外文翻译--绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策
绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析
黑龙江商业职业学院毕业论文绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析——论中国对外贸易的政策作者系部专业年级学号指导教师答辩日期成绩内容提要：20世纪80年代以来出现的绿色贸易壁垒对我国的对外贸易产生了重要影响。
我国应该在分析绿色贸易壁垒特点的基础上，研究突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒的方法和手段，维护我国的合法利益。
随着国际社针对环保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代本求，在国际贸易交往中实行了一种新的非关税壁（non-tariffbarriers）措施——绿色贸易壁垒（GreenBarrierstoTrade）,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
绿色贸易壁垒是一把双刃剑，对我国的绿济和环保产业的发展，有挑战性也有机遇。
为此，我国应在反对高水准的环境标准同时，又要适应国际环保的大趋势，采取切实可行的措施促进我国对外贸易的可持续发展。
关健字：贸易壁垒对外贸易目录内容提要 (2)关健字 (2)绿色壁垒的概念 (4)绿色贸易壁垒兴起的原因 (5)绿色贸易壁垒的基本特征 (6)绿色壁垒的主要形式和制度安排 (7)绿色贸易壁垒的现状 (8)绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响 (9)中国如何应对绿色贸易壁垒 (11)参考文献 (12)论文指导教师评语 (13)绿色贸易壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响与对策浅析——论中国对外贸易的政策一、贸易壁垒的概念在国际贸易中，关税壁垒曾经是贸易保护的重要手段，美国、德国、日本等主要发达国家在发展的过程中都曾依靠关税壁垒保护本国产业的发展。
但是，随着全球生态环境问题的日益严重，环境与贸易的冲突也越来越激烈，从而使贸易保护主义从传统的关税壁垒逐渐转向非关税壁垒，而绿色壁垒作为一种新型的非关税壁垒就应运而生了，并成为发达国家以保护环境为名限制发展中国家进出口贸易的一种工具。
绿色贸易壁垒又被称为环境壁垒（EnvironmentTrade)，绿色保护主义等，是一种以保护自然资源、保护环境和人类健康为名，通过颁布、实施一系列苛刻的环保标准和法规，以限国外产品进入本国的贸易壁垒它作为一种非关税壁垒产生于20世纪80年代后期，90年代天始兴起于各国。
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Analysis and countermeasure of international green trade barrier The green trade barrier limits the development of the international trade by manysteps. It obstacles the integration of the international economy the free developmentof the world trade. It is in some countries，especially in some developing countriesthe production for export lost greatly. However， under the limitation of the green tradebarrier，the air and water resource have been polluted badly，and the soil resourcedecreasing and the loss of life.1.The definition of the green trade barrier . The green trade barrier is also named as green barrier. It refers to protection of theinner market by means of the limitation by the strict environment protectiontechnology or the green signs inthe import，which can keep the foreign merchandisesoutside. This causes an immense impact on the international trade order. 2.The reason of appearance of green trade barrier 1The change of view of value. Along with the development of the industrialization and the growth of the worldeconomy，the increasing destroy and pollute getting more and more serious. This hasdirectly affected the living and development of human beings. And this successfullydrew an attention of the international society. The way of people thinking， behavior ofconsumption and view of consumption have changed. The new conception of value thethat concentrate on quality of living and creating green civilization； need for greenproduction with pollution and harm to human are increasing. The people in developedcounties have formed a good view of value for green production also providesdeveloping countries chance and challenges. 2The traditional lawless tax barrier gets condemn of the international society. In order to bring up the newborn industries，some mature industries gainunpredicted profit. But even this，they never thought of the protection of the innermarket.However after the operation of the General Agreement On Tariffs andtrade the import tax has been decreased ever since. Non-tax barrier has beenlimitations. The chance and space for traditional trade barrier are getting smaller andsmaller. On this occasion，the developed countries begin to search for new ways oftrade protections for the sake of development of their own industries. And green tradebarrier come into use. 3Different standards in different countries. Economys state stays in different level owing to the different technology level.So there are great differences in the ability of environment protection in differentcountries. This leads to different environment protection standard. It is a hard to saywhich standard is the best one，because different environment standard has a directimpact on the cost. And this would have great impact on the world competence， whichaffected the balance of the international income and expenses .In order to limit theimport from developing countries，the developed countries find the green trade to beexcuses to protect their own industries. 3.The impact of the green tradebarrier on China The green trade barrier has both good and bad impact on one country. But it indeedhas different impact on different countries. Limited by the technology，China has alower ability to deal with the barrier and catch up the chance to improveitself.Moreover，China mostly focuses on export labor-centered production. By far it hasreceived negative impact from the barrier. For the time being，this kind of barrierexists everywhere，and grow stronger and stronger，which has struck our market andeconomy seriously. 1The negative impact on the green trade barrier ①It prevents the export form China and weakens the export internationalcompetence. ②It influences the bilateral even multilateral relationship with other countriesgetting to problems. Recently，the developed countries circumscribe the importation from acclaimingthat those goods are not the green production. Thus bring up the conflictions. Thedeveloped countries enjoy a free form of trade in a certain trade zone，which reducethe standard of trading rather than trading from outside of the zone. So，countries likeChina are hard to break through thetrade barrier. All those confliction are bad forChina. The situations are against China. ③It accelerates the pollution for products and makes the metastasis to China. Thestandard of environment protection are low，the systems are not perfect with lowstandard of green production in China. Because of this，a lot of production of lowquality are entering Chinese market leads to many foreign waste cases spring upeverywhere. All of this shows that China are lacking of a perfect supervising system.Without a good management there will be no efficient working. According to theinvestigation，from 1997 to 2000，the foreign waste are increased from 990，000 tonto 17，500，000 ton. There is evidently no doubt that these foreign waste have madethe environment more serious in China. But in the items got the investment nearlyhave no supervising on environment protection，which let the industries causingpollution have transferred in China. 2The positive impact on the green trade barrier. In the developed countries，the environment policy helps to strengthen themanagement of industry environment，and applies the high tech to develop the greenproduction，which can lower the cost. Thus we can gain high social and economyefficiency，and finally get the production of high quality. ①It does good to Chinas continuous development. The task of environment protection should be accomplished by all the humanbeings.The skills of management in developed countries are in an advantage placethan that in the developing countries. China as a developing country is supposed tolearn the experience of developed countries which can be made good use of topromote the harmonious development of environment and economy development. Weshould insist in the principle of continuous development which is good to ourconstruction of exportation. Furthermore，this can promote the industries to producemore and more technology-focused production and helps to break through the greentrade barrier while doing international trade. ②It get the industries change their trading concept. The law of environment protection in developed countries is more perfect than inChina. The conception of environment protection has been applied in every aspectwhile doing business activity. For example：use green package，sail greenproductionwith green after sail services provided，introduce environment protection knowledge，do promoting of green production with green theme and establish a green image ofcompany. With activities of above，everyone can protect the environment and natureconsciously. 4. Breaking the barrier 1The government plays the role of the lead to help to develop the” greenenvironment protection” industries. ①adjust the construction to the” green environment production industriesquot. ②complete the” law of the green tradequot，resist the barrier. 2For the industries，they should face to the challenge to produce more” greenproductionquot. ①Collecting quotgreen informationquot，developing quotgreen productionquot. The companies are supposed to take part in international economic technologyconference and business trade expo or visit others who are of abundant”greeninformation” and exchange with each other. The most essential way of breaking”green trade barrier”is to establish a nice international image. The industries shouldestablish a good supervision of production design and material picking，productionandwaste recycling，recto explore a green production needed by the market.Furthermore，the industries should pay much attention to financial input and thetraining of the employers. ②Strengthen the green management. Improve the market competence. Thequotgreen management” refers to a management that require industries form akind of sailing conception of conform the rule of green trade by continuous mind andgreen environment requirement. It is an effective way of breaking through thebarrier. The green environment protectionism is recognized as a worldwide trade newproblem，which need to face it and challenge it. Correcting trade standard is allcountries are aware of its unavoidable ability. In the WTO system，environmentprotection has been on the agenda. If we want to be successful in changing China agreat trading country into a great trading world power ， we have to doself-improvement and raise the conception of environment protection. So only whenwe make every effort to do improvement can we break through the green tradebarrier. 