剑桥雅思阅读test
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.The FilmA The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895.Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen.B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp the impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century.C One of the Lumiere Brothers' earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the film as a 'work of genius'. 'As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky,'panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them.'D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted -but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events.A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured.E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people traveled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived.Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded -at least in film fiction -have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery-the cars, the cities, the cowboys - became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around the globe.F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopaedic detail. We shall be known better than any preceding generations.G The 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody in the world seems to knowwho they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinema’s most strange and enduring legacies.H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction.I Cinema might, for example, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television -as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories - early producers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today.J And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again - that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more real than reality.Question 1-5Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.1. the location of the first cinema2. how cinema came to focus on stories3. the speed with which cinema has changed4. how cinema teaches us about other cultures5. the attraction of actors in filmsQuestion 6-9Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage6. It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.7. The Lumiere Brothers, film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made.8. Cinema presents a biased view of other countries.9. Storylines were important in very early cinema.Question 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10. The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrateA. the simplicity of early films.B. the impact of early films.C. how short early films were.D. how imaginative early films were.11. In Tarkovsky's opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that itA. aims to impress its audience.B. tells stories better than books.C. illustrates the passing of time.D. describes familiar events.12. When cinema first began, people thought thatA. it would always tell stories.B. it should be used in fairgrounds.C. its audiences were unappreciative.D. its future was uncertain.13. What is the best title for this passage?A. The rise of the cinema starB. Cinema and novels comparedC. The domination of HollywoodD. The power of the big screenReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Motivating Employees under Adverse ConditionsTHE CHALLENGEIt is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one, when organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Management is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees, when an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose- those with the highest skills and experience. The minor employees remain because their job options are limited.Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. For those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Points, which are outlined below.KEY POINT ONEThere is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is amanagerial post in a larger bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers will do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and Feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.KEY POINT TWOThe literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisatiors' culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of participation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it.KEY POINT THREERegardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performance goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid.KEY POINT FOURSince employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalise the rewards over which the have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making.KEY POINT FIVEManagers need to make rewards contingent on performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employee's specific goals. Consistent with maximizing the impact of rewards, managers should look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.KEY POINT SIXThe way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inputs should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs andoutcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and production workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcome , clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers' list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most important inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one person's equity is another's inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.Question 14-18Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points.Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14 -18 on your answer sheet.15 Key Point Three16 Key Point Four17 Key Point Five18 Key Point SixQuestion 19-24Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage19. A shrinking organisation tends to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees.20. It is easier to manage a small business than a large business.21. High achievers are well suited to team work.22. Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.23. The staff appraisal process should be designed by employees.24. Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organisation.Question 25-27Look at the following groups of workers (Questions 25-27) and the list of descriptions below. Match each group with the correct description, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.25 high achievers26 clerical workers27 production workersReading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Search for the Anti-aging PillIn government laboratories and elsewhere, scientists are seeking a drug able to prolong life and youthful vigor. Studies of caloric restriction are showing the wayAs researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging -the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we grow older. But one intervention, consumption of a low-calorie* yet nutritionally balanced diet, works incredibly well in a broad range of animals, increasing longevity and prolonging good health. Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too.Unfortunately, for maximum benefit, people would probably have to reduce their caloric intake by roughly thirty per cent, equivalent to dropping from 2,500 calories a day to 1,750. Few mortals could stick to that harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. But what if someone could create a pill that mimicked the physiological effects of eating less without actually forcing people to eat less? Could such a ‘caloric-restriction mimetic', as we call it, enable people to stay healthy longer, postponing age-related disorders (such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer) until very late in life? Scientists first posed this question in the mid-1990s, after researchers came upon a chemical agent that in rodents seemed to reproduce many of caloric restriction's benefits. No compound that would safely achieve the same feat in people has been found yet, but the search has been informative and has fanned hope that caloric-restriction (CR) mimetics can indeed be developed eventually.The benefits of caloric restrictionThe hunt for CR mimetics grew out of a desire to better understand caloric restriction's many effects on the body. Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. What is more, some of the treated animals survived longer than the oldest-living animals in the control group, which means that the maximum lifespan (the oldest attainable age), not merely the normal lifespan, increased. V arious interventions, such as infection-fighting drugs, can increase a population's average survival time, but only approaches that slow the body's rate of aging will increase the maximum lifespan.The rat findings have been replicated many times and extended to creatures ranging from yeast to fruit flies, worms, fish, spiders, mice and hamsters. Until fairly recently, the studies were limited to short-lived creatures genetically distant from humans. But caloric-restriction projects underway in two species more closely related to humans -rhesus and squirrel monkeys -have made scientists optimistic that CR mimetics could help people.The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age.The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease), and they have more normal blood glucose levels (pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time (nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. They and the other monkeys must be followed still longer, however, to know whether low-calorie intake can increase both average and maximum lifespans in monkeys. Unlike the multitude of elixirs being touted as the latest anti-aging cure, CR mimetics would alter fundamental processes that underlie aging. We aim to develop compounds that fool cells into activating maintenance and repair.How a prototype caloric-restriction mimetic worksThe best-studied candidate for a caloric-restriction mimetic, 2DG (2-deoxy-D-glucose), works by interfering with the way cells process glucose. It has proved toxic at some doses in animals and so cannot be used in humans. But it has demonstrated that chemicals can replicate the effects of caloric restriction; the trick is finding the right one.Cells use the glucose from food to generate A TP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that powers many activities in the body. By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. When 2DG is administered to animals that eat normally, glucose reaches cells in abundance but the drug prevents most of it from being processed and thus reduces A TP synthesis. Researchers have proposed several explanations for why interruption of glucose processing and ATP production might retard aging. One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and to such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. Reduced operation of the machinery should limit their production and thereby constrain the damage. Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such ‘luxuries' as growth and reproduction.* calorie: a measure of the energy value of foodQuestion 28-32Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage28. Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old.29. There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.30. Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.31. Diet-related diseases are common in older people.32. In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a low-calorie diet. Question 33-37Classify the following descriptions as relating toA. caloric-restricted monkeysB. control monkeysC. neither caloric-restricted monkeys nor control monkeysWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.33Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.34Monkeys experienced more chronic disease.35Monkeys have been shown to experience a longer than average life span.36Monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.37Monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.Question 38-40Complete the flow-chart below.Choose N O MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.参考答案1 A2 I3 J4 E5 G6 YES7 NOT GIVEN8 NOT GIVEN9 NO10 B11 C12 D13 D14 vii15 iii16 ii17 iv18 i19 NO20 NOT GIVEN21 NO22 YES23 NOT GIVEN24 YES25B26C27A28 NO29 YES30 YES31 NOT GIVEN32 YES33A34 B35 C36 A37 B38 glucose39 free radicals40 preservation。
剑桥雅思阅读解析Test
stun [ ✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 使晕倒, 使惊吓thrill [✍✍✍✍✍✍] v. 发抖routine [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 例行公事, 常规leap [ ✍✍✍✍✍] n. 跳跃, 飞跃imagination [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 想象,想象力initial [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 最初的image [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 图像，影像unique [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 唯一的, 独特的hypnotic [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 催眠的genius [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 天才panic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 惊慌mere [ ✍✍✍ ] adj. 仅仅embrace [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] vt. 拥抱objective [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 客观的realism [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 现实主义，真实感overwhelming [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 压倒性的，无法抗拒的fiction [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小说，虚构的故事dominate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] v. 支配，主导intimate [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj.亲密的，密切的massive [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 巨大的，大规模的encyclopaedic [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] adj. 百科全书式的consequence [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 结果presence [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 出席, 到场, 存在inevitably [i✍nevit✍bli] adv. 不可避免magnify [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] vt. 夸大，放大enduring [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 持久的lease [✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 租借novelty [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 新颖, 新奇, 新鲜, 新奇的事物worn off 消失fade away 逐渐凋谢gimmick [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] n. 小发明，小玩意documentary [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 文件的，记录的narrative [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 叙述medium [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 媒体, 方法, 媒介conceived [✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 假想的reel [✍✍✍✍✍✍] n. 卷convinced [ ✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍✍ ] adj. 确信的『题型』MATCHING『解析』绝对乱序题型，建议先读完所有选项并确定关键字。
