马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
Motivation管理学英文版
马斯洛认为：
只 有当低层次的需求已经得到满足时，高层次的需求才会对人产生激励；需 求是一个人努力争取现实的愿望；已经满足的需求不再起促进作用，不 再是激励的因素，一种需求得到满足，另一种需求就会取而代之。
马斯洛需求层次综合评价
马斯洛的需求层次理论：在一定程度上反映了人类行为和心理活动的共 同规律。马斯洛从人的需要出发探索人的激励和研究人的行为，抓住 了问题的关键；马斯洛指出了人的需要是由低级向高级不断发展的， 这一趋势基本上符合需要发展规律的。因此，需要层次理论对企业管 理者如何有效的调动人的积极性有启发作用。 同时，其理论也衍生了以人为本的管理。在60年代的美国，管理大师杜 拉克，麦格来高等都将注意力集中于工业化的工作场地时，马里洛却 意识到人本管理的重要性，其是相当难能可贵。
Two-Factor Theory. Ⅰ Hygiene Factor Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers , including working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships. Ⅱ Motivators Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.
→生理需求:包括维持生活和繁衍后代所必需 的各种物质上的需求，如衣食住行和性欲 等。这些是人类最基本的，也是最推动力 最强的需求，在这一级需求没有得到满足 前，更高级需求就不会发挥作用。
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslowshierarchyofneeds），
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslowshierarchyofneeds），马斯洛需求层次理论Maslow's hierarchy of needs马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslow's hierarchy of needs），亦称“基本需求层次理论”，是行为科学的理论之一，由美国心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛于1943年在《人类激励理论》论文中所提出。
名词理解——马斯洛需求层次理论基本内容：马斯洛理论把需求分成生理需求、安全需求、归属与爱的需求、尊重需求和自我实现需求五类，依次由较低层次到较高层次排列。
各层次需要的基本含义如下：生理上的需求：这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括对以下事物的需求：呼吸水食物睡眠生理平衡分泌性如果这些需要（除性以外）任何一项得不到满足，人类个人的生理机能就无法正常运转。
换而言之，人类的生命就会因此受到威胁。
在这个意义上说，生理需要是推动人们行动最首要的动力。
马斯洛认为，只有这些最基本的需要满足到维持生存所必需的程度后，其他的需要才能成为新的激励因素，而到了此时，这些已相对满足的需要也就不再成为激励因素了。
安全上的需求：这是人类要求对以下事物的需求：人身安全健康保障资源所有性财产所有性道德保障工作职位保障家庭安全马斯洛认为，整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制，人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其他能量主要是寻求安全的工具，甚至可以把科学和人生观都看成是满足安全需要的一部分。
当然，当这种需要一旦相对满足后，也就不再成为激励因素了。
情感和归属的需求：这一层次包括对以下事物的需求：友情爱情性亲密人人都希望得到相互的关系和照顾。
感情上的需要比生理上的需要来的细致，它和一个人的生理特性、经历、教育、宗教信仰都有关系。
尊重的需求：该层次包括对以下事物的需求：自我尊重信心成就对他人尊重被他人尊重人人都希望自己有稳定的社会地位，要求个人的能力和成就得到社会的承认。
尊重的需要又可分为内部尊重和外部尊重。
马斯洛提出需要的5个层次
马斯洛提出需要的5个层次
马斯洛需求层次理论（Maslow's hierarchy of needs），亦称“基本需求层次理论”，是行为科学的理论之一，由美国心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛于1943年在《人类激励理论》论文中所提出。
将需求分为五种，象阶梯一样从低到高，按层次逐级递升，分别为：生理上的需求，安全上的需求，情感和归属的需求，尊重的需求，自我实现的需求。
另外两种需要：求知需要和审美需要。
这两种需要未被列入到他的需求层次排列中，他认为这二者应居于尊重需求与自我实现需求之间。
还讨论了需要层次理论的价值与应用等。
：
1、生理需要，是个人生存的基本需要。
如吃、喝、住处。
2、安全需要，包括心理上与物质上的安全保障，如不受盗窃和威协，预防危险事故，职业有保障，有社会保险和退休基金等。
3、社交需要，人是社会的一员，需要友谊和群体的归属感，人际交往需要彼此同情互助和赞许。
4、尊重需要，包括要求受到别人的尊重和自己具有内在的自尊心。
5、自我实现需要，指通过自己的努力，实现自己对生活的期望，从而对生活和工作真正感到很有意义。
马斯洛的需求理论
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Maslow argued that each person has a hierarchy of needs that must be satisfied, ranging from basic physiological requirements to love, esteem, and, finally, self-actualization. As each need is satisfied, the next higher level in the emotional hierarchy dominates conscious functioning. Maslow believed that truly healthy people were self-actualizers because they satisfied the highest psychological needs, fully integrating the components of their personality, or self.
Esteem needs deal with a person's self-confidence and sense of self-worth. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. Self-actualization needs describe the desire for selffulfillment. According to Maslow, self-actualization is "…the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming."1
Maslow′s hierarchy of needs马斯洛需求分析理论的PPT
福尼亚劳格林慈善基金会第一任常驻评议员。第二次世界大战后转到布兰戴斯大学任心理
学教授兼系主任，开始对健康人格或自我实现者的心理特征进行研究。曾任美国人格与社
会心理学会主席和美国心理学会主席（1967），是<<人本主义心理学>>和<<超个人心理学
>>两个杂志的首任编辑。退休后去了加州。1970年因心脏病于该处去世。
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Self-actualization
The motivation to realize one's own maximum potential and possibilities is considered to be the master motive or the only real motive, all other motives being its various forms. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for self-actualization is the final need that manifests when lower level needs have been satisfied. Classical Adlerian psychotherapy promotes this level of psychological development, utilizing the foundation of a 12-stage therapeutic model to realistically satisfy the basic needs, leading to an advanced stage of "meta-therapy," creative living, and self/other/task-actualization. Maslow's writings are used as inspirational resources.
