会议口译解析 1
会议口译中技巧的应用1.doc
会议口译中技巧的应用1会议口译中技巧的应用摘要：针对翻译工作者和口译人员来说，会议中所涉及的翻译工作具有较强的挑战性。
会议口译中口译人员该具备何种能力，已不停留于中英语知识或者口译技能上。
会议中，由于不少内容均为现场发挥，为达到理想的气氛，口译工作者往往还需掌握非语言知识、应变能力以及较高的职业素养等。
换而言之，口译人员在会议中应学会巧妙使用翻译技巧，不断融入会议氛围，从而保证整个会议、翻译的优质完成。
关键词：会议口译；技巧；应用会议口译，属于跨语言、涉及多种文化的交流职业，位于口译领域的高端。
通常，会议口译表现为交替、同声传译两种基本模式。
口译听解过程中，译员有必要集中注意力去听取，用自己的思维对源语予以加工，强调意义并抓住信息的着手点，从而有序完成记忆、表达等各项任务。
倾听时，还应积极调用个人的百科、情景以及专业等“非语言知识”。
对非语言知识的掌握程度会从很大程度上影响口译的准确性和流畅性，一名合格的口译员需要具有优秀的语言能力和相当的专业知识背景。
一、顺句驱动和同声传译相比，会议交替传译的要求相对较低。
尽管译者无需立即翻译出源语言，但时间上也相对较为紧迫。
区别于笔译工作者，会议交替传译没有太多的时间去分析原材料，必须在约定的时间内予以翻译。
基于此，会议交替传译并不需要译者对原文进行100%的翻译，而是涉及大概内容、传达出正确的信息便可。
也正因为这样，口译工作中往往使用顺句驱动法，这也是口译人员有必要掌握的一项技巧。
很显然，顺句驱动也就是根据源语言中不同语句所出现的顺序，对原文依次进行翻译。
中英文在语言上存在不少差异，口译人员通过该种翻译法很难对原文进行全面把握。
不过，鉴于口译工作的时效性要求较高，该方法能为译员节省更多的时间，减轻工作强度，改善翻译效率。
以赖斯演讲为例，我们这里对顺句驱动做初步分析。
例句：Different nations will find ways to express democratic values that reflect their own cultures and their own ways of life.通过上面提及的顺句驱动法，我们可做出如下翻译：“在不同的国家，人们的民主意识、文化背景和生活方式均会存在差异。
会议口译技巧分析
会议口译技巧分析
近年来,中国与世界各国的交流越来越频繁,国际会议越来越多,会议口译人员的需求量也越来越大。
在此情况下,如何提高会议口译质量对口译人员而言极为重要。
中外学者已经对会议口译进行了不少的研究。
本文作者将在爱丁堡大学和成都理工大学合作项目会议口译实践经历的基础上对会议口译技巧进行探讨。
本文共分为四章。
第一章简要介绍了本次口译任务,包括其背景、特点和要求。
第二章分别以译前准备,紧急情况处理以及质量控制为重点,介绍了本次口译任务的实施过程。
第三章是本文的主体部分,运用案例研究法重点研究和总结了作者在爱丁堡大学和成都理工大学合作项目两次会议中所运用的四种英中会议口译技巧。
通过具体的实例,作者详细说明了如何运用该四种口译技巧。
在第四章中,作者反思了本次实践中出现的问题并归纳了对今后学习工作的启发及展望。
作者希望本文可为会议口译译员提供一些实际的指导并对会议口译技巧领域进一步的研究提供一些参考。
会议口译表达用语(1)
开幕词、欢迎词及祝贺词01尊称来宾Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen,Mr. President/Chairman, ladies and gentlemen,Your Excellency, honorable guests, delegates and attendees to the 3rd World Congress of UCLG,02宣布开幕I now declare the 3rd World Congress of UCLG open.I hereby declare open the 3rd World Congress of UCLG.It is a pleasure/privilege (for me) to open the 3rd World Congress of UCLG.I have the pleasure and privilege of declaring the 3rd World Congress of UCLGopen.03开场白的寒暄It is a real pleasure and privilege for me to participate in the opening ceremony of the 3rd World Congress of UCLG. As Mayor of Guangzhou, I am proud to be here on this important occasion.I consider it an honor and a privilege to extend the greetings of the citizens ofGuangzhou to this distinguished audience of the 3rd World Congress.It is truly a pleasure and privilege to be afforded the opportunity to give the opening address at this 3rd World Congress of UCLG held here in the charming Mexico City.04主办单位向参加者表示欢迎On behalf of Mexico City, I am delighted to welcome all of you to the 3rd World Congress of UCLG.I am honored to have this opportunity to welcome you all to Mexico City and joinin this opening ceremony.It is my pleasant duty to extend to you a cordial/hearty/warm welcome on behalf of the Federal Government of Mexico.On behalf of Mexico City and in my own name, I bid a warm welcome to all gathered here to participate in the 3rd World Congress of UCLG.05主办单位向参加者表示感谢和关怀We deeply appreciate your coming here to share with us your unique experience.My special thanks go to those who have travelled a great distance to be here.Our gratitude to each of the participants and attendees, many of whom have come a long way to contribute to this Congress.We are fortunate to have with us today so many mayors and local government leaders from all over the world.We wish you a pleasant stay in Mexico City and a safe return to your countries.I wish all participants of the 3rd World Congress of UCLG a pleasant stay in ourcountry and an enriching experience, both personal and professional.06对会议表示期待May this 3rd World Congress of UCLG become a milestone toward the great goal of friendship and cooperation among cities world over.It is my wish that this Congress will strengthen the bond of friendship between all of us, and that we will all leave this Congress much informed.May your discussions be fruitful and be productive of better understanding among cities.07对观众提出注意事项For those of you standing in the rear/back, there are some seats available here in front. Please come forward and be seated.The closing ceremony will be held here immediately. Will all participants please remain in their seats.All participants will take their seats, please. We’ll now proceed with Session No.2. Mr. A has the floor now.I have a house-keeping announcement to make.If you have a question, please get a microphone and make sure that is switched on. Before you raise your question, please identify yourself, your affiliation, and the speaker to whom you’d like to direct your question.We are running a bit behind the time, but I think we have time for just a few very brief questions.詹成整理2010年11月28日。
释意理论指导下的会议口译
释意理论指导下的会议口译在经济迅猛发展的今天，人们对整个世界的认识也在不断地加强与深化，信息时代决定了发展的主流，每个国家都在积极扩大与其他国家的政治，经济，文化等各方面交流，中国也是如此。
在发展交流过程中，国际会议是十分重要的沟通方式，而口译员在国际会议中的角色也举足轻重，在会议上，口译员不仅要准确传达源语意思，还要充分体现说话者意图，因此对于会议口译的探究也就变得十分重要。
释意理论主要是在口译实践经验基础上提出的从翻译过程考察翻译的理论，它认为翻译是通过语言符号和自己对源语的理解而重新对原文做出的解释. 在口译过程中的释意理论指的是要强调要脱离语言外壳重新包装，追求对意义的理解与表达。
通过对前人所做研究进行分析与调查发现，在相应的翻译策略中，巴黎释意学派理论，尤其是该理论中的“源语理解”和“脱离源语外壳”在会议口译中起到了重要作用。
因此，本文将研究重点旨在于分析释意理论下的会议口译。
一、会议口译的定义与特点目前，会议口译是处于口译专业最前沿的一种专门职业，在国家间，企业间的沟通中起至关重要的作用，会议口译做到了不同国家之间语言以及文化的转换，是在外事活动中极为重要的活动。
（一）会议口译的定义会议口译包含两种模式：交替传译和同声传译，但不管是交替传译还是同声传译，会议口译的目的旨在于在准确表达思想的同时，也能够完美的展示出会议人的讲话风格及讲话意图，总体来说，交替传译和同声传译都是会议口译常用的两种表现形式，其实质上并没有高低难易的区别，两种表现形式目的统一，相辅相成。
（二）会议口译的特点现如今，随着国际间交流日益频繁，会议口译的应用范围也越来越广，除了在国际会议上频繁可见，其他方面也广泛应用，比如外交外事活动，商务沟通活动及电视广播，新闻传媒等等。
会议口译的特点可以概括为：1. 会议口译要求言辞官方正式，表达严谨流畅。
2. 会议口译涉及面广，口译人员要万事通，了解双语文化，对各领域，如金融，经济，制造，市政，环保等领域有所了解。
会议口译中技巧的应用
会议口译中技巧的应用会议口译是一项需要专业知识和技巧的工作。
在会议口译中，口译员需要准确地传达发言人的意思，同时还需要处理好一系列涉及到语言、文化和沟通等方面的问题。
下面将介绍一些会议口译中的技巧应用。
首先，口译员需要具备优秀的听力和理解能力。
会议现场通常嘈杂且信息量大，所以口译员需要通过掌握快速听取信息的技巧，如能够识别关键词和短语，以便能够准确的理解发言人的意图。
其次，口译员需要具备出色的口译技巧。
口译员在将发言人的讲话内容译给听众时，需要保持语言流畅和准确。
为了做到这一点，口译员可以运用一些技巧，如使用同义词、额外解释、概括等，以确保所传达的信息不仅准确无误，而且易于理解。
此外，口译员需要具备文化敏感度。
不同的文化有不同的方式表达和理解事物。
口译员需要了解各种文化之间的差异并在口译过程中予以考虑。
例如，一些概念在中文中可能没有一个直接的翻译，口译员需要找到一个相似的，但能够准确传达其意思的词语或短语。
另外一个技巧是主动与发言人沟通。
口译员应该随时和发言人进行沟通，以便了解其意图、补充他信息或询问一些疑问。
这样能够帮助口译员更好地理解发言人的意思，传达准确的信息。
在会议现场，时间非常关键，因此口译员需要善于处理压力，并能够快速思维和决策。
他们需要迅速地根据语境、发言人的语速和节奏等进行决策，选择合适的翻译方式，并确保及时传达信息。
此外，口译员还需要具备记忆和笔记记录的能力。
有时，发言人可能会提供一些数据、细节或概念等，这些信息需要口译员能够将其准确地记忆下来或者记录下来，以便在后续的翻译过程中使用。