剑桥雅思阅读解析Test
Passage1Question 1答案：B关键词：wildlife other than bats. . . do not rely on vision. . .定位原文：B段第2句: “Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today”.解题思路: 题目问哪一段举出了除了蝙蝠之外不需要视觉导航的物种的例子;B段中说了被捕猎的昆虫、深海鱼类、鲸鱼、海豚等物种在鲜有光线或者完全黑暗的环境下是如何生活的;比较容易定位..Question 2答案：A关键词: early mammals avoid dying out定位原文: A段倒数第2句: “In the time when the dinosaurs …”解题思路: ancestors 等同于early mammals; survive 等同于avoid dying out..Question 3答案：A关键词: why … hunt in the dark定位原文: A段第5句: “Given that there is a living...”解题思路: 联系上下文;对应句说了物竞天择使蝙蝠晚上捕食;后面说了这个可能追溯到过去;那时恐龙白天捕食;使哺乳动物不得不晚上捕食Question 4答案：E关键词：a particular discovery定位原文: E段倒数第2句话“… and much of our scientific understanding of the details...”解题思路: 理解定位句意义：大多数关于蝙蝠行为细节的科学理解都是利用雷达理论完成的Question 5答案：D关键词： early military echolocation定位原文: D段倒数第2句和最后1句: “After this technique had been invented....”“Both sides in the Second World War ...”解题思路: 第二次世界大战可以对应early一词..Question 6答案：phantom关键词： facial vision / pain / arm or leg定位原文: D段第5句“… like the referred pain in a phantom limb”解题思路: 通过填空题的小标题“Facial Vision”;首先可以把此题迅速定位到文章的D段;紧接着可以在D段的第5句寻找到定位关键词referred pain..Question 7答案：echoes/obstacles关键词：perceiving / ears定位原文: D段第6句、第7句“The sensation of facial vision… the presence of obstacles”.解题思路: 此题需要将两句话放在一起理解：而感视觉是通过耳朵传输的;尽管盲人并没有意识到这一点;但现实生活中他们的确在运用自己的步伐以及其他声音的回声来感觉路上障碍物的存在..perceive一词在雅思学术类阅读考试当中多次出现;是“感知;感觉;察觉”的意思;相当于原文中的sense..综上分析得出答案echoes或obstacles..Question 8答案：depth关键词: before / instruments / calculated / seabed定位原文: D段倒数第3句: “… for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship”解题思路: 按照解题顺序;找到介词before;接着找到instruments;并很快找到题目中关键词 calculated的同义同measure;然后就以顺利找到正确答案depth..Question 9答案：submarines关键词：wartime / finding定位原文: D段倒数第2句：“After this technique had been invented…”解题思路: 看到weapons designers 可以联想到wartime; detection是探测的意思;与题目中的finding同义;由此可知答案是submarines. 这里特别提醒考生;如果不变复数是不得分的..Question 10答案: natural selection关键词：radar/ resulted in/ radar-like / bats定位原文: E段第1句: “… or rather natural selection…”解题思路: 题目：早在雷达发明之前;是什么在蝙蝠身上进化出了复杂的类雷达系统呢 Sophisticated一词指“稍密的;复杂的”..根据题意; 考生需要寻找一个蝙蝠拥有精确定位本领的原因..原因连接词在这用并没有出现;但perfect一词却可以告诉我们是自然选择使然;所以正确答案是natural selection..Question 11答案：radio waves/echoes关键词: not used定位原文: E段第2句: “It is technically incorrect to…”解题思路: 题目说蝙蝠也使用雷达实际上是不正确的;因为在导航的时候它们根本没有使用____..not used是关键词;题目中以被动语态的形式出现;文章中则变成主动语态;但因为核心动词use 没有改变;所以此题很简单;正确答案是radio waves..Question 12答案：mathematical theories关键词：radar / sonar/ similar定位原文: E段第4句: “But the underlying mathematical theories…”解题思路: 题目：雷达和声呐是基于相似的____..先在E段后部找到radar 和sonar两个关键词;接着找到similar;空里要填的名词应该就不远了..此处语序有所变动;但是仍然很容易找到答案mathematical theories;因为题干中要求最多用两个词填空;因此前面的underlying就不能填了.. Question 13答案：zoologist关键词： echolocation/ first / someone定位原文: E段最后1句: “The American zoologist…”解题思路: 第一次使用声呐一词的人的职业是____..只要知道coin词有“发明;创造;杜撰”的意思;就能轻易联想到first used..而根据文章;这个词是由一个叫Donald Griffin的zoologist发明的;由此得出答案.. Passage 2Question 14答案：xi关键词：ancient定位原文: A段最后1句出现了the Roman Empire解题思路: 本段第1句定下了段落的主要内容为古代对水资源的管理;接下来讲了城镇的发展带来大坝和引水渠的发展;最后讲述了罗马帝国鼎盛时期的水利系统..因此本段的主题是古代的供水系统..Question 15答案： vii关键词：health定位原文: C段倒数第2句出现 sanitation; 最后一句“preventable water-related diseases kill…”解题思路: C段最后1句说到：每天大约1-2万名儿童死于与水相关的各种可预防性疾病;新证据表明我们解决上述问题的力度还远远不够..虽然不能够在首句就感觉到这一段是在谈健康与水供给之间的关系;但是看了下面的文字;就可感觉到作者在谈健康;特别是sanitation一词出现后;基本可以确定答案是vii ..Question 16答案： v关键词：effect定位原文: D段从第2句开始的整个段落解题思路: D段是一个描述性段落..第1句话就说“我们水资源政策的后果远非仅仅危及人类健康那么简单”;承上启下;显然这一段不是讲健康了;但同时我们也更加确认C段是在讲健康方面的问题;那么个人健康讲完了;要不要讲一下地球的健康呢于是考生在这一段找到了freshwater fish…threatened… endangered… degrade… soil quality… reduce…agricultural productivity…等等与环境相关的同语;所以不必读到最后;考生应该已经能够看出这道题目的答案是v..Question 17答案：i关键词：revision; policy定位原文: E段第1句解题思路: E段首句说: “At the outset of the newmillennium;however;the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change”. 这句话当中的changed正好可以与revision相对应..在第三句考生还可以找到Some water experts are now demanding…;这就对上了答案中的scientists call for..在下面考生还可以找到this shift in philosophy;这一点又可以对应policy. 纵观全段;shift; shifting等表示变化的词不断出现;所以最合适的答案就是i..Question 18关键词：surprisingly downward定位原文: F段第1句解题思路: F段首句说：Fortunately — and unexpectedly — the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. F段末句提到：And in a few parts of the world; demand has actually fallen. 合起来看;正好可以与heading当中的“令人惊奇的下降趋势”相对照;很好选择的一题..Question 19答案： ii关键词：explanation; reduced定位原文: G段第1句解题思路: “What explains this remarkable turn of events”此句中的turn of events指的就是F段中提到的水需求量下降一事;所以答案应该选择ii..如果考生把F段和G段连起来看的话;会发现选项的逻辑连贯性..ix: a surprising downward trend in demand for waterii: an explanation for reduced water use答案: x关键词：raise; standard定位原文: H段第2句: “But such projects must be…”解题思路: H段第2句的higher specifications等于选项中的raise standards;也比较容易理解答案是x..Question 21答案：NO关键词：Ancient Rome定位原文: A段最后1句：“At the height of the Roman Empire…”在罗马帝国鼎盛时期;人们修建了9 条主要水利系统;其疏水管道和污水管道均以革新的方式铺设;为城区居民提供用水..当时罗马城内居民人均用水量和现今工业社会很多地区的人均用水量相当..解题思路:关键词是as much…as;这个词组与题干中的higher than相抵触;两者明显不符..所以答案为NO..Question 22答案： YES关键词： irrigation system 或者按照顺序原则定位在B段定位原文: B段倒数第2句: “Food production has kept pace with …”食品供应能跟得上人口猛增主要是由于人工灌溉系统的增长使得世界粮食产量提高了40%解题思路: 题中的feeding increasing population在文中对应Food production has kept pace with soaring populations; 题中的due primarily to变成文中的mainly because of; 而题中的 improved irrigation system则成了文中的expansion of artificial irrigation systems..Question 23答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：ancient Greeks and Romans定位原文: 在C段第1句“…with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans”世界上有一半的人口享受的供水服务还比不上古希腊和古罗马时期解题思路: 题干中的古希腊、古罗马终于出现了;但是周围根本没有任何语句表明现代人模仿了他们的水利系统;从上面这句话也完全无法推出这个结论;可见题目是无中生有;属于完全没有提及型的 NOT GIVEN.. Question 24答案：NO关键词： industrial growth定位原文: F段第3句、第4句: “ Although population; industrial output… has actually fallen”. 尽管在发达国家;人口仍然急剧膨胀;工业和经济依然高速发展;但人们开采地下水和地表水的速度却减缓了下来..在全球某些地区;人们对水资源的需求量甚至下降了..解题思路: 题目中称工业增长使水需求量整体上升;而文中却说速度放缓;甚至需求量下降;两者显然是抵触的;所以答案是NO..Question 25答案：YES关键词：modem technologies; domestic或者跟随24题顺序找到G段定位原文: G段第4句“But since 1980…”但自从 1980年以来;人均用水量确实是下降了;这主要得益于一系列新技术在家庭及工业节水方面的作用..解题思路: 文中的decreased对应题目中的reduction; 都指需水量的下降..这是一道很容易辨别的YES..Question 26答案：NOT GIVEN关键词： government; water infrastructures定位原文: H段位于第1句的infrastructure解题思路: 原文只是说未来还会建各种设施;但没有提到国家是否应该拥有水利设施Passage 3Question 27答案：D关键词：Educating Psyche定位原文: 第1段首句：“Educating Psyche by Bemie Neville is …”解题思路: 作者开篇就揭示了本书的主要内容;是关于激进的新型教学法的..题干中的 mainly concern 等同于文中的look at; radical new两个形容词等同于D选项中的not traditional;因此可以判定正确答案是D..个别同学会被C困扰;因为貌似emotion; imagination; unconscious 这样的词在文中第一段也出现了;仔细辨别the effects of emotion; imagination and the unconscious on learning这句话;就会发现它说的是情感;想象力和潜意识对学习的影响;而不是C答案中情感对想象力及潜意识的影响;这是典型的混淆项..Question 28答案： A关键词：Lozanov’s theory定位原文: 第2段第2句“Besides the laboratory evidence for this…”解题思路: 这句之后作者马上举出两个例子：读书和听演讲;我们没有记住书的内容;也没记住演讲的主题;却能够较易回忆起书的颜色、装订、字体以及演讲者的容貌举止;甚至是礼堂里坏掉的空调;这些小细节与主题相比微不足道..作者所举的例子形象地说明了题干中所说的“当我们努力要记起什么的时候;我们记住的往往是些无关紧要的细节”;所以正确答案是AQuestion 29答案： B关键词：book/lecture定位原文: 第2段解题思路: 考生可以将C排除;因为文章并未涉及这个选项的内容..D选项所提到的催眠在第2段根本未被提及;也可以直接排除..A和B两项中;A与文中所述内容不符;文中是用两个例子来说明白我们记忆的时候;记住的往往是无关紧要的细节;而不是用来说明书和演讲对于促进注意力集中的重要性..因此B是正确答案;文中所举的两个例子相当于论据;用来证明他关于教学方法的理论是对充分根据的..Question 30答案：C关键词：Lozanov定位原文: 第3段倒数第2句“In suggestopedia; as he called his method…”解题思路: 选项C中 something other than the curriculum content刚好可以和上句中的shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral相对应..即使考生根本不认识peripheral一词;也可以从shift away这个词组猜测出来重点被从curriculum上转移到别的东西上去了;然后可以推出正确答案是CQuestion 31答案：FALSE关键词： in the fourth paragraph定位原文: 第4段第4句到第7句“…the teacher reads the text slowly and solemnly… in the second part … while the teacher reads the text in a normal speaking voice.”解题思路: 文中提到教学的两个阶段：音乐从第一阶段的古典音乐到了第二阶段的巴洛克式音乐;老师也从第一阶段的“用缓慢且庄严的语调朗读课文”变成了第二阶段的“用正常声调朗读课文”;这就证明改变的不仅仅是音乐;还有老师的朗读方法Question 32答案：FALSE关键词：prior to定位原文: 文章第5段第2句: “through meeting with the staff…”通过与老师以及对这种语言学习方式感到满意的学生的交流;他们形成了一种期待：那就是接下来的学习将是简单轻松的解题思路: 原文中的easy and pleasant与题目中的demanding互相矛盾;由此可知答案应为FALSEQuestion 33答案：TRUE关键词：follow-up定位原文: 第6段第4句：“Such methods are not unusual in language teaching”解题思路: 这些方式在语言教学中十分寻常..言外之意;暗示教学法跟进课程中所用的教学方法比如games或者improvised dramatisation;在普通教学中也被用到;推测一下;即为跟进课程使用了与传统课堂相似的教学方法..Question 34答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：improvements in their memory定位原文: 第6段最后1句“Another difference from conventional teaching is …”与传统教学模式不同的是;在间接暗示方法下;学生通常可以轻易记住1000个生词以及语法点和成语..解题思路: 作者仅仅是说采用暗示方法的学生记往了1000个单词;这高于传统教学方法的成果..但是并没有说记住1000个单词;就代表他们的记忆能力有了所谓的提高;从文中给出的证据;我们是无法推知这个结论的..因此答案是NOT GIVENQuestion 35答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：teachers定位原文: 第6段最后1句“Another difference from conventional teaching is …”解题思路: 文中提到了suggestopedia及conventional teaching;但主要讲了两者的区别与联系;并未标明教师对两者的偏好;因此答案为NOT GIVEN.Question 36答案：TRUE关键词： new vocabulary定位原文: 第6段最后1句“Another difference from conventional teaching is …”与传统教学模式的另外一点不同就是在间接暗示方法下;学生通常可以轻易记住1000个生词以及语法点和成语..解题思路: conventional teaching等同于题目中的ordinary class; difference 一词就暗示了暗示教学法比传统教学方法的进步;而后面强调学生在暗示方法下可以记住多达1000个新词;显然比在传统教学方法下记忆的更多..因此答案是TRUE.Question 37答案： F关键词：hypnosis/ however/a certain amount/convince定位原文: 第7段第4句: “Lozanov acknowledges that …”解题思路: 与其他如催眠那样的方法相比;暗示教学法使用了一种不那么直接的暗示方法..然而;Lonazov承认为了说服学生;一定量的37还是必要的;尽管37只是一种38..从Lozanov acknowledges向后寻找;很快找到a这个冠词;后而就是38空要填的词H placebo;返回头寻找曾经出现在词库里的名词;考生就得到了F ritualQuestion 38答案：H关键词：hypnosis/ however/a certain amount/convince定位原文: 第7段第4句: “Lozanov acknowledges that …”解题思路: 从Lozanov acknowledges向后寻找;很快找到a这个冠词;后而就是38空要填的词H placeboQuestion 39答案： K关键词：follow a set procedure/ although/most other teacher定位原文: 最后1段第1句: “While suggestopedia has gained…”解题思路: 题目中的句子翻译为：再者;如果暗示教学法要取得成功;教师就必须遵循一套教学流程..尽管Lozanov的方法已经变得很 39 ;然而大多数其他教师的使用结果都是40文章中说暗示教学法gained some notoriety. notoriety是此题关键;本来此词是臭名昭着的意思;但在这里贬义褒用;取着名之意..那么K well known 显然就比spectacular更合适了;故39 题应该选K..Question 40答案： G关键词: follow a set procedure/ although/most other teacher定位原文: 最后1段第1句: “While suggestopedia has gained…”解题思路: 根据文章;L的方法是spectacular的..那么教师的结果应该与之相反;因此40空应该填G unspectacular..。
剑桥雅思阅读解析test
T e s t 3Question 1答案：A关键词：box/beginning定位原文：标题下方方框中解题思路：题目是问文章开头的方框当中的引言是什么意思。
A答案：exemplify例证;举……例子;B答案是解释国际流浪儿童组织建立的原因;C答案：outline描述，描画轮廓;D答案中highlight是指突出、强调。
很明显引言是在举例子，故正确答案选A。
Question 2答案：D关键词：purpose/S.K.I定位原文：Introduction部分第2段首句“Over the past nine years, …lives of street children.”解题思路：“to support the economic lives of street children...等同于D答案，而其他三个选项基本未提到。
Question 3答案：C关键词：reason/end up定位原文：Background部分的第一段首句“Typically, children do not end up on … and violence.”解题思路：…the demand for income at home...等同于poverty，而D答案crime并不是儿童流浪的原因，而是其可能产生的后果。
Question 4答案：C关键词：independent定位原文：Background部分的第2段最后1句“Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence,”解题思路：A,B,D三个答案都比较极端，只有C符合本文的主题。
children独立的方式是“choose entrepreneurship”与C选项中的“set up their own businesses”是同义替换，故C 正确。
剑桥雅思真题9-阅读Test 1(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题9-阅读Test 1（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.William Henry PerkinThe man who invented synthetic dyesWilliam Henry Perkin was born on March 12, 1838, in London, England. As a boy, Perkin's curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather's home that solidified the young man's enthusiasm for chemistry.As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist's enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin's scientific gifts soon caught Hofmann's attention and within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the challenge.During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family's house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin's scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words 'chance favours only theprepared mind’. Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop that Perkin's discovery was made.Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world's first synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. but perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e. would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry. With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London's gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world's first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country. Not to be outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went back to the drawing board.Although Perkin's fame was achieved and fortune assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's green. It is important to note that Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical research in many ways. For instance, they were used to slain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their current use is in the search for a vaccine against malaria. Question 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin's ability as a student of chemistry.2. Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Royal College of Chemistry.3. Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.4. Perkin was still young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.5. The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.6. Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.7. Perkin was inspired by the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.Question 8-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.8 Before Perkin's discovery, with what group in society was the colour purple associated?9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?10 What was the name finally used to refer to the first colour Perkin invented?11 What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?12 In what country did Perkin's newly invented colour first become fashionable?13 According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Is there anybody out there?The search for extra-terrestrial intelligencesThe question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent; civilisations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.A The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity -the same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives us some cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven't yet discovered.B In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun. And perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.C Even when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we certain^ do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.D An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world's largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network.E There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with 8 superior and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It's not important, then, if there's a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply. Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph EQuestion 18-20Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-20 on your answer sheet.18What is the life expectancy of Earth?19What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?20How many stars are the world's most powerful radio telescopes searching?Question 21-26Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this21. Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious problems.22. SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.23. The Americans and Australians have co-operated on joint research projects.24. So far SETI scientists have picked up radio signals from several stars.25. The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.26. If a signal from outer space is received, it will be important to respond promptly.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The history of the tortoiseIf you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood andcellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don't even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Paiaeockersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it's obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the 'wet cluster’ of sea turtle and the 'dry cluster* of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today's land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times.Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptilesand birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.Question 27-30Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27What had to transfer from sea to land before any animals could migrate?28Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes as they moved onto land?29Which physical feature, possessed by their ancestors, do whales lack?30Which animals might ichthyosaurs have resembled?Question 31-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 31-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this31. Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.32. It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.33. The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains. Question 34-39Complete the flow-chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles and tortoises come fromQuestion 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. According to the writer, the most significant thing about tortoises is thatA. they are able to adapt to life in extremely dry environments.B. their original life form was a kind of primeval bacteria.C. they have so much in common with sea turtles.D. they have made the transition from sea to land more than once.参考答案1 FALSE2 NOT GIVEN3 FALSE4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 NOT GIVEN8 (the / only) rich9 commercial (possibilities)10 mauve (was/is)11 (Robert) Pullar12 (in) France13 malaria (is)14 iv15 vii16 i17 ii18 several billion years19 radio (waves/signals)20 1000(stars)21 YES22 YES23 NOT GIVEN24 NO25 NOT GIVEN26 NO27 plants28 (IN EITHER ORDER; BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK) breathing; reproduction29 gills30 dolphins31 NOT GIVEN32 FALSE33 TRUE34 3 measurements35 (triangular) graph36 cluster37 amphibious38 half way39 dry-land tortoises40 D。
剑桥雅思新阅读test
P a s s a g e 1 Question 1答案： ii关键词：people power exercise定位原文: A段第1句“In fact…”解题思路：“The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.”就是暗示人民成功地履行了权利;Question 2答案： vii关键词： increase travelling time定位原文: B段最后1句“However…”解题思路: 最后一句中的However是完成此题的关键;本段首句提到通勤时间在过去至少六百年中都维持不变,很有误导作用,但是接下来的However又引出...causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher, commuting 对应heading中的travelling;故正确答案是vii;Question 3答案： iv关键词：higher incomes not more cars定位原文: C段前两句“There is…”解题思路: 第2句的refutes that 表示否定了第1句的观点,因此只有iv符合;Question 4答案： i关键词: avoid overcrowded centre定位原文: D段最后1句“Instead…”解题思路: instead是一个转折连接词,后面的观点与前者刚好相反;上一句说 pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach,刚好证明我们应该避免造成一个过度拥挤的市中心;Question 5答案： iii关键词：working together定位原文: E段第3句“The explanation…”解题思路: 定位句强调了人们在相关的领域一起工作非常重要,iii对应这个自然段内容;Question 6答案： FALSE关键词：ISTP study定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“The study compared…”解题思路: 原文说的是thirty-seven cities around the worlds,与题干表述相互抵触;Question 7答案： TRUE关键词： efficient / improve the quality定位原文: 第2段最后1句“...these more efficient cities…”解题思路: “创造出更好的居住环境”就是“改善了居民的居住环境”;Question 8答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：inner-city/ tram network/ dangerous/ car drivers定位原文: 第3段第3句“Melbourne’s large…”解题思路: 谈到有轨电车系统使汽车的使用率降低了许多,但并未谈及私家车驾驶者;答案：FALSE关键词： Melbourne/ outer suburbs定位原文: 第3段最后1句“The explosion…”解题思路: as to =concerning 就……方面;关于;这句话正说明人们喜欢住在近郊而非远郊;Question 10答案： TRUE关键词： bicycle/ public transport定位原文: 第5段的唯一一句话“Bicycle use…”解题思路: averagely good与 reasonable but not special是同义表达;Question 11答案: F关键词：Perth定位原文: 第2段第1句和第4句解题思路: 第二段第一句说Perth有minimal public transport,即相当于题干中的limited public transport system,下面又说Perth之外的一些城市是more efficient cities,所以正确答案为F;Question 12答案： D关键词：Auckland定位原文: 第7段第2句解题思路: 提到 it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network,所以 Auckland 当然是hilly,既然“难以建立很好的轨道系统”,当然是不适合建这样的系统了;正确答案是D;Question 13关键词：Portland定位原文: A段的倒数第3句“The rail proposal…”解题思路: 轨道运行良好肯定是盈利的;正确答案是C;Passage2Question 14答案：B关键词：proportion/people over 65/age-related medical problems定位原文: 第2段第2句“...are troubling a smaller proportion…”解题思路: smaller 和falling 是隐晦的同义表达,B选项符合题意;Question 15答案：I关键词：speed定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“the rate at which these diseases…”解题思路: rate与speed是同义表达,可知正确答案是I;Question 16答案：F关键词：past定位原文: 第3段第2句“He says…”解题思路: 第3段中提到the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-oId in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75,第二段提到数据是1994年采集的,所以1982代表了the past,疾病由65岁推迟到70或者75 岁才发作,显然是later;Question 17关键词：due to developments定位原文: 第4段第1句“…certain diseases are beating…”解题思路: 第四段开头提到certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances,表明有些疾病是被医药进步打败的;advances和developments属于同义表达,medical和medicine是同源词;Question 18答案：J关键词：improved定位原文: 第4段第2、3句“…there may be other contributing factors. Improvements…”解题思路: 这个题找到定位句,没有什么难度,选择J;Question 19答案：N关键词：other illnesses定位原文: 第5段第2、3句“… poorer air quality/ worse and worse pollution…”解题思路: 第五段提到An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality...和....been exposed to worse and worse pollution, changes in personal habits与changing smoking habits相对应;所以原文提供的另一因素poorer air quality就是与答案相关的内容;正确答案是N;Question 20答案： K关键词：link/life expectancy定位原文: 第6段第1句“One interesting…”解题思路: 第6段第1句中的correlation和live longer分别对应题干中的link和life expectancy,所以原文的better-educated就是答案的原形,被选项中只有K项的education与此相符;正确答案是K;Question 21关键词：considerable /reduction定位原文: 第7段第3句“That represents…”解题思路: considerable与significant、reduction与 drop分别为近义词,再根据第七段中a significant drop in the number of disabled old people,答案应为disabled;正确答案是G;Question 22答案：A关键词：less/predicted定位原文: 第7段最后一句“… less of a financial burden…”解题思路: predicted与expected为同义表达,只需找 financial burden的同义表达就可以;正确答案是A;Question 23答案：G关键词：home medical aids定位原文: 第8段第1句“The increasing…”解题思路: 许多老年人自理能力的增强可能与简易家庭医疗辅助用品的广泛使用有关;题干是将这句话反过来问简易家庭医疗辅助用品有什么作用,self-reliance与independent表达同样含义,所以选G;Question 24答案： E关键词：regular amounts of exercise定位原文: 第9段第1句“…daily physical activity…”解题思路: exercise 与physical activity 属于同义表达,regular与daily 属于同义表达,所以选E;Question 25答案：H关键词：feelings of control over life定位原文: 第10段倒数第2句“…felt in control of their lives…”解题思路: 根据第10段中 challenging activities和 those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormone, challenging activities 与 difficult situations 属于同义表达,lower levels of stress hormones自然压力就小;正确答案是H;Question 26答案：C关键词： feelings of loneliness定位原文: 第11段第2句“…emotionally isolated…”解题思路: feelings of loneliness 与emotionally isolated 属于同义表达,所以选C;Passage3Question 27答案: B关键词：developed/system of numbering定位原文: 第2段倒数第2句“As they began to settle…”解题思路: sophisticated和number system分别与题干 developed和system of numbering属于同义表达,因此只要找出与grow plants and herd animals的同义表达项就可以,显然farming可以代替;因此正确答案为B;Question 28答案： E关键词：hand signal定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”解题思路: 定位句之前所举的具体例子中表示数字的词有限,即题干E表达的the range of number words was restricted,gestures又与hand signal互为近义词;所以正确答案是E;Question 29答案： A关键词： seventh-century Europe / count to a certain number定位原文: 第4段中最后两句“The average person…”解题思路: count to nine与count to a certain number属于同义表达,a witness in a court of law与题干A 的fulfill a civic role属于同义表达;正确答案是A;Question 30答案： C关键词： concept/ physical objects定位原文: 第5段第1句“Perhaps…”;最后一句“...from there, to arithmetic”解题思路: 题干中 concepts 和 physical objects 分别与 abstract idea 和 particular objects互为近义词;正确答案是C;Question 31答案： G关键词： class of item定位原文: 第6段第1、2句“Traces of…”解题思路: 根据第6段开头the very first stages和第二句中the class of the item得出正确答案是G;Question 32答案：TRUE关键词：the earliest tribes定位原文: 第2段第3句“...their considerations would have…”解题思路: 他们会更多地考虑“够了吗”而不是“有多少 Sufficiency与 quantity 分别和Is this enough 与How many为同义转换关系;Question 33答案：FALSE关键词：Tasmanians定位原文: 第3段第2句“The indigenous peoples…”解题思路: 只有三个词而不是四个;Question 34答案： TRUE关键词：peoples with simple number systems定位原文: 第3段第3句“But in real situations…”解题思路: accompanied by gesture to help resolve any confusion 与题干use body language to prevent…属于同义表达;Question 35答案： FALSE关键词：large numbers定位原文: 第4段第1句“The lack of…”解题思路: 一些文化缺少处理较大数字的能力,这并不令人惊讶; 这个意思与题干全然想矛盾;Question 36答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：Anglo-Saxon定位原文: 第4段第4句“ By the seventh…”解题思路: 到公元7世纪,“teon”一词变得可以与盎格鲁一撒克逊语中的词语文中对应点“tachund”或“hund”相互交换,因此100可表示为“hund teontig”或者“十乘十”;并没有提到“千”;Question 37答案：TRUE关键词：seventh-century Europe定位原文: 第4段最后两句“The average person…”解题思路: 数到9就可以作证人,足见计数能力之差;Question 38答案：FALSE关键词：Tsimshian language定位原文: 第6段第2句“The numeration…”解题思路: 题干意思与原文相驳斥;这个题比较容易判断;Question 39答案：TRUE关键词: Tsimshian language定位原文: 第6段倒数第2句“It seems that…”解题思路: 看起来最后一组词语是后来发展的,而前六组则带有古代计数方法的痕迹;所以题目说的有新旧两套计数系统是正确的;Question 40答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：early peoples / fingers / pebbles定位原文: 第7段第2句“Counting is not directly…”解题思路: 计算与数字概念的形成并非直接相关,因为我们完全有可能将被计数的物品用一堆石子、一把谷粒或者计数者的手指代替来进行计算;没有提到二者简易度的比较;。
剑桥雅思阅读解析test
Test1Question 1答案：FALSE关键词：media定位原文：第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”解题思路：这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注;并做了广泛报道..Question 2答案：FALSE关键词：children/classroom定位原文：第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media..”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的..解题思路：这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点;而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识..Question 3答案：TRUE关键词：pure/ mistaken定位原文：第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’; curriculum science.”解题思路：这句话是题干的同义替换;学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”..Question 4答案：TRUE关键词：framework/easier定位原文：第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted;but organized; conceptual framework; making it and the component ideas; some of which are erroneous; more robust but also accessible to modification.”解题思路：解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换..Question 5答案：FALSE关键词：yes/no定位原文：第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.”解题思路：Open-form指简答题;与yes/no直接矛盾..Question 6答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：more likely than定位原文：第5段第4句“More girls 70% than boys 60% raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitats.”第6段第1句“Similarly; but at a lower level; more girls 13% than boys 5% said that rainforests provided human habitats.”解题思路：虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较;但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点;所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系..Question 7答案： TRUE关键词：follow on from定位原文：第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”解题思路：“previous”一词是先前的意思;证明在此研究之前;人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究;因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的..Question 8答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：primary/second解题思路：文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续;所以此题属于无中生有..Question 9答案：M关键词：where/ rainforests定位原文：第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa given by 43% of children; South America 30%; Brazil 25%.”解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为M..Question 10答案：E关键词：importance/rainforests定位原文：第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive.解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为E..Question 11答案：G关键词：reason/loss定位原文：第7段第2句“...more than half of thepupils59%identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests;...”解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为G..Question 12答案：P关键词：important/protected定位原文：第5段第2句“The dominant idea; raised by 64% of the pupils; was that rainforests provide animals with habitats.”解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为P..Question 13答案：J关键词：uncommon/issue定位原文：第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of thepupils6%mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue.”