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版PPT课件
Safetห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ needs Financial reserves, safety workplace.
Esteem needs Be respected.
What will motivate you to succeed in life?
External esteem needs Social status and recognition.
SUCCESS
THANK YOU
2019/7/24
Self-actualization needs
The request of reaching one's full potential as a person.
Esteem needs Self-esteem and personal worth.
Self-actualization needs Curiosity about my potential.
Thank you!
SUCCESS
THANK YOU
2019/7/24
Friendship, intimacy, family, romantic attachments, etc.
Esteem needs
Recognition and acknowledgment from others. Internal esteem needs Self-respect and achievement.
Esteem needs Do a good job in team cooperation.
Self-actualization needs Take something I like and get really good at it.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of NeedsAbraham Harold Maslow (April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970): an American professor of psychology at Brandeis University, Brooklyn College, New School for Social Research and Columbia University who created Maslow's hierarchy of needs. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a “bag of symptoms.”Maslow's hierarchy of needs (马斯洛需求层次理论)is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation (人类激励理论). Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate (天生的) curiosity. His theories parallel (与…平行/相当) many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow use the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.Physiological needsFor the most part, physiological needs are obvious – they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body simply cannot continue to function.Air, water, and food are metabolic (新陈代谢的) requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. Theintensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.Safety needsWith their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, or, in cases of family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder (创伤后应激障碍/创伤后压力心理障碍症) and trans-generational trauma transfer (跨代外伤转移). In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures (申诉程序) for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations (残疾人住宿), and the like.Safety and Security needs include:•Personal security•Financial security•Health and well-being•Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impactsLove and belongingAfter physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are interpersonal and involve feelings of belongingness. The need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies (缺乏、不足) with respect to this aspect of Maslow's hierarchy can impact individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:•Friendship•Intimacy•FamilyHumans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs, or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors (导师、顾问), close colleagues, confidants (知己) ). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible (易受影响的) to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression (临床忧郁症). This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic (厌食的), for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.EsteemAll humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex (情结，夸大的情绪反应). People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation (丧失) of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is s eparate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather tha n sharply separated”. This means that this level of need, as well as the next and highest level, are not strict, separate levels but closely related to others, and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.Self-actualizationThis is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The self-actualization needs will appear if all of the fourth previous level of human needs has been fulfilled or satisfied well. The self-actualization needs is the way people need to understand what is their full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.Unlike the other levels that can be fully satisfied, the self-actualization needs is never fully satisfied, because as a human, one grows psychologically then there are always new opportunities that always grow continually.The self-actualization needs is also including several aspects like other basic needs levels such as truth, justice, wisdom and meaning. The self-actualized persons will have lots of chance to reach peak experiences, which are encouraging moments of happiness and harmony. According to Maslow’s theory there are only a small number of the people that can reach the level of self actualization.。
马斯洛需要层次理论
Maslow's hierarchy of needsAn interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom[1]Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review.[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through.Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[4]Maslow's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality.[5] While the hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research, management training[6] and secondary and higher psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7][8]HierarchyMaslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest, most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom and the need forself-actualization at the top.[1][9] While the pyramid has become the de facto way to represent the hierarchy, Maslow himself never used a pyramid to describe these levels in any of his writings on the subject.The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term Metamotivation to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.[10]The human mind and brain are complex and have parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as "relative," "general," and "primarily." Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[11] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind, but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they should be met.Physiological needsPhysiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly, and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. While maintaining an adequate birth rate shapes the intensity of the human sexual instinct, sexual competition may also shape said instinct.[2]Safety needsWith their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety – due to war, natural disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety – due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety needsmanifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to be found in children because they generally have a greater need to feel safe. Safety and Security needs include:∙Personal security∙Financial security∙Health and well-being∙Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impactsLove and belongingAfter physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – due to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as: ∙Friendship∙Intimacy∙FamilyAccording to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups, regardless if these groups are large or small. For example, some large social groups may include clubs, co-workers, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, and gangs. Some examples of small social connections include family members, intimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved – both sexually and non-sexually – by others.[2] Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure.EsteemAll humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build theirself-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the "lower" version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience. Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, and helplessness.Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines, the "hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated".[5] This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.Self-actualizationMain article: Self-actualization"What a man can be, he must be."[12] This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be.[13] Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions.[14] As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them.ResearchRecent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs, although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question.[15][16] Other research indicates that Maslow's explanations of the hierarchy of human motivation reflect a binary pattern of growth as seen in math. The individual's awareness of first, second, and third person perspectives, and of each one's input needs and output needs, moves through a general pattern that is basically the same as Maslow's.[17]Following World War II, the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory, which was initially based on Maslow and others' developmental psychology work byJohn Bowlby.[18] Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs, attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow's hierarchy, from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice.[8] While Maslow's hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research and secondary and postsecondary psychology instruction, it has largely been supplanted by attachment theory in graduate and clinical psychology and psychiatry.[7]CriticismIn their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[19]The order in which the hierarchy is arranged (with self-actualization described as the highest need) has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[20]Maslow's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies. The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self-centered than those in collectivist societies, focusing on improvement of the self, with self-actualization being the apex of self-improvement. In collectivist societies, the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality.[21] The term"Self-actualization" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others.[11] Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others or, "the greater self".The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective. For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community, although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs.[22][23]Changes to the hierarchy by circumstanceThe higher-order (self-esteem and self-actualization) and lower-order (physiological, safety, and love) needs classification of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity/country.In one study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994: survival (physiological and safety) and psychological (love, self-esteem, and self-actualization). In 1991, a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year. Once again, only two levels of needs were identified; therefore, people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs. For citizens in the Middle East (Egypt and Saudi Arabia), three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime. These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens.Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures (the US vs. the Middle East). For the US citizens, there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important. With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war, in the US there were three levels: physiological needs, safety needs, and psychological needs (social, self-esteem, and self-actualization). During the war, the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime, they were combined as one. For the people of the Middle East, the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime.[24][25][26]A 1981 study looked at how Maslow's hierarchy might vary across age groups.[27] A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important. The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups, the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood, the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group, young adults had the highest self-actualization level, and while old age had the highest level of security, it was needed across all levels comparably. The authors argued that this suggested Maslow's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self-esteem need should be reversed according to age.。
马斯洛需求理论
个人学习，生活, 工作, 成功和幸福基本理论储备,马斯洛需求理论Maslow’s hierarchy of needsPhysiological needsPhysiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought to be the most important; they should be met first.Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelte r provide necessary protection. While maintaining an adequate birth rate shapes the intensity of the human sexual instinct, sexual competition may also shape saidSafety needsWith their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety– due to war, naturaldisaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (re-)experience post-traumatic stress disorder ortransgenerational trauma. In the absence of economic safety –due toways such as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to be found in children because they generally have a greater need to feel safe.Safety and Security needs include:∙Personal security∙Financial security∙Health and well-being∙Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impactsLove and belongingAfter physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy – dueto hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:∙Friendship∙Intimacy∙FamilyAccording to Maslow, humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups, regardless if these groups are large or small.For example, some large socialintimate partners, mentors, colleagues, and confidants. Humans need to love and be loved –both sexually and non-sexually – by others. Many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element. This need for belonging may override the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure. Be prone toEsteem/respectAll humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem andself-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. People with low self-esteem often need respect from others; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, fame or glory will not help the person to build their self-esteem until they accept who they are internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the "lower" versionbecause it relies on an inner competence established through experience. Deprivation of these needs may lead to an inferiority complex, weakness, and helplessness.Maslow states that while he originally thought the needs of humans had strict guidelines, thesubsequent levels are not strictly separated; instead, the levels are closely related.Self-actualization"What a man can be, he must be." This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization.This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions. As previously mentioned, Maslow believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous needs, but master them.批评This motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possiblystrive for in the service of both the self and others. Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level; Quite often, when a person is at the level of self-actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others or, "the greater self".Aka, contributing to something larger than himselfCause。
A theory of human motivation(人类动机论)
A Theory of Human MotivationA. H. Maslow (1943)Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.Posted August 2000I. INTRODUCTIONIn a previous paper (13) various propositions were presented which would have to be included in any theory of human motivation that could lay claim to being definitive. These conclusions may be briefly summarized as follows:1. The integrated wholeness of the organism must be one of the foundation stones of motivation theory.2. The hunger drive (or any other physiological drive) was rejected as a centering point or model for a definitive theory of motivation. Any drive that is somatically based and localizable was shown to be atypical rather than typical in human motivation.3. Such a theory should stress and center itself upon ultimate or basic goals rather than partial or superficial ones, upon ends rather than means to these ends. Such a stress would imply a more central place for unconscious than for conscious motivations.4. There are usually available various cultural paths to the same goal. Therefore conscious, specific, local-cultural desires are not as fundamental in motivation theory as the more basic, unconscious goals.5. Any motivated behavior, either preparatory or consummatory, must be understood to be a channel through which many basic needs may be simultaneously expressed or satisfied. Typically an act has more than one motivation.6. Practically all organismic states are to be understood as motivated and as motivating.7. Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of pre-potency. That is to say, the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior satisfaction of another, morepre-potent need. Man is a perpetually wanting animal. Also no need or drive can be treated as if it were isolated or discrete; every drive is related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of other drives.8. Lists of drives will get us nowhere for various theoretical and practical reasons. Furthermore any classification of motivations must deal with the problem of levels of specificity or generalization the motives to be classified.9. Classifications of motivations must be based upon goals rather than upon instigating drives or motivated behavior.10. Motivation theory should be human-centered rather than animal-centered.11. The situation or the field in which the organism reacts must be taken into account but the field alone can rarely serve as an exclusive explanation for behavior. Furthermore the field itself must be interpreted in terms of the organism. Field theory cannot be a substitute for motivation theory.12. Not only the integration of the organism must be taken into account, but also the possibility of isolated, specific, partial or segmental reactions. It has since become necessary to add to these another affirmation.13. Motivation theory is not synonymous with behavior theory. The motivations are only one class of determinants of behavior. While behavior is almost always motivated, it is also almost always biologically, culturally and situationally determined as well.The present paper is an attempt to formulate a positive theory of motivation whichwill satisfy these theoretical demands and at the same time conform to the known facts, clinical and observational as well as experimental. It derives most directly, however, from clinical experience. This theory is, I think, in the functionalist tradition of James and Dewey, and is fused with the holism of Wertheimer (19), Goldstein (6), and Gestalt Psychology, and with the dynamicism of Freud (4) and Adler (1). This fusion or synthesis may arbitrarily be called a 'general-dynamic' theory.It is far easier to perceive and to criticize the aspects in motivation theory than to remedy them. Mostly this is because of the very serious lack of sound data in this area.I conceive this lack of sound facts to be due primarily to the absence of a valid theory of motivation. The present theory then must be considered to be a suggested program or framework for future research and must stand or fall, not so much on facts available or evidence presented, as upon researches to be done, researches suggested perhaps, by the questions raised in this paper.[p. 372]II. THE BASIC NEEDSThe 'physiological' needs. -- The needs that are usually taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives. Two recent lines of research make it necessary to revise our customary notions about these needs, first, the development of the concept of homeostasis, and second, the finding that appetites(preferential choices among foods) are a fairly efficient indication of actual needs or lacks in the body.Homeostasis refers to the body's automatic efforts to maintain a constant, normal state of the blood stream. Cannon (2) has described this process for (1) the water content of the blood, (2) salt content, (3) sugar content, (4) protein content, (5) fat content, (6) calcium content, (7) oxygen content, (8) constant hydrogen-ion level (acid-base balance) and (9) constant temperature of the blood. Obviously this list can be extended to include other minerals, the hormones, vitamins, etc.Young in a recent article (21) has summarized the work on appetite in its relation to body needs. If the body lacks some chemical, the individual will tend to develop a specific appetite or partial hunger for that food element.Thus it seems impossible as well as useless to make any list of fundamental physiological needs for they can come to almost any number one might wish, depending on the degree of specificity of description. We can not identify all physiological needs as homeostatic. That sexual desire, sleepiness, sheer activity and maternal behavior in animals, are homeostatic, has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, this list would not include the various sensory pleasures (tastes, smells, tickling, stroking) which are probably physiological and which may become the goals of motivated behavior.In a previous paper (13) it has been pointed out that these physiological drives or needs are to be considered unusual rather than typical because they are isolable, and because they are localizable somatically. That is to say, they are relatively independent of each other, of other motivations [p. 373] and of the organism as a whole, and secondly, in many cases, it is possible to demonstrate a localized, underlying somatic base for the drive. This is true less generally than has been thought (exceptions are fatigue, sleepiness, maternal responses) but it is still true in the classic instances of hunger, sex, and thirst.It should be pointed out again that any of the physiological needs and the consummatory behavior involved with them serve as channels for all sorts of other needs as well. That is to say, the person who thinks he is hungry may actually be seeking more for comfort, or dependence, than for vitamins or proteins. Conversely, it is possible to satisfy the hunger need in part by other activities such as drinking water or smoking cigarettes. In other words, relatively isolable as these physiological needs are, they are not completely so.Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most pre-potent of all needs. What this means specifically is, that in the human being who is missing everything in life in an extreme fashion, it is most likely that the major motivation would be the physiological needs rather than any others. A person who is lacking food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger for food more strongly than for anything else.If all the needs are unsatisfied, and the organism is then dominated by the physiological needs, all other needs may become simply non-existent or be pushed into the background. It is then fair to characterize the whole organism by saying simply that it is hungry, for consciousness is almost completely preempted by hunger. All capacities are put into the service of hunger-satisfaction, and the organization of these capacities is almost entirely determined by the one purpose of satisfying hunger. The receptors and effectors, the intelligence, memory, habits, all may now be defined simply as hunger-gratifying tools. Capacities that are not useful for this purpose lie dormant, or are pushed into the background. The urge to write poetry, the desire to acquire an automobile, the interest in American history, the desire for a new pair of shoes are, in the extreme case, forgotten or become of sec-[p.374]ondary importance. For the man who is extremely and dangerously hungry, no other interests exist but food. He dreams food, he remembers food, he thinks about food, he emotes only about food, he perceives only food and he wants only food. The more subtle determinants that ordinarily fuse with the physiological drives in organizing even feeding, drinking or sexual behavior, may now be so completely overwhelmed as to allow us to speak at this time (but only at this time) of pure hunger drive and behavior, with the one unqualified aim of relief.Another peculiar characteristic of the human organism when it is dominated by a certain need is that the whole philosophy of the future tends also to change. For our chronically and extremely hungry man, Utopia can be defined very simply as a place where there is plenty of food. He tends to think that, if only he is guaranteed food for the rest of his life, he will be perfectly happy and will never want anything more. Life itself tends to be defined in terms of eating. Anything else will be defined as unimportant. Freedom, love, community feeling, respect, philosophy, may all be waved aside as fripperies which are useless since they fail to fill the stomach. Such a man may fairly be said to live by bread alone.It cannot possibly be denied that such things are true but their generality can be denied. Emergency conditions are, almost by definition, rare in the normally functioning peaceful society. That this truism can be forgotten is due mainly to two reasons. First, rats have few motivations other than physiological ones, and since so much of the research upon motivation has been made with these animals, it is easy to carry the rat-picture over to the human being. Secondly, it is too often not realized that culture itself is an adaptive tool, one of whose main functions is to make the physiological emergencies come less and less often. In most of the known societies, chronic extreme hunger of the emergency type is rare, rather than common. In any case, this is still true in the United States. The average American citizen is experiencing appetite rather than hunger when he says "I am [p. 375] hungry." He is apt to experience sheer life-and-death hunger only by accident and then only a few times through his entire life.Obviously a good way to obscure the 'higher' motivations, and to get a lopsided view of human capacities and human nature, is to make the organism extremely andchronically hungry or thirsty. Anyone who attempts to make an emergency picture into a typical one, and who will measure all of man's goals and desires by his behavior during extreme physiological deprivation is certainly being blind to many things. It is quite true that man lives by bread alone -- when there is no bread. But what happens to man's desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled?At once other (and 'higher') needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still 'higher') needs emerge and so on. This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency.One main implication of this phrasing is that gratification becomes as important a concept as deprivation in motivation theory, for it releases the organism