最后，口译员需要进行不断的学习和提高。
新的词汇、概念和知识不断涌现，口译员需要保持对各种领域的更新和学习，并不断提高自己的语言能力和专业知识。
总之，会议口译是一项需要掌握多种技巧的工作。
通过善于倾听、运用口译技巧、具备文化敏感度、主动沟通、处理压力、记忆和记录以及不断学习等技巧的应用，口译员能够更好地完成工作，确保信息的准确传递。
会议口译解析
《会议口译解析》读后感这是一本较为实用的专门针对会议口译的指南书。
作者写书的出发点是自己二十多年来在欧盟口译总司的经验，书中的就各个口译技巧所提供的例子使其更加形象化而简单易懂，因而读者读的时候就好像是在听经验丰富的过来人传授自己的翻译技巧。
这本书的脉络的很清晰。
第一章介绍口译和会议口译的概念以及会议口译相关的工作状况。
第二、三章主要介绍接续传译，是我阅读本书的重点，第四章是同声传译。
这也许是大部分学英语的同学可望而不可及的层次。
目前对于我来说还是有些深奥，所以仅作大致的了解。
最值得一提的是这本书纠正我的两个大的误区。
第一，我过去认为口译很自由。
只要把大致的意思掌握，然后可以用目标语言任意的翻译出来。
但是其实会议口译虽然不是逐个逐个的单词翻译，但它也不仅仅是大意的转达。
1、译者还需要根据内容把握说话者的态度，是消极、积极还是讽刺等等。
2、有时，需翻译的讲话内容层次并不清晰，作为翻译人员，还应该理清内容的层次，甚至一一标上序号在进行翻译，以便听众的理解。
3、说话者可能会有口误，常识性错误或者其他明显的错误，翻译人员也是有义务对其进行更正的。
第二，我之前以为会议翻译的时候，在任何情况下，翻译人员因错过或不理解某些内容而向发言人提问都是不专业的表现。
但这本书告诉我，口译人员并不是神人，不能要求他什么内容都能了如指掌，完美地翻译，这种情况下不能隐瞒自己的无知，而应该向发言人确认自己的疑问。
但是译员一定要权衡轻重，是否这个问题值得提，并且应该简明扼要。
会议口译主要分为三个阶段：理解、分析、重述。
理解不是词的理解而是大意的理解。
但是在实际情况中，难免会遇到生词。
如果是无关紧要的词，可以省略；如果是关键词，决定着整段话的意思，可以通过整个会议的内容来推断单词的意思；如果实在没办法推断，则可以像上文提到的那样，跟发言人确认。
分析，首先必须要搞清楚会议内容的类型，是描述性的还是叙述性的，逻辑性的等等，因为这会对译员听，译的方式，内容产生一定的影响。
roderick jones会议口译解析
文章题目：解析Roderick Jones的会议口译理论与实践序一、引言1. Roderick Jones2. 会议口译的重要性与挑战二、会议口译的基本原则1. 直译与意译2. 信息完整性与精确性3. 语言表达与文化适应三、Roderick Jones的会议口译理论1. “顺其自然”的口译哲学2. 语言技能与专业知识的融合3. 会议口译的心态与态度四、Roderick Jones的会议口译实践1. 实时口译的挑战与突破2. 专业素养与职业道德3. 多元文化交流与沟通能力五、总结与回顾1. 从Roderick Jones的理论到现实应用2. 口译的无止境探索与学习3. 个人对会议口译的理解与展望引言会议口译作为一项高度复杂的跨文化交际活动，一直以来备受关注。
在这个领域中，Roderick Jones作为一位知名的会议口译专家，其理论与实践经验备受学界和从业者的推崇。
本文将从Roderick Jones的会议口译理论与实践出发，深入探讨会议口译的基本原则、Roderick Jones的理论贡献以及其实践应用，旨在为读者提供一个全面、深刻的理解，并阐述个人对这一领域的观点和展望。
会议口译的基本原则在深入探讨Roderick Jones的会议口译理论之前，有必要了解会议口译的基本原则。
会议口译作为一种特殊的口译形式，其核心原则包括直译与意译、信息完整性与精确性、以及语言表达与文化适应。
这些原则贯穿于会议口译的整个过程中，对口译人员的要求也非常高。
只有在遵循这些基本原则的基础上，口译才能达到高质量、高效率的标准。
这些基本原则也是Roderick Jones的会议口译理论的重要基础。
Roderick Jones的会议口译理论Roderick Jones在会议口译领域有着丰富的理论研究和实践经验，他强调了“顺其自然”的口译哲学。
这一理论强调了口译人员在口译过程中应该尽量避免过度的干预和修饰，而是要尽可能贴近源语言的表达方式，保持语言的自然流畅。
英语会议口译技巧
英语会议口译技巧-凯乐迪课程笔录1）动宾连接原则考生在翻译动宾短语的时候，应先考虑宾语的成分。
宾语可能为名词、名词词组和句子。
不同成分的宾语决定了谓语的使用。
比如在以下例子中―希望‖的选择面很大，既可以用ho pe连接句子，也可以用ho pe for，look forwar d to等连接名词词组，那么考生就得考虑宾语更容易翻译成词组或句子。
因此，动宾连接原则的核心思想是―先宾语，后谓语‖，翻译会豁然开朗。
中国人民始终希望天下太平，希望各国人民友好相处。
The Chines e people are always lookin g forwar d to globap eaceand friend shipamongalnati ons.The Chines e people are always hoping that the worldis at peaceand people of alnati ons wilcoe xistfriend lily.2）时态原则时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单，往往是考试中的一个难点。
时态有时可以体现一种感情因素，特别是进行时的使用，比如在第一个例子中现在进行时的使用体现出对中华民族的一种褒扬、赞美的口吻，翻译出了这句话的―精、气、神‖，最后一个例子中过去进行时时常表示一种―特有的行为‖，通常是偏向于negat ive的口吻，所以我们发现这句话十有八九是美国人自己写的。
中华民族历来爱好自由和和平。
The Chines e people have always been cheris hingfreedo m and peace.The Chines e people always cheris h freedo m and peace.The Chines e people are always cheris hingfreedo m and peace.中国过去是、现在是、将来是……Chinawas and remain stobe…中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。
概析会议口译中的话轮转换
概析会议口译中的话轮转换话轮转换理论由美国社会学家萨克斯、谢格夫等人于20世纪70年代提出。
这一理论一经提出就被广泛应用于各种会话分析中,如自然会话,文学作品中的对话,电视访谈节目等。
会议口译虽与这些会话不同,但它也具备会话的一些特征,如:二者都以口头形式进行,且不止有一人讲话;一方发言结束后,另一方接续话轮。
二者最大的不同点在于接续话轮一方的讲话内容。
会议口译中口译者仅仅是将发言者的话用另一种语言表达出来,话轮并不涉及新内容。
口译者要准确及时地翻译,就要学会判断发言者的发言何时告一段落,从而避免打断发言者的话轮或出现话轮重叠现象。
由此可见,话轮转换理论同样适用于会议口译。
1 话轮转换理论及其应用话轮转换理论主要包括两大规则:话轮构成规则和话轮分配规则。
下面作者将以2010年3月14日温家宝总理答中外记者问的会议口译为例,分析话轮转换理论在会议口译中的应用。
1.1 话轮构成规则“话轮”这一概念虽由萨克斯提出,但他并没有给出明确定义。
学者们对话轮的理解也存在差异。
如:萨克斯等人认为,“会话参与者在会话过程中所得到的一次說话权,以及从得到这个说话权开始到想放弃说话权或者不得不放弃说话权为止所说的话称为一个话轮”[1]。
我国学者刘虹认为“话轮是在会话的过程中,说话者在任意时间内连续说出的具有和发挥了某种交际功能的一番话,其结尾以说话者和听话者的角色互换或双方的沉默等放弃话轮信号为标志”[3]。
李延福认为“话轮指会话中一个参与者在一定时间内连续说出的话,其前后为其他参与者的谈话”[4]。
虽然这些表述有所不同,但实质却是相同的。
“话轮可由任意四种不同长度的话语单位构成,即独立的单词、不包含主谓结构的短语、非完整分句以及完整的句子”[2],如:(1)温家宝:但同时我们要坚定信心,华山再高,顶有过路。
解决困难唯一的办法、出路和希望在于我们自己的努力。
(2)温家宝:现在我愿意回答大家的问题。
(3)—是谁？—我。
会议口译中开场白欢迎词等套话翻译
会议口译中开场白欢迎词等套话翻译无论是口译考试还是真实场景中的会议口译,欢迎词都是必定会出现的，而且都是在会议开始的时候出现。
专业译员对于这种欢迎词的套话翻译应该是了如指掌,张口就来。
欢迎词翻译得再怎么精彩都不能证明一个译员水平有多么的高，但是如果欢迎词翻译得都很糟糕的话，考试的时候也就是让你不过，实际工作中恐怕就得被哄下台，失去当次会议的客户和众多潜在客户了。
开场白的套话是有章可循的，有可套用的公式,在这里我先给大家讲两个常用的公式，然后再拿具体的例子给大家讲一下：“首先，我仅代表～,对~表示欢迎,对～表示感谢，对~表示祝贺”英文公式1:“Let me begin by/please allow me to begin by, on behalf of sb, extending my welcome to sb，expressing my thanks to sb for sth and offering my congratulations to sb on sth.”在这里要特别强调的是介词的使用，一定不要弄混，动词的话express和extend可以互换,但是说“祝贺”的时候都是用“offer”做动词，感谢某人做某事一定不要把介词弄混了,是“to sb for sth"。
例子：女士们、先生们、亲爱的朋友们：首先，请允许我代表武汉市政府和江城670万向来自全世界和全国的各地专家表示热烈的欢迎。
Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends:Please allow me to begin by, on behalf of the Wuhan Municipal Government and 6。
7 million Wuhan residents，extending my warm welcome to experts from home and abraod.英文公式2：As we are meeting here together today for ～meeting, I wish to，on behalf of sb, extend（同上）红字部分是非常重要的一个公式，一般中文是以“今天我们在这里相聚,共同参加~会议，我仅代表~"开场的.这里翻译的时候要注意了，英文的句式结构和中文有的时候是反着的，无论句子多么长，用as开头很多情况下都是行得通的,而且都可以用一个英文复杂句表述出来。
会议口译解析 1
会议口译解析会议口译解析前言 (1)1.介绍 (3)什么是口译? (3)什么是会议口译? (4)会议口译的工作环境 (6)本书中所用的定义并举例 (8)2.交替传译的基本原则 (11)理解 (11)分析 (14)分析发言的类型 (14)识别主要观点 (21)分析发言中的联系 (28)记忆 (29)重新表述 (33)3.交替传译中的笔记 (39)笔记中应用的符号 (40)记什么 (41)怎么记 (44)缩写与符号 (49)用什么语言记录 (60)何时记 (61)如何阅读后续的笔记 (64)4.同声传译 (66)同声传译的听觉困难 (67)同声传译技能 (72)何时开始说话? (72)重新组织 (80)萨拉米香肠技术 (91)重新组织的效率 (95)简化 (98)概括 (101)(被迫的)遗漏和说话快的发言人 (102)总结和概括 (104)解释 (104)预判 (105)如果我犯了明显错误该怎么办? (107)如果讲话者犯了错? (108)避免由自己承担错误 (110)隐喻和谚语 (112)使用‘固定词组’ (114)语调，强调和停顿...................................................... (115)数字........................................................................ (117)‘重游’ (120)接替........................................................................ (122)对同传技能的结论意见 (124)5.做翻译的快乐 (128)专业词汇编 (131)扩展阅读 (134)索引 (139)前言当我接到写这本书的约稿邀请时，我就在想这本书应当能填补现有文献在于口译方面的空白，应当写成一本关于会议口译的基础技能的入门和实用的书。
会议口译资料一(社会)
会议口译资料一（社会大类必背材料）::详细内容::体育与健康高超的才智需要健康的体魄，这样才智才能充分发挥。
有益的运动有很多，它们有益于健康，许多运动项目雨天可以在室内进行。
然而，室内运动总不像在户外的新鲜空气中进行活动那么好，因为我们身体在新鲜空气中会汲取更多氧气，吐出更多废气。
室内空气的新鲜程度保持不了多久，而户外空气则常常新鲜而清爽。
但是可以进行哪些项目呢？可进行的项目有足球、篮球、跑步等等，只要有足够的运动量的体育项目都是有益的，最好的是那些在户外进行的运动。
