Part 4 Jack London (2) 杰克伦敦
浅谈杰克.伦敦小说《野性的呼唤》的生态批评观-英语论文论文
评的兴起要晚得多。
它作为一种文学和文化批评倾向，其思想端倪出现在20世纪70年代。
20世纪上半叶的生态伦理思想成为了生态批评最直接的精神资源，其中最主要的是史怀泽的“敬畏生命”伦理和利奥波德的“大地伦理”。
到20世纪90年代中期，伴随着对“现代性”及其带来的问题反省，生态批评在美国文学界初步形成，进而在其他各国迅速发展。
生态批评集中在对表达人与自然关系的作品中考察。
按照生态文学代表人物、美国哈佛大学的劳伦斯·布依尔在《生态批评暴动》一文中的说法，尽管在欧美发达国家对于和自然观念、荒野以及各种空间环境相关的文学文本与运动的批评性阅读已经持续了半个多世纪，但只是在近期，与环境相关的文学研究才一跃成为一场大规模的批评运动。
从文学的本性来看，“文学即是人学”，对于人与自然生态的关系，越来越成为一些作家的自觉。
有生态学家甚至疾呼：“生态问题是唯一值得我们为之奋斗的事情，因为没有地球，就没有人类一切。
”美国生态批评的倡议者彻丽尔·格罗特菲尔蒂(CheryllGlotfelty)也提出“生态批评是探讨文学与自然环境之关系的批评。
”通过对当代资本主义文明发展史研究，我们知道：以牺牲生态为代价发展起来的人类文明往往在劫难逃，最终必将受到大自然更为严重的惩罚。
美国后现代理论家大卫·格里芬指出：“现代性的持续危及我们星球上的每一个幸存者。
随着人们对现代世界观与现代社会中存在的军国主义、核主义和生态灾难的相互关系的认识和加深，这种意识极大地推动人们去考核查看后现代世界观的根据，去设想人与人、人类与自然界及整个宇宙之间关系的后现代方针。
”从文明发展的根本意义上看，回顾一百多年前美国作家梭罗(Thoreau)提出的“我们在哪生存?我们为什么而活?”这种基于存在本身的文化反思在环境危机的背景下更具有振聋发聩的号召力。
乔纳森·莱文也明确指出“我们社会文化的所有方面，共同决定了我们在这个世界上生存的独一无二的方式。
Jack London杰克伦敦简介
Influence
London had always explored the true meaning of his life. His exploration spirit and his faith of never yielding to any pressure have been praised by many people
storyvividlyshowspersistencekeywords作家冒险生活死亡之谜二1904年报道日俄戓争乊后在旧金山报纸上发表黄祸一文1908年和1910年分别写了两部所谓小说中国佬和空前绝后的入侵以及其他涉及中国海外移民题材的白不眼泪等多篇作品
Jack London
Presented BY Jasmine
London was part of the radical literary group “The Crowd” in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization（工会）, socialism, and the rights of workers. He wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics.
我宁愿是燃烧过后的灰烬也不愿为地上的灰尘! 我宁愿让点点星火猛烈燃烧殆尽也不愿任其干腐. 我宁愿做一闪而过的流星,让每一点碎片都擦出火光,也不愿做死寂的恒星. 人的职责是生活,而不是存在. 我不会浪费时间试图延长寿命. 但,我会用尽生命中的每一秒.
PPT模板下载：/moban/ 节日PPT模板：/jieri/ PPT背景图片：/beijing/ 优秀PPT下载：/xiazai/ Word教程： /word/ 资料下载：/ziliao/ 范文下载：/fanwen/ 教案下载：/jiaoan/
Jack London
• 它真实生动地描写了一个出身微贱的作家的艰难的奋斗道 路，表现了在资本主义制度下一个正直作家的坎坷命运。
• 其次，小说对资产阶级的体面人物作了细致的解剖和无情 的嘲讽。小说告诉人们，真正的野蛮人并不是马丁和他所 属的阶级，而恰恰是那些自诩为文明人的罗丝小姐和她的 父母摩丝夫妇等。
• 小说对个人主义也作了一定的批判。马丁为了赢得罗丝的 爱情，竟可以不顾一切。他离开自己的阶级和朋友，到头 来却发现是南柯一梦。他后来的悔恨、落寞、空虚、孤独 和自杀，实际上是对个人主义的怀疑和否定。
写作风格
他的作品独树一帜，充满筋肉暴突的生活和 阳刚之气。有人说在他之前的美国小说大都是 为姑娘们写的，而他的作品则属于全体读者， 不但普通读者欢迎，就是大家闺秀们也喜欢放 下窗帘关上大门偷偷去品味他那精力旺盛、气 势逼人的作品。火一样的性格——杰克·伦敦就 是这样的性格。他血管里有火，生气勃勃，喜 欢粗犷强烈的生活，他喜欢叱咤风云，每每参 加斗争常要斗争到极限。他把冒险里的困难当 做享受，把拓荒中的遭遇当作欢乐。
• 他升起一蓬火，喝了几罐热水让自己暖和 暖和、并且照昨天晚上那样在一块岩石上 露宿。最后他检查了一下火柴是不是干燥， 并且上好表的发条，毯子又湿又冷，脚腕 子疼得在悸动。可是他只有饿的感觉，在 不安的睡眠里，他梦见了一桌桌酒席和一 次次宴会，以及各种各样的摆在桌上的食 物。
•
时光渐渐消逝，他走进了连绵的山谷，或者说是沼
• 于是，他变成了一名海盗，同时也是海湾上最出 名、最强大的劫蚝贼，并出乎意料地承受了被他 的蓝眼睛、卷头发及俊秀的面孔迷住的十六岁的 “蚝贼皇后”梅迈。他一夜的收入抵得上罐头厂 三个月的收入。他还了债，养活了家庭。他结交 了警官，使他不怕犯了法。杰克学会了喝生威士 忌，与海盗们狂欢。但他狂欢过后，便钻进船长 室，被麦尔维尔、吉卜林、左拉、萧伯纳的新版 小说重新振作起来。他玩起了警盗游戏，没过多 久又反过来当巡警。他爱过许多女人，做过很多 工作，体验了生活的五光十色，到了安定下来的 时候了。他的母亲劝他参加《呼声》杂志的论文 竞赛。他依靠《日本口岸外的台风》获得了一等 奖二十元。《呼声》称，杰克具有强烈的理解力 与表现力。这给了杰克写作的动力。
Jack London杰克伦敦及其作品介绍
Central character
• Buck
• A domesticated dog living at a ranch in California as the story opens
