2013年12月翻译新题型解析
2013年12月六级翻译评析
2013年12月六级翻译评析第一篇：2013年12月六级翻译评析2013年12月六级翻译评析从八月份四六级改革公布到12月14号第一次改革后真题面世，大学英语老师、培训机构的老师和广大四六级考生们都在这个四个月的时间里经历了担忧、恐惧、好奇，最终等待、期盼的过程。
当变化最大的六级段落汉译英真题和大家见面后，每一个与之相关的人都会大叹一句：中国风，真不简单啊！六级学生反馈最多、反响最大的三个六级段落汉译英是：中秋节简介、丝绸之路简介和中国园林简介。
整体来说，中文语句都是大学生一读就懂的句子。
标点符号也没有超越样题中的句号、逗号和顿号。
所有中文语句分析整理后，就可以找出对应的英文句子结构。
之前的课程都有所涉及，如果上课认真跟着班级听课，解决起来并不难。
但是，前两段相对来说中文句子结构比较简单，而中国园林句子较为松散，难度稍高一些。
下面从句子分析层面选择“中秋节”和“中国园林”段落中最长最难的两个中文句子做一个对比。
“中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。
”按照上课时的步骤，通过标点符号我们主要是对拆分出来的各个部分进行“分”或“合”的处理。
由于大家对中文的理解把握不同，这句话至少有两种处理方式--“中秋节（是）在农历八月十五（整句），（中秋节）是人们拜月的节日（整句），这天夜晚皓月当空（整句），人们合家团聚，（并列）共赏明月（整句）。
”“中秋节在农历八月十五（整句），是人们拜月的节日（定语从句），这天夜晚皓月当空（时间状语从句），人们合家团聚，共赏明月。
（主句）”下面我们来看下比较难的中国园林里较长的一句。
“典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。
”中文读下来就觉得想死，中文词语之间修饰很多、纠缠不清。
但是按照上课时所说的：理解中文才是翻译的第一步。
沉下心来，按照上课的步骤走下来，也至少有两种理解思路--“典型的中国园林四周有围墙（整句），园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及（并列）各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和（并列）走廊连接的建筑。
2013年12月英语翻译新题型
意大利著名旅行家马可。
波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。
”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。
”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。
西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。
在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty o f Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a centur y-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Ear th there are Suzhou and Hangzh ou.”Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its p icturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Han gzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.秦陵的规模之宏伟，葬品之丰富，在中国都是空前的。
2013年12月英语六级考试翻译新题型详细解析
2013年12月英语六级考试翻译新题型详细解析练习题一如果说我确实有所成就的话，那也只是因为我坚信不断尝试就会成功。
遇到挫折时，你可以暂时把问题放一放，一味纠结不仅无济于事，有时反倒使情况更糟。
先去读一本好书、见见久未谋面的好友或去户外骑游一番；再回头看待问题，你或许会感到柳暗花明。
这样做后，别忘了多加反省：“为什么这个方法会奏效？下次能不能做得更好呢？”看你定的是什么目标，这种方法可以被反复有效应用。
如果你坚定不移地持续提升自己，最后成功肯定非你莫属。
孜孜不倦向来无敌。
参考翻译及详解如果说我确实有所成就的话，那也只是因为我坚信不断尝试就会成功。
The only reason I’ve managed to accomplish anything is because I am a firm believer in continuous improvement.翻译这个句子的时候，用了句式the only reason is...because，大家看到汉语“如果说......”可能会一下头脑晕掉，不知道怎么来翻译，但换一个方式，不用if等其它表示如果的单词或词组，也不失为一种迂回翻译的好方法哦。
注意：我坚信：I am a firm believer （汉语的动词翻译成英文成了“形容词+名词”的形式，亲，你翻译的时候会不会这么做呢？）遇到挫折时，你可以暂时把问题放一放，一味纠结不仅无济于事，有时反倒使情况更糟。
If you fail in something, distance from the event for a day or two, because agonizing over the problem will not make it go away (and will make it a lot worse).遇到挫折：fail in something暂时：for a day or two（for a day or two有时并不仅仅指一两天，还可以表示暂时哦）纠结：agonizing over the problem先去读一本好书、见见久未谋面的好友或去户外骑游一番；再回头看待问题，你或许会感到柳暗花明。
2013年12月大学英语六级改革后的段落翻译(汉译英)练习与解析及解题技巧_2资料
自2013年12月考试起，全国大学英语六级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材，文章长度为180-200个汉字。
以下是大学英语六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题：中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。
新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。
各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。
人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。
其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。
首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等，这些词有的比较抽象，有的不太常见，或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没有明确对应的词，考生在翻译时应该抓住词的根本意思。
其次，长句也较多，考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺，不仅需要单词量和单词拼写过关，还需要掌握语法，分析句子成分，学会中英文转换的技巧。
如果说原来的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译，将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话，那么现在的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，与之前考查的句子翻译完全不同了。
第二部分：翻译技巧为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型，我们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析，帮助考生掌握翻译技巧和要点。
（一）词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。
2013年12月大学英语六级改革后的段落翻译(汉译英)练习与解析及解题技巧 2
自2013年12月考试起，全国大学英语六级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材，文章长度为180-200个汉字。
以下是大学英语六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题：中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。
新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。
各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。
人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。
其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。
首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等，这些词有的比较抽象，有的不太常见，或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没有明确对应的词，考生在翻译时应该抓住词的根本意思。
其次，长句也较多，考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺，不仅需要单词量和单词拼写过关，还需要掌握语法，分析句子成分，学会中英文转换的技巧。
如果说原来的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译，将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话，那么现在的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，与之前考查的句子翻译完全不同了。
第二部分：翻译技巧为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型，我们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析，帮助考生掌握翻译技巧和要点。
（一）词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。
2013年12月四级翻译真题点评
2013年12月四级翻译真题点评作者：来源：《新东方英语》2014年第02期2013年12月大学英语四、六级考试落下帷幕，汉译英新题型（段落翻译）在这次考试中首次登场。
四、六级段落翻译的内容涉及中国传统文化的诸多方面，如茶、中餐、中国结、丝绸之路、中秋节、中国园林等，给四、六级考试刮来了一股“中国风”。