from the domination of a relatively more physiological need, permitting thereby the emergence of other more social goals. The physiological needs, along with their partial goals, when chronically gratified cease to exist as active determinants or organizers of behavior. They now exist only in a potential fashion in the sense that they may emerge again to dominate the organism if they are thwarted. But a want that is satisfied is no longer a want. The organism is dominated and its behavior organized only by unsatisfied needs. If hunger is satisfied, it becomes unimportant in the current dynamics of the individual.This statement is somewhat qualified by a hypothesis to be discussed more fully later, namely that it is precisely those individuals in whom a certain need has always been satisfied who are best equipped to tolerate deprivation of that need in the future, and that furthermore, those who have been de-[p. 376]prived in the past will react differently to current satisfactions than the one who has never been deprived.The safety needs. -- If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, which we may categorize roughly as the safety needs. All that has been said of the physiological needs is equally true, although in lesser degree, of these desires. The organism may equally well be wholly dominated by them. They may serve as the almost exclusive organizers of behavior, recruiting all the capacities of the organism in their service, and we may then fairly describe the whole organism as a safety-seeking mechanism. Again we may say of the receptors, the effectors, of the intellect and the other capacities that they are primarily safety-seeking tools. Again, as in the hungry man, we find that the dominating goal is a strong determinant not only of his current world-outlook and philosophy but also of his philosophy of the future. Practically everything looks less important than safety, (even sometimes the physiological needs which being satisfied, are now underestimated). A man, in this state, if it is extreme enough and chronic enough, may be characterized as living almost for safety alone.Although in this paper we are interested primarily in the needs of the adult, we can approach an understanding of his safety needs perhaps more efficiently byobservation of infants and children, in whom these needs are much more simple and obvious. One reason for the clearer appearance of the threat or danger reaction in infants, is that they do not inhibit this reaction at all, whereas adults in our society have been taught to inhibit it at all costs. Thus even when adults do feel their safety to be threatened we may not be able to see this on the surface. Infants will react in a total fashion and as if they were endangered, if they are disturbed or dropped suddenly, startled by loud noises, flashing light, or other unusual sensory stimulation, by rough handling, by general loss of support in the mother's arms, or by inadequate support.[1][p. 377]In infants we can also see a much more direct reaction to bodily illnesses of various kinds. Sometimes these illnesses seem to be immediately and per se threatening and seem to make the child feel unsafe. For instance, vomiting, colic or other sharp pains seem to make the child look at the whole world in a different way. At such a moment of pain, it may be postulated that, for the child, the appearance of the whole world suddenly changes from sunniness to darkness, so to speak, and becomes a place in which anything at all might happen, in which previously stable things have suddenly become unstable. Thus a child who because of some bad food is taken ill may, for a day or two, develop fear, nightmares, and a need for protection and reassurance never seen in him before his illness.Another indication of the child's need for safety is his preference for some kind of undisrupted routine or rhythm. He seems to want a predictable, orderly world. For instance, injustice, unfairness, or inconsistency in the parents seems to make a child feel anxious and unsafe. This attitude may be not so much because of the injustice per se or any particular pains involved, but rather because this treatment threatens to make the world look unreliable, or unsafe, or unpredictable. Young children seem to thrive better under a system which has at least a skeletal outline of rigidity, In which there is a schedule of a kind, some sort of routine, something that can be counted upon, not only for the present but also far into the future. Perhaps one could express this more accurately by saying that the child needs an organized world rather than an unorganized or unstructured one.The central role of the parents and the normal family setup are indisputable. Quarreling, physical assault, separation, divorce or death within the family may be particularly terrifying. Also parental outbursts of rage or threats of punishment directed to the child, calling him names, speaking to him harshly, shaking him, handling him roughly, or actual [p. 378] physical punishment sometimes elicit such total panic and terror in the child that we must assume more is involved than the physical pain alone. While it is true that in some children this terror may represent also a fear of loss of parental love, it can also occur in completely rejected children, who seem to cling to the hating parents more for sheer safety and protection than because of hope of love.Confronting the average child with new, unfamiliar, strange, unmanageable stimuli or situations will too frequently elicit the danger or terror reaction, as for example, getting lost or even being separated from the parents for a short time, being confronted with new faces, new situations or new tasks, the sight of strange, unfamiliar or uncontrollable objects, illness or death. Particularly at such times, the child's frantic clinging to his parents is eloquent testimony to their role as protectors (quite apart from their roles as food-givers and love-givers).From these and similar observations, we may generalize and say that the average child in our society generally prefers a safe, orderly, predictable, organized world, which he can count, on, and in which unexpected, unmanageable or other dangerous things do not happen, and in which, in any case, he has all-powerful parents who protect and shield him from harm.That these reactions may so easily be observed in children is in a way a proof of the fact that children in our society feel too unsafe (or, in a word, are badly brought up). Children who are reared in an unthreatening, loving family do not ordinarily react as we have described above (17). In such children the danger reactions are apt to come mostly to objects or situations that adults too would consider dangerous.[2]The healthy, normal, fortunate adult in our culture is largely satisfied in his safety needs. The peaceful, smoothly [p. 379] running, 'good' society ordinarily makes its members feel safe enough from wild animals, extremes of temperature, criminals, assault and murder, tyranny, etc. Therefore, in a very real sense, he no longer has any safety needs as active motivators. Just as a sated man no longer feels hungry, a safe man no longer feels endangered. If we wish to see these needs directly and clearly we must turn to neurotic or near-neurotic individuals, and to the economic and social underdogs. In between these extremes, we can perceive the expressions of safety needs only in such phenomena as, for instance, the common preference for a job with tenure and protection, the desire for a savings account, and for insurance of various kinds (medical, dental, unemployment, disability, old age).Other broader aspects of the attempt to seek safety and stability in the world are seen in the very common preference for familiar rather than unfamiliar things, or for the known rather than the unknown. The tendency to have some religion orworld-philosophy that organizes the universe and the men in it into some sort of satisfactorily coherent, meaningful whole is also in part motivated by safety-seeking. Here too we may list science and philosophy in general as partially motivated by the safety needs (we shall see later that there are also other motivations to scientific, philosophical or religious endeavor).Otherwise the need for safety is seen as an active and dominant mobilizer of the organism's resources only in emergencies, e. g., war, disease, natural catastrophes, crime waves, societal disorganization, neurosis, brain injury, chronically bad situation.Some neurotic adults in our society are, in many ways, like the unsafe child in their desire for safety, although in the former it takes on a somewhat special appearance. Their reaction is often to unknown, psychological dangers in a world that is perceived to be hostile, overwhelming and threatening. Such a person behaves as if a great catastrophe were almost always impending, i.e., he is usually responding as if to an emergency. His safety needs often find specific [p. 380] expression in a search for a protector, or a stronger person on whom he may depend, or perhaps, a Fuehrer.The neurotic individual may be described in a slightly different way with some usefulness as a grown-up person who retains his childish attitudes toward the world. That is to say, a neurotic adult may be said to behave 'as if' he were actually afraid of a spanking, or of his mother's disapproval, or of being abandoned by his parents, or having his food taken away from him. It is as if his childish attitudes of fear and threat reaction to a dangerous world had gone underground, and untouched by the growing up and learning processes, were now ready to be called out by any stimulus that would make a child feel endangered and threatened.