node in the network to be a reference node or datum node and then associate a voltage or a potential with each of the other nodes.由于电压定义为两个节点之间的相对变量，一个方便的做法是选择网络中的一个节点作为参考节点或基准节点，从而确定其他所有节点的电压和电位。
1.5.2 Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because it is only applicable to a circuit is planar.由于网孔分析法仅适用于平面电路，故网孔分析法不像节点分析法那样通用。
1.6.1 We can proceed to our simplification of sinusoidal steady-state analysis by establishing the relationship between the phasor voltage and phasor current for each of the three passive elements.通过建立三种无源元件各自的电压相量和电流相量之间的关系，我们可以对正弦稳态分析进行简化。
1.6.2 On the other hand, delta-connected sources are not common in practice because of the circulating current that will result in the delta-mesh if the three-phase voltage are slightly unbalanced.另一方面，实际中三角形连接的电源并不常用，因为三相电压稍有不平衡就会在三角形连接的网孔中产生循环电流。
2.1.1 In every aspect of our increasingly technological society ---whether it is science,engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage ---the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.在日益发展的科技社会中，的每一方面，无论是科学，工程，医学，音乐，维修，甚至是谍报，电子学的作用都是非常大的，而且越来越重要。
2.1.2 This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of the stock market transactions.这种信息或许像无线广播的演讲和音乐，或许是像室内温度的物理量，或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。
2.2.1 Boole and others were interested in developing a systematic means of deciding whether proposition in logic or mathematics was true or false, but we shall be concerned only with validity of the output of digital devices.布尔和其他研究者致力于发展一种证明逻辑上或数学中命题的真假问题的系统方法，而我们只关心数字设备输出的正确性。
3.1.1 Assume that initially the switch is on, hence, the current through the switch is I s. The capacitor voltage is U o, the voltage across the switch is zero and the diode V1 is reverse biased.假设开始时开关处于闭合状态，则通过开关的电流为Is，电容器的电压为Ug，开关两端的电压为零，二极管V1反向偏置3.2.1 It must, however, be kept in mind that a step-down voltage converter is also a step-up current converter and vice versa because the input power must equal the output power.因为输入功率必须等于输出功率，必须牢记降压电压变换器也是升流的电流变换器，反之亦然。
3.2.2 A prominent application of the Buck converter is a DC regulated power supply in which the output voltage is regulated against the variations in the load resistance and the input voltages.降压式变换器的一个著名应用是用于直流可调电源，调整其输出电压以补偿负荷电阻和输入电压的变化。
4.1.1 Whereas the copper disk will rotate in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field, it will never reach the same speed as the rotating magnet, because if it did, would be no relative motion between the two and therefore no current induced in the copper disk.尽管铜盘将以与旋转磁场方向相同的方向转动，但它却达不到旋转磁场的转速。
因为如果铜盘达到了旋转磁场的转速，它们之间就没有相对运动，那么铜盘中就不会产生感应电流。
4.1.2 The sizes at which the transition between cast-aluminum and copper rotors takes place varies among rotor manufacturers, but virtually all rotors in motor sizes of several thousand horsepower and above are built with bar-type rotors.多大容量的机组使用铜条，多大容量的机组采用铸铝，这要由转子制造厂家决定，实际上容量为几千及以上马力的电动机都制造成铜条式转子。