A strong mind needs strong body in order to make it most useful. There are a great many good exercises. They are helpful and healthful. Many of them may be taken ind oors during rainy weather. Indoor exercises, however, are never as helpful as those tak en out of doors in pure fresh air. It is because in fresh air more oxygen is taken into our systems and more wastes are given off. The air in the house does not remain fr esh very long. But out of doors it is usually fresh and pure. But what shall we play?There are a number of games such as football, basketball, races… Any game with pl enty of movement is good. The best are those that are played out of doors.不断变化的环境扩大了食品选择范围，改变了饮食习惯。
会议口译解析(重点)
Conference Interpreting Explained(Key Points)1.IntroductionWhat Is an Interpreter?A pat definition:someone who does immediate oral translationA scenario:in a room with two individuals and two languages or in a large conference hall with hundreds of participants and a multiplicity of languages:people who wish to communicate with one another,and who are prevented from doing so by a barrier.Barrier:a)first and foremost,a linguistic barrier.sufficient linguistic knowledgeb)different bodies of language,educations,cultures,and therefore different intellectual approaches cultural difficulties in interpretation(explicitly&implicitly)Explicitly:a speaker may make references in all sorts of areas that have no direct equivalent in the target language explain to the audienceImplicitly:the intellectual approach to any given question,the means used by a speaker to express their ideas will depend on the speaker’s cultural background make the audience understand the real meaningConclusion:to bridge the cultural and conceptual gaps separating the participants in a meetingA comparison:like a teacher,who continuously explain and explicate to make sure that the message is genuinely assimilated by the audience,yet unlike a teacher,for the task is to express their own message.What Is Conference Interpreting?One very important rule:must be able to provide an exact and faithful reproduction of the original speech no additional information or deviation should be made except that they serve to enhance the audience’s understanding of the speaker’s meaning.Why use the first person:The conference interpreter,in a way,becomes the delegate they are interpreting.He must empathize with the delegate,put himself in someone else’s shoes,espouse their cause.Two concepts:a)consecutive interpretation in which the interpreter listens to the totality of a speaker’s comments,or at least a significant passage,and then reconstitutes the speech with the help of notes taken while listening.Features:speak consecutively to the speaker;must be efficient,hence no longer than the original b)simultaneous interpretation in which the interpreter listens to the beginning of the speaker's comments then begins interpreting while the speech continues,carrying on throughout the speech,to finish almost at the same time as the original.Features:with the appropriate equipment(microphone,booth,earphone,headphone),efficientBut all conference interpreters should be able to work in both modes.Process:listen,understand,analyze,re-synthesize(continuous,real time,fast and efficient under stress)The Context of the Conference Interpreter’s Worka)An international organization interpreter:more likely to work in simultaneous;generally remain an anonymous voice,with little or no personal contact with the delegates they are workingfor;a certain amount of work tends to become routine(generally,not definitely as more and more global issues popping out needed to be solved)b)On the private market there is little risk of work becoming routine.The relationship between the interpreter and delegates is more of a client-service provider one,so there is a better chance of personal contact with delegates.A wide range of clients is necessary to ensure sufficient income,therefore,interpreters in the private market have to be prepared to deal with practically anything under the sun.General meetings are not necessarily easy,for their very blandness can make them awkwardly elusive to the interpreter,who may have to deal with the finest nuances of meaning,so fine sometimes as to seem to exist only in the mind of the speaker.The interpreter will be faced with a literally infinite range of subject matters.The same basic skills will always be required,but the interpreter has a vast field to work in and must therefore have broad general knowledge and be intellectually curious,always seeking to widen that general knowledge.Some Definitions and ExamplesA passive language is a language out of which an interpreter is capable of interpreting.An active language is one into which they are capable of interpreting.Mother tongue first active languageRetour means an interpretation where the interpreter is working into an active language other than their mother tongue.(e.g,for most Chinese interpreters,from English to Chinese)Relay refers to a situation where a meeting is multilingual and not all the interpreters understand all of the languages used.2.The Basic Principles of Consecutive InterpretingIn order,there are three basic stages of a consecutive interpreter’s work:understanding,analyzing,and re-expressing.UnderstandingTwo points to hold in mind:a)acknowledge your ignorance and seek for help when necessary and appropriate;b)try as hard as you can to have a thorough knowledge of your passive language.On understanding:a)Understanding of not of words but of ideas.It may well be perfectly possible to understand a speaker’s meaning without actually understanding every single word and expression they use,and without having to reproduce all of those terms in the interpretation.b)Active and attentive listening(not a natural gift but something that has to be learned and trained):must not pay attention to individual words as words,but must listen to the overall sense of a speech,identifying the ideas that are expressed through the words.Keep asking:‘What does the speaker mean?’What are the ideas they want to express?’AnalysisAnalysis of Speech TypeOne perspective to differentiate:a)reasoned arguments that present both points of view,weighing up pros and cons before arriving at a synthetic conclusion.b)Those that are a sequence of logical deductions leading inexorably to the only possible conclusion(from