[3]The neurosis in which the search for safety takes its dearest form is in the compulsive-obsessive neurosis. Compulsive-obsessives try frantically to order and stabilize the world so that no unmanageable, unexpected or unfamiliar dangers will ever appear (14); they hedge themselves about with all sorts of ceremonials, rules and formulas so that every possible contingency may be provided for and so that no new contingencies may appear. They are much like the brain injured cases, described by Goldstein (6), who manage to maintain their equilibrium by avoiding everything unfamiliar and strange and by ordering their restricted world in such a neat, disciplined, orderly fashion that everything in the world can be counted upon. They try to arrange the world so that anything unexpected (dangers) cannot possibly occur. If, through no fault of their own, something unexpected does occur, they go into a panic reaction as if this unexpected occurrence constituted a grave danger. What we can see only as a none-too-strong preference in the healthy person, e. g., preference for the familiar, becomes a life-and-death, necessity in abnormal cases.The love needs. -- If both the physiological and the safety needs are fairly well gratified, then there will emerge the love and affection and belongingness needs, and the whole cycle [p. 381] already described will repeat itself with this new center. Now the person will feel keenly, as never before, the absence of friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or children. He will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, namely, for a place in his group, and he will strive with great intensity to achieve this goal. He will want to attain such a place more than anything else in the world and may even forget that once, when he was hungry, he sneered at love.In our society the thwarting of these needs is the most commonly found core in cases of maladjustment and more severe psychopathology. Love and affection, as well as their possible expression in sexuality, are generally looked upon with ambivalence and are customarily hedged about with many restrictions and inhibitions. Practicallyall theorists of psychopathology have stressed thwarting of the love needs as basic in the picture of maladjustment. Many clinical studies have therefore been made of this need and we know more about it perhaps than any of the other needs except the physiological ones (14).One thing that must be stressed at this point is that love is not synonymous with sex. Sex may be studied as a purely physiological need. Ordinarily sexual behavior is multi-determined, that is to say, determined not only by sexual but also by other needs, chief among which are the love and affection needs. Also not to be overlooked is the fact that the love needs involve both giving and receiving love.[4]The esteem needs. -- All people in our society (with a few pathological exceptions) have a need or desire for a stable, firmly based, (usually) high evaluation of themselves, for self-respect, or self-esteem, and for the esteem of others. By firmly based self-esteem, we mean that which is soundly based upon real capacity, achievement and respect from others. These needs may be classified into two subsidiary sets. These are, first, the desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom.[5] Secondly, we have what [p. 382] we may call the desire for reputation or prestige (defining it as respect or esteem from other people), recognition, attention, importance or appreciation.[6] These needs have been relatively stressed by Alfred Adler and his followers, and have been relatively neglected by Freud and the psychoanalysts. More and more today however there is appearing widespread appreciation of their central importance.Satisfaction of the self-esteem need leads to feelings of self-confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. But thwarting of these needs produces feelings of inferiority, of weakness and of helplessness. These feelings in turn give rise to either basic discouragement or else compensatory or neurotic trends. An appreciation of the necessity of basicself-confidence and an understanding of how helpless people are without it, can be easily gained from a study of severe traumatic neurosis (8).[7]The need for self-actualization. -- Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often (if not always) expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he is fitted for. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately happy. What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-actualization.This term, first coined by Kurt Goldstein, is being used in this paper in a much more specific and limited fashion. It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.[p. 383]The specific form that these needs will take will of course vary greatly from person to person. In one individual it may take the form of the desire to be an ideal mother, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in painting pictures or in inventions. It is not necessarily a creative urge although in people who have any capacities for creation it will take this form.The clear emergence of these needs rests upon prior satisfaction of the physiological, safety, love and esteem needs. We shall call people who are satisfied in these needs, basically satisfied people, and it is from these that we may expect the fullest (and healthiest) creativeness.[8] Since, in our society, basically satisfied people are the exception, we do not know much about self-actualization, either experimentally or clinically. It remains a challenging problem for research.The preconditions for the basic need satisfactions. -- There are certain conditions which are immediate prerequisites for the basic need satisfactions. Danger to these is reacted to almost as if it were a direct danger to the basic needs themselves. Such conditions as freedom to speak, freedom to do what one wishes so long as no harm is done to others, freedom to express one's self, freedom to investigate and seek for information, freedom to defend one's self, justice, fairness, honesty, orderliness in the group are examples of such preconditions for basic need satisfactions. Thwarting in these freedoms will be reacted to with a threat or emergency response. These conditions are not ends in themselves but they are almost so since they are so closely related to the basic needs, which are apparently the only ends in themselves. These conditions are defended because without them the basic satisfactions are quite impossible, or at least, very severely endangered.[p. 384]If we remember that the cognitive capacities (perceptual, intellectual, learning) are a set of adjustive tools, which have, among other functions, that of satisfaction of our basic needs, then it is clear that any danger to them, any deprivation or blocking of their free use, must also be indirectly threatening to the basic needs themselves. Such a statement is a partial solution of the general problems of curiosity, the search for knowledge, truth and wisdom, and the ever-persistent urge to solve the cosmic mysteries.We must therefore introduce another hypothesis and speak of degrees of closeness to the basic needs; for we have already pointed out that any conscious desires (partial goals) are more or less important as they are more or less close to the basic needs. The same statement may be made for various behavior acts. An act is psychologically important if it contributes directly to satisfaction of basic needs. The less directly it so contributes, or the weaker this contribution is, the less important this act must be conceived to be from the point of view of dynamic psychology. A similar statement may be made for the various defense or coping mechanisms. Some are very directly related to the protection or attainment of the basic needs, others are only weakly and distantly related. Indeed if we wished, we could speak of more basic and less basic defense mechanisms, and then affirm that danger to the more basic defenses is more。
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
Safety needs
The need to feel secure at work and at home. Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, financial reserves, etc.