5. Our strategy and thinking on green trade barriers 1Strengthen education and drumbeating，raise awareness of environmentalprotection. the acceleration of the awareness of environment from all people can notbe separated from extensive publicity and education. Propagandize foreign trade andeconomy and environmental protection，especially do some work on universalenvironmental pact and environmental standards，making all the economic and tradeworkers at different levels fully understand the crucial and practical significance ofenvironment in this field. We should do a good job on the negative reports on foreigntrade and environmental protection，lead environmental protection awareness intoenterprises business decisions，and foster a sense of crisis and urgency. 2Establish and improve environmental protection laws and regulations ，strengthen execution of trade environment. we In the respect of preventing pollution， have set up some laws and regulations，but they are not in accordance with practical needs，maneuverability is not good，punishment is not enough；we are actually using economic methods to makeenterprises buy and sell drainage right，rather than urging them to deal with.Consequently aftertimewe should improve every environmental protection regulationwith the priority of prevention and strengthen supervision and management. Tostrengthen governments environmental management function，to punish acts againstenvironmental laws legally，develop the effect of green products and environmentalsigns，strengthen all the consumers surviving effects，develop green industry intosupporting industry，green product into fist product. 3Develop green market，green product，green marketing. With the strengthening of the awareness of environmental and resource protection anew industry with the purpose of protecting environment and resource——greenindustry is growing fast. At the same time，it has driven the development andformation of green product and green market. It is reported that in the following tenyears green product will lead the main markets in the world. We should adoptourselves with this tide change product designation package promote productquality， increase environmental items， make the best to achieve the standards of everytechnique， security， and sanitation， environment， adopt the tide of greenconsumption andneeds， also developlow-environment-protection-cost， good-quality green productthat is in accordance with universal environmental standards. 4Strengthen international exchange and cooperation，use international power toresist trade barrier. Although Uruguay will make an” Decision on Trade and Environment” toenhance awareness of environmental protection also it will make some basic items inwhich include security items to prevent developing countries from beingdiscriminated by developed countries. Therefore we can make use of some relevantitems and international agreements and unite other developing countries to resistdiscriminating strategies adopted by developed countries who are making use of greenprotection，and promote the development of our foreign trade. 6. Conclusion With the world economy developing fast，the developed country hold higherstandards and stronger awareness of environmental protection. We are in the thedeveloping stage， protection of green products have great effect on the exportationof our products，we must adapt our country and our foreigntriage with this new tideand follow relevant regulations strictly.国际绿色贸易壁垒的分析和采取的对策绿色贸易壁垒通过多种途径限制国际贸易的发展。
绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响及对策
绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响及对策摘要:随着世界范围内贸易自由化进程的推进,传统的直接非关税壁垒的作用被逐步削弱,绿色壁垒以其鲜明的时代特征日益成为国际贸易发展的主要技术性贸易壁垒。
而走向世界的中国,中国的产品出口有两道必须突破的关隘,一是”反倾销”,一是”绿色壁垒”。
从发展形势看,”绿色壁垒”对中国产品出口的制约已经远远超过”反倾销”,成为国货走出国门的最大阻力,对更多准备”走出去”的企业而言,突破这道关隘,首先必须对绿色壁垒有着充分的认识。
关键词:绿色壁垒国际贸易经济所谓绿色壁垒(Green Barriers,简称GBs),也称为环境贸易壁垒(Environmental Trade Barriers,简称ETBs),是指为保护生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止贸易的措施。
绿色壁垒通常是进出口国为保护本国生态环境和公众健康而设置的各种保护措施、法规和标准等,也是对进出口贸易产生影响的一种技术性贸易壁垒。
它是国际贸易中的一种以保护有限资源、环境和人类健康为名,通过蓄意制定一系列苛刻的、高于国际公认或绝大多数国家不能接受的环保标准,限制或禁止外国商品的进口,从而达到贸易保护目的而设置的贸易壁垒。
一、绿色贸易壁垒的特点及其表现形式1.绿色贸易壁垒主要具有以下五个方面的特点:(1)广泛性。
绿色保护的内容非常广泛,不仅涉及资源与人类健康有关商品的生产和销售,而且对那些需要达到一定安全、卫生、防污等标准的制成品产生巨大的压力。
(2)虚假性。
绿色贸易壁垒一般都打着保护地球生态环境与人类健康的幌子。
貌似合理,实则是限制进口的不合理的贸易保护主义行为。
(3)隐蔽性。
种种绿色贸易壁垒借环境保护之名,隐蔽于具体的贸易法规规定、国际公约的执行过程中,成为进口国拒绝外国产品的“核武器”。
(4)坚固性。
绿色贸易壁垒抓住人们关注生态环境的心理,根据本国市场和消费者的情况制定超高标准,先入为主,制造进口品的消费障碍,具有坚固的限制进口的堡垒作用。
绿色壁垒对中国农产品贸易的影响及对策
绿色壁垒对中国农产品贸易的影响及对策WTO协议中的“绿色”条款，对于环境的保护、农产品质量的提高和人体健康的维护具有重要作用，也有利于可持续发展的实现。
但是在对外贸易中，许多国家以“绿色”条款为理由设置绿色壁垒，实行贸易保护，由此而引发的发达国家与发达国家、发达国家与发展中国家之间的贸易摩擦此起彼伏，导致交易双方成本增加，也不利于自由贸易的正常进行。
绿色壁垒对农产品贸易的影响尤其突出，而中国作为发展中国家，农业生产技术水平相对不高，对进口国的贸易信息掌握滞后，农产品经常到达进口国后被进口国告知“不符合标准”而予以扣留或销毁，给中国带来巨大经济损失。
同时，中国是一个农业大国，农产品出口在对外贸易中所占比重较大。
因此，积极探索绿色壁垒对中国农产品对外贸易的影响，并为农产品找到打破绿色壁垒的方法，对中国农产品对外贸易具有重要意义。
绿色壁垒的定义、成因及表现通常情况下，“绿色”可以被理解成对环境和生态的保护，它直接关系到人们的身体健康和可持续发展的实现。
为了这一目的，WTO协议中有许多与环境有关的绿色条款，这是具有积极意义的。
但是，很多国家以此为借口，制造绿色壁垒，实施保护贸易。
从这个意义上来说，绿色壁垒可以被当作贸易保护的手段之一，在对外贸易过程中进口方以WTO协议中关于环境问题的规定为借口，以保护环境、维护人们的健康、实现可持续发展为名义，通过制定和实施严格的法律、政策、规定和技术标准，达到限制外国产品进入本国的目的。
绿色壁垒的产生，有其深刻的原因。
首先，随着世界经济的发展，以及工业化进程中对环境造成的破坏和威胁，环境问题开始受到各国的重视，保护环境成为世界性议题，这也是WTO制定绿色条款的原因，为绿色壁垒的出现提供了可能。
同时，随着世界贸易自由化程度的不断提高和各国市场开放程度的加大，关税在保护贸易中的作用越来越小，在这种情况下，为了避免本国市场在对外贸易过程中遭受冲击，就利用WTO协议中的绿色条款在环境和生态问题上作文章，实施保护贸易，绿色壁垒由此出现。
绿色壁垒的外文翻译
外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
绿色贸易壁垒和农产品出口中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin B. The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product Export [J]. Asian Social Science, 2017, 1(6): 34-45.原文The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product ExportMartin Beck.AbstractAs an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on theother hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China1. IntroductionThe green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negativegreen barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Y u, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export,and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes. 2. Literature Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets. Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007). 2.1 Causes of Green Barriers After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads thedramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmenta l standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).2.2 Influence of Green BarriersSong (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in theglobal economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products. At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solveproblems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007). The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers Y u (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improvingopenness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards. Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export. Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers towardChina's agricultural product export is significant. 2.4 Research Model In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences. 3. Research MethodQuantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.译文绿色贸易壁垒与农产品出口Martin Beck.摘要：作为一个农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策分析
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策分析一．绿色壁垒的含义绿色壁垒也称绿色贸易壁垒，是指国家或者国际组织为了人类或动植物的卫生健康安全、保护自然资源和生态环境而直接或间接采取的限制甚至禁止有关的国际贸易的法律、法规、政策与措施，以阻止某些外国商品进口或在进口时受到一定的限制。
绿色贸易强调保护环境，以人为本，顺应了当代绿色的潮流，成为一个国家或地区经济发展和国际竞争力的重要标志。
但一些国家出于贸易保护主义的目的，凭借其先进的技术和经济的优势，把绿色贸易演变成了绿色贸易壁垒，达到保护本国产品、市场和环境目的。
二．绿色贸易壁垒的基本特征（一）.名义上的合理性绿色贸易壁垒是以保护世界资源、环境和人类健康为名，行贸易限制和制裁措施之实。
现代社会人们对生存环境和生活质量的要求越来越高，会很自然地关注环境问题，对于那些可能对环境和健康带来危害的商品和服务表现出了高度敏感性。
绿色贸易壁垒正是抓住了这一共同心理，使贸易保护在名义上和提法上有了合理性的巧妙性。
（二）.形式的合法性绿色贸易壁垒虽然属于非关税壁垒的范畴，但其不同之处在于绝大部分的非关税壁垒不是通过公开立法来加以规定和实施的，而绿色贸易壁垒措施则是以一系列国际国内公开立法作为依据和基础。
70年代以来，国际社会通过有关国际组织及国际会议先后制定了许多多边国际环保协议、规则。
它们在形成国际环保习惯法以及在对国际贸易造成冲击和影响方面，起着不可忽视的重要作用。
国际贸易中适用的法律有：国内法、国际贸易惯例和国际条约。
目前世界上最重要、最有权威、最有普遍性的国际多边贸易条约是GATT 和WTO两个文件。
GATT第20条，授予了各国“环保例外权”；WTO在《技术性贸易壁垒协议》的前言中也规定了“不能阻止任何成员方按其认为合适的水平采取诸如保护人类和动植物的生命与健康以及保护环境所必须的措施”。
由此可见，发达国家采取的严格的绿色贸易壁垒措施，从法律的角度看，一般是无可非议的。
绿色壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及应对措施探析-经济学学士毕业论文
AbstractIn today's international economic background, the trends of economicin tegratio n are beco ming more and more obvious. Intern atio nal trade has bee n regarded as one of the main driving forces of international economic, and it has been an unprecedented development. Economic and trade exchanges between the coun tries becomemore freque nt,and closely relati on ship in creas in gly. At the same time, Trade competiti on betwee n coun tries also reached the exte nt of white-hot.In order to protect their own industries and markets, somecountries takes a series of trade restrictions, such as Green trade barriers. Green trade barriers has been widely use since the 20th cen tury 90 years. it is one of the main barriers to international trade in the field of international trade today. In this paper, the gree n barrier is the most popular kind of intern ati onal non-tariff barriers. By analyzing the background of green barriers, and practical application of intern atio nal trade, and its in flue nee on gree n trade, study of the gree n barriers in systematic. and then accordding to domestic and foreign scholars on the theoretical study of the green barriers, on the basis of the shortcomings of foreign trade barriers, putt ing forward to some efficie nt policys solve the problem so that it can provide a theoretical referenee for international trade to across thetrade barriers.Keywords：Green Barriers ,lnternational Trade , Response引言国际贸易作为国际经济一体化的主要推动力之一，近年来得到了前所未有的发展，各国间的经济贸易往来愈加频繁、关系愈加密切，各国间的贸易竞争也达到了白热化的程度。
绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Causes and Countermeasures of Green Trade BarrierMaterial Source: Fiji Times Author: Steven W. Popper Abstract: The green trade barriers is the chronic problem of China's export enterprises, to China great economic losses to China in international trade at a very bad position. Its causes are mainly environmental issues of globalization, the rise of new trade protectionism and national technical level, differences in economic strength. The solution to this problem the most effective way is the enterprise of a green marketing strategy.In the process of economic globalization, trade and closer ties between the global environment, and a major impact on world economic development. States have introduced a variety of environmental protection laws, regulatory measures, however, these measures have resulted in a de facto trade barriers in developing countries from developed countries and even the challenges, so that China in international trade at a very bad position. According to statistics, join the WTO, the impact of green barriers by the year 2002 only the loss of China's export trade volume of up to about 170 billion U.S. dollars. Green trade barriers on China’s exports, market size and export trade, export growth, foreign trade and export sectors (agriculture, food, machinery and electronic products, textile and apparel products, medicines, etc.), export volume, export costs, the effectiveness of exports and so on have been produced varying degrees of impact, and even the credibility of China's export enterprises and commodities, etc. are all adversely affected, leading to some of the products of foreign consumer confidence in China's decline on China's exports have long-term adverse effects.First,Analysis of the formation of the green trade barriers(1) The globalization of environmental problems is the external reason for the formation of the green trade barriers. Environmentally sustainable development path chosen by triggered a worldwide environmental movement, it is in environmental issues against the backdrop of globalization, countries of the world throughparticipation in international conventions, international environmental organizations, aimed at protecting the natural resources, ecological environment and human health, environmental systems and standards. These systems and standards embodied in the trade, that is, from other countries, products and services to set up green barriers to restrict imports, thereby creating a de facto barriers.(2) The rise of new trade protectionism is the root cause of the green trade barriers. WTO trade protectionism did not make disappear, but increased competition forced the governments to reduce the level of protection in the tariff means the case, to find more effective non-tariff barriers to protect domestic markets and industries. Green barriers reasonable, legitimate and extensive features make it the preferred means of trade protectionism. Developing countries facing a hard choice: either to withdraw from the developed country markets, or followed by the developed countries, production and national economic strength is not consistent with the high input, high-tech "green products." But in any case, developing countries have to pay a heavy price. From both the developed countries to protect domestic industries, has become a standard setter. This is the "green barrier" as a new form of protectionism in international trade to the rapid development of the fundamental reason.(3) The national technical level, differences in economic strength is green trade barriers objective reasons. Although people have recognized the concept of sustainable development, but they differ on how to achieve. Developed countries due to economic development level and high level of environmental protection technology, its environmental requirements and standards is also high. In developing countries due to financial and technical constraints, simply can not meet the environmental requirements in developed countries. This is the objective, causing the green barriers. As world commodity with a wide range of production processes and standards varied, the development of uniform global environmental standards is extremely difficult Luoguo based on national interest considerations have to set their own environmental standards, resulting in vastly different green certification and implementation of the system and indirectly caused his country's products discrimination, the formation of a new green barriers.Second, in order to respond to green marketing, green trade barrierDeveloping countries should get rid of the dilemma of the situation as described above must be produced that meet environmental standards, and to achieve corporate profitability products. In my opinion, enterprises green marketingstrategy is the most effective approach. Green marketing refers to the promotion of sustainable development as the goal for the realization of economic benefits, consumer demand and environmental benefits of a unified, enterprise based on scientific and normative principles, through purposeful and planned to develop products and with other market players the exchange value of their products to meet market demand as a management process. Enterprises to implement green marketing strategies can not only make our products meet environmental standards, and by implementing green marketing idea can be realized cost reduction or increase value-added products in order to achieve profits. Specifically, companies must grasp the following aspects:(1)A development of green products: By implementing green marketing ideas to reduce business costsGreen marketing should be built on green production basis. Green Product refers to the production, use and disposal of environmentally friendly or endanger small conducive to recycling, and recycling products.Green production related to green product design, green materials, the use and the use of green packaging, and several other elements. In the green design, while ensuring quality of products under the premise firmly grasp the theme of the green, taking full account of products in the manufacture, sale, use and end of life issues such as post-recycling. Designed for use with a reusable, renewable, biodegradable and easy handling characteristics of the green material; attention to minimize the types of materials to increase their likelihood of re-use, and to simplify the follow-up treatment, reduce waste and reduce raw material consumption. This will not only be able to achieve the environmental objectives but can also reduce costs, improve product value, thereby improving economic efficiency; the same time, pay attention to the use of green packaging. Green packaging is conserving resources, reducing waste, recycling after use or recycled easily and do not pollute the environment packaging. Green packaging in the developed countries have been widely popular in China is still in its infancy. This requires the Chinese enterprises in the packaging process, China must strive to reduce packaging costs, but also taking into account packaging waste pollution on the environment, and constantly developed a new type of green packaging materials.(2)Development of green technology: through technological innovation to reduce costsGreen Marketing in China at the present stage of development a key issue ishow to do "both economical and environmental protection", to resolve this problem the most thorough way to great efforts to develop green technology, the implementation of technological innovation. With the knowledge economy era, the rapid development of high-tech world, an eco-friendly, green-oriented large groups of subjects is rising to the ecological and environmental protection as the center of wave shape. This green technology research and development has opened up broad prospects laid a solid foundation. Eco-technology innovation will not only allow rapid popularity of green products, but also prompted a significant decline in production costs, thus providing the rapid diffusion of green marketing might.(3)Establish a corporate brand image of green:The green brand to increase product value-added contentGreen Marketing in the enterprise is required to establish a corporate focus on green brand image, through the corporate brand to increase the green content of value-added products, thereby enhancing the product price. Enterprises can use various media to publicize himself has done in the green fields, and actively participate in various matters relating to environmental protection, with practical actions to strengthen enterprises in the public eye impression. At the same time, companies should vigorously promote green consumption and fashion, warning people to use green products, green marketing support and guide the green consumer demand.(4)To Green Governance: By turning waste into Bora improve enterprise profitabilityGreen governance. Is to take effective measures to tackle pollution. This will require enterprises not only to achieve a useful resource of waste in the use and development of chemical harm into, but also to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation between enterprises, will the other side of the waste as their raw materials or energy, turning waste into treasure, and thus to achieve the purpose of improving profitability of the business.Additionally, businesses should actively seek industry associations, government and business sector to support the diplomatic service. Through organized and exporting countries to negotiate as much as possible to develop practical products that environmentally friendly production standards in order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises.译文绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策资料来源:斐济时报作者：Steven W. Popper 摘要：绿色贸易壁垒是长期困扰中国出口企业的问题，给中国造成了极大的经济损失，使中国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。