the speaker’s point of view)Another perspective:a)descriptive:describing a scene or an event to a detailed statistical presentationb)narrative:adopting a purely chronological sequencec)polemical:hell-bent on convincing the audience,sometimes to the detriment of logic,courtesy or even honestyd)rhetorical:aiming being to sound impressivee)stonewalling(故意拖延）......Different ways to tackle different types of speechesa)a reasoned line of argument pay particular attention to the logical connections between ideas;follow the sinuous development of the argument and make it perfectly clear to the audience which point fits in wherea1)a pro-and-con type must know what is a pro and what is a con;explain to the audience the core of the speech if the speaker has a preference,and make it clear the split point between the pro and con even if the speaker doesn’t articulate ita2)one-sided argument(presenting deductions and syllogisms to prove a point)Must be vigilant so as to pay attention in particular to all the logical links of the speech:as,given that,therefore,consequently,because,thence,etc,or the whole construct of the interpretation will have risk of tumbling downb)narrative,chronological must pay due attention to time phrases,dates and verb tensesc)descriptive concentrate as hard as possible,decide what is the most important information,and remember and note down as much as possible of thatd)polemical must espouse the speaker’s point of view,convey the tenor of comments,must have the intellectual flexibility to reproduce something they find highly questionable(for the speaker may sacrifice logic,truth,courtesy or even honesty for the polemical effect)e)rhetorical(images,metaphors,similes,flowery words,anecdotes,jokes,etc,)more important to capture the spirit than the exact detail of the content,pay extreme attention to the reference made to people present at the event,historical figures and vents,literature,works of art and so on,mobilize all their resources in their mother tongue,or other target language,in order to do justice to such speakers,to render not just the sense,but also the tenor of the originalOne of the golden rules of interpreting,valid in all circumstances:the interpreter must make no substantive addition to a speech.WHY?a)the participants are not interested in what the interpreter thinks or saysb)a waste of time if ignoredc)worse,it may distract participants’attention away from the points actually made by the speakerd)worst of all,an interpreter’s comment may be taken up for discussion,plunging the meeting into confusionPS:Here substantive addition does not include necessary and appropriate explanations made by the interpreter to gap the language barrier.The balance to catch all lies in interpreters themselves who have to show discretion and make judgments in certain occasions.Identification of Main ideasWHY?a)It is self-evident for as a standard interpreter,he must include the most important ideas of the speaker and give relative importance to ideas in his interpretation.b)When under stress,the interpreter will therefore have to omit one or more elements of the original.Hence,they should know what to miss out without impairing the main meaning of the speech.c)The recall of the speech necessary in consecutive will be easier if the interpreter has a number of key ideas around which to structure their recollections,rather than having a sequence of ideas all on an equal footing.d)When delegates are really pressed for time,a summary instead of a full interpretation may well be needed.Main idea:who does what,and when,and who says or thinks what.Subject-verb-object analysis(core line of a speech)Secondary:a)individual epithets and adverbs(when to leave out the adj.,adv,etc,depends on the context)b)examples and illustrations:(whether examples are purely illustrative and can be edited,or whether they have some intrinsic importance and should be dealt wit exhaustively depends on different situations)c)Asides,parentheses,digressions,comparisons,even verbal redundancies:verbal redundancies should be cut down to a minimum;digressions,extraneous comparisons and rhetoric mat be kept in the translation but should have the right relative weight in the overall context of the speech;and the interpreter must not let the form of the speech-qualifying clauses,hesitations,corrections,verbal redundancies-distract them from the substance.Analysis of LinksFour basic types of links:logical consequence,logical cause,sequential ideas,oppositionMemoryThe consecutive interpreter must therefore cultivate the use of short-term memory.A general mnemonic technique(助记法）:try to visualize what the speaker is saying Limitation:A speech may be so abstract that no amount of effort will produce a visualization of the notions expressed.In such cases,better tag the ideas with numbers(points)rather than visual images.The consecutive interpreter must concentrate particularly hard on the beginning and the end of a speech and make sure they get them right.WHY?a）The beginning is the point of departure for the‘journey’which any speech is.b）The end is usually the most important part of a speech,for the speaker,in most cases,wish to arrive at a given conclusion.c）An interpreter will sometimes naturally relax his attention when he senses that the end is coming.Re-expressionBefore re-expression(if miss sth):Basic rules to be followed in putting a question.1.If the advantage of putting a question outweighs the disadvantage.2.If the question is necessary to improve the interpretation,or it is only your personal edification.3.Put the question politely,in the speaker’own language,and not forget to thank the speaker.4.The question must be clear and precise,and elicit an equally clear and precise answer.One thing to hold in mind:The interpreter must not work in a solipsistic introverted way.for interpretation is a profession that is all about communication.In practice:1.The interpreters themselves are a public speaker.(establish contact,speak up clearly and articulate.)2.Eye contact.(glance down at their notes,enough time to look at the audience)3.Deliver the interpretation efficiently.