与文化有关的内容在翻译时有一定的难度，考生如果不知道相关术语，在翻译时可能会有较大的障碍。
但此次四级考试段落翻译题的句子大都简单流畅，考生只要具备一定英语基础并掌握常用的翻译技巧，一般都可以轻松驾驭。
本文笔者首先介绍考生在应对四级翻译时可以使用的一些翻译技巧，然后给出完整的参考译文，希望对考生有所帮助。
四级翻译技巧例析本次四级考试的多套试题中共出现了四道段落翻译题。
要在段落翻译部分拿到高分，考生不仅要有良好的英语基础，还要掌握常用的翻译技巧。
下面笔者以本次考试的真题为例，具体讲解如何在翻译中运用这些技巧。
1 选用恰当的时态和语态在汉译英的过程中，时态的选取和语态的确定是考生容易出错的环节。
汉语中讲述过去的情况时译文必须使用过去时，讲述现在的情况时译文必须使用现在时。
在真题段落中，过去和现在往往交错出现，因此考生必须灵活自如地转换时态。
此外，汉语中主动句多，英语中被动句多。
同时，汉语中有些句子看似为主动的形式，其主语和谓语之间却是被动的关系，考生必须仔细分析逻辑关系，在英语译文中使用恰当的语态。
例1：相传，中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶，并用来治病。
在明清（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）期间，茶馆遍布全国。
饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。
如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（beverage）之一。
参考译文：Legend has it that a Chinese emperor discovered tea over 5000 years ago and used it to cure diseases. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties， teahouses abounded in China. Tea was spread to Japan in the 6th century but not until the 17th and 18th centuries was it introduced to European and American countries. Today， tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.点评：这段话中的时间状语较多，有“五千多年前”“明清期间”“六世纪”“十七、十八世纪”和“如今”。
2013年12月英语六级（新题型）考试试卷+答案详解
2013年12⽉英语六级（新题型）考试试卷+答案详解2013年12⽉全国⼤学⽣英语六级考试试卷Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Digital Age. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below: 1．如今数字化产品得到越来越⼴泛的使⽤，例如……2．数字化产品的使⽤对⼈们的⼯作、学习、⽣活产⽣的影响。
Digital Age__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part ⅡListening Comprehension (30 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) Proceed in his own way. C) Compromise with his colleague.B) Stick to the original plan. D) Try to change his colleague’s mind.2. A) Mary has a keen eye for style. C) Nancy and Mary went shopping together in Rome.B) Nancy regrets buying the dress. D) Nancy and Mary like to follow the latest fashion.3. A) Wash the dishes. C) Pick up George and Martha.B) Go to the theatre. D) Take her daughter to hospital.4. A) She enjoys making up stories about other people.B) She can never keep anything to herself for long.C) She is eager to share news with the woman.D) She is the best informed woman in town.5. A) A car dealer. C) A driving examiner.B) A mechanic. D) A technical consultant.6. A) The shopping mall has been deserted recently.B) Shoppers can only find good stores in the mall.C) Lots of people moved out of the downtown area.D) There isn’t much business downtown nowadays.7. A) He will help the woman with her reading.B) The lounge is not a place for him to study in.C) He feels sleepy whenever he tries to study.D) A cozy place is rather hard to find on campus.8. A) To protect her from getting scratches. C) To prevent mosquito bites.B) To help relieve her of the pain. D) To avoid getting sunburnt.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A) In a studio. C) At a beach resort.B) In a clothing store. D) At a fashion show.10. A) To live there permanently. C) To find a better job to support herself.B) To stay there for half a year. D) To sell leather goods for a British company.11. A) Designing fashion items for several companies.B) Modeling for a world-famous Italian company.C) Working as an employee for Ferragamo.D) Serving as a sales agent for Burberrys.12. A) It has seen a steady decline in its profits.B) It has become much more competitive.C) It has lost many customers to foreign companies.D) It has attracted a lot more designers from abroad.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.13. A) It helps her to attract more public attention.B) It improves her chance of getting promoted.C) It strengthens her relationship with students.D) It enables her to understand people better.14. A) Passively. B) Positively. C) Skeptically. D) Sensitively.15. A) It keeps haunting her day and night.B) Her teaching was somewhat affected by it.C) It vanishes the moment she steps into her role.D) Her mind goes blank once she gets on the stage.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) To win over the majority of passengers from airlines in twenty years.B) To reform railroad management in western European countries.C) To electrify the railway lines between major European cities.D) To set up an express train network throughout Europe.17. A) Major European airlines will go bankrupt.B) Europeans will pay much less for traveling.C) Traveling time by train between major European cities will be cut by half.D) Trains will become the safest and most efficient means of travel in Europe.18. A) Train travel will prove much more comfortable than air travel.B) Passengers will feel much safer on board a train than on a plane.C) Rail transport will be environmentally friendlier than air transport.D) Traveling by train may be as quick as, or even quicker than, by air.19. A) In 1981. B) In 1989. C) In 1990. D) In 2000. Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.20. A) There can be no speedy recovery for mental patients.B) Approaches to healing patients are essentially the same.C) The mind and body should be taken as an integral whole.D) There is no clear division of labor in the medical profession.21. A) A doctor’s fame strengthens the patients’ faith in them.B) Abuse of medicines is widespread in many urban hospitals.C) One third of the patients depend on harmless substances for cure.D) A patient’s expectations of a drug have an effect on their recovery.22. A) Expensive drugs may not prove the most effective.B) The workings of the mind may help patients recover.C) Doctors often exaggerate the effect of their remedies.D) Most illnesses can be cured without medication.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A) Enjoying strong feelings and emotions. C) Being fond of making sensational news.B) Defying all dangers when they have to. D) Dreaming of becoming famous one day.24. A) Working in an emergency room. C) Listening to rock music.B) Watching horror movies. D) Doing daily routines.25. A) A rock climber. B) A psychologist.C) A resident doctor. D) A career consultant.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are top of a global league table of university reputation—in a top 100 26 by U.S. institutions.Cambridge and Oxford make the top 10—but other U.K. universities have 27 , while Asian institutions have risen.The rankings are based on the 28 of 17,000 academics. This list is an attempt to quantify the elusive but important quality of 29 in higher education—with its findings 30 the opinions of academics around the world.The fast such ranking by the Times Higher Education magazine, published last year, had the same top five as this year—with the two Boston-based 31 , Harvard and M1T, in first and second place.Cambridge was once again the highest ranking U.K. university in third place, 32 Stanford and University of California, Berkeley. But Phil Baty, editor of the Times Higher Education rankings, says there is an 33 picture of U.K. universities downwards—with fewer in the top 100 and a 34 for others including Imperial College London and University College London. "Our global reputation as the home of outstanding universities has been hit," he said.Reflecting the rise of Asian countries as the new education superpowers, there is an increasing presence for countries such as People’s Republic of China, Japan, Singapore and SouthKorea.35 its size and population, Switzerland is also seen as performing well, with three universities in the world’s top 100 universities.Such rankings published by the Times Higher Education magazine do not have an official status, but they have become an increasingly significant part of how universities market themselves to students, particularly as higher education has become more globalized.Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Women in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but the head of the study said women are poised to make 36 in the year ahead.The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained 37 unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that 38 opportunities for women in business.The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said.Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions 39 by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4percent in 2010, it said. The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7percent in 2010, it said.The research on the Fortune 500 companies was 40 on data as of March 31, 2011. The slight changes in the numbers are not considered 41 significant, Catalyst said.Nevertheless, given the changes in U. S. politics, the future for women in business looks more 42 , said Ilene Lang, president and chief executive 43 of Catalyst."Overall we’re44 to see change next year," Lang said. "When we look at shareholders, decision makers, the general public, they’re looking for change. ""What they’re basically saying is, ‘Don’t give us45 of the status quo (现状). Get newSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How Marketers Target KidsA) Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influencetheir parents’ buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000.B) Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids:Pester(纠缠)PowerC) Today’s kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children’ ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be.D) According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories —"persistence" and "importance". Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated "importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents’ desire to pr ovide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids.The Marriage of Psychology and MarketingE) To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children’s developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children’s behaviour, fantasy’ lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people.F) The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U. S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue.Building Brand Name LoyaltyG) Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation—Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen.H) Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothingcompanies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act.Buzz or Street MarketingI) The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter( 杂乱) in young people’s lives. Many companies are using "buzz marketing" —a new twist on the tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or "street marketing", as it’s also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive (难找的) teen market by using trendsetters to give them products "cool" status.J) Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young "Net promoters" use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users.Commercialization in EducationK) School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls ( 亏空，差额) are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials.L) Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting deliversa captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1) sponsored educational materials; 2) supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3) advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4) contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5) sponsoring school events.The InternetM) The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It’s part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising.Marketing Adult Entertainment to KidsN) Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children.O) The FTC studied 44 films rated "Restricted", and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on "Restricted" movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.46. Guilt can affect parents’ spending decisions because they don’t have enough time for theirkids.47. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.48. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.49. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.50. For this generation of young people, the Interact is a daily and routine part of their lives.51. According to Kidfluence, "persistence nagging" is less effective than the more sophisticated "importance nagging".52. According to a report released by the U. S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.53. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Internet because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.54. A group of U. S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.55. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Like most people, I’ve long underst ood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve foodto people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned ( ⽰意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon (勤杂⼯) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waitin g to be served.Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked—cordially.I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and f ortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.56. The author was disappointed to find that ________.A) one’s position is used as a gauge to measure one’s intelligenceB) talented people like her should fail to get a respectable jobC) one’s occupation affects the way one is treated as a personD) professionals tend to look down upon manual workers57. What does the author intend to say by the example in the second paragraph?A) Some customers simply show no respect to those who serve them.B) People absorbed in a phone conversation tend to be absent-minded.C) Waitresses are often treated by customers as casual acquaintances.D) Some customers like to make loud complaints for no reason at all.58. How did the author feel when waiting tables at the age of 19?A) She felt it unfair to be treated as a mere servant by professionals.B) She felt badly hurt when her customers regarded her as a peon.C) She was embarrassed each time her customers joked with her.D) She found it natural for professionals to treat her as inferior.59. What does the author imply by saying ". . . many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant" (Line 3, Para. 7)?A) Those who cater to others’ needs are destined to be looked down upon.B) Those work ing in the service industry shouldn’t be treated as servants.C) Those serving others have to put up with rough treatment to earn a living.D) The majority of customers tend to look on a servant as a server nowadays.60. The author says she’ll one day take her clients to dinner in order to ________.A) see what kind of person they areB) experience the feeling of being servedC) show her generosity towards people inferior to herD) arouse their sympathy for people living a humble lifePassage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.What’s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A $7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals. Oh, and income inequality.Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U. S. News & World Report, which lie owns. "Our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating, " lamented (哀叹) the117th-riehest man in America. "Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row. " He noted that "Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy. "Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans. "It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage, " said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.What’s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.It’s possible that plutocrats (有钱有势的⼈) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies. But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that’s the real nightmare.61. What is the current topic of common interest among the very rich in America?A) The fate of the ultrawealthy people.B) The disintegration of the middle class.C) The inequality in the distribution of wealth.D) The conflict between the left and the right wing.62. What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman’s lamentation?A) Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare.B) The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt.C) The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.D) The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation’s growing wealth.63. From the fifth paragraph we can learn that ________.A) the very rich are fashion-consciousB) the very rich are politically sensitiveC) universal health care is to be implemented throughout AmericaD) Congress has gained popularity by increasing the minimum wage64. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?A) They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.B) They know that the middle class contributes most to society.C) They want to gain support for global economic integration.D) They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.65. What may happen if the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods?A) The prices of imported goods will inevitably soar beyond control.B) The investors will have to make great efforts to reallocate capital.C) The wealthy will attempt to buy foreign companies across borders.D) Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华⽂化不可分割的⼀部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨⼤的贡献。
2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评
2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评：信息技术【原文】信息技术（Information Technology），正在飞速的发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。
一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。
另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。
不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。
【参考译文】Nowadays, with the fast development of Information Technology, Chinese citizens are attaching more and more importance to it. Some schools and universities have even included Information Technology in their required courses, which has led to different opinions. Some people think it is unnecessary to make IT courses required, and students are supposed to take traditional courses. Oppositely, other people think it is necessary to do so, for China and its people should keep pace with the times. Either way, it is a good thing that Information Technology has attracted people's attention.【点评】段落翻译是本次考试的新题型之一，由考查简单的词组掌握、句型表达转为考查篇章整体表达，相比改革前的句子翻译，无论是分值还是难度都有所加大，对考生的能力水平要求更高。
2013年12月六级翻译新题型模拟题整理
一．敲击键盘的声音也许是现代社会的一种白色噪音，但其实，他们所透露出的信息比疏忽的打字者意识到的要更多。
通过简单分析击键声音的录音，计算机专家们现在就能够准确无误的解析出一篇通过键盘输入的文字的脚本，甚至包括输入的密码。
以其他计算机比起来，这个过程简单很多，仅仅需要一个便宜的麦克风和一台电脑。
【参考译文】Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed—including passwords. And in contrast with many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.二．人类之间为了钻石而相互残杀;国家之间为了石油而发动战争。
但如果没有水，这世界上最珍贵的东西将一文不值。
淡水是维持生命的必需品，无可替代。
水，尽管几乎无法估价，却是世界上最贵重的东西。
自然规律决定了水的供给是有限的。
但随着世界人口的增加和生活水平的提高，人类对水的需求量增加的趋势是不可避免的。
家庭、工厂和办公场所正在消耗越来越多的水，但是这个星球对于食物(和生产庄家和肉类过程中使用的水)日益增长的需求才是最忧心的问题。
【参考译文】People kill each other over diamonds; countries go to war over oil. But the world’s most expensive commodities are worth nothing in the absence of water. Fresh water is essential for life, with no substitute. Although mostly unpriced, it is the most valuable stuff in the world. Nature has decreed that the supply of water is fixed. Meanwhile demand rises inexorably as the world’s p opulation increases and enriches itself. Homes, factories and offices are sucking up ever more. But it is the planet’s growing need for food (and the water involved in producing crops and meat) that matters most.三．随着中国日益成为韩国的重要贸易伙伴，两国的联系从外交和贸易延伸到了教育领域。
2013年12月英语四级真题答案及解析完整版