绿色壁垒对我国外贸出口的影响分析学位论文
中文摘要绿色壁垒是以保护自然环境、生态环境和人类健康为名，通过制定一系列复杂苛刻的环保制度和标准，对来自其他国家和地区的产品及服务设置障碍、限制进口，最终实现保护本国市场为目的的新型非关税壁垒。
本文通过介绍在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒的背景与成因、主要内容和形式，剖析其基本特点，以及分析其对我国外贸出口的影响，并且通过对从政府、行业协会和企业层面适时提出可操作性应对对策分析。
关键词：绿色壁垒，绿色产品，外贸出口，国际认证AbstractThe green barrier take protects the natural environment, the ecological environment and the human health as, through formulates a series of complex harsh environmental protection system and the standard, to comes from other national and the local product and service obstacles established, the limit import, realizes finally protects local market for the goal new nontariff barrier. This paper describes that in international trade the green trade protectionism background and origin, the main content and form, analyze the basic characteristics, and analyze its impact on China's exports, and from government, industry associations and enterprises make timely operational response level of countermeasures.Key Words：Green barriers, Green products, foreign trade, international certification引言在当今国际经济一体化趋势越来越明显的大背景下，国际贸易作为国际经济一体化主要推动力之一，得到了前所未有的发展，各国间的经济贸易往来愈加频繁、关系愈加密切。
浅析绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响与对策
从表１ 中我 们可 以看 出 ， 自从 我 国 入 世 以来 ， 我 国 的农 产 品进 出 Ｅ ｌ 贸易总 额大 幅度 上升 ， 但这 只是 表像 ， 从表 中数据 表 二 绿色壁垒对我 国农产 品出口的影响 明， 伴 随 着我 国农产 品进 出 口贸易 总 额 高速 增 长 的是 我 国农 １ ． 绿 色贸易壁垒对我国农产品 出口 影响的博弈分析 产 品 的贸易 逆差 ， 且逆 差走 向呈 逐年 扩大 的趋 势 。 Ｃ ２设置 ｃ ２不设置 ２ ０ ０ ２ 年 我 国 加入 ＷＴＯ， 我 国 农产 品 走 向 国 际市 场 ， 以农 Ｃ １ 设置 （ ２ ， １ ） Ｉ （ ２ ， 一 ２ ） 业 为 主导 的我 国经济 迅速 发展 。 ２ ０ ０ ２ 年 农 产 品进 出 口贸易 Ｃ ｌ 不设置 （ 一 １ ，１ ） ｌ（ ０ ， ０ ） 总额为３ ０ ６． ６ 亿美 元 ， 其 中出 口额 为 １ ８ １ ． ９ 亿美 元 ， 进１ ２ １ 额 为 １ ２ ４ ． ７ 亿美元， 可 以看 出 我 国农产 品 出 口形势 非常 可观 。 除 由于 我 国农产 品 出 口遭遇率 绿 色 贸易 壁 垒的 国 家主 要为 ２ ０ ０ ８ 年 受 金融 危机 的 影 响 ， 我 国农 产 品进 出 口贸易总 额 下 降 美 国 、 Ｅ ｔ 本 、欧 洲等 发达 国家 ， 我 国与其在 技 术水 平 ， 环 境标 外， 在 此 后 的９ 年里 ， 我 国农 产 品的 进 出 Ｅ ｌ 贸易 总 额保 持着 每 准 ， 市 场规模 ， 法规 条例 存在 较大 的差 异 。发达 国家 比对 我 国 年 高 速 增 长 的趋 势 ， 在２ ０ １ １ 年 更 是达 到 了 １ ５ ５ ６． ２ 亿 美元 ， 但 农产 品 出 口设置 绿 色 贸易 壁 垒 ， 即便 是 我 国对 进 口发 达 国 家 是出Ｅ ｌ 额 是６ ０ ７ ． ５ 亿美 元 ， 进 口额 是９ ４ ８ ． ７ 亿 美 元 。 由表 中我 的农 产 品设 置 绿色 贸 易壁 垒 ， 我 国与 发 达 国家 在 农产 品进 口 们可 以得 出 ， 在２ ０ ０ ２ 年 到２ ０ ０ ３ 年 期 间我 国都 保 持 的农产 品 贸 方面 设置 的绿 色 贸易 壁垒 所 产生 的 收 益效 果 也不 同 ， 我 国 的 易顺 差 的 优 势 ， 在２ ０ ０ ４ 年 我 国农 产 品 出 现首 次 贸 易逆 差 ， 贸 收益 必定小 于 发达 国家 的收益 。 易逆 差额 为 一４ ８ ． ９ 亿美 元 ， 在２ ０ ０ ４ 年 到２ ０ ｌ １ 年这 几 年 中贸 易 图中 ， Ｃ １ 为 发 达 国家 ， Ｃ２ 为 我 国 假 设 发 达 国家 ｃ １ 设
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响与对策分析
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响与对策分析随着国际贸易大环境的改善,关税壁垒不断降低,在新的贸易条件下,西方发达国家为达到贸易保护的目的,积极推出新的非关税壁垒措施来实施其贸易保护战略。
绿色壁垒作为贸易保护主义的一种非关税壁垒形式,被发达国家及一些发展中国家采用。
本文从绿色壁垒的概念、形式入手,分析绿色壁垒对农产品出口的影响并提出应对措施。
标签：绿色壁垒农产品出口绿色壁垒(Green Trade Barrier),又称环境壁垒,绿色保护主义。
它是指在现代国际贸易中,产品的进口国以保护有限资源、人类、动植物的卫生健康和生态环境为名,通过制定、颁布、实施严格的环境保护法规和苛刻的环境保护技术标准,以达到使国外产品无法进入或进入时受到一定限制,以保护本国产品和市场为目的的贸易保护措施。
绿色壁垒的形式常见的有绿色技术标准,绿色环境标志,绿色卫生检疫制度,绿色包装制度和成本内在化要求与绿色补贴限制。
而绿色壁垒也体现出较强的技术性,较大的灵活性,较高的隐蔽性,一定的歧视性,影响的严重性和较大的争议性。
一、我国农产品出口遭受绿色壁垒的原因我国农产品出口遭受绿色壁垒困境,其原因主要来自两个方面,一方面西方发达国家通过立法或制定强制性的技术规则,对进口产品实行市场准入。
另一方面来自我们自身的原因。
1.国际原因由于WTO建立后关税水平的进一步下降和数量限制措施的取消,使越来越多的国家寻找新的更加隐蔽的保护手段来对本国产业进行保护。
根据H-O模型,一国应生产并出口大量使用本国非常丰富的生产要素所生产的产品。
相对而言,我国劳动力非常丰富,劳动密集型农产品的价格低于国际市场价格,从而获得了比较优势,能够大量进入国际市场。
然而近年来,由于经济增长缓慢、失业压力增加、优势产业空心化等影响,使发达国家的贸易保护主义重新抬头。
出于对本国利益的考虑和对本国产业的保护,一些国家利用这些不完善的规则来掩盖自己限制进口的真正目的,不合理的绿色壁垒正是在这种情况下成为进口国为在国际竞争中取胜而采取的贸易保护手段,而在科学技术的发展带动下,高精度技术检测仪器的发展成为有些国家设置绿色贸易壁垒的“帮凶”。
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策分析
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策分析摘要：伴随着我国社会经济的发展以及国家开放程度的不断提升，我国的对外出口贸易业务也迎来了全新的发展契机。
我国作为一个农业大国和农业强国，农产品的出口总量在我国总出口额当中占据着十分重要的比重。
但是，在国际市场动荡以及竞争的影响之下，以美国、日本等为代表的国家相继出台了一些绿色贸易壁垒的政策，对农产品的品类、农药残留以及技术手段等多个方面提出了一些苛刻的要求。
绿色贸易壁垒的出现对于我国农产品出口活动的发展而言，就如同一把“双刃剑”，通过这些绿色贸易壁垒可以让我国农产品从种植、收割到成品，都更加精细化和规范化.但是，这些绿色贸易壁垒也局限了我国农产品出口总量和出口总额的增长。
为此，文章综合利用了文献资料查阅法和数据分析法等论文研究方法，对当前我国农产品出口现状进行阐述和分析的基础之上，找到了绿色贸易壁垒制约作用存在的原因，并采取“对症下药”的应对措施，为我国农产品出口活动的进一步发展提出了一些具有针对性的建议。
关键词：绿色贸易壁垒；农产品；出口贸易；出口现状；出口对策前言我国作为一个农业大国，在国际市场上，我国农产品的出口总量是十分可观的。
新世纪以来，我国农产品进出口贸易总额不断扩大，尤其是2002年入世以后，进出口贸易总额增长较快。
2019年上半年，我国农产品进出口额1086.5亿美元，同比增1.4%。
其中，出口368.1亿美元，减2.5%；进口718.4亿美元，增3.5%；贸易逆差350.3亿美元，增10.6%。
所以，当前形势下研究绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响尤为重要。
我国是传统的农业大国，农产品出口在我国的国际贸易中占据重要地位，但是当前国际上绿色贸易壁垒盛行，严重阻碍了我国农产品的出口。
当前，不仅发达国家对我国实行严格的绿色贸易壁垒，很多发展中国家也利用绿色贸易壁垒对从我国进口的农产品进行限制，因此，在当前研究绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口影响有着重要的现实意义。
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策
绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口贸易的影响及对策产品出口不仅能丰富和方便人们的日常生活，还能推动一个国家经济的快速发展，尤其对于我国这样一个农业大国来说，农产品出口贸易的重要性便显得尤为重要。
然而，正当我国准备在出口贸易上大力发展时，绿色壁垒的突兀出现打破了一切圆满的计划，并给我国农产品的出口贸易带来了极为不利的影响。
笔者对此进行了一番浅显的分析，并针对分析情况提供了一些相应的措施。
标签：绿色壁垒；农产品；出口贸易所谓绿色壁垒，就是一些发达国家以保护环境和人类健康为由，通过制定一系列不合理的制度，来限制国外商品的准入。
这种毫无依据的做法对我国农产品的出口贸易造成了极大的冲击力，并且产生了很大的危害。
面对这一突如其来的挑战，如何采取相应的措施加以抑制和扼杀绿色壁垒所带来的消极影响，便成了农产品出口贸易项目里的首要任务。
一、绿色壁垒出现的缘由首先不得不说我国农产品无公害生产技术水平略显不足，而且还缺乏相对完整、配套、可操作的农产品安全生产，缺乏适应时代的有效地管理方式，缺乏科学的管理制度和统一的检测指标，这使得我国在农产品出口贸易的安全问题上无法贴上畅行无阻的绿色标签。
再有就是我国消费者对农产品的食用安全放松警惕，不重视农产品在食用方面的健康保障，在低廉价格面前一时忘了农产品的质量问题，在不顾及环境是否受到破坏下进行不理性的消费，进而导致环境恶化的结果，随之而来的就是农产品的生长也受到了不利的影响。
但这一切并不足以成为绿色壁垒出现的理由，毕竟我国拥有一定雄厚的实力并且已经采取相应的措施去解决上述出现的种种问题。
所以，诱发绿色壁垒现身的导火索归根结底还是那些发达国家，相对于发达国家本国的农产品，中国出口的农产品在价格方面对他们的农产品构成了强有力的威胁，特别是在一些农产品的价格方面拥有很大的优势，而这一点优势，导致许多企业对当地出售的农产品的需求程度急剧下降。
外国政府为了寻求生存与发展，为了给该国的农业贸易提供更多的市场机会，同时，也为了充分利用该国自身拥有的在农业方面的技术资源、掩盖该国在劳动力资源方面的劣势，他们就通过不断开发和更新各种绿色标准及检测系统来大大提高对外国进口商品的严格把关，进而制定一些相关的甚至比较苛刻的制度来限制我国农产品的出口量，尤其是在农药残留的检测指标方面进行了十分严格的限制，从而巧妙隐蔽地实现了贸易保护，以此阻止不符合绿色标准和检验制度的产品进入本国市场。
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献翻译
经济管理学院毕业论文（外文文献翻译部分）文献题目：Green Barriers Trade and its Influenceson China's Foreign Trade绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响姓名:学号:专业:国际经济与贸易学院:经济管理学院指导教师:Journal of Economic SurveysGreen Barriers Trade and its Influences on China'sForeign TradeThomas J. SargentABSTRACTIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection.Key words：Green Barriers; products; TradeIn recent years, green consumption has become a main trend of the consumption in many developed countries and these countries began to make strict standards to restrict the entry of foreign products below their standards of environmental protection. These regulations have many unfavorable influences on the export of developing countries and are generally known as "Green Barriers to trade". In accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade of WTO, "Green Barriers to Trade" is defined as the compulsory and arbitrary Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures of the importing countries in the name of the protection of human health and environment that actually form barriers to trade with an aim to protect its home market and domestic products.1. Analysis on the causes of formation of "Green Trade Barriers"Firstly, the worsening of ecology is the major reason for "Green Barriers". With the development of industry and technology, the economy increases very fast and the human life has been improved. But at the same time, the development of economy is at a cost of the destruction of environment. The environmental problems have aroused public attention and the international society has begun to make laws to protect environment. In June, 1972, the United Nations published the Stockholm Declaration and stressed the importance of the protection of environment. From then on, more and more people concern about theenvironmental problems. The concept of environment has influenced the life of humankinds in every layer and the developed countries began to make very strict environmental protection rules under the pressure of public, which forms a barrier to the international trade.Secondly, the differences between countries in technology, environmental standards and investment directly cause the "Green Trade Barriers". As we know, developed countries surpass the developing countries in science and technology. Even if they make very strict environmental standards, their domestic products can reach the requirements of strict environmental standards while such standards may constitute barriers to products from developing countries. In fact, these standards may become discriminations against products from the developing countries and constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between country.Thirdly, the rise of protectionism in some developed countries contributes much to the formation of Green barriers. In modern market economy, competition is more severe than before. The domestic industries are directly facing competition from the products of other countries, and they will urge their governments to take effective measures to protect them from the foreign products. While because of the multilateral negotiations of WTO, the tariffs have been greatly cut down and the use of non-tariff measures has also been restricted. Therefore, many developed countries have to resort to some legal restrictions of importation such as Green barriers to protect their home industries, which gives rise to the increase of Green barriers.2. The main forms of Green barriers tradeIn accordance with the related provisions of WTO Agreement on Green Barriers to Trade, the Green barriers are usually in the forms as follows:2.1Green TariffSome developed countries would impose import surtax on products that may cause pollution or harms to the environment. If such measure is abused, it will constitute a Green barrier to trade.2.2Green StandardsGreen standards refer to those compulsory Green standards provided through legislation. With their superiority in economy and technology, developed countries tend to make higher Green standards with no consideration on the interests of the developingcountries. Such high Green standards will in fact constitute a barrier to the products from developing countries which are inferior in