(length:2/3;a sustained,steady pace;no hesitation or unnecessary repetition)4.The speed may be varied for audience’s sake.(if they need to note down sth)5.Intonation and use of pause.6.“Make their own speech while remain faithful to the speaker”(invert the order of two sentences;merge two sentences into one;divide long sentence into a number of shorter ones...) Actually,the more creative the interpreter,the more they are faithful to the text;the more original they are,the less obtrusive they are the the participants.(depending on a good understanding)3.Note-taking in Consecutive InterpretingOne thing to hold in mind:(very important)The essential part of CI is done in understanding,analysis,and re-expression.If these are not done correctly,the best notes in the world will not make you a good interpreter,for notes are no more than an aid to enhance the work done on the basis of these interpreter.They are not an end in themselves,but a means to an end.The interpreter who invests too much in their notes is running a twofold risk.1.become a form a short hand,a mere transcription of the sequence of words,which will make the interpretation more of a transliteration than of a re-expression of ideas.2.Less processing capacity allocated to L(listening and analysis),thus the interpreters are capable of being superficial,of making serious errors,even of contradicting themselves.The purposes of note-taking1.To relieve memory so as to allocate more capacity for L(especially when names,numbers,etc come along)2.To“jog”the interpreter’s memory,to enhance the interpreter’s ability to reproduce the structure of a speech.(Structure:what is important/ancillary;how ideas are related/separated...)So,a)the interpreter will be forced to analyze the structure of the speech;b)when it comes to re-expression,it helps the interpreter verbalize the desired structure.Practical points for note-taking1.stenographer’s note-pad(15cm by20cm)2.Lead pencil3.Write only on one page4.The note should be legible(large characters5.Avoid ambiguity in notes(e.g.Ind can not be noted down for industry)6.If a new symbol is used,it should be so obvious as to be unproblematic.What to note1.Main ideas2.Links3.The point of view being expressed4.Tense of verbs/modal verbs5.Give priority to numbers/dates/names/lists(write them down as soon as your hear them;for names,write them phonetically)How to noteDiagonal LayoutAdvantages:1.It forces the interpreter to separate components of a sentence on a page in a way which avoids all confusion.2.The beginning of each new idea is clearly marked.3.Ease of reading(a natural movement for one’s eyes)The left-hand marginTo note down links(such as because,although,but,therefore,...)Verticality of ListsTo note down elements in a list that have the same value.If I’ve missed something out in my notesYou should note clearly that something is missing.(The exact place and the exact page)Abbreviations and SymbolsAdvantages:1.Save time.2.The symbol represents an idea,rather than the word or words,so it is easier to escape the trap of word-for-word translation.Two different views on to what extent the abbreviations and symbols should be used.1.Rozan:minimalist view2.Matysesek:maximalist approachActually:It is a question of personal taste.Better to let each interpret find their own balance.A simple rule:They should always be perfectly clear and make sense to the interpreter.Frequently occurring notionsCountry names,organizations,and notions that come up frequently in their own areaAll these symbols and abbreviations must be meaningful to themLinksas for anything in the“because”family;but for all words and phrases of that family;and so foranything in the“therefore”family.Interpreters can just borrow convenient short words from other languages or even use the mathematical sign to mean certain things.TensesThe most important three tenses:the present,the past and the future.Three approaches:1.shorthand of‘has’and‘will’before verbs2.Add‘ed’or‘ll’right after verbs3.A symbolic way:the interpreter can immediately recognize the tense when reading back their notes.Modal verbsTreat them as a family group and develop an organically related set of symbols to represent them.StressUnderling,double underling,squiggly line...+for comparison,++for superlative...Arrows(p56-57)Suffixes(p57)ParenthesesIn the case where a digression(joke,anecdote,xxx)NumberingEfficiency1.The interpreter should not develop symbols and abbreviations that are so complicated that they actually take longer to note down than writing note long-hand,or than using ad hoc,but perfectly obvious,abbreviations.2.There are many things that interpreters should not write down in their notes.The Language in Which to NoteNoting in the source languageAdvantages:You will not be held up or bothered by questions of translation while taking the notes.You have a better guarantee of having a full set of notes at the end of a speech.Superiority in the case when a speaker uses a word or concept very specific to the culture of the source language.Drawbacks:noting words not ideas.Noting in the target languageAdvantages:You are obliged to use the mental process that should be at pay in interpreting.You aregenuinely processing the information while listing to it.Drawbacks:moments when lost in translation;less content of the speechThe important thing is that the question as to which language to not in is really pretty irrelevant,for,first,a large share of notes will be in a symbolic or abbreviated form;second,language is composed not just of words but also of grammar and syntax;third,the two can be combined at will.When to NoteA dilemma:the need to be as close as possible to the speaker vs.the interpreter should wait until they have understood a complete ideaFor consecutive interpreter the priority is to start taking notes as quickly as possible...Numbers/names/lists....Drop everything elseHow to read back notesContact with the audience.4.Simultaneous InterpretingOne thing to hold in mind:for simultaneous interpreters,it is important to try to sense the atmosphere of a meeting through a the panes of glass.