解题思路：根据对应句信息可选出答案为J..Question 14答案：B关键词：title定位原文：无解题思路：从文章第二段开始;一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解;因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上;故要选择一个带有孩子的标题..Question 15答案：taste buds关键词：taste定位原文：第1段第5句“Similarly; although at least some cetaceans have taste buds; the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是taste buds..Question 16答案：baleen whales关键词：stereoscopic vision定位原文：第3段第3句“However;the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是baleen whales..Question 17答案：forward downward IN EITHER ORDER关键词：Dolphins; porpoises定位原文：第4段第1句“On the other hand; the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是forward和downward..Question 18答案：the freshwater dolphins关键词：forward and upward定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins; which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding; suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward.”解题思路：根据关键词定位;可知答案为freshwater dolphins..Question 19答案：the water关键词：bottlenose dolphin定位原文：第4段第3句“By comparison; the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish; it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well.”解题思路：题干中的exceptional和文中的extremely是同义替换;所以根据定位句答案应该为water..Question 20答案：the lower frequencies关键词：most large baleen定位原文：第6段第3句“Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是the lower frequencies..Question 21答案：bowhead humpback IN EITHER ORDER关键词：song-like定位原文：第6段第4句“Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex; haunting utterances of the humpback whales.”解题思路：根据song-like定位到该句话;可知答案为bowhead和humpback..Question 22答案：touch/sense of touch关键词：mating定位原文：第2段第3句“This contact may help to maintain order within a group; and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species.”解题思路：这里的mating和文中的courtship ritual是同义替换;所以答案应为touch或者sense of touch..Question 23答案：freshwater dolphins关键词：upside down/eating定位原文：第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins; which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding...”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是freshwater dolphins..Question 24答案：airborne flying fish关键词：follow/under the water定位原文：第4段第3句“By comparison; the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish; it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well.”解题思路：题目中的“follow”和文中的“tracks”是同义替换;根据定位句信息;可知答案是airborne flying fish..Question 25答案：clear waters/clear open waters关键词：habitat/good visual ability定位原文：第5段第句“For example; vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是clear open waters..Question 26答案：the acoustic sense关键词：best/cetaceans定位原文：第6段第1句“Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated; and vision in water appears to be uncertain; such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense.”解题思路：根据定位句信息;可知答案是acoustic sense..Question 27答案：C关键词：first paragraph定位原文：第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies; it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space.”解题思路：根据定位句可知;说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用..故正确答案为C..Question 28答案：C关键词：surprised/blind woman定位原文：第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion; she traced a curve inside the circle Fig.1. I was taken aback. Lines of motion; such as the one she used; are a very recent invention in the history of illustration.”解题思路：这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅..故正确答案为C选项..Question 29答案：A关键词：Part1/ blind subjects定位原文：第5段第4句“Evidently; however; the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion;but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.”解题思路：从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects”可以得出A选项正确..这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好;所以D选项是不对的..Question 30答案：E关键词：无定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on...”解题思路：这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车;所以正确答案为E..Question 31答案：C关键词：无定位原文：Part1第4段最后一句“...and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.”解题思路：这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动;故正确答案为C..Question 32答案：A关键词：无定位原文：Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”解题思路：这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动;故正确答案为A..Question 33答案：pairs关键词：Part2/a set of word定位原文：Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted subjects...”解题思路：此空要求填一个名词;而词库中只有associations; pairs; shapes; words四个词是名词;从意思上判断;words和shapes显然不太合适;最后只能填pairs..Question 34答案：shapes关键词：abstract定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus; we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”解题思路：Abstract是形容词;空里要求填个名词..从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes..Question 35答案：sighted关键词：circle/soft/hard/square定位原文：Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square hard.”解题思路：虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词;但是根据上一整段的内容推测;此处的subjects指得是sighted subjects.Question 36答案：sighted关键词：51%定位原文：Part2第3段第4句..And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.See Fig.2.解题思路：这题依然没有出现sighted这个词;但是同上题;根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects..Question 37答案：deep关键词：51%定位原文：Part2第3段第4句..And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square.See Fig.2.解题思路：根据定位句可知;这里填的词应该是deep..Question 38答案：blind关键词：repeated/volunteers定位原文：Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list; we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects.”解题思路：这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers;故正确答案为blind..Question 39答案：smilar关键词：choices定位原文：Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus; assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle.”解题思路：“Consensus”是共识的意思;从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见..Question 40答案：B关键词：conlusion定位原文：Part2第3段最后一句“Thus; we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.”解题思路：这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换;意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的..。
剑桥雅思Test阅读解析
剑桥雅思11Test3阅读解析Passage 1Question 1答案： tea关键词： 3000 BC; cocoon; fell into; emperor's wife定位原文: 第1段第5句“It just so happened that... ” 这些蚕茧中的一粒掉进了热茶中并开始松散成为一根细丝..解题思路: “3000BC”和“皇帝的妻子”都很好定位;在第一段的第二句中便可看到;但却偏偏没有“掉进”这个信息;直到读者看到第五句中的landed in这个同义表述才能恍然大悟;答案为tea..附解析Question 2答案： reel关键词： emperor's wife; invented; pull out silk fibres定位原文：第1段第8句“She also devised a special reel to draw... ”她还设计发明了一种特殊的卷轴来将蚕茧中的纤维纺成丝线..解题思路：此题的定位距离上一道题不远;仍是皇帝妻子所做的事..题干说“皇帝的妻子发明了一个 _____ 来拽出丝绸纤维”;读者只需回到原文找到devised这个对invented进行同义表述的单词;即不难发现答案为reel..Question 3答案： women关键词： only; allowed to produce定位原文：第2段第1句“Originally; silkworm farming …” 起初;桑蚕业完全是只由女性来进行的;她们要负责种植、收获和纺织..解题思路：此题基本是考査考生对于solely表示only这个意思的认知..题干说“只有被允许生产丝绸”;根据语法还可推知此空格内需填写名词的复数形式..定位到原文的solely restricted to即可得到答案women..Question 4答案： royalty关键词： only; allowed to wear对应原文：第2段第2句“Silk quickly grew into a symbol of status; and originally; only …” 成为社会地位的象征;起先只有皇室才能穿..解题思路：此题结构与上一题极其相似;题干说“只有______被允许穿着丝绸”..这次题千里的only一词倒是原词重现在文中;不过却考査考生是否认识be entitled to与be allowed to的同义替换;或者考生也可通过题干中wear与文中clothes的对应确定答案为royalty..Question 5答案： currency关键词： used; a form of; farmers' taxes定位原文：第2段第4、5句“Sometime during …” 到汉朝的某个时段;珍贵到被当做一种货币..解题思路：此题的题干本身给出信息不多;“丝绸被用作一种形式的______”;考生也可能并不熟悉a unit of与a form of的同义替换..但好在下一句的例子提到了更多细节：例如;农民交税的一部分就是丝绸..利用“农民交税”这个信息可以更顺利地进行定位;答案为currency货币..附解析Question 6答案: paper关键词: 168AD;made from定位原文: 第2段最后1句“The earliest indication of … ”人类最早使用丝质纸的证据发现于一位贵族的墓中..解题思路：此题中最明显的定位词非168AD莫属..题干说“大约在公元168年发现了用丝绸制作的的证据”;因此考生需要在定位句中寻找某种以丝绸为材质的物品..对比原文indication此处意即证据 of silk paper可知答案为paper..Question 7答案： wool关键词： Silk Road; westward; precious metals定位原文：第3段第1句“Demand for this exotic fabric eventu ally …” 最终催生了“丝绸之路”的贸易路线;且向西输送丝绸而向东则运来金、银和毛料..解题思路：此题题干说“商人们利用丝绸之路向西运送丝绸并运______回来和贵重金属”..定位十分容易;对比原文可知precious metal 即文中的gold 和silver;于是答案为另外的物品wool..Question 8答案: monks关键词: hide; canes; Constantinople定位原文: 第4段前第3句“According to another lege nd; monks…” 根据另一个传说版本;是为拜占庭皇帝工作的和尚们走私偷运了蚕卵..解题思路: 此题依然可以利用题干中的数字和大写轻松定位..题干说“在公元550年;_____把蚕卵藏在手杖里带到了君士坦丁堡”;可以推知此题答案必然身份为人;不过考生需分辨清楚发出smuggled 走私这个动作的人是一些为拜占庭皇帝工作的僧侣而非在句子中离smuggled这个动词更近的皇帝本人;答案为monks..原文+题目+解析Question 9答案: nylon关键词: 20th century; manmade fibres; decline定位原文: 第5段的第3句..“Then in the twentieth century; new ……” 接下来在20世纪里;新型人造纤维材料;例如尼龙;开始应用在传统上一直使用丝绸的产品中;例如长筒袜和降落伞..解题思路：此题的定位需先找到“20世纪”这一信息..题干说“ _____和其他人造纤维材料造成了丝绸生产的衰落”;可以推知答案必然为某种具体的人造纤维材料..対比原文只有一种具体人造材料被提及;答案为nylon..Question 10答案: False关键词： Gold; most valuable material; Silk Road定位原文：第3段第2句“It was named the Silk Road after... ” 之所以命名为丝绸之路;是因为运输了最贵重的商品;比黄金价值更高的“丝绸”..解题思路: 原文意思不难理解;丝绸之路之所以名为“丝绸”之路;是以其最有价值的货品即丝绸来命名的;还有定语从句进一步澄清“丝绸被认为比黄金价值更高”;与题干信息相悖..Question 11答案: True关键词: Most tradesmen; certain sections of the Silk Road 定位原文: 第3段最后一句“Few merchants travelled …” 基本没有商人走完全程;货物传递都靠很多中间人..解题思路: 只需认识merchants这个可以用来替换tradesmen的词汇即可顺利定位;而原文内容说很少有商人会走完整条路线;分号后更是换了种方式再表达一遍：商品大多是由一系列中间经手入来传递交接的;与题干内容一致..Question 12答案： False关键词： Byzantines; spread; across the West定位原文：第4段第4句“The Byzantines were as secretive…”解题思路：文章中说“拜占庭人和中国人一样守秘不宣;在很多个世纪里丝绸料子的纺织和贸易都受到帝国严格的把控垄断”;也就是说拜占庭人并没有积极地把丝绸生产的做法传播出去;而是保守了秘密;与题干信息相反..注意：本段第二句中曾经提及;丝绸制作的秘密确实是经由拜占庭帝国而传播到世界上其他国家去的;但这句表述并不能等同于题干中的“拜占庭人将丝绸生产的做法传遍西方”;因为后者是在说他们出于主动的意愿去传播这种方法;而前者则是陈述事实：无论如何;最终丝绸的生产方法确实是经由拜占庭传播到各地的..二者不能混为一谈..Question 13答案： Not Given关键词： Silk yarn; majority; exported from China定位原文：第5段最后两句“However; in more recent decades; Chi na…”解题思路：原文只说中国在近几十年成为世界最大的生丝和丝线的生产者和出口国;其产量几乎占全球丝绸产量的三分之二;并没有明确提及在这些产品的构成中;丝线是否占到大多数..Test 3 Passage 2Question 14答案: False关键词: local gulls; arctic terns; food定位原文: 第2段前两句“An arctic tern; on its 20;000 km flight…”解题思路: local gulls 会为了herring 这样的 handouts 而voraciously 俯冲下来;然而arctic tern却会继续飞行;显然二者在面对食物时表现得并不一样..不考虑有可能很不多不认识的单词;但看while这个提示词又明确强化了是不一样的;与题干信息相悖..Question 15答案: True关键词: expert's definitions; vary; area of study定位原文: 第3段第1句“But migration is a complex…”迁徙是个复杂的问题;生物学家依据研究的动物不同对定义也各不相同..解题思路: 只需按照“专家的定义”找到原文中的相应描述即可;答案与题目“专家们对于迁徙的定义往往会根据他们的研究领域而各有不同”为同义表达..Question 16答案： Not Given关键词： very few experts agree; movement of aphids定位原文：第4段前两句“But daily vertical movements by…”解题思路: 本题具有一定的迷惑性..“蚜虫移动”这个信息不难定位;原文也以事实陈述的口吻指出：浮游生物和蚜虫的移动确实可以被视为某种形式的迁徙..但此题是一道典型的“将事实与观点相混淆”思路的判断题;题干说“基本没有什么专家认同这个看法”;是明确的“专家观点表达”;与原文的“事实陈述”既不能说是矛盾;也不能说是一致;而是Not Given..Question 17答案： True关键词： aphids' journeys; affected; changes in the light 定位原文：第5段第3句“...; ap hids will become sensitive to blue light from the sky when it's time for takeoff on their big journey…” 对蓝光和黄光敏感…….解题思路：可能未必认识aphids 蚜虫这个单词;但它在文中作为昆虫名并没有被替换..阅读定位句可知;这种生物确实会在不同的情况下分别对蓝光和黄光更加敏感;也就是“会受到光色变化的影响”;答案为True..点击下载剑桥雅思阅读真题4-11完整电子版Question 18答案: False关键词： Dingle's aim; distinguish定位原文：第5段最后一句“The value of his definition; Dingle…”解题思路: 由于有Dingle这个大写人名;本题定位不难..Dingle的目的在于找到迁徙行为的共性;与题干所表述的“目标在于区分不同物种迁徙行为之间的差异”是两个不同的意思..Question 19答案: G关键词： Dingle; migratory routes; likely定位原文：第1段的第4、5句“The biologist Hugh Dingle has identified five…”解题思路：题干说“按照Dingle的说法;迁徙的路线往住会______” 回到原文中Dingle这个人名不难找到;route 路线这个意思却是通过linear和 zigzaggy这两个用以描述“路线”是平直还是曲折的形容词来间接表达的;需要考生认识其中至少一个才能更准确定位..而一旦定位之后确定答案则很容易;为G项：follow a straight line 沿着一条直线..Question 20答案： C关键词： prepare for; likely to定位原文：第1段第5句“…; they involve special behaviours concerning preparation…”解题思路：题干说“为了给迁徙做准各;动物们往往会_____”..prepare这个题干中的定位信息在原文中仅仅改了词性;变成了名词preparation;很容易被找到;而括号里对于“做准备”的举例说明overfeeding也不是困难的词汇;可以轻松得出答案为C: eat more than they need for immediate purposes 吃得比它们当下立刻就需要的要多..Question 21答案： A关键词： during migration; unlikely to定位原文：第1段最后一句“And one more: migrating…”解题思路：题干说“在迁徙过程中;动物们一般不会______”;此题比较有迷惑性;原因在于原文中给出了两个否定性信息：undistracted by temptations 和 undeterred by challenges that would turn other animals aside;分别对应于选项E和选项A..注意：选项E和A所描述内容的方向是相反的..根据题干中的unlikely;可得出答案为A: be discouraged by difficulties;即“不会被困难阻挡”;如果选E的话;则与文意相反..Question 22答案： E关键词： Arctic terns; illustrate; ability定位原文：第2段前四句“An arctic tern; on its 20;000 km flight from …”解题思路: 题干说“北极燕鸥证明了迁徙中的动物的______能力”..Arctic ton不难定位;但考生需要具备耐心;在第一次找到定位词的句子里没有提供相关解题信息的时候继续向下阅读原文;直到看至第四句时能得出完整信息;答案为E: ignore distractions 忽视那些分散注意力的因素..Question 23答案： speed关键词： pronghorns; rely on; eyesight; predators定位原文：第6段倒数第3句“Pronghorn; dependent on distance vision…”解题思路： pronghorn这个词在文中出现在了两个部位..第一次是在第三段中;只是在介绍Joel Berger 的研究领域时被简短地一带而过;没有展开;第二次则是在文章的后两段中密集出现;此时才是真正说到了其迁徙行为的细节内容;是此部分summary题型对应的正文部分..题干说“叉角羚依赖它们的视力和_____来躲避捕食者”..対比原文中与vision 形成并列关系的内容;可得答案为speed..Question 24答案: plains关键词: summer habitat; national park; winter home定位原文: 第6段第3、4句“One population; which spends the summer in the mountainous…”解题思路：题干说“某个特定种群叉角羚的夏季栖息地是一个国家公园;而它们的冬季家园则位于_____”..“夏季”和“国家公园”这两个信息都不难在文中找到;但包含这两个信息的句子里提供的地点“平原”却不容易被确定为答案;原因在于本句中并没有明确提及“冬季”这个信息..考生需要耐心向下再阅读一句;找到“冬季”的同义替换frozen months;从而用here这个地点指代词来确认;答案为plains..Question 25答案： bottlenecks关键词： route; three定位原文：第6段第5句“These pronghorn are notable for…”解题思路：题干说“它们在这两个区域之间的迁徙路线包含三个_____”..其实只需找到文中明确提及“三”这个数目的所指对象即可;答案为bottlenecks..Question 26答案： corridor关键词：problem; construction of new homes; narrow定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“At one of the bottlenecks; forested hills…”解题思路：题干说“问题之一来自叉角羚迁徙路线上一条狭长_____上的新建房屋”..本题的难度来自于使用了narrow来同义替换“只有150米宽”这一具体的细节信息;可能会给定位造成一定障碍..而一旦成功定位即可得出答条为corridor..Test 3 Passage 3Question 27答案：D关键词：assume; lack of mathematical knowledge定位原文：D段第1句“Other scientists have written books to…”解题思路：题目：a reference to books that assume a lack of mathematical knowledge; 译文：提到了这样一些书;它们都设定其内容缺失数学专业知识..books所进行的assume是针对书的读者而言;也就是说;它们假设的是“读者并不具有或者说缺乏特别深厚的数学知识”;但在英语地道表达中此句并不需要出现readers这个单词;需要考生自行领会..回到原文中;have necessarily had to omit这个表达也清楚地表明这类书籍是“出于必要、不得不省略了”数学相关内容..也就是说;这些书并不是故意对数学专业知识避而不谈;而是考虑到了读者群的具体情况而刻意避免了深入艰涩的数学内容..Question 28：答案：B关键词：not a typical book定位原文： B部分第2段第1句“In that respect; this book differs from…”解题思路：题目：the way in which this is not a typical book about mathematics;译文：本书在何种意义上并非一本典型的数学题材相关书籍..此题相対来说比较容易;只需考生看出not a typical book 与 differs from most books 的简单同义替换..Question 29：答案：G关键词：personal examples; helped by定位原文：G部分解题思路：题目：personal examples of being helped by mathematics;译文：得到数学助益的个人案例..此题从理解题干或原文的角度来看都并不困难;文章中医生和律师的个人案例无论读懂哪一个都足以帮助解题..但如果考生仅仅只着眼于在文章中寻找某个关键词的同义替换;则无论 personal; example 还是help 都无法找到;反而会遭遇困难..Question 30：答案：C关键词：examples of people; abilities; incompatible定位原文： C段最后一句“To illustrate our human potential; I…”解题思路：题目：examples of people who each had abilities that seemed incompatible; 译文：举例同时具有的各种能力看起来似乎并不协调的人物例子..需灵活理解题干中的incompatible一词;未必一定是“不可兼容的”;也可以泛指“似乎有矛盾、不一致”这样的状态..言下之意;一个人可以既具备这类能力;又同时具有另外一类不同的能力;而看似这两种能力好像不应该同时出现在一个人的身上..