• The War of the Classes (1905) • Revolution, and other Essays (1906)
Works
• Short story collections (21) • Novels (23) • Autobiographical memoirs (2) • Non-fiction and essays (23) • Plays (3) • Poetry (45)
Literary position
• American author, journalist, and social activist
• One of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone
• To Build a Fire (1902), best known • Love of life
• Science fiction
• The Unparalleled Invasion describes germ warfare
against China
Novels
• Human beings in nature
• Klondike Gold Rush (21)
• the setting for some of his first successful stories
杰克伦敦
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杰克. 伦敦( Jack London, 1875一1916) 原名约翰. 格利 菲斯. 伦敦( John Gr iffith London), 生于美国旧金山。 1900年, 伦敦24 岁时出版了他的第一部小说集<<狼子 >>( The Son of the Wolf), 立即誉满全国。 到1916年他年满40时, 已出版了51部著作, 是个很高产的 作家。 他的作品在当时独树一帜, 充满了生命间激烈的搏斗与冲 突, 凸显着生 命的气势。如果说后来海明威的作品中是以人与自然的抗 争为主题, 那么在伦敦的许多作品中, 不仅可以看到人与 自然的抗争, 还可以看到在同一艰苦的自然环境中为了生 存人与动物, 以及动物之间的对抗, 如: <<荒野的呼唤>>、 <<热爱生命>>。在这些对抗中, 人类为欲望所驱使展现出 的原始的野性, 动物因与人类真挚的感情所表现出的人性 都被淋漓尽致地刻画出来。
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主人公
这部脍炙人口的动物小说, 开创了一种新体裁的写作风格, 选择巴克作为故事的主人公是富有深意的。 巴克是一只狗, 是跨越了人类和狼两种群体的生命形 式,“他连接了过去和现在”。狗是人类文明的产物, 是 从狼演变而来的, 没有人类文明, 它们大概仍旧只会在黑 夜的荒原上嗥叫。从这个角度说, 从狼到狗是一道文明的 履痕。犬科动物与灵长目建立起来的联系不像驯养马那样 具有创造历史的意义,却也构成了可能对人类社会和文明 产生持久而重要影响的一种共生。 人类从荒原时代进入文明的社会是一种进步, 但人类从开 始分享文明的盛宴时,也就开始了自身的堕落。对于我们 这些在现代文明中早已被驯化, 且无知于这种驯化的人类 而言, 这本书无疑为我们开拓了另外一片视野。
杰克·伦敦——美国现实主义作家
杰克·伦敦——美国现实主义作家杰克·伦敦介绍中文名：杰克·伦敦外文名：Jack London别名：约翰·格利菲斯·伦敦国籍：美国出生地：旧金山出生日期：1876年1月12日逝世日期：1916年11月22日职业：作家毕业院校：加州大学伯克利分校(肄业)代表作品：《野性的呼唤》，《海狼》，《白牙》，《马丁·伊登》，《热爱生命》杰克·伦敦(Jack London，1876年1月12日-1916年11月22日)，原名约翰·格利菲斯·伦敦(John Griffith London)，美国现实主义作家。
他一共写过19部长篇小说，150多篇短篇小说和故事，3部剧本等。
主要作品有：小说集《狼的儿子》，中篇小说《野性的呼唤》、《热爱生命》、《白牙》，长篇小说《海狼》、《铁蹄》和《马丁·伊登》等。
杰克·伦敦1876年生于旧金山一个破产农民的家庭。
因家境贫困，自幼从事体力劳动.当过童工，装卸工和水手等，后又在美国各地流浪。
靠劳动所得曾进加州大学伯克利分校学习，因贫困被迫退学后加入过阿拉斯加等地淘金者的行列。
早年坎坷的生活经历为他后来从事创作提供了丰富的源泉，他的创作思想较为复杂，受到过马克思、斯宾塞、尼采等多人影响，在他青年时代的作品中，跳动着向资本主义社会挑战的脉搏，成名后逐渐陷入极端个人主义和空虚中。
1916年11月22日，杰克·伦敦服用吗啡过量身亡，年仅40岁。
人物经历早年经历杰克·伦敦于1876年1月12日出生在美国加利福尼亚州一个破产的农民家庭。
童年时的他就已饱尝了贫穷困苦的滋味。
8岁的时候，为了谋生，他不得不到一个畜牧场当牧童。
10岁以后，他开始在旧金山附近的奥克兰市当报童、码头小工、帆船水手、麻织厂工人等。
这期间，杰克·伦敦开始阅读大量的小说和其他读物。
16岁时，他失业了，不得不在美国东部和加拿大各地流浪，住在大都市的贫民窟里，并曾以“无业游荡罪”而被捕入狱，几个月以后才重获自由。
简单生活的名人例子
简单生活的名人例子简单生活是一种追求内心平静和自由的生活方式，因此有许多名人选择过简单生活。
他们放弃了物质的追求，追求内心的宁静和满足。
以下是十位追求简单生活的名人的例子。
1. 马克·扎克伯格（Mark Zuckerberg）马克·扎克伯格是Facebook的联合创始人和CEO，他以简单生活的方式闻名。
尽管他是世界上最富有的人之一，但他的生活方式非常朴素。
他住在一间简单的房子里，穿着普通的衣服，不追求奢华品牌。
他的生活方式展示了一个成功人士可以过着简单而满足的生活。
2. 斯蒂夫·乔布斯（Steve Jobs）斯蒂夫·乔布斯是苹果公司的共同创始人，他也是一个追求简单生活的名人。
他喜欢穿着简单的牛仔裤和黑色衬衫，他的家里没有奢华的装饰，他强调简约和功能性。
他的生活方式体现了简单和精致的结合，他相信通过简化生活可以获得更多的满足感。
3. 奥普拉·温弗瑞（Oprah Winfrey）奥普拉·温弗瑞是一位知名的电视主持人和企业家，她也是一个追求简单生活的名人。
尽管她拥有巨大的财富，但她过着朴素的生活。
她喜欢在大自然中度假，享受平静和宁静。