----This is why proper visibility must bu guaranteed for interpreters.There are two fundamental differences,which create two added difficulties in SI:an acoustic one and an intellectual one.The acoustic difficulty:interpret,in a sense,simultaneously,which is an unusual activity and has to be cultivated.The intellectual difficulty:the interpreter does not know where the speaker is going,even as you speak.(both at the macro and the micro level)The acoustic difficulty of SIUse of EquipmentInterpreters need to be able to hear both the speaker and themselves.(The reason why you should be able to hear yourself:to monitor your target language so that you won’t be ungrammatical,pronounce words incorrectly,forget words...)Keep the speech volume as low as feasibly possible to avoid a vicious circle.Make sure the sound output level is as regular as possible.Cultivate Split AttentionIt is an unnatural activity.The way to cope with it is to maintain a maximum level of concentration and very deliberately and consciously address your attention to the two discourses in question. (An analogy:playing the piano.Learn to coordinate both)Listening to Oneself in SIBoth content and form.The first rule is to speak,as far as possible,in short,simple sentences;for if you launch into long,complicated sentences with subordinate and relative clauses,the risk of losing the thread of your won sentence,and therefore making a mistake or forgetting what you want to say,is muchgreater.Delegates are usually delighted to have everything chopped up into small,pre-digested units for them,provided the ideas are expressed clearly.The interpreter must always finish their sentences.The‘Golden Rules’of SIRemember they are communicating;Make the best possible use of the technical facilities;Ensure they can hear both the speaker and themselves clearly;Never attempt to interpret something they have not heard or acoustically understood;Maximize concentration;Not be distracted by focusing attention on individual problematic words;Cultivate split attention,with active,analytical listening to the speaker and critical monitoring of their own output;Use,where possible,short,simple sentences;Be grammatical;Make sense in every single sentence;Always finish their sentencesThe technique of Simultaneous InterpretingWhen to start speakingStart interpreting almost immediately vs keep a certain distance from the speakerWe must reject simultaneous being done as a kind of sequence of accelerated mini-consecutives. The“unit of meaning”:a cognitive information in the mind of the listener.(KL+EKL+A)The minimum length of a unit of meaning is determined by the shortest possible passage that may engender a clear cognitive representation in the mind of the listener.The maximum length of a unit of meaning is determined by the length of an oral passage that can remain present to the ear at any one give moment.However,1.the value of the“unit of meaning”is essentially descriptive,not prescriptive.2.May wait an awful long time3.Long,artificial pauses in the middle of sentencesAn alternative method has to be sought:an interpreter can start speaking once they have enough material from the speaker to finish their own(interpreted)sentence.(and begin your sentence only when you know the form)Advantages:1.have the sentence finished2.Easier for them to pause between sentences3.Help interpreters to think and speak in short4.More in control of the situation,less tiringWhat distance should interpreters keep from speakers?1.The interpreter should continue as they have begun.The distance should be more or less constant.2.The interpreter must be flexible.3.The interpreter should try to end a speech as close as possible to the speaker.ReformulationAn analogy:The interpreter is rather like a film director adapting a novel for the cinema.The constant objective of the interpreter is to provide a correct translation of the original in a form that sounds as natural and as authentic as possible in the target language.(style,syntax,words..)E.g.English version:When the president came to power...French version:On the arrival in power of the president...(through nouns)Try to avoid the temptation of word-for-word translation.Hence,take more intellectual distance from the text and re-express.What do you do when you come up against a word you don’t know in SI?1.Although the simultaneous interpreter does not have the whole context,the do have some context.They have the overall context of the meeting.2.The interpreter is not really following‘just behind’the speaker.3.The interpreter is reformulating.4.Many resources:colleagues in the booth;data bases in the booth5.If there is no way to tackle this unknown word,be honest.Some specific techniques:The salami techniqueMust divide up the speaker’s sentences into a number of short,self-contained ones and then link them as appropriate.The salami technique is particular useful when working from languages that have a natural tendency to long,complicated sentences.Efficiency in Reformulation1.One way of being succinct is to make use of a speaker’s reference to previous comments in the meeting,which is based on the principle of exploiting cognitive knowledge shared by the interpreter and their audience.2.Refer to documents,organizations,etc.In an abbreviated or simplified form,provided this form is clear for the audience and is accepted usage.3.Remove all useless filler words such as really,actually,well,etc.4.Ban such cliches such as so to speak/say.if you like,if you see what I mean,etc.5.Unnecessary repetitions are banned.6.Be generally vigilant about their own form of expression and choose the shortest form,where possible.7.Provide a‘no frills’interpretation.