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
How are you motivated to satisfy these unmet needs in your life today?
Esteem needs Do a good job in team cooperation. Self-actualization needs Take something I like and get really good at it.
马斯洛需求层次our first job, what kinds of motivation will you seek?
Physiological needs Meet my basic needs. Safety needs Financial reserves, safety workplace. Esteem needs Be respected.
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
Social needs (Love and belonging needs)
Interpersonal and feelings of belongingness. Friendship, intimacy, family, romantic attachments, etc.
马斯洛需求层次理论英文版
Esteem needs
Recognition and acknowledgment from others. Internal esteem needs Self-respect and achievement. External esteem needs Social status and recognition.
马斯洛夫需求理论
The Physiological (Physical)Stage:WHO IT IS: This is going to be people in 3rd world countries, people in disaster zones, someone lost in the woods. For the most part, you probably won’t be marketing to this crowd as they have bigger problems (such as staying alive) and they probably have little to no money.WHAT THESE PEOPLE WANT:▪Food.▪Clean air.▪Clean water.▪To take a poop (like our friend here).You probably shouldn’t be marketing to these people. You should be helping them.These are going to be some of the poorest and most helpless people. So marketing to them would not be lucrative for the most part, and you might be kind of an asshole if you’re t oo predatory on them.The Safety Stage:WHO IT IS:These are people that would be considered “poor” or “lower middle class”. They live extremely paycheck-to-paycheck and have little-to-no support structure if they get kicked out of their dwelling.These are people that if they stopped working, would be 2-3 months away from being homeless.Most people reside their entire lives here, and until pretty recently in society, most of the world constantly lived at this rung in Maslow’s Hierarchy.▪They fear they’ll lose their income.▪They don’t have a backup plan or savings.▪They don’t have skills that secure their income earning potential.▪They aren’t entirely sure they can fund their children’s education.▪They likely work at a pretty crappy or boring job out of necessity.A lot of predatory businesses prey on this level of people because they’re the easiest to scam, the most hopeful, BUT they they still have enough income to spend money on things.If you were to put out a scammy ad that said: “Work athome! Make $3,000/week! Barely have to work!”You’d most likely get people in this rung of the hierarchy responding the most.WHAT THESE PEOPLE WANT:▪They want to have stable incomes. They respond well to “Side Income” kind of talk.▪They want to live in a stable environment. They probably don’t live in the greatest of place (either country with unstable government, or live in a household they share with a lot ofpeople).▪Affordable access to medical services.▪ A safe place to call their own home.▪Providing basic needs for children.The Love/Belonging Stage:WHO IT IS: These are typically people in the middle class or higher.They have their basic needs met. They live in a decent place, have a decent income, have a decent savings.Typically these people are relatively educated, and have a decent amount of money to spend. This is the level a lot of middle class people in a society will be in.They’re probably not looking to change the world, but they want to create a small little world around them where they belong.They probably have jobs that aren’t terrible, but also aren’t a bundle of joy. They typically look outside of their work to find happiness.WHAT THESE PEOPLE WANT:▪They want to join groups and be part of groups. (Church, sports, classes).▪They want to have fun with family and friends, and will look (and pay) for novel ways to do it.▪They want to have a sense of community.The Esteem Stage:These are people in the upper middle-class and higher.You know someone is in the “Esteem” stage when they say stuff like “I want to DO something with my life.“I would like to remind you that this stage in life isa luxury afforded by the advances in our society. In the past you’d only get very wealthy members of society hitting this level. Now with all the cool stuff we have, this level can bereached by nearly everyone in a stabilized society and a decent income.WHAT THESE PEOPLE WANT:▪Need to respect themselves.▪Need for others to have respect for them.▪Need to feel important.▪Need to feel accomplished.▪Want their job to not only provide money, but also be “fulfilling.”The Self Actualization Stage:WHO IT IS:These are people who’ve accomplished everything they need to. Often people who’ve made their“Fuck You Money“ and no longer worry about things like income or being able to provide for their families.This “Self Actualization” rung is where you get people whohave #WhitePeopleProblems and #1stWorldProblems. WHAT THESE PEOPLE WANT:▪To solve hard problems.▪To be creative and abstract.▪They want to “make every moment count.”▪They want their lives to be filled with “satisfying” activities. This is where upper-middle-class and rich typically are.This spot is weird…..because I think once you reach the top (with current human biology) you artificially have to put yourself back down the hierarchy and start over, like this (my opinion):。
马斯洛心理需要
Para6 Self-realization need
• Self-realization is need to get the maximum reward from one’s life; • To maximize one’s skills, abilities and potential.
• The main idea: is the reason or purpose for the author to write that passage. It is the author’s viewpoint on the subject. It is usually expressed in sentences. • The topic: is the subject of a reading passage. Topics are expressed in words or phrases.
Para 2 Physical need
• Physical need is the fundamental need for food , clothing, and shelter.
Para 3 The safety and security need
• The safety and security need is the need to avoid bodily harm and uncertainty about one’s well-being.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Para4 Social need
• Social need is the need to be accepted by people whose opinions and friendship you value.