她强调内心的满足和平衡，而不是外在的物质享受。
4. 比尔·盖茨（Bill Gates）比尔·盖茨是微软公司的联合创始人，他也是一个追求简单生活的名人。
尽管他是世界上最富有的人之一，但他过着朴素的生活。
他和妻子梅琳达在华盛顿州的一间普通房子里生活，他们坚信通过慈善事业来改变世界。
他的生活方式展示了一个成功人士可以过着简单而有意义的生活。
5. 赵本山赵本山是中国著名的相声演员，他也是一个追求简单生活的名人。
尽管他赚了很多钱，但他过着朴素的生活。
他住在一间普通的房子里，不追求奢华的生活。
他注重内心的平静和满足，他相信通过简单的生活可以获得更多的真正的快乐。
6. 乔治·克鲁尼（George Clooney）乔治·克鲁尼是一位著名的好莱坞演员和导演，他也是一个追求简单生活的名人。
杰克_伦敦的英雄主义情结
西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2008年7月,第38卷第4期,J u.l,2008,V o.l38,N o.4Journal o fN o rt hwest U niversity(Phil osophy and Soc ial Sciences Editi on)收稿日期:2007 11 04;修回日期:2008 03 11基金项目:陕西省教育厅专项基金项目(05J K098)作者简介:焦建平(1957 ),女,陕西延川人,西北大学副教授,从事英美文学研究。
学术新视野!杰克∀伦敦的英雄主义情结焦建平(西北大学外国语学院,陕西西安 710069)摘 要:通过对杰克∀伦敦(Jack London)#北方系列故事∃中%英雄主义&主题的分析与探讨,认为杰克∀伦敦的小说整体上呈现一种充满英雄主义与%超人&色彩的面貌。
给予读者对于生命意义以非常积极的诠释。
有益于人们重新树立起尊重自然,热爱生命,不畏艰难困苦的人生态度。
以致成为今天%美国精神&的重要组成部分。
关键词:杰克∀伦敦;生存;英雄主义中图分类号:I106.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000 2731(2008)04 0174 03杰克∀伦敦(Jack London)的小说给我们的整体印象几乎是强悍甚至野性的。
在他的小说中我们很难见到故事发生地是恬静优美、花红柳绿的田野风光。
相反,他的故事大都以无垠的雪原,狂涛翻滚的大海等等艰苦而险恶的环境作为背景,在这里,生命呈现出了原生状的、如矿石般的本来面目,即残酷却鲜跳活剥。
身陷绝境的主人公们,表现出对待生命那种歇斯底里的渴望与挣扎,他们总能够在最后一刻,创造出绝地反击、绝处逢生的生命奇迹。
杰克∀伦敦笔下所塑造的一大群在生死场上角逐的胜利者形象,构成了他的%北方淘金系列故事&的英雄主题。
这也是杰克∀伦敦小说中最让人回味的重要部分。
事实上,在他的系列小说中,无论是#一块牛排∃中的老拳击手汤姆∀金,#热爱生命∃中的男子,还是#野性的呼唤∃中的雪橇狗布克,或是#海狼∃中的海狼∀赖生。
杰克 伦敦
那时正是美国大萧条的1904年，他参加了从旧金山到华盛 顿去请愿的失业者队伍，向东海岸迚发。他途中因敀脱离 了队伍，便偷乘火车在北美大陆流浪，跟车警、乘务员捉 迷藏，周游全国，以此为乐。他曾经被捕，罚作了三十天 苦役，亲眼见到了美国监狱里骇人听闻的现实。出狱后他 偷乘西去的列车到了加拿大西海岸，再从那做水手南下， 回到旧金山。这次特别形式的旅游给了他丰富的人生体验， 尤其是贫困的流浪汉的体验。他明白了一个道理：最能够 兲心穷苦人的往往是穷苦人。他对读书一直就有关趣，就 连在做蚝贼时也在他的小艇上读过许多书。流浪归来他开 始大量阅读。他读过圣西门、傅立叶、蒲鲁东的作品，明 白了私有财产的罪恶；他甚至读马兊思的《共产主义宣 言》，大体懂得了共产主义是怎么回亊。为了读书他十九 岁时迚了奥兊兰中学，准备考大学，同时加入了社会党。 他参加工人集会，发表激烈的演说，主张破坏现有的社会 秩序，幵曾经因此被捕。在奥兊兰中学读书时他在学校的 报纸上发表了小说《小笠原群岛》，连载了两个月，这样， 他从亊文学的关趣更浓厚了。
角度一理论依据
逆境给人宝贵的磨炼机会，只有经得起环境考验的人,才能算 是真正的强者。自古以来的伟人,大多是抱着不屈不挠的精神, 从逆境中挣扎奋斗过来的。 ——松下并乊助 逆境展示奇才，顺境隐没英才。——霍勒斯 人的生命似洪水在奔流，不遇着岛屿、暗礁，难以激起美 丼的浪花。——奥斯特洛夫斯基
角度事：丰富的人生经历
这时杰兊·伦敤已经誉满全国，有了丰厚的经济收入，但他仍不 满足于平静的生活。1906年，他决定建造一艘船，自己驾着去环 游世界。他预计旅行丂年，绕地球一周，可他幵不是一个好理财 家，造船活动几乎成了个笑话。那船原计划花丂千元，实际上让 他多花了好几七元，而且毛病很多。他不能够再等待，仗着自己 驾船的本领就出发了，可他勉强把船驾到了夏威夷，便不得不开 始修理，修好后有很吃力地开到了澳大利亚。那船已经无法在前 迚，他便只好把它以三千元的低价卖掉，结束这次虽然浪漫却失 败的航行。但是，他在那次航行里仍然创造了惊人的成绩。他曾 经驾驶那艘蹩脚至枀的船从夏威夷直航马兊萨斯。当时的《太平 洋航运指南》指出，由于赤道海流和贸易风的影响，那一带海流 异常复杂，从来没有人胜利驾船通过，但是杰兊·伦敤却驾驶了 一艘勉强修复的船经过九死一生闯了过去。他在途中染上了一身 怪病。在《海狼》里我们读到的对于热带海洋和贸易风的很富诗 意的描写，其素生活素材大约便是从这里获得的。
杰克·伦敦
在美国文学发展史上,《马丁伊登》 在美国文学发展史上,《马丁伊登》起着先 驱作用,后来不少描写"美国梦" 驱作用,后来不少描写"美国梦"破灭的作 品都或多或少地受到它的影响.围绕这部书 引起的争论首先是在主题上,按照杰克 引起的争论首先是在主题上,按照杰克伦敦 的本意,他写这部属的宗旨之一乃是攻击个 人主义,但大多数评论家都认为他实在为个 人主义辩护,而相当多的读者是把马丁 人主义辩护,而相当多的读者是把马丁伊登 当作"个人奋斗" 当作"个人奋斗"的典型来接受的.其次是 语言,有人认为"充满元气和力量" 语言,有人认为"充满元气和力量",也有 人认为"粗糙" 人认为"粗糙","变化少". 变化少"
通过对杰克伦敦的 《海狼》及其有关作品 的分析,文章揭示了杰 克伦敦小说中表现出来 的强烈的兽性意识,并分 , 析了兽性意识产生的背 景及思想基础,挖掘了在 兽性意识里面所蕴含的 社会意义.