(But it depends on the oratorical effects the speaker desires) SimplificationTechnical materials:1.the interpreter himself cannot render all of the technical details2.even if the interpreter may very well be able to cope with the speech,he willleave the audience confused.To maximize communication(The interpreter must know how to sacrifice the less important to the more important.)GeneralizationTo save time,a number of specific expressed items can be expressed in one generic term.Omission(Under Duress)and Fast Speakers1.Keep in the essential elements and miss out only what is illustrative or in some other way accessory.2.Have sufficient intellectual distance from the original.Summarizing and RecapitulationSummarize and recapitulate what the speaker has said,or what you have interpreted,if you feel the audience may have failed to grasp the point.ExplanationA brief explanation can actually save time in the long run especially in the case where a notion is used repeatedly.Anticipation1.It is possible to anticipate the broad structure and sometimes the general thrust of a speech.2.Learn to recognize speech patterns and rhetorical structures,particularly in the languages they have to interpret from.3.The interpreter can anticipate specific words pr phrases in individual sentences because it is simply so obvious how the sentence is going to end.What if I make a clear mistake?A number of possible scenarios1.It is possible for the interpreter to make a mistake on a point that has little or no bearing on the way the meeting proceeds.Pass it over in silence2.The interpreter might make a mistake on a point that is more significant,but it then becomes obvious from the behavior of their audience that they have mentally rectified in any case.Pass it over or slip in a correction quickly with an apology3.The interpreter might make a clear material mistake that is important,and their audience does not realize it.Correct the point as quickly and as clearly as possibleIf the interpreter has essentially translated correctly but feels they should express themselves still better,more elegantly,more idiomatically or more exactly.In this case the interpreter should not backtrack to correct themselves.What if the speaker makes a mistake?In a kind of objective situation,where the interpreter is at least99%sure that a mistake has been made,they can react.A number of scenarios:1.a slip of tongue of the speaker simply interpret the corrected version2.the interpreter knows for sure that the speaker says something wrong but is not sure what the right version should be.Interpret faithfully but add“says the speaker,but I think he means xxx”after the sentence.3.the interpreter knows for sure that the speaker says something wrong but has zero idea of what the right version should be Interpret faithfully but add“says the speaker”after the sentence. Generally,corrections or expressions of doubts as to whether a speaker has made a mistake should be kept to the strict minimum.Avoid committing yourselfThe interpreter should not reveal to their audience they have received signs given by the speaker as to what will come next so that they will not contradict themselves in the interpretation if the speaker deviates from what he or she has formerly said.。
会议口译整理
Reception and Ceremonial Speech（会议开场和结束）一、基本词汇尊敬的来宾 honored/ distinguished guests代表 on behalf of以……的名义 in the name of …以我个人的名义 in my own name周年庆典 an anniversary celebration 百年庆典 centennial欢迎会 a welcoming party欢送会 a send-off/farewell party大会 conference研讨会 seminar座谈会，论坛 forum峰会 summit招待会 reception友好邀请kind invitation应……的邀请 at the invitation of sb.盛情款待 gracious hospitality细心安排 thoughtful/considerate arrangement在……的陪同下 in the company of百忙中抽空take some time out of one’s tight schedule / spare one’s time for 能够……我深感荣幸 I’m honored and privileged to ….向…表示热烈的欢迎和诚挚的感谢to extend/express my warm welcome and heartfelt thanks/gratitude to sb.表示/表达…欢迎/感谢/祝贺/问候/邀请：to express/extend…welcome/thanks/congratulations/greetings/invitation向…表示祝贺 to congratulate sb on sth向…表示感谢 to appreciate sb for doing sth向大会就……问题进行讲话 to address the meeting/conference on the topic of …开幕辞 opening speech闭幕辞 closing speech接风洗尘 to give/ host a dinner for (the arrival of) sb.祝酒辞 toast为……干杯propose a toast to我提议为…干杯 I’d like to propose a toast to sth非常牢固的互利关系solid and mutually beneficial relationship.向……转达来自……的祝贺 to bring to A the congratulations from B我期待着… I’m looking forward to sth/ doing sth以……结束我的讲话 I’d like to end my speech with …祝……圆满成功！ Wish…… a complete success二、基本句型：1. 欢迎词：我很荣幸地代表某某人(＋并以我个人的名义)向来自某某地方的某某表示热烈的欢迎。
模拟会议口译
模拟会议口译会议口译是一种重要的语言沟通方式，它在国际交流和合作中起到了至关重要的作用。
在模拟会议口译中，参与者通过模拟真实的会议情境，进行口译练习和训练，以提高口译能力和应对各种会议场景的能力。
一、会议准备在模拟会议口译之前，口译员需要对会议的主题和议程有所了解。
他们需要熟悉相关的词汇和术语，并进行专业知识的积累和准备。
此外，口译员还需要了解与会人员的背景信息，以便更好地理解他们的发言内容。
二、会议技巧在模拟会议口译中，口译员需要具备一定的会议技巧。
首先，他们需要快速而准确地理解发言者的意思，并将其准确地转化为另一种语言。
其次，口译员需要注意控制语速和节奏，以便听众可以更好地理解他们的口译内容。
此外，口译员还需要注意发音和语调，以确保口译的质量和可理解性。
三、会议场景模拟会议口译可以模拟各种不同的会议场景，如学术会议、商务会议、国际会议等。
口译员需要根据不同的场景和主题，灵活运用口译技巧，确保准确地传达发言者的意思。
在模拟会议口译中，口译员还需要注意处理各种可能出现的突发情况，如技术问题、发言人突然改变发言内容等。
四、专业知识模拟会议口译需要口译员具备一定的专业知识。
口译员需要对各个领域的专业术语和知识有所了解，以便更好地理解发言内容，并将其准确地转化为另一种语言。
口译员还需要不断学习和积累专业知识，以适应不同领域的会议口译需求。
五、沟通能力在模拟会议口译中，口译员需要具备良好的沟通能力。
他们需要与发言者建立良好的沟通和配合，确保准确理解发言者的意思。
口译员还需要与听众建立良好的沟通，以确保他们能够准确地理解口译内容。
沟通能力是一种重要的口译技巧，对口译员的口译质量和效果起着重要的影响。
六、技术应用随着科技的发展，模拟会议口译也开始应用一些技术工具。
例如，口译员可以使用语音识别技术和翻译软件来辅助口译工作。
这些技术工具可以提高口译的效率和准确性，但口译员仍然需要具备良好的口译技巧和专业知识。
总结模拟会议口译是提高口译能力和应对会议场景能力的重要训练方式。
《会议口译》参考答案
《会议口译》参考答案会议口译是一项需要高度专业技能和敏锐观察力的工作。
作为一名会议口译员，不仅需要具备出色的语言表达能力，还需要具备良好的跨文化沟通能力和丰富的专业知识。
在会议现场，口译员扮演着桥梁的角色，将与会者的信息准确传达给听众，确保会议顺利进行。
首先，会议口译员需要具备出色的语言表达能力。
他们需要精通至少两种语言，熟练掌握语言的语法、词汇和表达方式。
口译员必须能够迅速理解并转换不同语言之间的表达方式，确保信息的准确传递。
此外，口译员还需要具备良好的口头表达能力，能够清晰地、流利地表达自己的观点和意见。
其次，会议口译员需要具备敏锐的观察力和跨文化沟通能力。
在会议现场，口译员需要紧密关注发言者的表情、肢体语言和语气，以便更好地理解他们的意图和情感。
同时，口译员还需要了解不同文化之间的差异，避免因文化差异而导致的误解或冲突。
他们需要在不同文化背景下进行准确的语言转换，确保信息的准确传达。
此外，会议口译员还需要具备丰富的专业知识。
他们需要对会议涉及的领域有一定的了解，熟悉相关的专业术语和概念。
只有掌握了相关的专业知识，口译员才能更好地理解发言者的内容，并将其准确传达给听众。
因此，口译员需要不断学习和提升自己的专业知识，以应对各种不同领域的会议。
在会议口译中，准确传达信息是至关重要的。
口译员需要全神贯注地倾听发言者的内容，并迅速将其转换成另一种语言。
在这个过程中，口译员需要保持冷静和专注，以应对各种突发情况和压力。
他们需要快速思考和做出决策，确保信息的准确性和连贯性。
除了以上的基本要求，会议口译员还需要具备一些技巧和策略，以提高口译的效果。
例如，他们可以使用简化和概括的方式来转换长篇发言，以确保信息的准确传达。
口译员还可以运用记忆技巧和笔记方法，以帮助他们更好地记忆和整理信息。
此外，口译员还可以与同行进行合作，共同解决翻译中的难题和困惑。
总之，会议口译是一项需要高度专业技能和丰富经验的工作。
口译员需要具备出色的语言表达能力、敏锐的观察力和跨文化沟通能力，以及丰富的专业知识。
会议口译流程案例
会议口译流程案例一、会议口译准备阶段。
1.1 了解会议主题。
在会议口译开始之前那必须得对会议主题摸得门儿清。
就像你要去一个陌生的地方探险先得知道那地儿是啥样儿的。
如果是科技类会议就得把那些科技名词、概念啥的都搞明白。
要是商务会议呢有关的商业术语、行业动态都得心里有数。
这就好比战士上战场之前得熟悉自己的武器一样咱得熟悉会议的主题内容。
1.2 熟悉参会人员。
这也是个重要事儿。
得知道参会的都是些啥人物。
比如说有没有来自不同国家、不同文化背景的人。