technology.2.3 Package RequirementsCertain developed countries stress too much on the protection of environment and require the products should be packed with materials that will have no harm to the environment. If the products are not packed in this way, they will not be allowed to sell in the developed countries. If such requirements are unnecessarily strict, they will be a barrier to the international trade.2.4 Sanitary and quarantine inspection systemOn the excuse of the protection of the health of human, animals and plants, developed countries tend to use very strict sanitary and quarantine inspection to restrict the importation of the products from the developing countries and protect their domestic industries.3. Influences of Green barriers on China's foreign tradeChina has suffered great loss due to the "Green barriers". In 2002, vegetables from Taizhou were prevented from entering Japan because of Japanese strict inspection and the price was greatly cut down. Also in 2002, the aquatic products from Ningbo were restricted by European Union (EU) because they could not reach the sanitary standards of EU. Due to Green trade barriers, 60 kinds of Chinese agricultural chemists were banned by EU because they could not reach the Green standards of EU. In accordance with the statistics of United Nations, China has suffered a loss of $7.4 billion in 2002 due to "Green barriers trade". China's export to EU, Japan, Korea and other countries decreases notably. Generally speaking, agricultural products and foodstuff, textile products and mechanical and electronic products are the three main industries which suffer great loss because of the strict Green barriers. Since these three products constitute the majority of Chinese exportation, we can easily draw a conclusion: "Green barriers to trade" has become one of the major obstacles in Chinese exportation.4. Countermeasures to the Green barriers of the developed countriesAs mentioned above, it is a fact that the Chinese export products are facing Greenbarriers of the developed countries and has suffered great loss. Therefore Chinese exporters should think carefully about the countermeasures to eliminate the unfavorable influences of such measures. First, we should make full use of the preferential treatment to the developing countries stipulated in the Agreement of Green trade barrier. According to the provisions of the Agreement of Green trade barrier, developed countries should take account of the special development, financial and trade needs of developing country members with a view to ensuring that such Green regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles to exports from developing countries. So, as a developing member of WTO, China is entitled to such preferential treatment. Secondly, China should make use of the Dispute Settlement System of WTO to protect her interests. Different from GATT, WTO has set up a powerful dispute settlement system to solve the disputes between the members of WTO. So, if our interests are harmed by the unfair Green barriers of other WTO members, we can resort to Dispute Settlement Body to settle this dispute and urge other members to change their unfair practices so as to protect our interests. Thirdly, China should stress the protection of environment and take measures to improve the quality and Green level of her export products to meet higher Green standards, which will fundamentally solve the problem of Green barriers.References[1]John, Smith. 2007, Green trade protectionism to Chinese agricultural product export influence Economics ,4,34-56.[2] Anderson, J.L., 2001, The Greening of World Trade Issues, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 347-356.[3] Gallagher, R., 2003, International Trade in Agricultural Products, Journal of General Management, 3, 1, 43-62.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
国际贸易：论文中英文附录-浅析绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响
毕业论文英文参考资料姓名学号年级专业系（院）指导教师20xx年x月x日原文部分（英文）（3500个单词左右）Analysis of the impact of green barriers on China's exports of agricultural products(From: Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2005, (2))In recent years, the environment-protection in international trade inclines to be stronger and stronger, the new developing non-tariff trade barriers such as the green (organic) trade barrier have become certain rationality, disguise and technology under the title of environmental protection, and become the effective weapon of trade protectionism more and more. It has already formed the difficult door hank for us through the swift and violent development in a few years, assaulting the export of our agricultural products seriously. Whether we could cross this green protective screen become the key problem for the continuous and constant development of our agricultural products export under the new situation of China's accession to the WTO.1.Implications, Characteristics and Formulation of Green Barrier1.1 Implication of the green barrierThe meaning of trade barrier includes tariff barrier and non-tariff trade barriers, and the technological barrier is the main form of non-tariff trade barriers. With the constant development of TBT(Technical barriers to trade)，the green barrier has already become the important component of TBT.Green barrier is a kind of neutral barrier. Normal green barrier means to take rational measure of trade actually to protect environment legally. And the rational green barrier means that the importer implement import restrictions on ecological environment protection, natural environment, the health animals and plants. Up to now, it has already permeated through planning from the initial raw materialsof products to each link, such as production procedure, packing and selling, consumer’s usage and scrap and dealing, etc. Progressively. It stipulates according to relevant environmental protection standards, requires the import goods should not only be in accordance with the quality level, and should also be in accordance with the environmental protection request from designing, making, packing to consuming link of handing etc., and can't cause danger to ecological environment and human health. Such new trade protective measure can stop abroad products effectively, especially environmental consciousness bad, backward in technique entry of product of developing country.1.2 The formulation of the green barrierWith the rapid economic growing of various countries, the global environmental question is aggravated day by day after the World War II. In face of the ecological environment that is destroyed and polluted miserably, the green peace organization has sent out the sharp accusation: the mankind has made the paradise of a piece of rubbish, world people increasing at double and spreading like the pestilence have caused the extinction of 500 animals and plants, it is robbing the fuel on the earth. When the holding capacity of the ecological environment reaches limit, it will begin to carry the terrible vindictiveness to the mankind. In face of the severe vindictiveness of natural environment, day-by-day the international community has lifted the powerful environmental tide. People also gradually realize that it is mankind's common responsibility to protect the environment, and we must adopt the common action.The formulation of the green barrier of trade protectionism and needs are not out of ecological environment protection and human health there is one side reason is that trade of its rationality. But its profound reason is that trade protectionism resumes, and several negotiations between GATT and WTO have already kept the tariff very low, cariouscountries are unable to achieve the goal of exercising restraint in importing to cause through the tariff. "Protecting the national economic benefits" is basic hopes when various countries carry on international trade, so adopting restriction when foreign products enter national market, and guaranteeing national products that occupied domestic market become natural acts1.3 Characteristics of the green trade barrioThere are era backgrounds in appearances of the green trade barrier of rationality of the surface content. "Limit increased" which Club of Rome published in 1972. The report and the first world environments summit meeting holding at Stockholm of Sweden in the same year have promoted the development of environmental protection sport of the world. Mankind begin to think the relations of the environment, economic growth and social welfare, to intro-sped the prevailing consumption mode, followed the world environmental doctrine sport, and to think the production, trade and environmental protection factor while consuming be paid more and more concerns. On the other hand, the deterioration of environment is constant day by day, and arouses highly concerns of the people all around the world, especially on the environmental protection of developed country. People care more and more about life quality, pay close attention to the ecological environment, and pursue non-harmful consumption. Although the green trade barrier seems has catered to the public’s needs, and is in accordance with sustainable development goals of various countries, the trade protectionism restrains the foreign products from importing in fact.The legitimacy of the external form lies in a series of countries as a kind of brand-new main difference between green trade barrier and other non-tariff trade barriers. Border legislates in order to legislate to stipulate and implement publicly accusing to using publicly at home. Haveall made the corresponding regulation to the green trade barrier in PTO, relevant trade agreement and international environmental convention. At present, more than 150 multilateral international protocols have already been signed in the world. The