作文部分：范文一： The modern technology has greatly altered the mode of communication among people. With the help of the Internet, people can easily contact each other anytime anywhere. However, the side effect is that many people have become over-dependent on the Internet and neglected face-to-face communication.As far as I'm concerned, electronic communication cannot fully replace the direct contact among people. Although it seems to bring everyone together, it actually estranges people and decreases the effectiveness of communication. A typical example is that, traditionally, people working in the same office simply walk to others and talk. Today, however, co-workers tend to send e-mails or instant messages through the Internet even when they are sitting next to each other. As words can never convey the full message, it usually takes much more time and rounds of conversation than face-to-face communication, in which people can discuss more directly with less loss of information.To conclude, the Internet enables more effective communication in some situations, but over-dependence on it actually pulls people apart.范文二：It is frequently observed that many people keep looking down at their mobile phones whatever they are doing. It is true that mobile phones have brought great convenience to us as we can send short messages, check e-mails, surf the Internet, or watch videos almost anywhere. However, the overuse of mobile phones also leads to some serious problems.The over-dependence on mobile phones can harm the relationship among friends and family. With mobile phones, people do not talk as much as before. For example, sometimes at dinner tables, instead of chatting and laughing with each other, many people choose to chat with other friends online. In other words, mobile phones help people contacting friends far away more easily at the expense of reducing the communication with those who are sitting right next to them.In conclusion, mobile phone can be a useful tool in modern life, but overusing it damages interpersonal relationship. There is no point to lose our intimacy with friends and family to modern technology.范文三：The impact of the Internet on learningExplain why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain informationIn the age of knowledge explosion, the Internet opens a magical portal for leaners to get access to seemingly incessant information. But is information equal to knowledge? “Once I learn how to use google, isn't that all the education I really need?” This question fully embodies the prejudiced opinion that as long as people acquire abundant information, they will get proper education.The rea son why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information is that education is not limited to the hard facts or theories students can learn from their textbooks or the Internet. It relates to a wider scope ranging from the obtainment of practical skills to the development of characters, which are hard for students to learn simply by googling. Consequently, comprehensive learning in schools that includes learning knowledge, conducting experiments and communicating with peers is what true education is.In a word, the Internet does provide valuable information for learners, but people should be fully conscious of the essence of education and learn to tell the right from the wrong.听力部分：1. C. Consult a travel agent.2. A. They are on a long trip by car.3. C. He is unwilling to speak in public.4. B. Purse further education.5. A. He would not be available to start the job in time.6. B. Mechanic.7. D. Ask Laura to put off the cleaning until another week.8. A. A problem caused by the construction.9. C. To place an order for some products.10. A. The person in charge is not in the office.11. B. 0734, 21653 extension 51.12. B. Since he took to heavy smoking.13. A. He is getting too fat.14. D. They dislike doing physical exercise.15. C. To find a girlfriend.16-19音频无。
13年12月翻译真题及答案
很多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。
精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
烹饪技术和配料在中国各地差别很大。
但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。
由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物，肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡。
所以中餐美味又健康。
Many people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is not only regarded as a skill but also an art. The well/carefully-prepared Chinese food is tasty and good-looking. The way of cooking and ingredients selection vary greatly across China. However, good cooking has one thing in common, that is, to always concern colors, smell, tastes and nutrition. As fo od is vital for man’s health, good cooks are always making efforts to maintain balance between grains meats and vegetables. Thus, Chinese food is delicious and healthy.Most people prefer Chinese cuisine. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a skill, but also as an art. Well-prepared Chinese cuisine is delicious as well as good looking. Cooking skills and ingredients vary widely from place to place in China. But good cookings are the same: they all take color, taste, and nutrition into account. Because food is crucial to health, good chef is trying to balance between cereal, meat and vegetables and accordingly Chinese cuisine is delicious and healthy.【原文】"中国结中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
2013年12月六级翻译真题点评
2013年12月六级翻译真题点评作者：张曦来源：《新东方英语》2014年第06期与四级考试相比，2013年12月六级考试汉译英题型在多套试卷中的主题同样涉及中国传统文化，包括丝绸之路、中国园林、中秋节等。
但六级汉译英对考生的要求更高一些，考生必须熟练运用各种翻译技巧，才能忠实顺畅地还原原文的信息。
下面笔者以此次六级汉译英真题为例，讲解如何在翻译中恰当地运用翻译技巧，并给出完整的真题和参考译文，希望对即将参加六级考试的考生有所启发。
翻译技巧讲解1. 重复现象的处理汉语中存在较多的重复现象。
为了表达得更清晰、生动，汉语经常采用原词复现的形式。
而在同样的语境中，英语则倾向于省略或变化，不用重复的词语或结构来表达相同的意思。
汉译英时，为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯，不至于产生重复、累赘之感，考生需要采用合乎英语表达习惯的省略和替代等方式，对汉语的重复信息做相应处理，以使译文自然、流畅。
闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。
丝绸之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。
丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。
参考译文：The world-renowned Silk Road was a series of routes that connect the east and the west. It extended more than 6，000 kilometers. The Road was named after ancient China’s silk trade， which played an important role in the development of civilization in China， South Asia，Europe and the Middle East.点评：原文中多次出现“丝绸之路”，甚至在连续的三句话中重复出现，如果考生重复将其译成the Silk Road，译文会显得拖沓。
2013年12月段落翻译技巧
2013年12月新题型翻译题型评分标准1)翻译评分标准本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。
各档次的评分标准见下表：新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。
分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。
内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展长度：140-160个汉字；大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准样卷Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed30 minutes to translate a passage fromChinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.样题剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。
人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。
特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。
剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。
中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
答案Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.汉译英解题方法1. 阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。
2013年12月四级考试试题、原文翻译及答案解析
第一张Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks。
You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage。
Read the passage through carefully before making your choices。
Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter， Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once。
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage。
What does it take to be a well—trained nurse? The answer used to be two—year associate's or four—year bachelor’s degree programs。
But as the nursing shortage 36 , a growing number of schools and hospitals are establishing ”fast—track programs" that enable college graduates with no nursing 37 to become registered nurses with only a year or so of 38 training。
自2013年12月翻译改革后题型有所变化
自2013年12月翻译改革后题型有所变化，原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英，四级长度为140-160个汉字；六级长度为180-200个汉字。
翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。
本篇《2014年6月四六级翻译预测押题35篇》由武大新东方俱乐部的戈芒童鞋整理（转载请注明出处），涵盖中国历史，传统节日、传统事物、传统艺术、历史景点，中西文化对比，中国经济、社会热点等各个方面的中英文对照。
后面再附送翻译常考的传统文化词汇、英语四六级翻译新题型常考词组100条。
一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。
中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。
但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。
这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots,palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。
2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评
2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评第一篇：2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评2013年12月英语四级翻译真题解析及点评：中餐（沪江网校版）2013年12月四级翻译原文：许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。
精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。
但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养（nutrition）。
由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既美味又健康。
译文：Many people are fond of Chinese cuisine.In China, it is not only regarded as a craftsmanship, but also as an art.An exquisitely prepared Chinese cuisine is a feast for both the mouth and the eyes.The culinary skill and dish ingredients vary in different regions of China, but good Chinese cuisines always share something in common, i.e.the color,aroma, taste and nutrition.As food is vital for one’s health, a good chef always tries to strike a balance among grains, meat and vegetables.That’s why Chinese cuisine is tasty and healthy.【点评】本段翻译原文是常见的中国文化题材：中餐（Chinese cuisine/Chinese food），用词也都是与食物相关的高频词汇，如“谷物”“肉类”“口感”“营养”等，也提示了考生在复习时可以通过主题分类进行词汇学习、记忆。
2013年12月四级翻译新题型
请将下面这段话翻译成英文： 岁月悠悠，沧桑巨变。历史是最生动的教材。法西斯发动的侵略战争给人类带 来了浩劫，也教育了世界人民。世界人民赢得了战争的胜利，赢得了和平与进 步。半个世纪过去了，痛苦的回忆，胜利的喜悦，深深的思考，使人们更加清 醒。 历史证明，和平来之不易。世界大战的悲剧绝不能重演。必须经常保持高 度警惕，不断发展和壮大和平力量，遏制和消除导致战争的一切因素。历史表 明，人民终究是自己命运的主人，是社会前进的推动者。凡是正义的和进步的 事业必然要胜利，这是任何力量也扼杀不了和阻挡不住的。 参考答案: As time moves on everything changes in the world. History is indeedthe most vivid textbook. War of aggression launched by fascists has broughtscourges to mankind but also enlightened people throughout the world.People have not only won the war but also achieved peace and progress. Halfa century later the painful memories joy of victory and soul-searchingpondering have made people more sober-minded. History has demonstrated that peace has not come about easily. Thetragedy of a world war shall never be allowed to repeat itself. One mustalways maintain sharp vigilance develop and strengthen forces for peace andcheck and eliminate all factors leading to war. History has demonstrated that people are in the end masters of theirdestiny and powerful forces promoting social progress. Anything that is justand progressive is bound to win and cannot be smothered or stopped by anyforce.