在《海狼》一书里 ,杰 克伦敦把社会大舞台搬 到了一艘与世隔绝的海 船上 ,通过强者与弱者 的生死拼搏与相互变位 , 弱者战胜强者 ,讴歌了 社会正义 ,谴责了暴力 和强权 ,表明了作者的 人生理念和对人生命运 的深刻思考
杰克伦敦 (1876—1916)
李晓霞 宋环
是美国作家,生于旧金山一 个破产农民的家庭.因家境 贫困,自幼从事体力劳动, 当过童工,装卸工和水手等, 后又在美国各地流浪.靠劳 动所得曾进过加利福尼亚大 学学习.在1897年加入过 阿拉斯加等地淘金者的行列. 早年坎坷的生活经历使他体 会到下层人民的悲惨处境和 人与人之间的激烈竞争,成 为他后来从事创作的源泉.
热爱生命杰克伦敦ppt课件
下了劳动时的所见所闻：景物的描绘、人物的速写、精彩的语
言、谈话的片断、动人的故事……他还对他所读到的一切都作
了卡片索引。日积月累，他不仅学到了文化，而且积累了大量逝世时都没有用完。
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请你简单复述一下这个故事
你怎么理解开头的一段诗？
暗示了题旨与结局。 经历艰苦患难以保全生命，放弃了黄 金与外在的物质羁绊，体现了生命的 无价和伟大的价值观。
如微微泛红的鹿骨头、在苔藓、岩石上留下的血迹、 病狼的喘息声与粗糙的舌头摩擦两腮的感觉等，从极 细微处着笔，极有质感地渲染人物困窘、残酷的处境。 最传神的是对疲倦的描写──他的疲倦就像大海的涨 潮，“一涨再涨，一点一点地淹没他的意志。但是他 还用无力的双手划着，凭着一种奇怪的心灵作用”， 出色地让我们深刻领会到人物体力飘散而心灵执著的 情态。它揭示了主人公战胜病狼的主观原因，就是对 生命的执著热爱。
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小说塑造了一个什么样的人物形象？
主人公意志坚强、富有毅力、不畏困 难，同大自然勇敢斗争；主人公具有 一种超常的意志和“超人”的品质， 他的顽强意志和勇敢精神几乎超越了 生命的极限。
——这就是他的“生命意志”，一种 原始的生命的本能力量。
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坚韧顽强 不畏艰难 惊人的意志力
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象征
❖借用某种具体的形象的事物暗示特 定的人物或事理，以表达真挚的感 情和深刻的寓意，这种以物征事的 艺术表现手法叫象征。
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捕鲸船
❖ 象征着人类社会和文明，主人公获救上船， 表明了他重回人类社会。
❖ 在“捕鲸船”成员眼中，刚刚获救的主人公完全 是一个动物。“很难把它称作人。它已经吓了， 失去了知觉。它就像一条大虫子在地上蠕动 着”。
❖ 拼命收集食物，储藏在他的房间。 ❖ 后来他就正常了。
捷克伦敦 Jack London
傑克倫敦Jack London李常生Eddie Lee 12/21/2010 Taipei leechangsheng5555@•傑克·倫敦（Jack London，1876年1月12日－1916年11月22日），美國20世紀著名現實主義作家。
他出身於美國舊金山的一個破產農民家庭。
從1900年起，他連續發表和出版了許多小說，講述美國下層人民的生活故事，揭露資本主義社會的罪惡。
他的作品大都帶有濃厚的社會主義和個人主義色彩，因此有人認為他是宣揚社會主義的作家，也有人認為他是表現個人主義和民眾哲學的自然主義作家。
他的作品在全世界都廣為流傳，是最受中國讀者歡迎的外國作家之一。
他一生著述頗豐，留下了19部長篇小說、150多篇短篇小說以及大量文學報告集、散文集和論文，最著名的有《馬丁·伊登》、《野性的呼喚》、《白牙》、《熱愛生命》、《海狼》、《鐵蹄》等小說。
他是世界文學史上最早的商業作家之一，因此被譽為商業作家的先鋒。
Jack London`s cabinJack London and daughter Joan ca. 1902.•傑克·倫敦1876年1月12日生於美國舊金山的一個破產農民家庭。
他的身世是有爭議的。
一般認為他是一名流浪各地的占星家家威廉·錢尼（WilliamChaney）和弗洛拉·韋爾蠻（FloraWellman）的兒子（他的父母有沒有合法的結了婚是無法查證的，一般認為他是私生子）。
後來他的母親嫁給了已有11個子女的約翰·倫敦（JohnLondon），傑克·倫敦也被帶到了那個家庭，他的姓氏就是約翰·倫敦的。
傑克·倫敦在成人之前並不知道自己的父親是誰，而且威廉·錢尼本人也不承認倫敦為其子。
當時的市政紀錄及出生證明都在1906年舊金山大地震引發的火災中被毀掉，於是無可查證。
而傑克·倫敦的父母也沒有留下可以進行DNA親子鑒定的東西，於是無法查證傑克·倫敦的真實身世。
Jack London杰克伦敦及其作品介绍
Novels
• Human beings in nature
• The Call of the Wild (1903) • The Sea-Wolf (1904) • White Fang (1906)
• Human beings in the city
• The Iron Heel (1908) • Martin Eden (1909)
Themes
• The primary theme of the story is of survival and a return to primitivism.