extension of the scope of application with various countries actively pursues the sustainable development strategy.The range of the green trade barrier is more and eating, wearing, using, living, transporting to playing, and from means of livelihood to means of production, all products trade related to ecological environment, natural health belong to it and protect resources and human health belong to it and protect the content. In the last few years, some fields, such as service trade, technological trade have expanded beyond the trade of the products.2 Forms of the Green Barrier2.1 Green technical standardIt is usually some countries to pass the legislative means in the name of environmental protection to make a series of mandatory strict environmental protection technical standards, in order to forbid or exercise restraint in importing. These standards are all made according to one' s own production and engineering level by developed countries, so it is very difficult for developing country to reach these standards.2.2 Green packing systemIt means that the packaging of the products is harmless to ecological environment and health, can economize resources, and is easy to resolve naturally. Because of the development of the international economy, the packing article is increasing constantly, caused a large number of rubbish and esource waste. Various countries’ governments adopt countermeasures to use the green pack to promote, the main measures include stipulating legislative form that forbids using a certain material and encourage using resources that can be recycled etc. by way of legislation2.3 System of environmental health quarantineThe government of a country has the right of taking quarantine measures to protect mankind and health of animals and plants, especially to guarantee the people and animals food exempt from the influence of pollutant, toxin, additive, etc., and to guarantee that the mankind exempts from importing the harm with diseases caused by the animals and plants. Regulation of "the hygiene and animal and plant quarantine measure agreement": each member has the right to take the hygiene and animal and plant quarantine measure, but should be by protecting the lives of the mankind, livestock and plant or not exceeding healthily, and should not violate the non-discrimination principle.3.The Impact of“Green Barrier”on the Trade of Chinese Agricultural ProductsAgricultural products have been a competitive product of the foreign export of our country within quite a long time. After reform and opening-up, as our country exports the constant improvement of the product specification, the export of agricultural products has already dropped to the secondary position, but the annual volume of export is still large. At present, main agricultural products that our country exports are meat birds, beasts and eggs, marine product, fruits and vegetables products, etc. Because of the prevailing of green barrier, the export of Chinese agricultural products receives serious influence in recent years3.1 Green barriers have limited the present stage of export range of Chinese agricultural productsThe important export markets of agricultural products of China are developed countries and some new developing industrialized countries, such as USA, Japan, European Union, etc., and these countries implement the green country with more serious barrier exactly. They rely on the advanced technological advantage to examine the system of quarantiningafter making strict hygiene on animals and plants, agricultural products produced with the processing technical standard, residue amount of agriculture chemical and toxicant and require etc., the packing of product and treatment which pack the offal. These complicated, harsh standard and system influence the export range of agricultural products of our country seriously, because a lot of agricultural products can't be exported without according with these regulations and requirement. The agricultural product range of the "green barrier" is bigger and bigger. The implemented technological ranges of barrier in some developed countries for Chinese agricultural products export increase constantly, and have already included most agricultural products, such as grain, fruit, Vegetables, livestock produce, aquatic produces, birds' products, tea, etc.3.2 Green tariff respectsIn recent years, the western countries are collecting, replenishing and carrying on the environment to dump the investigation to the import of agricultural products constantly in the name of protecting the environment, to impose the import surtax with polluting the environment or influencing the ecological agricultural product lesson, even limit, forbid importation.3.3 Market access respectsThe importer should check the production equipment of the exporter, thus guarantee that the imported products can respond to the request that national environmental protection is standard. In this way, the exporter will pay the fund, technology and human extra resources, will increase the cost of goods, and worsen the terms of trade of the exporter.3.4 Strengthen the control on agricultural product trade of Chinafrom developed countriesThe developed countries relying on the status of the big tradingnation and advanced technological advantage make the strict environmental protection regulation and relatively harsh technical standard to control the agricultural product exports of developing countries. Ten addition, World Trade Organization has not made the clear norm to the environmental question in international trade at present, causing developed country members to utilize this "green area" to play "the edge ball", and in the name of taking advantage of protecting the environment to implement trade discrimination against developing countries. China is hurt deeply in this respect4 Countermeasures for Chinese Agricultural Product Trade to Deal with Green Barrier4.1 The green marketing of barrierThe green marketing of barrier which also called environmental marketing or ecological marketing to cross over the green barrier, requires all enterprises to establish environmental consciousness in the whole course of producing and managing with the sustainable development strategy, to launch it in order to dispel, reduce the products and marketing activity to ecological environmental impact of service, and through the micro behavior of enterprises to promote the sustainable development of the human environment and economy. In develop the green products, it should begin with collecting relevant international green information actively in green marketing, research and analyze, and process the information deeply for the use of enterprises. In addition, enterprises should choose the green resource, should pay attention to the green design, develop green packaging, process the link of selling etc. to check strictly in production, in order to improve product quality conscientiously. Enterprises will make the green marketing association, green products and green price, green channel, green will be promoted and combined together organically, implementing the green marketing strategywill be in all round way. Green marketing is based on regular marketing, emphasize that unites the interests three of consumption demand, enterprise's interests and environmental protection organically, it is a kind of more advanced social marketing, green marketing pays attention to environmental protection even more than social marketing. The main content of green marketing is to collect green information, green products, counting and packing, making the green price, setting up green marketing channel and promoting etc. green green, enterprises can already improve the competitiveness in the international market of the products through one's own green image while implementing " green marketing ", can play and lead and strengthen function green on the public consumer behavior, help to open up the green product market4.2 To carry out IS014000 authentication conscientiously, adopt the green standard activelyGuide the new development of the marketing strategy. ISO14000 is the international environmental management standard, its aim is through setting up and implementing environmental management to achieve and improve the environmental behavior, purpose to prevent environmental pollution continuously, it is the new environment management, which is suitable for all enterprises. No matter for enterprises or for the brand, ISO14000 is all the first passport of international trade; it is "green pass" which breaks the green harrier that any country sets up.4.3 The policy of the agriculture4.3.1 Set up to the environmental protection type agricultural production subsidy measure. Improve the “green”content that our country exports agricultural products during a shorter time, should use high-efficient, low-toxicity pesticide, equilibrate fatly and examining the soil and applying fertilizer from encouraging peasants at first, develop " green agriculture " to start with, the government for enoughcompensation to the economic losses that peasants implement the environmental plan and suffer4.3.2 Carry on financial support to the supply of the environmental protection type agricultural assets product. Government to environmental protection research and development and produce, offer, replenish and reward of means of agricultural production, the route to supply from the agricultural goods and materials with is set about, change the thinkings of development of agricultural goods and materials such as the existing chemical fertilizer,etc., develop and produce and turn environmental protection and giving consideration to type means of agricultural production of output to to develop and produce by the high-efficient type means of agricultural production, improve agricultural