原文中列举了四人;每个人都在两个截然不同的领域中有所建树;正是为了表达这样的意思..Question 31：答案：B关键词：different focuses定位原文：B 部分第2段后3句“Some present the lives …”解题思路：题目：mention of different focuses of books about mathematics;译文：提到了不同的数学类书籍的不同关注点..此题从理解题干意思到理解原文意思都不困难..题干属于总结阐述型;而原文则给出细节;具体列举有哪几类着眼点各自不同的数学类书籍..Question 32：答案：E关键词：contrast; other kinds of publication定位原文：E段第3句“You will turn…”解题思路：题目：a contrast between reading this book and reading other kinds of publication; 译文：比较阅读此书和阅读其他出版物的不同体验..此题最容易的入手点在于“其他出版物”这个信息;文中的novel和newspaper都能与此构成对应;只需按部就班读到此处信息即可..Question 33：答案：A关键词：whole of the book; accessible to everybody定位原文： A部分第1段最后一句和第2段第2句“Anyone can understand …”“Thus all readers…”解题思路：题目：a claim that the whole of the book is accessible to everybody; 译文：声称这本书的所有部分都能让每个人看懂..此题相対比较简单;A部分中无论是看到第一段还是第二段的相关内容;都可比较顺利地得出答案..Question 34：答案：F关键词：different categories; intended readers定位原文：F部分第1段“As I wrote; I kept…”解题思路：题目：a reference to different categories of intended readers of this book; 译文：提到这本书的目标读者群的不同类别..本题没有什么难度;定位后可以比较轻松地解题..Question 35：答案： beginner关键词：both music and mathematics; suitable定位原文：A部分第1段第1、2句“Occasionally; in some difficult musical…”解题思路：题干说“音乐和数学中都有某些领域是适合于这样的人的”..根据语法可以推知此处应该寻找某种“人”;回到原文中可以迅速、轻松定位“音乐”这个信息;根据So it is...as well的信息也可认定此处确实是音乐与数学并列被提及的答案出处;再通过阅读定位句可得答案为beginner..Question 36：答案： arithmetic关键词：understand advanced mathematics; limited knowledge 定位原文：A部分第1段第3、4句“There are some discoveries… ”解题思路：题干说“有时候要理解高等数学也只不过需要使用关于_____的一点有限知识就足够了”..考生可以轻松用advanced mathematics回到原文中定位;也不必在看到可能不熟悉的algebra geometry; or trigonometry 担心;根据本句上下文看出它们都是“高等数学”的具体举例内容即可..下一句则以instead和a little 来表明此处列举的内容“并不高深”;对比题干要求可知答案为arithmetic..Question 37：答案： intuitive关键词：as well as; analytical skills定位原文：A部分第2段最后一句“Thus all readers will…” 或C段第一句“I hope this book…”解题思路：题干说“作者意在展示数学除了需要分析技巧外也需要_____思维”..其实在文中两处都可找到答案..第一次是在A部分;虽然没有analytical这个定位词;但有logical这个类似信息;按部就班通读全文完全可以通过此句中的yet对比关系确定答案为intuitive;但如果更倾向于利用关键词analytical skills和as well as这个并列关系来寻找答案的话;更容易的定位出现在C段中;可以直接找到analytical原词;再利用and并列关系可以确定答案为intuitive..Question 38：答案： scientists关键词：leave out; central to their theories定位原文：D段第1句“Other scientists have written…”解题思路：题干说“一些由_____写出来的书不得不省略一些对于他们的理论来说至关重要的数学知识”..细读题干可以推知空格内必然是作者、人;此处考査考生是否认识原文中omit一词为leave out词组的同义替换;如果有此词汇基础则可比较轻松地得出答案为 scientists..Question 39：答案： experiments关键词：perform; while reading定位原文：E段最后两句“You will turn these pages…”解题思路：题干说“作者建议非数学专业出身的读者们在阅读此书时进行_____”..考生应该不难看出原文中 turn these pages 与题干中while reading 的同义替换;只是在确定具体答案的时候需要仔细辨别;因为句中给出了两个并列信息;分别是 check claims 和 carry outexperiments.. 经过对比可知;只有carry out才能与perform对应;因此答案为experiments..Question 40：答案： theorems关键词：lawyer; helped; even more than; other areas定位原文：G部分第2段第2句“I attribute much of my success there…”解题思路：题干说“一个律师发现在其学习法律的过程中学习_____甚至比其他数学领域知识更有帮助”..根据此信息可以得知空格内必定需要填写某个具体的数学领域..利用lawyer可以轻松定位;仔细阅读定位部分可以知道;只有in particular这个词组之后的内容才有可能是具体数学领域知识;由此得出答案为theorems..。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingle s, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child lab our, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.'However, in ants there is no cultural transmission -everything must be encoded in the genes -whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. They therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might ac t as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilize the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 8 62 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence -the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplishedby humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be compose d of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4, 500 interconnected nests a cross a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric ma n looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind? Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programmed of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odor clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance ' message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.' Question 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1. Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2. City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3. Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4. Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5. In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.6. The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Question 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a largenumber of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 …………into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8………… as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9………… Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 …………species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the forming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 …………methods, they do not affect the 12………… and do not waste 13 ………… .You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Population movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New World. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place？In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G-found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty- year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusions ？Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima- Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Y ucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo- Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.Question 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-GChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, into boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14Section A15Section A16Section A17Section A18Section A19Section AThe discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map below. Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestion 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modem native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.26. Christy Turner's research involved the examination ofA. teeth from both prehistoric and modem Americans and Asians.B. thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C. dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D. the eating habits of American and Asian populations.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them.European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countriestherefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoraltheses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Question 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33. The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Question 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.35Resolution 236Resolution 337Resolution 438Resolution 539Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A. The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB. Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC. The priority of European research into ecosystemsD. Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 FALSE6 NOT GIVEN7 C8 M9 F10 D11 N12 O13 E14 iv15 vii16 x17 i18 vi19 ii20 E21 D22 C23 B24 A25 A26 A27 NOT GIVEN28 FALSE29 TRUE30 FALSE31 FALSE32 FALSE33 TRUE34 J35 A36 E37 B38 G39 D40 B。
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 1(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 1（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S PLAYBrick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.'Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.'Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,' he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 'earlier is better' which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies concerned with children's right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.'The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable - but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.' Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child's later life.Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.'A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes -it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.'In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliarset-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.' If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.'Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.' Children wrote longer and better structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.'Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.'* Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that can be joined together Questions 1-8Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the information,NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 Children with good self-control are known to be likely to do well at school later on.10 The way a child plays may provide information about possible medical problems.11 Playing with dolls was found to benefit girls' writing more than boys' writing.12 Children had problems thinking up ideas when they first created the story with Lego.13 People nowadays regard children's play as less significant than they did in the past.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The growth of bike-sharing schemes around the worldHow Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to devise urban bike-sharing schemesA The original idea for an urban bike-sharing scheme dates back to a summer's day in Amsterdam in 1965. Provo, the organisation that came up with the idea, was a group of Dutch activists who wanted to change society. They believed the scheme, which was known as the Witte Fietsenplan, was an answer to the perceived threats of air pollution and consumerism. In the centre of Amsterdam, they painted a small number of used bikes white. They also distributed leaflets describing the dangers of cars and inviting people to use the white bikes. The bikes were then left unlocked at various locations around the city, to be used by anyone in need of transport.B Luud Schimmelpennink, a Dutch industrial engineer who still lives and cycles in Amsterdam, was heavily involved in the original scheme. He recalls how the scheme succeeded in attracting a great deal of attention - particularly when it came to publicising Provo's aims - but struggled to get off the ground. The police were opposed to Provo's initiatives and almost as soon as the white bikes were distributed around the city, they removed them. However, for Schimmelpennink and for bike-sharing schemes in general, this was just the beginning. 'The first Witte Fietsenplan was just a symbolic thing,' he says. 'We painted a few bikes white, that was all. Things got more serious when I became a member of the Amsterdam city council two years later.'C Schimmelpennink seized this opportunity to present a more elaborate Witte Fietsenplan to the city council. 'My idea was that the municipality of Amsterdam would distribute 10,000 white bikes over the city, for everyone to use,' he explains.' I made serious calculations. It turned out that a white bicycle -per person, per kilometre -would cost the municipality only 10% of what it contributed to public transport per person per kilometre.' Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected the plan. 'They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They saw a glorious future for the car,' says Schimmelpennink. But he was not in the least discouraged.D Schimmelpennink never stopped believing in bike-sharing, and in the mid-90s, two Danes asked for his help to set up a system in Copenhagen. The result was the world's first large-scale bike-share programme. It worked on a deposit: 'You dropped a coin in the bike and when you returned it, you got your money back.' After setting up the Danish system, Schimmelpennink decided to try his luck again in the Netherlands -and this time he succeeded in arousing the interest of the Dutch Ministry of Transport. 'Times had changed,' he recalls. 'People had become more environmentally conscious, and the Danish experiment had proved that bike-sharing was areal possibility.' A new Witte Fietsenplan was launched in 1999 in Amsterdam. However, riding a white bike was no longer free; it cost one guilder per trip and payment was made with a chip card developed by the Dutch bank Postbank. Schimmelpennink designed conspicuous, sturdy white bikes locked in special racks which could be opened with the chip card - the plan started with 250 bikes, distributed over five stations.E Theo Molenaar, who was a system designer for the project, worked alongside Schimmelpennink. 'I remember when we were testing the bike racks, he announced that he had already designed better ones. But of course, we had to go through with the ones we had.' The system, however, was prone to vandalism and theft. 'After every weekend there would always be a couple of bikes missing,' Molenaar says. 'I really have no idea what people did with them, because they could instantly be recognised as white bikes.' But the biggest blow came when Postbank decided to abolish the chip card, because it wasn't profitable. 'That chip card was pivotal to the system,' Molenaar says. 'To continue the project we would have needed to set up another system, but the business partner had lost interest.'F Schimmelpennink was disappointed, but - characteristically - not for long. In 2002 he got a call from the French advertising corporation JC Decaux, who wanted to set up his bike-sharing scheme in Vienna. 'That went really well. After Vienna, they set up a system in Lyon. Then in 2007, Paris followed. That was a decisive moment in the history of bike-sharing.' The huge and unexpected success of the Parisian bike-sharing programme, which now boasts more than 20,000 bicycles, inspired cities all over the world to set up their own schemes, all modelled on Schimmelpennink's. 'It's wonderful that this happened,' he says. 'But financially I didn't really benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent.'G In Amsterdam today 38% of all trips are made by bike and, along with Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two most cycle-friendly capitals in the world -but the city never got another Witte Fietsenplan. Molenaar believes this may be because everybody in Amsterdam already has a bike. Schimmelpennink, however, cannot see that this changes Amsterdam's need for a bike-sharing scheme. 'People who travel on the underground don't carry their bikes around. But often they need additional transport to reach their final destination.' Although he thinks it is strange that a city like Amsterdam does not have a successful bike-sharing scheme, he is optimistic about the future. 'In the '60s we didn't stand a chance because people were prepared to give their lives to keep cars in the city. But that mentality has totally changed. Today everybody longs for cities that are not dominated by cars.'Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a description of how people misused a bike-sharing scheme15 an explanation of why a proposed bike-sharing scheme was turned down16 a reference to a person being unable to profit from their work17 an explanation of the potential savings a bike-sharing scheme would bring18 a reference to the problems a bike-sharing scheme was intended to solveQuestions 19 and 20Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 19 and 20 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about the Amsterdam bike-sharing scheme of 1999?A It was initially opposed by a government department.B It failed when a partner in the scheme withdrew support.C It aimed to be more successful than the Copenhagen scheme.D It was made possible by a change in people's attitudes.E It attracted interest from a range of bike designers.Questions 21 and 22Choose TWO letters, A-E.Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.Which TWO of the following statements are made in the text about Amsterdam today?A The majority of residents would like to prevent all cars from entering the city.B There is little likelihood of the city having another bike-sharing scheme.C More trips in the city are made by bike than by any other form of transport.D A bike-sharing scheme would benefit residents who use public transport.E The city has a reputation as a place that welcomes cyclists.Questions 23-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.The first urban bike-sharing schemeThe first bike-sharing scheme was the idea of the Dutch group Provo. The people who belonged to this group were 23 ________ . They were concerned about damage to the environment and about 24 ________, and believed that the bike-sharing scheme would draw attention to these issues. As well as painting some bikes white, they handed out 25 ________ that condemned the use of cars.However, the scheme was not a great success: almost as quickly as Provo left the bikes around the city, the 26 ________ took them away. According to Schimmelpennink, the scheme was intended to be symbolic. The idea was to get people thinking about the issues.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Motivational factors and the hospitality industryA critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing and maintaining superior performance from their employees. How is that accomplished? What Human Resource Management (HRM) practices should organizations invest in to acquire and retain great employees?Some hotels aim to provide superior working conditions for their employees. The idea originated from workplaces -usually in the non-service sector -that emphasized fun and enjoyment as part of work-life balance. By contrast, the service sector, and more specifically hotels, has traditionally not extended these practices to address basic employee needs, such as good working conditions.Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global business environment,organizations must make investment in Human Resource Management (HRM) to allow them to acquire employees who possess better skills and capabilities than their competitors. This investment will be to their competitive advantage. Despite this recognition of the importance of employee development, the hospitality industry has historically been dominated by underdeveloped HR practices (Lucas, 2002).Lucas also points out that 'the substance of HRM practices does not appear to be designed to foster constructive relations with employees or to represent a managerial approach that enables developing and drawing out the full potential of people, even though employees may be broadly satisfied with many aspects of their work' (Lucas, 2002). In addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry. Among the many cited reasons are low compensation, inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et al., 2008).Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers provide recognition to employees, motivate employees to work together, and remove obstacles preventing effective performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al. (2013): '[P]roviding support to employees gives them the confidence to perform their jobs better and the motivation to stay with the organization.' Hospitality organizations can therefore enhance employee motivation and retention through the development and improvement of their working conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to the working environment.While it seems likely that employees' reactions to their job characteristics could be affected by a predisposition to view their work environment negatively, no evidence exists to support this hypothesis (Spector et al., 2000). However, given the opportunity, many people will find something to complain about in relation to their workplace (Poulston, 2009). There is a strong link between the perceptions of employees and particular factors of their work environment that are separate from the work itself, including company policies, salary and vacations.Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel market, where high-quality service, requiring a sophisticated approach to HRM, is recognized as a critical source of competitive advantage (Maroudas et al., 2008). In a real sense, the services of hotel employees represent their industry (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This representation has commonly been limited to guest experiences. This suggests that there has been a dichotomy between the guest environment provided in luxury hotels and the working conditions of their employees.It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM practices that enable them to inspire and retain competent employees. This requires an understanding of what motivates employees at different levels of management and different stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies that it is beneficial for hotel managers to understand what practices are most favorable to increase employee satisfaction and retention.Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of needs, the first being extrinsic motivation factors relating to the context in which work is performed, rather than the work itself. These include working conditions and job security. When these factors are unfavorable, job dissatisfaction may result. Significantly, though, just fulfilling these needs does not result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008).Employees also have intrinsic motivation needs or motivators, which include such factors as achievement and recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may ideally result in job satisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008). Herzberg's (1966) theory discusses the need for a 'balance' ofthese two types of needs.The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been explored. For example, Tews, Michel and Stafford (2013) conducted a study focusing on staff from a chain of themed restaurants in the United States. It was found that fun activities had a favorable impact on performance and manager support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover. Their findings support the view that fun may indeed have a beneficial effect, but the framing of that fun must be carefully aligned with both organizational goals and employee characteristics. 'Managers must learn how to achieve the delicate balance of allowing employees the freedom to enjoy themselves at work while simultaneously maintaining high levels of performance' (Tews et al., 2013).Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be adopted at the organizational level to retain good staff as well as assist in balancing work and family life. Those particularly appropriate to the hospitality industry include allowing adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that involve families, and providing health and well-being opportunities. Questions 27-31Look at the following statements (Questions 27-31) and the fist of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 Hotel managers need to know what would encourage good staff to remain.28 The actions of managers may make staff feel they shouldn't move to a different employer.29 Little is done in the hospitality industry to help workers improve their skills.30 Staff are less likely to change jobs if co-operation is encouraged.Questions 32-35Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 One reason for high staff turnover in the hospitality industry is poor morale.33 Research has shown that staff have a tendency to dislike their workplace.34 An improvement in working conditions and job security makes staff satisfied with theirjobs.35 Staff should be allowed to choose when they take breaks during the working day. Questions 36-40Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.Fun at workTews, Michel and Stafford carried out research on staff in an American chain of 36 ________.They discovered that activities designed for staff to have fun improved their 37 ________, and that management involvement led to lower staff 38 ________. They also found that the activities needed to fit with both the company's 39 ________ and the 40 ________ of the staff. A balance was required between a degree of freedom and maintaining work standards.参考答案1 creativity2 rules3 cities4&5 IN EITHER ORDERtrafficcrime6 competition7 evidence8 life9 TRUE10 TRUE11 NOT GIVEN12 FALSE13 TRUE14 E15 C16 F17 C18 A19&20 IN EITHER ORDERBD21&22 IN EITHER ORDERDE23 activists24 consumerism25 leaflets26 police27 E28 D29 B30 D31 C32 YES33 NO34 NO35 NOT GIVEN36 restaurants37 performance38 turnover39 goals40 characteristics。
剑桥雅思真题13-阅读Test 1(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题13-阅读Test 1（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Case Study: Tourism New Zealand websiteNew Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country's gross domestic product, and is the country's largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself - the people, the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand's scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.A key feature of the campaign was the website , which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism services to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand's stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travellers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and 'bookmark' places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a 'Your Words' section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourismexpenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travellers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don't want to be 'one of the crowd' and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere -the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.Questions 1-7Complete the table below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.Questions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8. The website aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists.9. It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location.10. According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.11. Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture.12. Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones.13. Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Why being bored is stimulating - and useful, tooThis most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thoughtA We all know how it feels - it's impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn't even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. In his book, Boredom: A Lively History, Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust - an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. 'If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from ''infectious'' social situations,' he suggests.B By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes - one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialise in one. Of the five types, the most damaging is 'reactant' boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. The most useful is what Goetz calls 'indifferent' boredom: someone isn't engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.C Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. 'All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom,' she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. 'We're all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things,' she says. In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up withmore creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander in fact, she goes so far as to (suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.D Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn't convinced. 'If you are in a state of mind-wandering you are not bored,' he says. 'In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state.' That doesn't necessarily mean that it isn't adaptive, he adds. 'Pain is adaptive - if we didn't have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester.' For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our 'attention system' into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. What's more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. 'People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there's that frustration and irritability,' he says. Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to a state where we don't know what to do any more, and no longer care.E Eastwood's team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It's early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill - it's the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz's group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who 'approach' a boring situation - in other words, see that it's boring and get stuck in anyway - report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.F Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. 'In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning,' she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, A-H, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14Paragraph A15Paragraph B16 Paragraph C17 Paragraph D18Paragraph E19Paragraph FQuestions 20-23Look at the following people (Questions 20-23) and the list of ideas below.Match each person with the correct idea, A-E.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.20Peter Toohey21 Thomas Goetz22John Eastwood23Francoise WemelsfelderQuestions 24-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.Responses to boredomFor John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot 24 …………, due to a failure in what he calls the 'attention system', and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom 25 ………… is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of 26 ………… can generally cope with it.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Artificial artistsCan computers really create works of art?The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robothave sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the programmer.Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? 'This is a question at the very core of humanity, ' says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. 'It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.'To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London's Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer's own creative ideas.Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn't attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier 'artists' such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people's double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. 'If a child painted a new scene from its head, you'd say it has a certain level of imagination, ' he points out. 'The same should be true of a machine.' Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool's paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette -so why should computers be any different?Researchers like Colton don't believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who 'have had millennia to develop our skills'. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope's style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope's work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist's creative impulses. When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI's vital databases.But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when they discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren't told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers,but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the work. This can give it an 'irresistible essence', says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people's enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short - there's nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph?A People's acceptance of them can vary considerably.B A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field.C They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others.D The advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.28 According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art?A It is aesthetically inferior to human art.B It may ultimately supersede human art.C It undermines a fundamental human quality.D It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.29 What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?A its programmer's backgroundB public response to its workC the source of its subject matterD the technical standard of its output30 What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?A Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic.B The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art.C It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being.D People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.31 The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art whichA achieves a particularly striking effect.B exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill.C closely resembles that of a well-known artist.D highlights the technical limitations of the software.Questions 32-37Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet.32 Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view when33 David Cope's EMI software surprised people by34 Geraint Wiggins criticised Cope for not35 Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was36 Audiences who had listened to EMI's music became angry after37 The participants in David Moffat's study had to assess music withoutDo the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this38 Moffat's research may help explain people's reactions to EMI.39 The non-experts in Moffat's study all responded in a predictable way.40 Justin Kruger's findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom's theory about people's prejudice towards computer art.参考答案1 update2 environment3 captain4 films5 season6 accommodation7 blog8 FALSE9 NOT GIVEN10 FALSE11 TRUE12 NOT GIVEN13 TRUE14 iv15 vi16 i17 v18 viii19 iii20 E21 B22 D23 A24 focus25 pleasure26 curiosity27 B28 C29 C30 D31 A32 D33 A34 E35 C36 G37 B38 YES39 NOT GIVEN40 NO。
剑桥雅思阅读test
Passage1Passage1Question1答案:iii关键词:fragileregions;reasons定位原文:A部分首段第5句:“Asthe1992UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvi?ronment…”第2段首句:“Touristsaredrawntotheseregions…”解题思路:原文A部分首段第5句的“正如在1992年联合国环境与发展大会上指出的那样，这些地区是非常脆弱的(即在异常压力下是极度容易被破坏的)。
”第2段首句又说道：“游客来到这些地方是因为他们被优美的自然风景和当地人独一无二的文化所吸引。
”所以答案应为选项iii。
Question2答案：v关键词:effect定位原文:B部分第1段的首句:“Oncealocationisestablished…”解题思路:原文B部分第1段的首句的表述是：“一旦一个地区被确定为主要的旅游目的地，对当地社区的影响是意义深远的。
”因此答案应为选项v。
Question3答案：ii关键词:balancetheirownneedswiththedemands定位原文:C部分的最后1段的第2句、第3句:“Merelyrestrictingtourism…Instead,communitiesinfragileenvironmentsmust…”解题思路:原文C部分的最后1段的前几句话简要地做了总结，说到:仅仅限制旅游业并不能消除这种不平衡,处于脆弱环境的社区必须要取得对旅游业的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅游业的要求和当地人的需求和渴望。
因此答案应为选项ii。
Question4答案：YES关键词:lowfinancialcost定位原文:原文A部分首段第3句:“Theattractionoftheseareasis…”解题思路:题目：荒野旅游低廉的成本使得它对许多国家都极具吸引力。
原文：“这些地区的吸引力是显而易见的：在从定义上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投入。
剑桥雅思精选阅读解析test
P a s s a g e 1Question 1答案： YES关键词： reasons, arguments occur定位原文: 第1段第2、3句“Popular linguistic debate... ”语言学上的普通争论通常会升级为谩骂和论战。
语言属于所有人，所以大多数人认为他们有权保留自己对语言的看法。
解题思路: 题干要判断对于语言的争论，原因是否可以理解。
原文陈述，语言属于所有人，大多数人有权保留对语言的看法，所以人们的观点会产生分歧是可以理解的。
题干与原文完全一致。
Question 2答案： NO关键词： language education, language usage定位原文：第1段第4句“And when opinions differ,…”而当看法出现分歧时，人们可能变得情绪激动。
语言用法方面的一点小事，就能像语言学教育政策中的重大问题一样很容易引起争论。
解题思路：题干要判断人们对待语言教育的态度是否比对待语言用法的态度更加强烈。
原文陈述，语言用法方面的一点小事都能像语言学教育政策中的大事一样引起争论，这说明对待语言用法与语言学教育政策的态度同样强烈。
题干与原文所述观点不一致。
Question 3答案： YES关键词： intelligence, affect定位原文：第2段第2句“No part of society or social…”所有社会组成部分或者社会行为无一例外。
语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力、社会地位、教育程度、工作能力以及许多身份与社会生存的其他方面。
解题思路：题干要判断使用语言的方式是否会影响人们对一个人智力的评估。
原文陈述，语言因素影响我们如何判断一个人的个性、智力……题干与原文完全一致。
Question 4答案： NOT GIVEN关键词： prescriptive, 18th century对应原文：第4段第1句“All the main languages…”解题思路：对所有主要语言的研究都是约定俗成的，尤其在18世纪对语法与词典的编写过程中。
剑桥雅思阅读test
Passage1Question1答案：A关键词：location/firstcinema定位原文:A段第1句“TheLumièreBrothersopened…”解题思路:吕米埃兄弟在巴黎嘉布欣大道14号放映了他们制作的电影……，正确答案为A。
Question2答案：I关键词：focusonstories定位原文:I段第3句“Butwhathappened…”解题思路:然而，事实上，电影已经成为一种叙事的媒介。
正确答案是I。
Question3答案：J关键词：speed…haschanged定位原文:J段第1句“Andithas…”解题思路:电影的发展是如此迅速。
对应J选项。
Question4答案：E关键词：teaches…othercultures定位原文:E段第3句“Longbeforepeople…”解题思路:早在人们到美国或其他地方旅行之前，他们就已经欣赏过目的地的风光，也领略过当地人的工作与生活方式，答案是E。
Question5答案：G关键词：attractionofactors定位原文:G段第1句“The‘star’was…”解题思路:明星是电影随之带来的另一个自然产物。
这句话和题干表达的意思一致。
Question6答案：YES关键词：firstaudiencesreactedtothecinema定位原文:B段第2句“Butitisworthtrying…”解题思路:worth与important属于同义表达。
Question7答案：NOTGIVEN关键词：train,thegreatestfilms定位原文:C段第3句“…describedthefilm…”解题思路:相关定位处只是说到俄罗斯导演形容电影是天才的作品，并没有评价吕米埃兄弟的作品如何，这个属于未知信息。
Question8答案：NOTGIVEN关键词：othercountries定位原文:D段第3句“Filmhasnever…”E段第2句“Forcinemamakestheworldsmaller…”解题思路:定位区域只是说电影把人们带到了不同的世界，让世界变得更小。
剑桥雅思阅读解析test
Test2Question 1答案：isolation关键词：6800/variety of language/geographical定位原文：第3段第1句“Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.”解题思路：根据这句话可知,语言多样性是由于地理上(de)isolation.Question 2答案：economic globalization/globalization/socio-economic pressures关键词：government/huge decrease定位原文：第5段第4句“…the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic pressures...”解题思路：本题目要看清楚问(de)是语言消失(de)原因,and表示并列,因此空中应该填与government initiatives对等(de)原因,而文中第五段前半部分提到政府政策对语言(de)影响,但是科学家们也指出,真正致命(de)原因是社会经济压力.Question 3答案：cultural identity关键词：Increasing appr eciation/language classes定位原文：第7段第2句话“But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true.”解题思路：“increasing appreciation”和文中(de)“growing interest”是同义替换,故正确答案是cultural identity.”Question 4答案：traditional skill关键词：‘apprentice’/teach/a定位原文：第7段倒数第4句“Volunteer 'apprentices' pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language.”解题思路：“apprentice”做为定位词,题干这句话(de)意思是在学徒计划中,濒危语言被用来作为载体来教授人们一种……,文中(de)“learn”与“teach”在意思上有关联,而不定冠词“a”之后要填一个专有名词.Question 5答案：E关键词：more than one...定位原文：第7段第4句“Most of these languages will not survive without a large bilingualism…”解题思路：题干这句话正好跟文中这句话表达(de)是相同(de)意思,而文中有这个观点(de)正是E选项.Question 6答案：B关键词：in itself定位原文：“But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day.”解题思路：通过这句话可以推测,保护语言本身并不是目标,如何让语言活起来才是真正目(de).故正确答案为B.Question 7答案：D关键词：think/determine定位原文：第6段倒数第2句“‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’”解题思路：这句话话当中提到了说英语(de)人(de)大脑与说法语(de)人大脑(de)不同,随后提出语言会影响我们(de)想法和观点.Question 8答案：C关键词：reject/established/way of life定位原文：第4段最后一句“People lose faith in their culture, When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.”解题思路：题干句子意思是“年轻人经常会拒绝接受社会约定俗成(de)生活方式”,正好与文中这句话“语言(de)转化意味着传统文化(de)消失”表达(de)意思一致.Question 9答案：B关键词：loss定位原文：第6段第2句“If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something…”解题思路：文中(de)shift等同于题目当中(de)change,而传统文化(de)存在正意味着人们可以采用不同(de)观点来看待这个世界.Question 10答案：NO关键词：Navajo定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are.”解题思路：这句话说有15万人在使用那瓦霍语,证明使用者并不是很少,在接下来(de)一句话当中,作者又表明使语言濒临灭绝(de)真正原因并不是说(de)人少,而是说(de)人太老.Question 11答案：YES关键词：a large number of定位原文：第3段第4句话“Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.”解题思路：根据文中给出(de)证据,即有15万人说那瓦霍语,但是这门语言仍然濒临灭绝,作者推出了题中(de)结论,这个结论是正确(de).Question 12答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：government定位原文：第5段解题思路：文中第五段提到了政府,主要是指出政府(de)政策也是导致语言濒危(de)原因,但是此后就并未对政府(de)作用再多做叙述,而是转而论述社会经济压力(de)重要性.本题是典型(de)节外生枝型.Question 13答案：YES关键词：linguistic diversity定位原文：第7段第1句“So despite linguists' best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century.”解题思路：这句话表明尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力,但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失.这句话就表明语言多样性(de)消失是不可避免(de).Question 14答案：C关键词：Western定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.”解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密,属于完全未提及型答案.B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作,与文中所说(de)事实恰好相反.D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方,这也是不正确(de).只有C答案与文章叙述相符.Question 15答案：B关键词：Americans定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师(de)次数比去看传统医生(de)次数还多.所以答案B是正确(de).而A、C和D答案中提到(de)比较关系并不存在.Question 16答案：YES关键词：20 years定位原文：第2段第1句“Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years.”解题思路：在过去20年中,由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信,另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来.这句话就证明在过去20年里,比以往更多(de)澳大利亚人开始相信另类疗法.Question 17答案：NO关键词：1983/1990/ a further 8%定位原文：第2段第2句话和第3句话“In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.”解题思路：在1983年(de)调査中,约有1.9%(de)人说他们曾经看过另类疗法医师,到了1990年,这个数字上升到了总人口(de)2.6%.如果做减法(de)话,实际上人数上升了将近0.7个百分点,因此题目中所说(de)增加8%是错误(de).Question 18答案：YES关键词：550,000定位原文：第2段第4句话“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of…”解题思路：题干这句话刚好和定位句(de)“The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists”表达(de)是同样(de)意思,因此是正确(de).Question 19答案：YES关键词：had a higher opinion of...定位原文：第2段最后一句“The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.”解题思路：这句话说(de)是包括医生在内(de)专业人士(de)崇高地位也就大打折扣.这句话(de)含义就是澳大利亚人以前对医生等专业人士有较高(de)评价,而现在这种观点已经遭受损害.Question 20答案：YES关键词：Australian doctors定位原文：第3段第1句“Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternativetherapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism.”解题思路：这句话表明澳大利亚正统医生正在接受另类疗法培训,相对于以前他们接受(de)正统医疗培训来说,这次培训无疑是一种再培训.Question 21答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：salaries定位原文：第3段解题思路：并不存在(de)比较关系是TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题解题(de)一条黄金法则.尤其当作者将两者进行简单肤浅比较(de)时候,一般答案都是NOT GIVEN.文中没有任何地方提到两种医生(de)薪水,因此正确答案是NOT GIVEN.Question 22答案：YES关键词：1993/289定位原文：第4段首句和第二句“In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attendedeight alternative therapists' practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists.”解题思路：89名病患去看病(de)这8家诊所提供各种各样(de)另类疗法服务,这其中也许包括针灸疗法,但是如果说这289名病人都是去做针灸(de),就未免有些以偏概全了.Question 23答案：NO关键词：1993/long-term定位原文：第4段第3句“Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.”解题思路：chronic是“长期(de),慢性(de)”意思,complaints在此处不是“抱怨,投诉”(de)意思,而是指疾病.Question 24答案：emotional/emotional problems关键词：10%-15%定位原文：第5段第1句“12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems.”解题思路：目测该数字应该在10%和15%之间,在第五段寻找这样一个数字,结果发现12%所对应(de)是digestive一词,但是,很快我们会发现Digestive已经出现在了表格上,所以答案应该是比12%少一个百分点(de)emotional/emotional problems.Question 25答案：headache关键词：5%-10%定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”解题思路：该疾病所对应(de)数字应该在5%和10%之间,而且应该比第26空更接近10%.所以可以回第五段找两个相近并且都接近10%(de)数字,结果发现了6%和5%,故此空应该填：headache.Question 26答案：general ill health关键词：5%定位原文：第5段最后一句“Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively…”解题思路：该疾病对应数字是5%,故应该填general ill health.Question 27答案：H关键词：unusual connection定位原文：H段最后1句“By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.”解题思路：link-up等于connection,后面(de)play may enhance creativity证明这种不寻常(de)联系是有好处(de).Question 28答案：F关键词：record/time定位原文：F段第2句“If you plot the amount of time...”解题思路：这个heading(de)意思是由记录小动物玩耍(de)时间而得到(de)见解,关键词是时间,回到文章当中寻找对应词时,只有这个段落提到了时间.plot一词是用图表记录(de)意思,在这里就等同于record.Question 29答案：A关键词：physical hazard定位原文：A段第4句之后“For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals…”解题思路：问题是问哪一段包含有对玩要带来(de)危险(de)描述.文章中只有在第一段中谈到了玩要可能带来(de)危险,而且还举出了小海狗(de)例子来说明这种危险(de)存在.Question 30答案：H关键词：mental/exercise/develop定位原文：H段前3句“Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher… and rules.”解题思路：mental activity是大脑活动(de)意思,问题问(de)是在玩耍过程当中,哪些大脑活动得到了练习和发展.Question 31答案：I关键词：effects/reduction定位原文：I段首句和2句“What might further experimentation…with their peers.”解题思路：问题问得是哪一段包含了这样(de)内容：减少玩耍机会可能对儿童造成(de)影响.在最后一段中,作者谈到了被剥夺了玩耍机会(de)小老鼠大脑就发育(de)不好,并且用一个设问句表明了他对人类儿童(de)忧虑.而且一般来讲,含有effect(de)段意都是对应文章(de)最后一段.Question 32答案：B关键词：class/animals定位原文：B段第4句“Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals...”解题思路：B段中提到了玩要在哺乳动物中很普遍,而且在有些鸟类当中也存在,即提到了各种各样(de)动物.一些同学会在E段当中看到fifteen orders of mammals一词,不过仔细读下来,E段(de)主要意思是在讲哺乳动物中大脑大小和玩耍之间(de)关系,并不是说玩耍对哪种动物重要.故答案选B.Question 33-35答案：ACF(IN EITHER ORDER)Question 33答案：A关键词：rehearsal/adult定位原文：B段倒数第2句“A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juvenile develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialize as adults.”解题思路：这段中提到了帮助青少年培养作为成年人需要(de)一些技能,所以A选项正确.Question 34答案：C关键词：build up strength定位原文：B 段最后一句“Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life...”解题思路：“使年轻(de)动物保持体形”与C选项对应.Question 35答案：F关键词：organ growth定位原文：E段首句：“...reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness…”解题思路：“在脑部大小与玩耍之间有正面(de)关联”与F选项对应.Question 36答案：B关键词：Robert Barton定位原文：E段倒数第2句和末句“Robert Barton of Durham University …I concluded it's to do with learning,and with the importance of environmental data to...”解题思路：Barton认为玩耍与学习有关,也与大脑发育过程中环境资料(de)重要性有关.Environmental data可以与physical surroundings 对应.Question 37答案：G关键词：Marc Becoff定位原文：G 段第4句“Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope...”解题思路：Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒,这句话也就是说在玩耍当中动物会做出各种各样(de)举动,正好和G选项中(de)a wide range of相对应.Question 38答案：E关键词：John Byers定位原文：C段第2句“Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so...”解题思路：Byers认为训练一结束,由增强训练所带来(de)好处就跟着迅速消失了,无论什么种群(de)动物,玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期(de)中期达到顶峰,然后则开始走了下坡路.这就与E答案观点—致.Question 39答案：D关键词：Sergio Pellis定位原文：E段第1句“...reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general.”解题思路：Pellis认为哺乳动物(de)玩耍量与他们大脑(de)大小往往成正比.所以玩耍比较少(de)动物脑子也比较小.Question 40答案：A关键词：Stephen Siviy定位原文：H段第6句“Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain's levels of a particular chemical associated with..”解题思路：Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质,这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长.答案选A.。
剑桥雅思真题4-阅读test3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题4-阅读test3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.BackgroundTypically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.Street Business PartnershipsS.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which theywere required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.Lessons learnedThe following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.•Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation's programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.•The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.•It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.•There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual's situation.•Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.•All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).ConclusionThere is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.Questions 1-4Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the articleA exemplify the effects of S.K.I.B explain why S.K.I. was set up.C outline the problems of street children.D highlight the benefits to society of S.K.I.2 The main purpose of S.K.I. is toA draw the attention of governments to the problem of street children.B provide schools and social support for street children.C encourage the public to give money to street children.D give business training and loans to street children.3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?A unemploymentB warC povertyD crime4 In order to become more independent, street children mayA reject paid employment.B leave their families.C set up their own businesses.D employ other children.Questions 5-8Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.Questions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirterNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.Question 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write your answer in box 13 on your answer sheet.The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street childrenA as part of a wider program of aid.B for programs that are not too ambitious.C when programs are supported by local businesses.D if the projects planned are realistic and useful.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Volcanoes-earth-shattering newsWhen Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlinesA Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.But the classic eruption —cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava —is only a tiny part of a global story. Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt.V olcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much hotter.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding againsteach other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma —molten rock from the mantle —inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. V olcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has four sections A-D.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 Section A15 Section B16 Section C17 Section DQuestions 18-21Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?Questions 22-26Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.V olcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land surface. They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and expand. When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the surface. There are different types of eruption. Sometimes the 23…… . moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s surface. When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal sheets. Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… violently. This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are emitted.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Obtaining Linguistic DataA Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data —an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generativeapproach to linguistics. But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants —whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.D Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency ofusage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the effect of recording on the way people talk28 the importance of taking notes on body language29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious31 various methods that can be used to generate specific dataQuestions 32-36Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Complete the summary of paragraph G below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the corpus. No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language concerned.参考答案1 A2 D3 C4 C5 Sudan India (IN EITHER ORDER, BOTH REQUIRED FOR ONE MARK)6 bicycles7 Shoe Shine / Shoe Shine Collective8 life skills9 NO10 NOT GIVEN11 NO12 YES13 A14 iii15 i16 iv17 vi18 plates/the plates/the tectonic plates19 magma20 ring of fire21 600 /600 years / for 600 years22 water / the water / oceans / the oceans23 lava /magma / molten rock24 India / western India25 explodes26 gases / the gases / trapped gases27 D28 E29 C30 D31 F32 (the) linguist (acts)/(the) linguists (act)33 foreign languages34 quality / the quality / the poor quality35 non-verbal behaviour / non-verbal behavior / facial expression / facial expressions36 camera / video camera / recording / video recording37 frequency of usage / usage frequency38 particular linguistic feature39 size40 intuitions。
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Passage 1Question 1答案： v关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: A段内容解题思路: A段将了一个医药公司销售代表去一个医疗中心展示自己最新样品的叙述，医生半开玩笑地问了一个问题是what do you have对照list，应该是v，一个事例的单纯叙述。
Question 2答案：vi关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: B段内容解题思路: B段讲述了药品推销代表Schaefer的推销礼品预算，因此答案应为选项vi。
Question 3答案：iii关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: C段最后两句解题思路: 原文说……商业不会采取没有效用的策略，那么医生是否应该为药品销售的过度铺张受到谴责呢抑或是划定界限的责任应该由制药行业承担前面还说到一个类似的比喻，是先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。
说明是一个争执型的问题，对应选项iii“谁该为不断增加的推销负责”Question 4答案： ix关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: D段内容，第2句“Salespeople provide…”解题思路: 第2句说销售人员向医师提供急需的信息和教育。
很多情况下，光洁的小册子、打印的文章和处方是销售人员向健康护理人员提供的主要资源。
对应选项ix“药品推销的积极面”。
Question 5答案：i关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: E段最后4句内容解题思路: 最后4句话说这些钱花得有意义吗这一点很难说。
“我一直接受一家公司的髙尔夫球，我也使用这些球，但是这并不意味着我会在处方中开这家公司的药品”，一名医生这样说，“我更倾向于认为自己并没有受到他们给我提供的物品的影响。
”对应选项i“并不是所有的医生都被药品推销打动”。
Question 6答案：vii关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文：F段第3句“Though few…”解题思路: 定位局说虽然在这方面很少有综合研究，但是华盛顿大学的一项研究调查了药品试用品的可获取性是如何影响医生开处方的。
对应选项vii“药品推销效果的研究。
”Question 7答案：x关键词：段落匹配题，暂无题干关键词定位原文: G段第1、2句“The bottom line…”解题思路: 定位句说制药公司就整体而言，在市场上的投入远远大于在研发上的投入。
最终在飞涨的处方价格中，病人会为分发的每一支笔、每一张免费戏票、每一顿牛排晚餐买单。
这个就回答了x选项中的问题，谁在真正为医生的免费礼物买单呢Question 8答案： NO关键词：Kim Schaefer, budget定位原文: B段第2、3句“But on any given…”解题思路: Schaefer所能提供的东西在医药销售中是非常有代表性的，一车厢用于促销的礼物和小玩意，能支付一个小地区买午餐和晚餐的预算，数百个药物免费试用品，以及可以自由给医生支付的200美元，用以给六个适宜使用其公司药品的患者开药。
另外，她还有1000美金的酬金作为医生参加公司下次教育讲座的费用。
这个叙述和题干的“类似Kim Schaefer这样的销售代表的预算十分有限。
”是冲突的。
Question 9答案： YES关键词： criticism on moral grounds定位原文: C段第3句“They work in…”解题思路: 原文说他们从事的是因销售和营销的方式备受批评的行业，与题干“Kim Schaefer的销售策略有可能会受到道德的谴责”表达一致。
Question 10答案： NO关键词：information provided by drug companies定位原文: D段第2句“Sales people provide…”解题思路: much-needed这个词就说明这样的信息是非常需要的，和题干的“医药公司提供的信息对医生几乎没有什么用处”这个意思是冲突的。
Question 11答案： YES关键词：Evidence of drug promotion定位原文: E段第3、4句“Rarely…”解题思路: 病人几乎看不到医生使用没有药品名称的笔或者护士使用没有印上公司标识的小药片，很多钱都花在了制作促销产品上，什么咖啡杯，雨伞，T-shirt等等，这些证据都是清晰可见的，所以答案是YES。
Question 12答案： NOT GIVEN关键词：free drug samples, prescriptions定位原文: F段最后1句“A total of…”解题思路: 虽提到了药物试用品，但和题目的内容完全不相关。
因此答案为NOT GIVEN。
Question 13答案： YES关键词：legitimate, make money定位原文: G段第3句“In the end…”解题思路: 定位句说最终，事实就是制药公司总能获取利润，并会不断发现促进销售的新方法，题干表述没有问题。
Passage 2Question 14答案： B关键词：Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade, illiterate定位原文: 第3段第2句“By 1985…”解题思路: 到1985年，全国有30万文盲人口学会了阅读、写宇和使用数宇，其中很多人没上过小学。
因此答案为B选项。
Question 15答案： F关键词：pubic health experts, child health定位原文: 第5段第2句开始到结束解题思路: 明确提到研究结果表明女性的受教育程度和孩子的健康有密切联系。
因此答案为F选项。
Question 16答案： C关键词：Nicaragua定位原文: 第4段最后1句: “The research teams…”解题思路: 研究小组同时也调查了存活的孩子以了解他们的健康程度。
因此答案为C选项。
Question 17答案：J关键词：attitudes, eliminated定位原文: 第2段第1句“Most…”解题思路: 女性受到教育这一事实可能仅仅显示出其家庭比较富裕或者家庭更为看重子女…所以答案为J。
Question 18答案： F关键词：infant health and survival定位原文: 第2段最后1句“Now a…”解题思路: 这项研究的结果表明妇女阅读能力的提高对其孩子的健康和生存有直接影响。
Question 19答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：a thousand of the women定位原文: 第4段第1句解题思路: 就在这里说调查了3000名女性，然后一些怎么样，另一些怎么样，但是并没有说到题干说的研究人员调查的妇女中大约有1000人在儿童时期就学会了阅读。
Question 20答案： NO关键词：Before the National Literacy Crusade定位原文: 第5段内容解题思路: 研究者的发现令人吃惊。
在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000个婴儿中有110个死亡。
那些后来才学习阅读的母亲也有相同的婴儿死亡率(105/1000)。
然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率为相对而言比较低，为80/1000。
”显然婴儿死亡率差异很大，因此答案为NO。
Question 21答案： YES关键词：110 deaths定位原文: 第5段第2句和第6段的第1句解题思路: 在20世纪70年代末期，文盲母亲的婴儿死亡率约为1000 个婴儿中有 110个死亡。
……在1985年，全国扫盲运动结束后，仍旧不识字和小学期间接受教育的母亲的婴儿死亡率几乎没有什么改变。
因此答案为YES。
Question 22答案： YES关键词：the greatest change in infant mortality levels定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”解题思路: 而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为 84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。
因此答案为YES。
Question 23答案： NO关键词：the lowest rates of child mortality定位原文: 第5段最后1句和第6段第2句解题思路: 在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性婴儿死亡率最低。
原文：“然而对于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性而言，婴儿死亡率相对而言比较低，为80/1000。
……而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000……”。
可见，在全国扫盲运动中学会阅读的女性的婴儿死亡率髙于那些在小学期间接受教育的女性，因此答案为NO。
Question 24答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：severely malnourished定位原文: 无解题思路: 题目说在全国扫盲运动之后，仍旧不识字的母亲的婴儿严重营养不良。
第6段说了全国扫盲运动之后，婴儿死亡率的问题，但是并没有说到营养不良的问题，所以是Not Given。
Question 25 & Question 26答案：C E (in either order)关键词：Nicaraguan定位原文: 第6段第2句“For those…”;第8段第3句“The results…”解题思路: 第6段定位句中说，而那些在这场运动中学会阅读的女性，其婴儿死亡率为84/1000，比仍然不识字的母亲的婴儿死亡率整整低了21点。
----对应C选项;第8段定位句中说，女性教育，在任何年龄阶段，都是‘对健康非常重要的影响因素’。
这项研究的结果支持了世界银行对于发展中国家增加教育预算的建议，这不仅能够帮助发展中国家发展经济，同时也能提高孩子的健康水平----对应E选项。
Passage3Question 27答案： iv关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词定位原文: A段第2、3句“A survey…”解题思路: 这段描述了作者调查中的欺凌现象，对应选项iv。
Question 28答案： vi关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词定位原文: B段第1句“Bullying is…”解题思路: 段落一开头就说明了欺凌产生的影响是非常不愉快的，而且会使经历过的孩子产生自贬和沮丧情绪，后面接着描述了一些情况，极端的情况导致自杀等等。
对应vi选项，欺凌行为对孩子的影响。
Question 29答案：v关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词定位原文: C段第2句“Perhaps as…”解题思路: 定位句说可能由此产生的一个现象就是学校经常会否认这一问题，后面反复提到school 如何如何，对应v选项，学校对于欺凌现象的反应。
Question 30答案： vii关键词：段落匹配题，无题干关键词定位原文: D段内容解题思路: D段一开头就说了three factors，说了导致这一变化有三个原因。