• based on Darwin's concept of survival of the fittest
• Buck symbolizes a reaction against industrialization and social convention with a return to nature.
• Socialism
• wrote from a socialist viewpoint • (The Iron Heel 1984) • London's socialism grew out of his life experience • (How I Became a Socialist) • Joined the Socialist Labor Party in 1896 • Joined the Socialist Party of America in 1901 • The War of the Classes (1905) • Revolution, and other Essays (1906)
• The setting is allegorical: the south represents the soft, materialistic world; the north symbolizes a world beyond civilization and is inherently competitive. • The harshness, brutality, and emptiness in Alaska reduce life to its essence.
文学家杰克伦敦的简介
文学家杰克伦敦的简介杰克·伦敦，美国著名的现实主义作家，是最受中国读者欢迎的外国作家之一。
下面是店铺搜集整理的文学家杰克伦敦的简介，希望对你有帮助。
文学家杰克伦敦的简介杰克·伦敦(Jack London，1876年1月12日--1916年11月22日)，原名为约翰·格利菲斯·伦敦(John Griffith London)，生于旧金山。
在一个既无固定职业又无固定居所的家庭中长大。
24岁开始写作，去世时年仅40岁。
从1900年起，他连续发表和出版了许多小说，讲述美国下层人民的生活故事，揭露资本主义社会的罪恶。
他的作品大都带有浓厚的社会主义和个人主义色彩。
他的一生著述颇丰，16年中留下了19部长篇小说、150多篇短篇小说以及大量文学报告集，还写了3个剧本以及相当多的随笔和论文。
最著名的有《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《白牙》、《热爱生命》、《海狼》、《铁蹄》等小说。
因此被誉为商业作家的先锋。
克伦敦的文学之路远航归来他把自己的经历写成了一篇散文《日本海口的台风》，参加了《呼声》杂志的写作竞赛，获得了第一名，得到奖金二十元(第二、三名都是大学生)。
只受过小学教育的杰克·伦敦第一次显露出他的创作才能，这要归功于他平时的勤奋学习——他认真阅读文学大师们的优秀作品，并且养成了作笔记的习惯。
也许他便是受此鼓励，走上文学之路的。
这时杰克·伦敦已经从早期的蒙昧里醒悟过来。
他立志掌握当时最先进的技术：电气，便到奥克兰电车公司去求职。
他对经理说他为了掌握技术什么苦都肯吃。
经理让他一天干活十三个小时，没有星期天，把他累的死去活来。
后来他才知道实际上有两个工人被他顶去了工作，那两人每月各四十元，共是八十元，而他一个月才拿三十元。
而且一个被他顶去了工作的人因为有一妻三子要养活，却又无法为生，自杀了。
这对于杰克·伦敦是一次极其深刻的教训，他愤然抛下了手里的煤铲。
JackLondon英文简介
Jack London英文简介杰克·伦敦，美国现实主义作家，一共写过19部长篇小说，150多篇短篇小说和故事，3部剧本等，下面是店铺给大家整理的Jack London英文简介，供大家参阅!Jack London简介Jack London, formerly known as John Griffith London (January 12, 1876 - November 22, 1916), American realist writer. He has written 19 novels, more than 150 short stories and stories, 3 plays and so on. The main works are: novel collection "wolf's son", novella "wild call", "love life", "white teeth", novel "sea wolf", "iron hoof" and "Martin Eden" and so on.Jack London was born in 1876 in San Francisco, a bankrupt family of farmers. Because of family poverty, since childhood engaged in physical labor. When child labor, loading and unloading workers and sailors, and then wandering around the United States. Rely on labor income was admitted to the University of California at Berkeley, because of poverty was forced to drop out after joining Alaska and other gold rush ranks. In the early years of the rough life experience for his later engaged in the creation of a rich source, his creative thinking is more complex, by Marx, Spencer, Nietzsche and other people influence, in his youth works, beating to the capitalism The pulse of social challenges, after the fame gradually into extreme individualism and emptiness, November 22, 1916 taking morphine over death.Jack London人物经历Early experienceJack London was born on January 12, 1876 in California, a bankrupt family of farmers. In childhood he had the taste ofpoverty and hardship. At the age of eight, in order to make a living, he had to go to a livestock farm as a shepherd. After the age of 10, he began in San Francisco near the city of Auckland when the newsboy, dock workers, sailors sailors, lin factory workers and so on. During this period, Jack London began to read a lot of novels and other books. At the age of 16, he was unemployed, had to wander in the eastern United States and Canada, living in the slums of the metropolis, and was "unemployed loitering" and arrested and imprisoned, a few months later to regain freedom.The poor and the lack of joy in childhood made Jack London mature early. Jack London had to work halfway from the age of 10, and whenever possible, he would spend his time reading. At the age of nine, Jack London has been familiar with the Washington Wales wrote the Spanish travel "Al Khan La". He also read some of the novels borrowed from the hired workers, what he caught at what. Jack London 11 years old left the ranch came to Auckland, in the free public library hungry to read the first book can be borrowed. Until 16 years old, he has been working - reading, reading - workmanship. Because the poor Jack London primary school after graduation to work, about 10 years old began to do newsboy and canned workers, in the street fighting in the training of a skill, became a small rogue head. His favorite activity is driving a vessel. At the age of 13, he had been driving the boat through the storm in the San Francisco Bay, others almost hard to believe, but that is the truth. Later, he saved a little money, bought a boat, the original is for fun, and soon after they met the ostrich thieves, they also do not like the cost of doing business. He gathered a group of companions, sailing to steal the San Francisco Bay farmer's oysters, and even burn someone else'sboats. He fights alcoholism, laughs and races, and battles on hundreds of miles of sea. Soon he met the Bay Patrol, and vice versa to catch the oyster thieves.At the age of 17 he was on a hunting boat sailor, after North Korea, Japan, to the Bering Sea area to go hunting seals. On the way he passed the cold, storm, the most heavy hard labor training, participated in the hunting of various activities of the seal. Because from childhood in the Gulf to play the boat, he was a boat, in the age of the ship was small but won the praise of the owner and colleagues. But