托福指代题
怎么做好新托福阅读题型--指代题
怎么做好新托福阅读题型--指代题指代题是托福阅读中的一种题型，下面我就来共享一下如何才能做好它。
新托福阅读题型--指代题Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题指代题是比较“鸡肋”的一种题，由于它难度不高，现在在托福考试中消失的概率已经低了许多。
尤其第三版的官方指南中新增加的三篇（文章），竟然一道指代题都没有，这或许说明白ETS的一种态度和出题的动向。
但是指代题的原理，我们的同学必需要把握。
由于虽然或许你遇到指代题的概率低了许多，但是ETS在插入（句子）题、简化句子题或者推断题等题目，用代词来做主语，你不得不去确定这个代词主语究竟指代的是前文中的什么才能连续解题。
所以我们说这是一种很鸡肋的题型，同学们可以复习一下定语从句以及代词等方面的相关语法，分析一些例题，应当可以很好地应付这种题型。
托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。
指代题的形式如下：The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to二、解题步骤1. 依据解题技巧确定答案2. 代入原文验证，看语义、规律和语法上是否通顺三、基本原则1. 就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。
有时也消失在更前面的一句中。
例如，Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。
托福阅读指代题
• Tips： ：
• a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 • b. 从句开头往后找答案 • c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须 一致 • d. 指代的传递现象
一、 分类： 代词指代题和词汇指代
题问方式： the word “they, it, its, their, some” in the passage refers to
• The word it in the passage refers to • (A) realization • (B) society • (C) extent • (D) influence
• Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
• It 单数 • They 复数
1. 代词指代
简单句，就近原则（优先主语，次之宾语） 向前向前向前（优先主语，次之宾语） 定语从句，就近修饰 主从复合句，后指代前
• Jupiters and other giant planet are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane.
新托福阅读之指代关系题
新托福阅读之指代关系题指代关系题（Reference）：考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。
例题1：Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides，they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns，so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”The word they in the passage refers toA. applied-art objectsB. the laws of physicsC. containersD. the sides of pots正确答案是A.例题2：Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution，if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”The word which in the passage refers toA. distributionB. saleC. newspaperD. postal service正确答案是D.【。
托福阅读指代题技巧
托福阅读指代题技巧指代题是托福阅读十大题型之一，虽然看上去考的是代词的使用，其实还涉及到对句间逻辑关系理解的视察。
有些童鞋在做题过程中容易懵，理不清头绪。
我教你五句口诀，只要记住这五句话就可以轻松HOLD住指代题不被考倒。
1、见到代词找指代，指代通常在前方这句话是代词指代题的总则，考生务必铭记：代词永远出现在原词之后，原词永远出现在代词之前。
依据这条原则考生可以快速排除选项中出现在代词之后的词汇，锁定正确答案。
2、主代主，宾代宾，所有格，就近找代词指代的语法规则非常严格，因此考生要优先合计代词在句中充当的成分：主语、宾语、还是所有格代词，然后在前句中快速寻找对应的语法成分就可以轻松解题。
仅依靠这条规律就可以解决大部分代词指代类题目，例如：When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these living flowers， they are stung and eaten.题目中代词"they'在主句中充当主语成分，考生迅速定位前方从句中的主语"small fish'，题目就迎刃而解。
又例如所有格代词(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近该代词的核心名词：Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.题目中的所有格代词"their'之前有两个名词"florists'和"flowers'，语法基础薄弱的考生要花些时间才干弄清楚所谓"他(它)们的'究竟是谁们的?事实上依据"就近原则'，在距离代词最近的地方找到符合句中语意的核心名词，就可以锁定答案。
而上述句中距离"their'最近的名词时"flowers'，因此正确答案就是它。
托福阅读做指代题的技巧
托福阅读做指代题的技巧段落的第一句话是正确的几率很少。
插入空后如出现代词，则该空成为正确选项的几率极低，今天我主要给大家分享〔托福〕阅读做指代题的技巧，希望对你们有帮助!一、指代题(Reference)解决方案：把四个选项代入原文阅读翻译，翻译不同的就是错误答案。
代词的传递规则——同一事物可以用不同的代词来表达，也可以用相同的概念来表达。
做题的时候按照从后到前的顺序来“追溯本源〞。
正确选项的特征：代词就近原则——优先合计与代词最近的名词概念。
最安全的方法是阅读翻译句子。
错误选项特征：代词的使用限制:代词不能隔句指代。
关于完整的句子，代词只能相邻的句子指代，但主从句间可以指代。
二、修辞题(Rhetoric)解决方案:托福阅读题干的标出关键词回文定位。
首先阅读定位词所在的句子，然后阅读下面的句子。
如果发现后面在表达中出现了两个事物，或者多个事物之间的比较，类比(similarity or difference)关系，则用关键词用来说明这种比较关系。
正确答案是这种比较的结果，效果或所要说明的问题的现象本质。
如果定位词后没有这样的关系比较，它只是作为一个例子来表达和讲述一个故事。
这个问题的出题点不在后面，而在前面。
如果前面出现比较，类比信息则如法炮制。
如果也没有的话，那就直接定位到例子前面的论点处。
一般来说，是这一段的TS(主题句)或子论点所在的句子，主题句占大多数状况，正确答案是主题句或者分论点所在的句子的同义转述或者同义改写，简述。
正确选项的特征：看状况而定。
错误的选项特征：没有出现在原文中的信息出现在选项中，这一定是错误的。
如果两个选项都是段落中两个句子的同义转速，则在定位句范围内的那个选项为正确选项。