productivity on the basis of sustainable development.4.3.3 Support environmental protection type research of agricultural science and technology and technology popularization in a more cost-effective manner, encourage the agricultural production structure to optimize. Study on environmental protection type agricultural technology and push away, use, can get up, get, protect the environment and keep the double efficiency of the output.4.3.4 Set up and replenish beasts and birds cultivating, transporting, butchering, environmental protection of the processing course. We should be in propagating, improving the standard of peasant household's animal's welfare consciousness in a more cost-effective manner, help peasant households to carry out cultivating, transportation of the welfare content up to standard with slaue standard in financial support way4.3.5 Support and lead it and study links of popularizing, transporting, processing etc. and offer the service up to standard of high quality in environmental protection type agricultural products in a more cost-effective manner, create conditions for evading the trade barriereffectively4.4 Accelerate the construction of standardized systemPerfect agriculture's standardized system, realize the standardization of agriculture produces, it not merely helps to bring about an agricultural advance to promote agricultural products international competition, can improve the international environment of the agricultural products trade of our country too. It should adopt the international standard and advanced standard of foreign countries actively first to accelerate the construction of standardized system, accelerate formulation and modification of the agricultural quality level of our country; Secondly should pay close attention to the epidemic prevention test work of the animals and plants, define the epidemic-stricken area of the harmful organism, it is not the epidemic-stricken area and the minuent is popular, and then break the green barrier abroad; Accelerate the environmental technological cooperation with the principal trade partner, the agreement signing relevant environmental standards to recognize each other finally. The development of the environmental protection industry of our country is still at primary stage, both environmental technology and environmental management has greater disparity with the developed country, it is unrealistic to reach the strict environmental standard of developed country in a short time, so we should promote the environmental technological cooperation with the principal trade partner while strengthening environmental management, combine environmental technology of my what country have now, management level and economic endurance, through carrying on the bilateral negotiation with the principal trade partner, try to sign the agreement recognizing each other, reduce the trade barrier formed because of difference of environmental standards4.5 Advance agriculture's structural strategical reajustment4.5.1 Improve agricultural products quality in an all-round way. Must accelerate introduction, seed selection and popularize the new variety, develop the characteristic products of high added value in a more cost-effective manner, high-quality ones that realize agricultural products melt, improve the special-purpose and applicability of agricultural products progressively4.5.2 Further speed up the development of animal husbandry. Accelerate the development of the animal husbandry, promote the planting by the development of animal husbandry, drive the processing industry, promote benign cycle between structural rationalization of agriculture and industry. Should take the effective measure at present, strengthen the improved variety of beasts and birds and beed the system and epidemic prevention system construction, develop feed industry and livestock produce deep processing, develop animal husbandry into a great industry4.5.3 Develop agricultural products and enter industry in a more cost-effective manner, expand high value, high added value agricultural product to export, this is an important measure which expands foreign exchange earning of agricultural products, develop deep processing of agricultural product, expand the agricultural product export, the ability to strengthen foreign exchange earning of agricultural products. Accelerate the development of processing of farm products, keeps fresh, the introduction, development of warehousing and transportation technology and apparatus improve the processing of farm products and keep fresh horizontally4.5.4 Optimize agriculture's regional overall arrangement. Adjust and optimize the regional structure rationally, develop characteristic agriculture in a more cost-effective manner. Coastal developed area and big city suburb will develop high-efficient agriculture and agricultureoriented for export and foreign exchange earnings actively; The fragile area of the ecology should devote more efforts to conceding the land to forestry and grass, develop industry of planting forest or fruit tress, grass industry and animal husbandry. Grain-production area take, through structural adjustment, give play to grain-production advantage, develop high-quality, special-purpose grain variety4.5.5 Develop the township enterprise, accelerate rural urbanization paces. Improve the agricultural competitiveness, must accelerate agricultural workforce's shifting, improve the agricultural labor productivity. Advance structural adjustment, system innovation and technology of township enterprise to create, encourage the township enterprise of many kinds of ownership forms to develop, expand the rural employment channel. Speed up the development of small town, reform the household register system of the small town, support peasants to enter the cities and towns and work and do business4.6 Making sustainable strategy4.6.1 Accelerate establishing the system of perfecting agricultural standard; improve the quality leve1 of agricultural products Should participate in the international standardized activity voluntarily, study and follow the trail of the international standard constantly conscientiously, adopt the international standard and advanced standard of foreign countries actively, accelerate the revision of making of the agricultural quality level of our country, in order to strengthen the export competitiveness of agricultural products of Gina. Should strengthen the quality inspection of agricultural products and measure system construction, introduce and develop monitoring technology- and equipment in the same level with the developed country, promote main agricultural products to examine the technology upgrading which measure the system, accelerate the process of connections withinternational standards. At the same time, should do a good job of quality authentication, it is important means to ensure food security quality and break through the "green barrier" of trade to implement quality safety approval to the food and agricultural product.4.6.2 Developing the environmental protection industry activelyThe countries all over the world support the environmental protection industry on legislating and policy, the reason is that its production cost is high, with high technical content, the Fund is intensive, general enterprises are unwilling to make the investment, so need supporting especially. To meet demands of consumer, we should design and develop the green products.4.6.3 Setting up green pack system of export productsGreen packing refers to be packed environmentally friendly, be circulated packaging used in utilization or regeneration. Because the packaging offal has already gradually become one of the important origins of the ecological mentally friendly environment pollution, to a environ-one may choose wrappings of reclaiming, it is already of the world first-selection of wrappings all over current countries References译文部分（中文）浅析绿色壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响近年来，在国际贸易中的环境保护倾向不断增强，在环境保护的名义下新发展的非关税壁垒如绿色（有机）壁垒已经成为合理的，隐蔽性和技术性，也使得贸易保护主义的影响范围越来越广。
外文翻译---自由贸易中的绿色壁垒
附录1自由贸易中的绿色壁垒在A完自由化的承诺在其最新一轮会议的农业谈判委员会，世界贸易组织，乐观地认为，谈判的框架将在3月31日最后期限为制定数字指标，公式和其他“方式，哪些国家可以”通过新的全面谈判回合贸易几乎已经消失。
这一目标是重要的原因有两个。
第一，它现在越来越清楚，那更是在报道比乌拉圭回合谈判，达成协议，建立一个地区的农业必然是极为困难的证明。
在农业谈判进展的关键是说服不相信一个新的`多哈回合谈判中对贸易是有益的，可行的。
第二，多哈宣言作出承诺的农业谈判的一部分单从`要完成2005年1月1日。
也就是说，在采取全有或没有什么计划，国家已经达成，并约束，是协议中的所有领域中的谈判将要开展的新一轮谈判。
这意味着，如果协议不能进行农业合作方面，将不会有政权更替的多边贸易行业管理，服务或相关的领域，外国采购和公共投资在没有取得任何进展的新领域，如竞争政策，所有其中至为重要，发达国家经济议程的。
点上的因素使这次农业的坚持是多方面的。
由于在最后一轮，有一点是一致的贸易体制中的农业发达国家的全球自己在适当的形状。
农产品出口有很大的差异在议程中的美国，凯恩斯集团和欧盟国家内部的发展。
当富人和强大的反对，一个全球性的共识是不容易找到。
但这还不是全部。
即使协议被缝了贫富之间的国家，通过演习，如布莱尔大厦协议，得到了世界各地的去沿着这将是更加困难的时间。
这是因为协议开始对农业（农业协定的成果）在农产品贸易领域实施以来，乌拉圭回合（乌拉圭回合的状况远远没有达到人们的期望）。
乌拉圭回合的谈判过程中，政权主张乌拉圭回合的承诺，全球生产了调整，将增加世界农产品贸易的价值，以及在发展贸易的增加等国分享。
毫不奇怪，因此，世界贸易额持续上升，以及1994年后。
真正的转变发生在这之后，1993年和1995年之间的一些浮力，随后有所下降，特别是1997年后，农产品价格急剧。
正是这种单位价值下降的情况下，在世界贸易额的停滞，然后在1995年以后，当乌拉圭回合开始实施下降的结果。
绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响及研究对策外文文献原文及译文
中 北 大 学 信 息 商 务 学 院毕业论文外文文献原文及译文学号：系 别：专指导教师：2012年 6 月08090444X17 经济与管理系 国际经济与贸易绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。
这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。
关键词：绿色壁垒；农产品；贸易近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的农产品进入其国内市场。
这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。
这些规定对发展中国家的出口有许多不利的影响，这些规定一般被称为“绿色贸易壁垒”。
绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定与世界贸易组织的有关协议相一致。
绿色贸易壁垒的定义是：以保护整个人类赖以生存的自然环境和保护人体健康为的名义，制定一系列的规则条款，以达到发达国家保护其国内市场和国内产品的目的。
1、分析绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因首先，生态环境的恶化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的主要原因。
随着工业和技术的发展，社会经济飞速发展，人民生活水平得到显著改善。
但与此同时，经济的发展也以生态环境的破坏为代价。
环境问题已经引起社会公众的注意而且国际社会也已开始制定法律来保护生态环境。
在1972年6月，联合国发表的斯德哥尔摩宣言，强调了保护环境的重要性。
从那时起，越来越多的人开始关注的环境问题。