also because of the small beaten, able to participate in the sailors are the most brutal activities, so he paid a lot of friends, listening to many interesting and terrible stories. These are valuable materials of his ocean novels. "Sea Wolf" describes the rich life of the hunting seal ship is a wonderful example. The ocean life was so hard, but he did not forget to read, and when he returned to San Francisco Bay, he had finished the blessing of Lady Flattery and T olstoy's Anna Card Lenina ".The road to literatureVoyage return to his own experience written as a prose "Japanese Haikou typhoon", participated in the "Voice" magazine writing contest, won the first prize, get twenty dollars (second, three are college students) The Jack London, who had only received primary education, showed his creative talents for the first time, thanks to his usual hard work - he carefully read the excellent works of the literary masters and developed the habit of taking notes. Perhaps he is encouraged by this, embarked on the road of literature.At this time Jack London has been awakened from the early ignorance. He determined to master the most advancedtechnology: electrical, then to the Auckland tram company to job. He told the manager that he was willing to eat what he was trying to master. The manager allowed him to work for thirteen hours a day, without a Sunday, and he was tired and alive. Then he knew that there were actually two workers who had gone to work at the top of the day. The two men were $ 40 a month, eighty yuan, and he took thirty dollars a month. And a person who went to work by his top because there are three sons to feed, but can not for life, committed suicide. This is a very profound lesson for Jack London, he angrily threw out the hands of the coal shovel.The hard labor let him know a terrible truth: no matter how strong and strong, ten years, twenty years after there will always be more young and powerful people to take over him, threw him into the garbage heap.In 1904, he joined the unemployed team from San Francisco to Washington to petition the east coast. He was on the way for some reason out of the team, they steal the train in the North American wandering, with the car police, flight attendants hide and seek, travel around the country, as a pleasure. He was arrested and sentenced to thirty days of hard labor, witnessed the appalling reality of the American prison. After he was released, he steal the train to the west coast of Canada, and then from the sailor south, back to San Francisco. This special form of travel gave him a wealth of life experience, especially the experience of poor tramps. He understood the truth: the most concerned about the poor are often poor people.He has been interested in reading, even when doing Oyster thieves also read many books on his boat. He began to read a lot. He read the works of Saint Simon, Fourier, and Proudhon, and understood the evil of private property; he even read Marx's"communist manifesto" and understood how communism was going on.In order to study he was 19 years old when he entered the Auckland Middle School, ready to test university, while joining the Socialist Party. He attended the workers' rally, delivered a fierce speech, advocated the destruction of the existing social order, and had been arrested. When he was studying at Auckland High School, he published the novel "Ogasawara Islands" in the school's newspaper, which lasted two months, so that he was more interested in literature. In 1897, 21-year-old Jack London entered the University of California at Berkeley (UC Berkeley), but after the shortage of funds from Berkeley dropped out of school.He had hoped to rely on labor for a living, continue to study, but found that it is almost a fantasy. He worked in a laundry workshop, tired and dead, there is no time and energy to study. In his reading dream on the brink of collapse, Alaska found the news of gold, brought him a new hope. In March 1897, Jack London set foot on the gold rush.He got a little support, and three companions prepared eight thousand pounds of material to prepare for the winter in the Crocker. They had overcome the difficulties before the arrival of the winter, and went through the Yukon River near the Arctic, where he spent the winter.On the way to the Yukon River Valley, London's clever craftsmanship gave a wonderful opportunity to perform. They cut their own wood, made two ships, along the Yukon River downstream sailing. On the way they met a turbulent river, many people have tried to pass and fail, that the river is unable to cross the day of danger, but Jack London said he was sure to pass. He really and two companions driving a boat in the crowd of cheersin the Enron through the rapids, and then come back to drive the second boat. This caused a lot of dilemma of the attention of the gold rush, they continue to ask Jack to help the ship through the rapids. Jack London asked each boat for twenty-five dollars in remuneration, he at the helm, and partners together with a scattered wooden boat passing through the dangerous area. They made three thousand dollars for this. They could have earned five more, but they had no time, and they had to go downstream before the winter.He read many books in the winter camp of Yukon River, such as Darwin's "origin of species", Spencer's "primary principle", Marx's "capital theory", and Milton's "Paradise Lost" and Brown Ning's poem. These people in the "sea wolf" to see the sea wolf Larsen read, and Fan Weiden, Brewster discussed.Unfortunately, they did not have fresh fruit and vegetables, Jack London had scurvy, had to go home. He and his companions drove a ship, with 19 days to finish the 1900 miles range, came to the Bering Strait, from there to return to California. In this period of time he has sketched out some of the outline of the novel, and later wrote out for their own to win the immortal fame, but also to some of the people and the dog's story widely circulated, which will have "wild call "Rick the dog and some other people. After returning from Yukon, he had a little money and read many books. He read very hard, working 19 hours a day. He read economics, read history and historical writings, read biology, anthropology and philosophy, and read a lot of literary works. In his novel Martin Eden, the hero Martin Eden who saw a very hard study of this extremely hard life.Jack London's father died, in order to bear the family life, he began to odd jobs. When looking for work, Jack London wrote"down the river", but the manuscript to return to the. Waiting for the date of rejection, he wrote a twenty thousand outrageous serial novel, but also to return to the. Although the manuscripts were returned twice, Jack London was still out of time to write, continue to write new themes. Finally, "mainland magazine" published his first novel - "Cheers for the hurry", royalties only to the 5 yuan. Soon, "black cat" magazine and out of 40 yuan to write a novel, so, finally have a turn for the better.Transition journalistIn 1900, Jack London's first novel collection "The Wolves" was published, immediately for him to obtain a great reputation and considerable generous income. At the invitation of the American News Agency, he went to Africa to interview the Boer War, and in London, the news agency changed the way, calling him not. At that time he was in the United States as a sailor to the London slums lived for more than three months, deep into the life there, made a detailed investigation, made first-hand information, returned after the publication of the newspaper "people in the abyss" The This book made him famous among American socialists.In 1904 he accepted the Hearst newspaper hiring, to the Far East interview the news of the Russo-Japanese War. He came to Japan, saw the Japanese government deliberately retreating the intention of national journalists, they quietly went to Nagasaki, would like to catch a ship to North Korea to the front, but the Japanese police as a Russian spy caught stand up. After the release he took a small motorboat to North Korea's Busan. There is no one hundred people on the motorboat food, can not shelter, only in the cold on the deck to sleep. To Busan he got a canopy boat, hired three non-English-speaking Koreans to help, on theirown driving skills into the Yellow Sea, along the coast, in the cold forty degrees and the wind Sailed for six days and six nights, and finally arrived in Incheon. At this time he has been black and blue, feet, fingers and ears are frozen, but he took a break after the start again. This time he was riding a horse, for several weeks of horseback march took him to Pyongyang, it was already all the war correspondent can reach the most northern point. Where he was put into jail for the second time by the Japanese. After he was released from prison, he was only forty miles away from the front, from which there was a story and a lot of photos, completed the other journalists did not complete the task. He was again threatened with another arrest until he was intervened by the President of the United States. In the completion of the task of the interview, Jack repeatedly in the cold driving a canopy without sailing, so harsh life has a very personal experience. "Sea Wolf" has a vivid description of this life.Roaming the worldIn 1906, he decided to build a ship, driving himself around the world. He is expected to travel for seven years, a week around the earth, but he is not a good financial home, shipbuilding almost became a joke. That boat originally planned to spend seven thousand dollars, in fact, let him spend a few million, and a lot of problems. He can not wait, relied on his ability to sail on the departure, but he reluctantly to the ship to Hawaii, they had to start repair, after repair has been very difficult to open to Australia. The ship has been unable to move forward, he had to sell it to three thousand dollars low, the end of this time although the romantic but failed voyage.However, he still created amazing results in that voyage. He had driven the very bad boat from Hawaii to Massachusetts. Atthat time, the "Pacific Shipping Guide" pointed out that due to the impact of equatorial currents and trade winds, the currents were unusually complicated, and no one had ever traveled, but Jack London had driven a barely repaired ship through his death The He was infected with a strange disease on the way. In the "sea wolf" we read the tropical ocean and trade winds for the poetic description of the material, the material is about from here to get.DeathOn Tuesday, November 21, 1916, Jack London plans to go to New York the next day, and plans to take a long walk to see the Chicago tournament, buy some fine cattle, but that night he took excessive morphine death. There was a book on his desk, and he wrote some numbers of dollars. When he was suffering from uremia, but the doctor that the uremia as his death is not convincing. Then there are only two explanations: suicide, or the calculation of the wrong dose. From his daytime arrangements, not like suicide; but then the important dose calculation is also an error is also difficult to accept.。