马斯洛需求层次理论
马斯洛需求层次理论马斯洛需求层次理论，[hierarchytheoryofneeds]亦称“基本需求层次理论”，是行为科学的理论之一，由美国科学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛所提出。
马斯洛认为，在特定点时刻，人的一切需要如果都未能得到满足，那么满足最主要的需要就比满足其他需要更迫切,从而将需要划分为五级：义如下：●生理上的需要。
这是人类维持自身生存的最基本要求，包括饥、渴、衣、住、性的方面的要求。
如果这些需要得不到满足，人类的生存就成了问题。
在这个意义上说，生理需要是推动人们行动的最强大的动力。
马斯洛认为，只有这些最基本的需要满足到维持生存所必需的程度后，其他的需要才能成为新的激励因素，而到了此时，这些已相对满足的需要也就不再成为激励因素了。
●安全上的需要。
这是人类要求保障自身安全、摆脱事业和丧失财产威胁、避免职业病的侵袭、接触严酷的监督等方面的需要。
马斯洛认为，整个有机体是一个追求安全的机制，人的感受器官、效应器官、智能和其要内部有威信，受到别人的尊重、信赖和高度评价。
马斯洛认为，尊重需要得到满足，能使人对自己充满信心，对社会满腔热情，体验到自己活着的用处和价值。
●自我实现的需要。
这是最高层次的需要，它是指实现个人理想、抱负，发挥个人的能力到最大程度，达到自我实现境界的人，接受自己也接受他人，解决问题能力增强，自觉性提高，善于独立处事，要求不受打扰地独处，完成与自己的能力相称的一切事情的需要。
也就是说，人必须干称职的工作，这样才会使他们感到最大的快乐。
马斯洛提出，为满足自我实现需要所采取的途径是因人而异的。
自我实现的需要是在努力实现自己的潜力，使自己越来越成为自己所期望的人物。
；而尊行为影响的程度大大减小。
●马斯洛和其他的行为科学家都认为，一个国家多数人的需要层次结构，是同这个国家的经济发展水平、科技发展水平、文化和人民受教育的程度直接相关的。
在不发达国家，生理需要和安全需要占主导的人数比例较大，而高级需要占主导的人数比例较小；在发达国家，则刚好相反。
马斯洛需求模型
Social Needs
Social Needs
Social needs include companionship,acceptance,love and affection,group membership,etc.Social needs refer to the individual desire to get family ,community,friends and colleagues' concern,love and understanding. Social needs are more difficult to locate than physical and safety needs.In addition,social needs are difficult to examine and can't be measured.
Abraham Maslow’s hபைடு நூலகம்erarchy of human needs includes ： physical needs， safety needs， social needs， esteem needs ， self-realizationneeds.
Self-realization needs:creativity,inde pendence,reaching your potential,etc. Esteem needs: responsibility, respect ,recognition, sense of accomplishment, etc. Social needs:companionship,acceptance, love and affection,group membership,etc. Safety needs:job security,retirement plan,insurance,avoidance of risks,harm and pain,etc.
Douglas MacGregor)-15页文档资料
（3）试图吸取软硬两种管理方法的优点，推行“说话和气 但带着一根大棒。”
C、三种方法的缺陷
采用强硬的管理办法常常引起各种反抗的行为， 例如，磨洋工、采取敌对行动、组织好斗的工 会以及对管理者的目标进行巧妙而有效的破坏。
采用松驰的管理办法常常使管理人员放弃管理、 放任自流尽管大家保持一团和气，但在工作上 却马马虎虎；人们对这种温和的管理方法钻空 子，提出越来越多的要求，而作出的贡献却越 来越少，等等。
而“胡萝卜加大棒”的管理方法同上述两种管 理方法一样，其指导思想也是X理论。
三、 Y理论及其实践方法
A、需要有另一种建立在对人的特性和人的行为 动机具有更为恰当的认识基础之上的管理新理 论，即Y理论：
自我实现的需要selffulfillment即是指个体希望实现自己的理想马斯洛应用心理学的知识创建的需要层次说对后来的管理学说产生了重要影响麦格雷戈的y理论就是基于马斯洛的需要层次说概括出来的
麦格雷戈
企业的人性一面
一、马斯洛的需要层次论
1、马斯洛其人
马斯洛（A. H. Maslow, 1908-1970）, 美国著名人本心理学家。1943年发表 《人类动机论》一文，提出了著名的需 要层次理论，该理论对心理学和管理学 的发展有重要影响。马斯洛的需要层次 论从人的本性和心理方面来研究人与人 的关系。
（4）普通人生性懒惰——他想尽可能少干工作。
（5）他缺乏抱负，不喜欢负责任，宁愿被人领 导。
（6）他生来自私自利，对组织上的需要漠不关 心。
（7）他在本性上抵制改革。
（8）他轻信，不很聪明，易于受骗子和煽动家 的诱惑。
B、 X理论指导下的管理实践
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How are you motivated to satisfy these unmet needs in your life today?
Esteem needs Do a good job in team cooperation.
Self-actualization needs Take something I like and get really good at it.
Self-actualization needs
The request of reaching one's full potential as a person. Never fully satisfied. Realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth, peak experiences, etc.
Esteem needs Be respected.
What will motivate you to succeed in life?
Esteem needs Self-esteem and personal worth.
Self-actualization needs Curiosity about my potential.
Living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security, financial reserves, etc.
Social needs (Love and belonging needs)
Interpersonal and feelings of belongingness. Friendship, intimacy, family, romantic attachments, etc.
When you start your first job, what kinds of motivation will you seek?
Physiological needs Meet my basic needs.
Safety needs Financial reserves, safety workplace.
Esteem needs
Recognition and acknowledgment from others. Internal esteem needs Self-respect and achievement. External esteem needs Social status and recognition.
Maslow's hierarchy of nneeds
Physical requirements for human survival. Air, water, nourishment, sleep, etc.
Safety needs
The need to feel secure at work and at home.
Thank you!