三、句子简化题(Sentence Simplification)解决方案:正确的选项必须符合逻辑结果所表达信息的完整性和逻辑性。
如果多个一个句子同事符合，这些选项中的主从句结构分别与原文中标出的句子进行比较。
指代题托福阅读应试技巧
指代题托福阅读应试技巧指代题托福阅读应试技巧托福考试分为听力、阅读、写作和口语四部分。
出国托福频道根据托福考试题型构成，为各位考生提供了托福听力、托福口语、托福作文、托福阅读四个方向的复习资料，欢迎大家参考借鉴。
TYPE6指代题指代题，顾名思义，问文中代词，such as they, them, it, others, 这些代词指代的是什么，接下来我要给大家讲的东西，可能会颠覆你从前作指代题的思路，相信我，我会让你很爽很high很准确的做对每一道指代题!无耻技巧1 and 解题步骤1指代题的选项设置一般是这样的，一个正确的，两个在代词之前的，一个代词之后的，基本上这几个都在文章中出现过。
请大家想一下，在文章不同位置出现的词，所以表达的意思就是不同的，如果把它们的位置顺序颠倒，那么一定是不通顺不符合句意的。
举个例子吧：我深爱我的实验室，因为每天都有许多美女师妹来这里做实验。
此外，它旁边还有一个很棒的图书馆。
It有许多很经典的'小说。
Question：The word it refers toA 实验室B 实验C图书馆D小说有同学说这还用想么，图书馆呗，是，给你中文谁都能做对，但是给你英文呢，给你托福这种夹杂着大量专业词汇和复杂句式的文章，你能像读上面的话那样通6顺么!!So，开始运用我们无耻技巧1，同时也是指代题的step1：读一下有代词的那句话，然后带入四个选项，选出通顺的一个。
其他三个基本是不靠谱的。
看上面的题，it 有许多经典的小说。
带入A 实验室有许多经典的小说??实验室是最实验的，只有实验器材啊带入B实验有许多经典的小说??更不通了带入C 图书馆有许多经典的小说，很通顺啊!带入D 小说有许多经典的小说这是人话么哈哈哈哈当你们接受了这种思路之后，给大家一个英文的例子。
These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movements.They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.The word they refers toA powerful musclesB bodiesC jawsD flying reptiles开始运用我上面介绍的方法：先读一下那句话：他们一定是专业的G(我默认你不认识gliders滑翔机)，而不是技巧熟练的飞行员，依靠风力移动。
【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析(三)
【阅读题型】托福阅读指代题实例解析（三）托福阅读中的指代题是出镜率相当高的题型之一，此外，在非托福的各种考试中，学生也常常会遇到类似的指代题，所以掌握指代题的题型分类和解题技巧对考学来说都是非常重要技能。
例一：Panel painting, common in thirteenth-and fourteenth-century Europe,involved a painstaking, laborious process. Wooden planks were joined, coveredwith gesso to prepare the surface for painting, and then polished smooth withspecial tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a compositionwith chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the deliberate process ofapplying thin layers of egg tempera paint (egg yolk in which pigments aresuspended) with small brushes. The successive layering of these meticulouslyapplied paints produced the final, translucent colors.The word “it” in line 4 refers to(A) chalk(B) composition(C) artist(D) surface例二：Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americansto vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand thatencouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroadrefrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables greatdistances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890’s, northerncity dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, andtomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months ofthe year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to storeperishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented I the1870’s, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homesand remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920’s and1930’s.The word “them” in line 14 refers to(A) refrigerator cars(B) perishables(C) growers(D) distances。
托福阅读题型完整攻略之指代关系题解决策略
托福阅读题型完整攻略之指代关系题解决策略一、指代关系题能够分为两类：代词指代题和词汇指代题。
1. 代词指代题：对于代词指代题，简单句中的这类题目能够采用就近原则来解决：先读整个句子，以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。
而对于主从复合句，采用后指代前的方法。
一般来说，从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。
这个与主从复合句的类型没相关系。
例如：The tiny， delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.The word “they ”refers toA. skeletonB. scavengersC. creaturesD. environments这个句子为复合句，前半句的主语为skeletons，所以按照上面的原则A为准确答案。
2. 词汇指代题：这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语，而不是指代。
例如：代词指代题的常问方式为：The word “they， it，their……。
” refer to …词汇指代题的常问方式为：The word “ W ” refer to … ，其中，“W ”为词汇或者短语。