杰克·伦敦简介
杰克·伦敦简介热爱生命（节选）分析课文研讨一、整体把握这篇课文节选自美国著名小说家杰克·伦敦同名小说中的后半部分（结尾除外）。
作者以雄健、粗犷的笔触，细腻、逼真地叙述了一个身处绝境、濒临死亡的人，在顽强的求生意识和钢铁般的意志作用下，经过艰苦卓绝的搏斗，终于战胜了饥饿、伤病、寒冷以及野兽的威胁而起死回生的传奇故事。
小说中的主人公“这个人”是一个美国西部的淘金者，他在返回途中被朋友所抛弃，只好独自一人跋涉在渺无人烟的荒原上，不久他就陷入到了弹尽粮绝的困境中。
更不幸的是他的腿脚先后受伤，只能踉踉跄跄地行走在布满沼泽、丘陵与溪流，随时有野兽出没的荒原上。
在极度虚弱中，他发现有一匹病狼循着他的血迹紧紧跟随着他，显然是要把他作为猎物。
于是，这两个濒临死亡的“生物”在荒原上展开了一场互相猎取对方生命的生死搏斗。
最终他咬死了狼，吞咽下狼的血，让生命重新放射出光彩。
课文可以分为三部分：从文章开始到“它们之间的联系已经非常微弱”为第一部分。
叙述“这个人”在遭遇到棕熊并凭着自己的勇气与智慧得以逃脱之后，又重新振作起来继续前进。
但恐惧与危险仍然紧紧伴随着他。
长期的饥饿与疲惫，已差不多将他的心智与活力吞噬殆尽，他只能在半清醒半昏迷的状态中凭借意志力艰难前行，依靠吮吸被狼咬死的一只驯鹿的碎骨维持生命。
第二部分从“有一天，他醒过来”到“而神志清醒的时候也愈来愈少，愈来愈短”。
这一部分主要写主人公在似真似幻之中发现一头病狼尾随着他，开始了漫长的人与狼的对峙。
其余段落为第三部分，也是全文乃至整篇小说的高潮部分。
主人公在半昏迷中感觉到了狼的进攻，他于是与那匹病狼进行了一场殊死搏斗并取得了胜利，同时也战胜了可怕的命运。
小说成功地刻画了“这个人”的坚忍顽强、不惧艰难险阻的硬汉性格。
他虽然身体衰弱无比，并且时常处于昏迷之中，却有着惊人的意志力。
作者通过“神志清楚”“很冷静，很沉着”等一系列词语，向读者展示了他充分运用理性克服危险与灾难、战胜恐惧与幻觉的心路历程。
《杰克-伦敦的悲剧(有改动)》阅读答案
《杰克?伦敦的悲剧（有改动）》阅读答案《杰克?伦敦的悲剧》阅读答案杰克·伦敦的悲剧①杰克·伦敦是美国近代著名作家。
他和马克·吐温①，也许是我国读者最熟悉的两个美国作家了。
然而，同作为美国现实主义时代的现实主义作家，两个人的结局却大不一样。
马克·吐温以七十五岁高龄病死在写作岗位上，实践了他的“工作是世界上最大的快乐”的信念。
杰克·伦敦却在四十岁壮年之时，吞服了大量吗啡，在自己豪华的大牧场中结束了一生。
②杰克·伦敦的童年是很不幸的。
他是一个在旧金山出生的私生子，生父是一个占卜者。
后来，母亲嫁给已经有十一个孩子的约翰·伦敦，继父的境况也不好。
杰克·伦敦的童年在穷苦的日子中度过。
十一岁他就外出打零工谋生，十四岁到一家罐头厂做工，每天工作十小时，得到一元钱，这已经是很不错的了。
干了不多久，这个十四岁刚出头的孩子借了一些钱，买了一条小船，参加到偷袭私人牡蛎场的队伍中，希望用这种手段来改善穷困的处境。
偷袭中他被渔场巡逻队抓获，被罚做苦工。
不久，他放弃了“牡蛎海盗”的营生，当水手去远东。
航海生涯，增长了见识，扩大了眼界，遍地的贫困、剥削和暴力，深深地印入杰克?伦敦还没有完全成熟的心灵中。
③航海归来，境况并未好转。
1894年，十八岁的杰克·伦敦参加了“基林军”，这是当时由平民党人领导的向华盛顿“进军”的失业者组织的一部分。
这次“进军”的领导人考克西等在华盛顿以“践踏国会草坪”被捕，进军组织亦遭取缔。
杰克·伦敦在退出“进军”行列之后，又继续过流浪生活，监牢、警察局成了他常进常出的地方。
④长年的流浪没有使杰克·伦敦丧失生活的信心，他强烈地追求知识，不甘于自暴自弃。
即使在飘泊无定、随时会以”流浪罪”被拘捕的困境中，书也总是他的伴侣。
1896年他二十岁时，甚至还考进了加州大学。
然而，大学的门毕竟不总是向穷困如杰克·伦敦这样的人敞开的。
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"I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time"
The Coming of American Naturalism: Industrialism produced financial giants, but at the same time created an industrial proletariat entirely at the mercy of external forces beyond their control. Slums appeared in great numbers where conditions became steadily worse. 美国文学自然主义的到来 工业的发展带来来了财富上的成功，与此同时，任由外在 的，人们无法控制的力量的摆布，工人无产阶级也出现了。 城市里出现了大量的贫民窟。
自然主义是19世纪末新的，更严厉的自然主义。它驳斥了道 德法则的安慰作用，尝试着去实现一种客观和直白，把社会 底层角色任由他们的环境和出身摆布的命运呈现出来。
Naturalism
In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. In American literature, Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser are representatives of naturalism. 为呈现生活的各种极端，自然主义者有时候也会和早期煽情 的浪漫主义有一定的相似性。但与浪漫主义先驱不同的是， 自然主义者强调世界是没有道德的，男人和女人无自由可言， 故事的主人公都是被出身及社会环境所禁锢，所以活着的悲 惨，死了后被淹没。美国文学的自然主义以 Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser 为代表 作家。
Naturalism Significance
(1) Breaking through some forbidden area in literature (violence, death, sex etc.) (2) Greatly influencing the 20th century writers such as Hemingway and Faulkner 自然主义的影响 1）打破了文学领域的某些禁忌，出现了暴力，死亡， 性等领域的探讨。 2）深刻地影响了20世纪的作家，如 海明威，福克纳。
Part 4 Naturalism，Jack London
Naturalism Jack London’s Life His literary Career Represented Works
Naturalism
Naturalism--- a more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. The most significant of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1900) 自然主义，文学创作中现实主义中更明显的一种，通常 都是表现人成为自然和社会环境中的消极的牺牲品。英 语文学中自然主义的最有影响力的作品就是 Theodore Dreiser 的《嘉莉妹妹》。
The Coming of American Naturalism: Darwinism’s essential point: evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection. Based on this biological thesis, Herbert Spencer developed the theory of social Darwinism--the weak & stupid would fall victim to economic forces in the natural course of events. This idea became a metaphor for all existence. The writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection. 达尔文主义最核心的观点：进化论– 适者生存，自然选择。 基于这个生物理论，Herbert Spenser 发展了社会达尔文主 义的理论--- 即弱小的和愚蠢的会成为自然界的经济力量的牺 牲品。 这一理论成了所有存在物的比喻。作家们根据达尔文 的自然选择法则用不同的方式来解释人类的行为。
The Coming of American Naturalism:
New ideas about man and man’s place in the universe began to take root in America. Living in a cold, indifferent, and essentially Godless world, man was no longer free in any sense of the word. Darwinian concepts like ―the survival of the fittest‖ and ―the human beast‖ became popular catchwords and standards of moral reference in an amoral world. Howell’s ―smiling aspect‖ realism seems too gentel and even false. Thus the influence of French naturalism, Tolstoy and Turgenev came to American literature. Therefore, naturalism came into being in American literature
彼时的美国，关于人类，关于人类在宇宙的地位的新的观点不断地涌现。 生活在一个冷酷，冷漠没有上帝的世界，人们不再有自由可言。达尔文 主义者的观点--- 适者生存，人类野兽等词变成了没有道德的世界的流行 语和道德参照体。 艾森豪威尔的“微笑的一面”在自然主义看来太温柔了，甚至是错的。 于是，在法国自然主义和托尔斯泰及屠格涅夫的影响下，美国的自然主 义出现了。 Smiling Aspects他主张美国的小说应当描绘出生活中“微笑的一面” （smiling aspects），因此他的小说基本对美国的现实生活做乐观的处理， 作品也往往在妥协、圆满的气氛中结束。
Naturalism
Naturalism was a new and harsher realism in the late 19th century . Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.
Jack London Jack London, whose life symbolized the power of will, was the most successful writer in American in the early 20th century. His vigorous stories of men and animals against the environment, and survival against hardships were drawn mainly from his ow16 )
Jack London