2013年12月英语四级翻译真题及其答案
第一版：【翻译原文】信息技术（Information Technology），正在飞速的发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。
一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。
另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。
不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。
【参考译文】Nowadays, with the fast development of Information Technology, Chinese citizens are attaching more and more importance to it. Some schools and universities have even included Information Technology in their required courses, which has led to different opinions. Some people think it is unnecessary to make IT courses required, and students are supposed to take traditional courses. Oppositely, other people think it is necessary to do so, for China and its people should keep pace with the times. Either way, it is a good thing that Information Technology has attracted people's attention.第二版：【翻译原文】“你要茶还是要咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的题目，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人会选茶。
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自2013年12月考试起，全国大学英语六级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材，文章长度为180-200个汉字。
以下是大学英语六级考试翻译部分的大纲样题：中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。
新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节（the Lantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。
各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。
人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。
其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。
首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等，这些词有的比较抽象，有的不太常见，或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没有明确对应的词，考生在翻译时应该抓住词的根本意思。
其次，长句也较多，考生要想把它翻译准确、通顺，不仅需要单词量和单词拼写过关，还需要掌握语法，分析句子成分，学会中英文转换的技巧。
如果说原来的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分需要考生掌握词和句的翻译，将信息进行简单的一对一式的传输的话，那么现在的大学英语六级考试的翻译部分则要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，与之前考查的句子翻译完全不同了。
第二部分：翻译技巧为了帮助广大考生从容应对翻译题型，我们将分别从词、句的翻译角度进行分析，帮助考生掌握翻译技巧和要点。
（一）词的翻译1.词义选择所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，问题是要我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。
正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。
越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。
选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词义的褒贬和感情色彩。
Eg1:【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
【译文】However,New Year^s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion d inner.【分析】“年夜饭”此处实际就是每年一度的团圆饭，为了让译文更符合英语国家的习惯，这里用的是annual reunion dinner，理解起来更容易。
Eg2:【原文】人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets）……【译文】And doors will be decorated with red couplets...【分析】原文中“粘贴”的意思其实就是用对联装饰门窗，如果直译的话表达不出真实的意图，因此这里用了“decorate”，表意更直接。
2.词类转换2013英语六级考试全攻略2词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。
汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。
英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。
在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语表达习惯。
(1)动词→名词汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。
相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。
一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。
Eg:【原文】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
【译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the C hinese New Year vary widely from place to place.【分析】原句中“欢度”是动词，但是如果译文中也用动词来表达，则整个句子的结构显得罗嗦，不够整洁，所以译文中用了“celebration”来表达，使得整个句子更匀称、清晰。
(2)动词→介词介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也得以频繁出现。
而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。
因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。
Eg:【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
【译文】However,New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.(3)动词→形容词汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。
Eg1:【原文】在明朝和清朝时（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。
【译文】It was widespread particularly during theMing and Qing dynasties.(4)形容词或副词→名词由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以转译成英语的名词。
Eg1:【原文】……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
【译文】...leaving these living things toenjoy this moment of dusk with full easeand freed om.(5)名词→动词有些情况下，汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。
Eg:【原文】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异。
【译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chi nese New Year vary widely from place to place.【分析】原文中“差异”为名词，为了符合英文的表达习惯，译文中转换为了动词“vary”,原文中修饰“差异”一词的形容词“很大”转换为了副词“widely”，使译文更生动。
3.词的增补（1）语法需要由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。
增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了语言简洁而省去的成分，增补的词多为冠词（英语所特有）、代词或名词（充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分）、连词和介词等。
Eg:【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。
【译文】However,New Year’s Eve is usually anoccasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.【分析】英语中用得最多的介词有at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to和with九个。
这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。
汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。
另外，译文中增译“an occasion”来解释说明“除夕夜”的作用，使得除夕夜的作用更加突出，彰显了中国人对于除夕夜的重视。
（2）意思表达需要Eg:【原文】这是黄河滩上的一幕。
【译文】This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.【分析】在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。
（3）文化背景解释的需要中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。
因此，在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。
Eg:【原文】三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。
【译文】T h e w i t o f t h r e e c o b b l e r s c o m b i n e d s u r p a s s e s t h a t o f Z h u g e L i a n g，the master mind.4.词的减省所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精练的目的。
汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通畅。
Eg:【原文】为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。
【译文】It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly c lean thehouse in order to sweep away ill fortune and brin g in good luck.【分析】删减了原句中的“进行”一词。
5.词的替代重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润饰。
汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。
故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。
在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。
（二）句的翻译汉语造句以名词为重心，以词组、散句和分句为手段，习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表述，其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”，甚至断句不严，外形松散，因此汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构，主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。
而英语则以“主——谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分，句界分明，外形严谨。
因此在汉译英时，译文在逻辑和形式上都应当体现出英语的特点。
如果是单句，首先应当确立句子的主干及句型，如果是复杂的句子或长句，则需要确立中心，根据上下文进行句子组合，可以译为并列句、主从复合句（名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等）、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。
这是汉译英的第一步，也是正确译文的基础。
1.确立主干4在汉译英时，不管汉语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。
这些最基本的框架可以变换，可以组合，但不能突破。
组织英语句子时，始终不能脱离“主——谓”主干这一总的框架，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换（肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等），增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。
比如，第二句“新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节（theLantern Festival），即从农历（lunar calendar）最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。