要是有就得提前了解他们的口音特点、文化禁忌之类的。
这就像跟人打交道你得知道对方的喜好和雷区不然一不小心就触了霉头。
二、会议口译进行阶段。
2.1 听力理解。
在会议进行当中首先得把发言人的话听明白。
这可不是个轻松活儿就像在嘈杂的市场里听人说悄悄话一样难。
有时候发言人可能有口音或者说得特别快那咱就得全神贯注竖起耳朵听。
要是听岔了那翻译出来可就南辕北辙了。
2.2 信息转换。
听完之后就得把听到的内容迅速转换成目标语言。
这就像是把一种货币兑换成另一种货币得按照汇率来准确兑换。
而且要考虑到两种语言的文化差异可不能生搬硬套。
比如说中文里的“趁热打铁”要是直接翻译成英文就不能按字面意思来得找到合适的英文表达。
2.3 准确表达。
最后一步就是把转换好的内容准确地表达出来。
表达的时候要清晰流畅不能磕磕巴巴的。
就像唱歌一样得有节奏感。
如果表达不顺畅那参会的人就会听得云里雾里的。
三、会议口译后续阶段。
3.1 反馈收集。
会议结束之后最好能收集一下参会人员的反馈。
看看自己哪里翻译得好哪里还有不足。
这就像考完试看成绩一样得知道自己的优缺点。
要是人家说某个地方翻译得不准确那就得好好反思吃一堑长一智嘛。
3.2 自我提升。
根据反馈的情况就得不断提升自己。
多学习新的词汇、语法多了解不同的文化知识。
口译这活儿就像逆水行舟不进则退。
只有不断提升自己才能在下次会议口译的时候表现得更好。
不能总是原地踏步得有打破砂锅问到底的精神去钻研去进步。
英语会议口译翻译技巧
英语会议口译翻译技巧一、动宾连接原则考生在翻译动宾短语的时候，应先考虑宾语的成分。
宾语可能为名词、名词词组和句子。
不同成分的宾语决定了谓语的使用。
比如在以下例子中“希望”的选择面很大，既可以用hope连接句子，也可以用hope for，look forward to等连接名词词组，那么考生就得考虑宾语更容易翻译成词组或句子。
因此，动宾连接原则的核心思想是“先宾语，后谓语”，翻译会豁然开朗。
中国人民始终希望天下太平，希望各国人民友好相处。
二、时态原则时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单，往往是考试中的一个难点。
时态有时可以体现一种感情因素，特别是进行时的使用，比如在第一个例子中现在进行时的使用体现出对中华民族的一种褒扬、赞美的口吻，翻译出了这句话的“精、气、神”，最后一个例子中过去进行时时常表示一种“特有的行为”，通常是偏向于negative的口吻，所以我们发现这句话十有八九是美国人自己写的。
三、主语确定原则由于英语是主语显著语（subject-prominent language），构建在主谓轴（subject-predicate pivot）上，主语决定了句法结构；汉语为语义性语言，其中主语的重要性相对较低，无主语的现象比比皆是。
因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语，主语选择成功了，句子越翻越顺；选择失败，考生越翻越累。
主语的确定归根结底有三种方法：使用原主语；重新确定主语；增补主语。
四、谓语最小化原则在汉译英中，动词的考察是必然的。
其中动词和其他成分的转换也是重中之重。
如果考生把所有的动词都翻译成动词的话，只能说明其还属于“入门”境界。
因此在第一个例子中共出现7个动词，而在译文中只保留了4个动词。
所以我们在翻译中一定要注意动词和其他词性的转换，常见减少谓语的方法有： a) 把动词变成名词 b) 使用介词短语 c) 使用分词短语d) 多使用to表示目的的状语e) 把并列谓语中最后一个谓语处理成“，which”的非限制性定语从句虽然以上这些方法从本质上讲都是些小打小闹的“噱头”，但是不重视谓语的省略一定不会取得理想的成绩。
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会议口译解析 1会议口译解析前言 (1)1.介绍 (3)什么是口译? (3)什么是会议口译? (4)会议口译的工作环境 (6)本书中所用的定义并举例 (8)2.交替传译的基本原则 (11)理解 (11)分析 (14)分析发言的类型 (14)识别主要观点 (21)分析发言中的联系 (28)记忆 (29)重新表述 (33)3.交替传译中的笔记 (39)笔记中应用的符号 (40)记什么 (41)怎么记 (44)缩写与符号 (49)用什么语言记录 (60)何时记 (61)如何阅读后续的笔记 (64)4.同声传译 (66)同声传译的听觉困难 (67)同声传译技能 (72)何时开始说话? (72)重新组织 (80)萨拉米香肠技术 (91)重新组织的效率 (95)简化 (98)概括 (101)(被迫的)遗漏和说话快的发言人 (102)总结和概括 (104)解释 (104)预判 (105)如果我犯了明显错误该怎么办? (107)如果讲话者犯了错? (108)避免由自己承担错误 (110)隐喻和谚语 (112)使用...固定词组? (114)语调，强调和停顿...................................................... (115)数字........................................................................ (117)...重游? (120)接替........................................................................ (122)对同传技能的结论意见 (124)5.做翻译的快乐 (128)专业词汇编 (131)扩展阅读 (134)索引 (139)前言当我接到写这本书的约稿邀请时，我就在想这本书应当能填补现有文献在于口译方面的空白，应当写成一本关于会议口译的基础技能的入门和实用的书。
我作为一个口译的实践者，一个对我在口译时所做的事感兴趣和已经从事口译训练十来年的人，接受这个约稿真是乐意之极。
同时，我写这本书时，仅作为一个译员，而非学者或理论家或是翻译研究领域的研究者。
于是乎这本书的目的就在谦逊之中又有雄心。
谦逊是因为这本是不论如何也不能与那些口译的现代理论著作相提并论，那些引用如神经语言学、计算机科学、记号语言学和语言哲学等各种学科的书。
再就是也不能把这本书完全当成教学指南来读，因为它并没有告诉读者如何去获取这些会议口译的技能，它仅仅是对这些技能加以描述而已。
然而，这就正好可以被为有雄心的一面。
做口译时，实再有着太多的事，听、想、写、读-会议文件、析、讲同一时间内进行着。
而所有的这些没完没了的从一种语言转换成另一种，至少使用两种或两种以上的语言。
每件事都像一闪而过，很难退回去审视译员在翻译中在做什么和为什么这样做。
这本书是一个实践者对于会议口译过程解构的尝试，试图将其以一种整体的，摘要式的方式进行阐述。
我希望这本书会吸引以下四种人，一是学习口译的学生或是口译新手；二是教口译的教师，能在书中找到一些帮助学生习得的技巧的汇编；三是给像我一样问着自己同样问题的口译同行，即使我已在一定场合对这些问题做过明白的表述；最后给那些一直困惑于口译是如何进行的普通人。
近十九来我一直是欧盟组织的译员。
对于服务于国际组织的译员或是个人市场的自由译员，或是居住与工作不同地区的译员来说，口译的基本技巧是相同的。
所以我将这本书有意写成对于所有的会议口译都一般适用的书。
当然，书中的观点仅代表我个人，而非欧盟组织、机构和部门。
在第二、三、四章末尾，读者可以找到一些翻译训练实践活动的建议，提出这些建议决非自夸。
大部分是非常简单的交传或同传口译练习。
这些练习是否实用、有效，很大程度上取决于培训者的能力，选择正确的发言类型，在发言的难点和类型学中取得进展，发展目标技能，以及最重要的向学生提供有用的、建设性的批评意见。
因此书中的建议算不上是一个完整的提供给培训者的指导。
口译训练中的关键时刻常是那些新阶段开展的时候，如开始交传、做笔记、同传。
这就是为什么我会选择在这些时刻给出我建议的原因，并称它们为“开始...”希望师生们能从中受益。
1.介绍什么是口译?想像有两个人坐在房间里，可能是政客、商人、工会成员或科学家。
他们想讨论工作，却使用不同的语言，并且都不能使用对方的语言进行有效的讨论。
于是他们找来一个这两种语言都能说的人,来解释双方相互的问答。
这个人就是译员。
相比给出一个现成的定义：如…即刻口头翻译?，这个场景更好的表达了口译究竟是什么.口译就是沟通。
前面举出的例子用了漫画手法，虽然简单却代表了口译工作的本质：人们想与别人交流，却因为存在障碍而做不到，不管他们是在一间房间里面对两个人两种语言，还是在一个大会议厅里面对几百个与会者和多种语言。
最主要的无疑是语言障碍，因此有了…即刻口头翻译?的定义。
之所以有口译就是因为语言障碍的存在。
很明显，如果译员想正确翻译，必须有足够的语言知识。
但其他的沟通障碍的存在，使得译员必须发挥更多的作用。
来自不同国家的人可能不止使用的语言不同，他们的知识体系、教育、文化的不同形成了他们不一样的思维方式。
事实上，这些差异必定要与独立的语言障碍一起处理，在一个假定的一个美国人和一个英国人的谈话中，这样的事实显而易见。
如果英国人在他的解释中因为使用了板球做隐喻而使得美国人理解不了的话，那么美国人也可以轻而易举的用棒球和橄榄球的隐喻来回敬对方。
这样一来，交流困难就不只是单纯的翻译困难了。
上文提及的文化障碍既可以是显性的，又可也是隐性的。
显性是指，发言人可能会提及政治、经济、社会、学术机构和体系、思想概念或是电视广告词（等等），而这些词对听众来说并没有直接对等的词语或听众根本就不知道这词--因此对他们来说也就毫无意义。
译员所要做的就是将意思灌输于文字中，把发言人想要说的意思清晰准确的传达给目标听众，在必要时（如果可能的话）进行解释，甚至改变发言人的援引。
隐性的文化障碍，更不易察觉,对于一些特定问题的思维方式--及由此产生的发言人对其思想的表达方式--将取决于发言人的文化背景。
某些表达方式--或轻描淡写或夸张、反讽等等，在特定情况下，会很难或不能用别的语言重现而完全忠于原意。
例如，形容词…有趣的?，在谈判中用于一个代表团对于另一个代表团的提议时，一位外交官口中所说…有趣的?，出于其轻描淡写的习惯（以英国人为代表），意思是…终于，这是我们六个月来，所听到的最棒的意见?；和另一种情况下，从另一位外交官所说的…有趣的?，若是配上恰当的腔调，就蛮可以变成反讽-- …真荒唐，怎么会有人得出这样的结论！?译员必须选择正确的同义词，改变句子的措辞，或至少使用恰当的语调来使听众明白发言人真正的意思。
作为选择，用字面翻译的方式，有可能语义上保存原有的表达形式和原意，但结果听上去会很可笑，甚至粗鲁。
一方面，直白的表达方式和某些北欧成员代表的表达方式假定换成法语或意大利语会显得失礼；另一方面，造作华丽的，借用其他语言的表达方式也会让一个瑞典译员的翻译听着滑稽。
在上述情况中，译员必须为那些在会议中被文化和观念差异阻碍沟通的人们，起到桥梁作用。
这就是为什么我开篇就特意强调，口译的作用就是解释与会人员想说的回应。
口译工作是一种不间断的解释和说明，因而译员应当有某种教学特质。
虽然不像老师那样表达自己的思想，但相似之处是，他们的使命是确保听众接收到忠实的信息。
什么是会议口译?上述评论对于口译的解释，并不是说译员可以将发言人的讲话进行随意的解释，用上所有译员认为合适的婉转说法和解释，想说多久就说多久。
会议口译必须有能力对原话进行准确和忠实的再现。
只要是能让听众更好的理解发言者的意图，即使用词偏差也是可以的。
只有在必要的时候，为消除上述提及的那些文化差异，译员才提供额外信息；而决不能将译员自已的观点加入到发言者的观点中。
会议口译，某种程度上，就是代表本身。
当代表以第一人称发言时，译员也要用第一人称，而不能像台词似的翻译成…他说他认为这是是个有用的意见...?会议口译必须心领神会、换位思考、拥护其观点.男译员要能用非常自然和有说服力的口吻说…作为一个已怀过四次孕的女人，我要说...?译员必须能适应交替传译和同声传译两种工作模式，在交替传译时，译员听了发言人整体的评论，或者至少是重要的段落，用听发言时所作的记录对发言进行重组，由译员在发言人说完后开始讲，交替之名由此得来。
有些发言人喜欢说上几句之后再让译员来翻译，这时译员只有凭借自己的记忆而非笔记来重现整个发言。
不管怎样，会议口译应当培养包括记笔记在内的技能，使自己有能力应对任何长度的发言。
实践表明若一个译员能做5分钟的令人满意的发言，他们就应该能应付任何长度的发言。
时间对于会议组织方非常重要，所以交替传译工作必须是高效的。
无论面临何种情况，都不能比发言人的原话时间长，一般来说，应该控制在原话3/4的时间长度以内。
第二种工作模式是同声传译，译员听到发言者开始发言时就开始翻译，在发言同时进行从头到尾持续的翻译，并与原话几乎同步结束。
译员是与发言同步讲话，同声之名亦是由此而来。
(也有人认为这种翻译不是真正的同声，因为按照定义译员在整个过程中，总是稍许落后于发言，主张应将这种模式称为…准同声?然而这样的吹毛求疵并没什么意义，所以还是就用…同声?这个词好了)现在大多数情况下，都会用合适的设备进行同传，代表通过麦克风将讲话传给坐在隔音的同传间里的译员，译员通过耳机了解会议进程。
译员们轮流对着话筒进行翻译，这翻译将通过专用频道传输给那些戴着耳机想听翻译的听众。
但是，有时候没有这样的设备，同传就要低声（又称耳语翻译）在与会者说话同时译员同步最多二人提供耳语翻译。
同传无疑比交传节省时间，此外，同传还可以提供真正意义上的多语言翻译--联合国6种语言，联合国11语言。
因为有这样的优势和国际组织中成员的增长和扩张，同传被更多的采用。
但会议口译员应当能同时胜任这两种翻译模式，同传也会有需要做交传的时候。
从上面简介中可以明白，同传也好，交传也罢，译员首先要听发言人的讲话，在理解分析讲话内容的基础上，将其整合成有着恰当形式的另一种语言，(同传的不同之处在于，译员在能听到需要进行分析的整体的讲话之前，就开始整合发言了--我们还会再回到这问题上来）这种连续的分析与整合,通过不断的积极思考对于发言和其意义的理解，使得会议口译像在走钢索，在照字面直译的牵强附会和有悖原话意译的过分随意中，寻找平衡。
从上面简介中还可以明白，会议口译是…实时?工作的。
根据同传的定义，他们只能比原话慢几秒钟；即使是交传也应该在发言人讲完后迅速作出反应，进行快速、高效的翻译。