环境的概念应景影响人类生活的各个层面，在社会公众的压力下发达国家开始制定严格的措施来保护生态环境。
这也就逐渐形成了国际贸易的绿色壁垒。
其次，国与国之间在技术水平，环境标准和对外直接投资等方面的差异导致了绿色贸易壁垒的形成。
正如我们所知，发达国家在社会整体水平和科学技术水平上远远领先发展中国家。
即使他们作出非常严格的环境保护标准，其国内的产品可以达到严格的环境保护标准的要求，而这些标准则可能对来自发展中国家的产品构成障碍。
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绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。
绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。
由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。
随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。
而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。
随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。
然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。
这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。
绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。
绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。
由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
目前，我国出口重心仍然集中在欧美日等发达国家，而这些国家是全球环保意识最强、环保标准最高、环保执法最严的国家，因而其绿色贸易壁垒种类最多，限制与惩罚性措施最严。
出于贸易保护考虑，往往一个国家设置一项新的绿色贸易壁垒，很快就会被其他国家效仿。
如2003 年1 月底，欧盟国家以食品安全为由对我国的动物源性食品进行封关，此举也导致瑞士、挪威等国相继对我国该类产品封关，德、日、韩等则相继提高了检验标准，沙特阿拉伯也暂停了对中国此类产品的进口。
由于绿色贸易壁垒而引发的贸易摩擦，对双边、多边贸易关系甚至外交关系都产生消极影响。
发达国家所设置的绿色贸易壁垒大都是根据自己的科技和环保水平来制定的，因而发达国家的农产品比较容易进入发展中国家，而发展中国家的农产品进入发达国家则相当困难。
农产品出口前经我国产品质量检验检疫机构检测合格的产品因为没有达到其他国家规定的标准，被禁止出口、退货和索赔事件屡屡发生，这对我国农产品的国际形象形成了巨大的冲击。
在这种形势下，国内标准与其他国家标准的差异就会引发贸易摩擦，影响到双方贸易关系的健康发展。
中国农产品出口多次与绿色贸易壁垒的正面相撞，说明我国农产品出口亟待掌握国际贸易游戏规则，并充分利用这种规则来保护自身利益。
由于我国农产品生产中面临一些问题，如缺乏统一的农产品质量标准、检验检测体系建设滞后、农业技术和设备落后、生态环境污染破坏严重等问题，而同时国际社会对生态环境和食品安全的关注与日俱增，面对各国严阵以待的各类绿色贸易壁垒，我国应该采取积极的应对策略，推进农业标准化建设，提高农产品质量安全水平，促进优势农产品出口，以突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。
加强生态环境教育，强化国民绿色经济意识加大传媒的宣传力度，使国民认识到经济的绿色化发展已成为一种不可阻挡的历史趋势。
21 世纪经济的主旋律是绿色经济，政府应呼吁提高国民的可持续发展意识，开展环境教育。
环境教育的最终目的是为了将环境意识化为公众自觉的环境行为，因而要充分发挥媒体的舆论作用，鼓励公众参与环境保护事业，使其知晓我国经济的“绿化”是一项公益事业，受益的应是整个国家和每一个公民。
同时，政府要注重发挥职能指导作用，提倡绿色生活方式，把绿色贸易、绿色生活的思想融入社会经济发展的全过程，既可从根本上冲破绿色贸易壁垒，又可保持我国经济的可持续发展，使之适应全球一体化浪潮，并与国际贸易体系接轨在绿色贸易壁垒实施中，特别是一些发达国家采取的绿色壁垒措施，由于出于某种特定的目的，而演变成一种技术壁垒，从而限制外国农产品进入本国。
尤其是美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家凭借其在科技、环保等方面的优势，设置的以绿色技术标准、绿色检验检疫制度、绿色包装和标签等为主要内容的绿色贸易壁垒极大地阻碍了我国农产品的出口。
At present, the green trade barriers in international trade has become one of the most important trade barriers, Agriculture as a weak industries are more susceptible Green trade barriers is a serious challenge facing China's agricultural exports, China's agricultural exports, the biggest obstacle. How to break the green trade barriers to agricultural trade plays an important role in China's foreign trade restrictions on China's agricultural exports has important practical significance to promote the development of our agricultural.Firstly, the theory of green trade barriers, the definition of green trade barriers, the root causes and the form of the performance characteristics are reviewed, the foreign green trade barriers on China's agricultural exports. The article also pointed out that China's agricultural exports have encountered green trade barriers of reason analysis combined with green trade barriers of developed countries, China, on this basis, the use of knowledge of international trade, government, enterprise, industry, across the green trade barriers to our agricultural-relatedcountermeasures and suggestions.With the improvement of living standards, more and more attention to their own quality of life issues, the rise in recent years the concept of green consumption is one of a phenomenon. Green barriers to the international community on environmental and trade concerns, more and more each country in foreign trade, the implementation of such means of protection. With the green needs of the international market is growing, and the consensus of environmental protection, green trade protection the rapid rise of green barriers to become one of the important non-tariff protection measures in the world economy and trade, the name of environmental protection. However, due to the different developing and developed countries level of economic development, resulting in the different countries focused on the treatment of economic development and environmental protection issues in developed countries leading in terms of awareness of environmental protection, policies, regulations and technology, Moreover, the current national green trade barriers set according to the countries themselves, have not formed a unified standard in the world system, the extent of restrictions of the Green barriers are difficult to predict. This makes the green barriers by developed countries as an important means to restrict the import of products from developing countries. Green barriers not only high demands on product quality, but also involves the product of prenatal and post production of the various stages to developing countries, foreign trade and economic development has brought a very serious impact.Green trade barriers is in the field of international trade, the importing country enacted to restrict or prohibit the import trade measures to protect the ecological environment, natural resources, safeguard human, animal and plant life and health and safety grounds. Due to the complexity of these measures taken by developed countries and strict green trade barriers on the export of products from developing countries. present, the focus of China's exports are still concentrated in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, these countries are the countries of global environmental awareness among the strongest, the highest environmental standards, the most stringent environmental enforcement, and thus its green trade barriers most species, the most stringent restrictions and punitive measures. For trade protection considerations, often of a country to set up a new green trade barriers, and soon othercountries to follow. EU countries such as the end of January 2003, the grounds of food safety on food of animal origin in China sealed off, it will also lead to Switzerland, Norway and other countries have been of such products in China closed the, Germany, Japan, Korea, in succession test, Saudi Arabia has suspended imports of such products in China.Green trade barriers and lead to trade friction, bilateral and multilateral trade relations and even diplomatic relations have a negative impact. Green trade barriers set up by the developed countries according to their technological and environmental standards to develop, thus, the agricultural products in developed countries into developing countries, the agricultural products of developing countries into developed countries is quite difficult. China's product quality inspection and quarantine testing agencies qualified products prior to export of agricultural products did not meet the required standards of other countries, banned the export of returns and claims occurred frequently, which has a huge impact on the international image of China's agricultural products. Under such circumstances, differences in domestic standards with other national standards will lead to trade friction, affecting the healthy development of bilateral trade relations. China's agricultural exports has repeatedly collided with the front of the green trade barriers, indicating that China's agricultural exports to the urgent need to master the international trade rules of the game, and take advantage of this rule to protect their own interests. Some of the problems facing China's agricultural production, such as lack of uniform quality standards of agricultural products, the inspection system lags behind, backward agricultural technology and equipment, environmental pollution damage and other serious problems, while at the same time the growing concern of the international community on the ecological environment and food safety, in the face of all kinds of green trade barriers embattled countries, China should adopt a positive coping strategies, to promote standardization of agricultural building to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products, promote the advantages of agricultural exports in order to break through the green trade barriers in developed countries.Strengthen ecological and environmental education, to strengthen national green economic sense to increase the propaganda of the media, and national awareness ofgreen economic development has become an irresistible historical trend. The theme of the 21st century economy, green economy, the Government should be called upon to enhance the population's awareness of sustainable development and environmental education. The ultimate goal of environmental education to environmental awareness into the public conscious of environmental behavior, and thus should give full play to the role of media and public opinion, to encourage public participation in environmental protection industry, aware of China's economic "green" is a public good, benefiting should be the entire country and every citizen. Meanwhile, the Government should pay attention to play a functional role in guiding, to promote the green lifestyle, green trade, green living ideas into social and economic development, both from a fundamental break through the green trade barriers, but also to maintain a sustainable economicdevelopment to adapt to the wave of globalization and the international trading system in the implementation of green trade barriers, especially the green barrier measures taken by some developed countries, for some specific purpose, but evolved into a technical barriers,restrictions on foreign agricultural products entering the country. Green trade barriers to U.S., EU, Japan and other developed countries, with its advantages in science and technology, environmental protection, set as the main content to the standards of green technology, green inspection and quarantine system, green packaging and labeling greatly hinder ourexports of agricultural products.。