其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样，采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。
我们来看一个例子：In the speed of its execution， the righting of atumbling cat resembles a magician‘s trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow，so the process is obscured.The word “process” in refer toA. The righting of tumbling catB. The cat‘s fall slowed downC. High-speed photographyD. A scientific experiment这是个主从复合句，从句的主语为process，所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中没有相同的选项。
TPO全部指代题
1-1As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even6. in the passage refers to○valleys○trees○heights○ridges由于山谷中积雪覆盖较厚且持续时间很长，树木往往在山脊上长得更高，即便是生长在大风和贫瘠的土地里。
1-2But the myths that have grown up around the rites may c ontinue as part of the group’s oral tradition andbeen taken toward theater as activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.○the acting out of rites○the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society○the separation of myths from rites○the celebration of supernatural forces不过在这些仪式中发展起来的神话故事继续在人们的口头流传，甚至可能脱离了仪式而被演绎着。
这时侯，戏剧做为一种自发的活动迈出了自己的第一步，接着，戏剧的娱乐和审美价值开始渐渐取代先前的带有神话色彩的、在社会上灵验的关注。
1-3For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as○fast rivers○glaciers○the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting○the particles carried in water from melting glaciers比如，冰河时代覆盖北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，大量水从那儿流出。
托福阅读指代题
2.4.2 排除不符合语法的
Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
A. chambers B. paintings C. beasts
D. parades
这句用了some others来指代前面所谈论的事物，离得最近的是 beasts；带入，其意义也符合，而其他选项距离太远，不相关。
The word they in the passage refers to A. qualities B. fins C. grooves D. depressions
代词they所指信息一定在they出现地方之前，再结合句意，本段主 要讲的是fins的特征，B选项正确。
2.2 距离较近
In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered
The word “their” in line 1 refers to (A)folk (B)nations (C)countries (D)objects folk-made objects 落脚点是 objects；folk只是用来修饰的；正确D
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The four answer choices will be words or phrases from the passage. Owhich the highlighted word refers.
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
Reference Questions 指代题
指代题讲解大纲
1. 概况 2. 提问形式 3. 解题思路 4. 真题训练
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
3. 解题思路
If the Reference question is about a pronoun, make sure your answer is the same number (singular or plural) and case (first person, second person, third person) as the highlighted pronoun.
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
● 指代（ 以不同方式指称同一名词主体 ）的目的是: 避免过度重复
● 托福阅读主要考察的三种代词：
1.人称代词Personal pronouns: I,You,he,she,it,we,they me,you,him,her,her,it,us,them,my,mine,your,yours,his, hers,its,our,ours,their,theirs
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). （往往指的是代词和先行词的关系） Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage. Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
1.概况
These questions ask you to identify referential relationships between the words in the passage.(目的：验证内容间 的指代关系） Often, the relationship is between a pronoun and its antecedent (the word to which the pronoun refers). Sometimes other kinds of grammatical reference are tested (like which or this).
2. 指示代词Demonstrative pronouns: this,that,these,those
3. 关系代词Relative pronouns: who,whom,which,that,whose.
2.提问形式
Reference questions look similar to vocabulary questions. In the passage, one word or phrase is highlighted. Usually the word is a pronoun. Then you are asked: