学术英语摘要及文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献综述要求和格式
英语专业毕业论文文献综述报告的基本要求文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。
文献综述要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；并对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
牛顿说过：如果我能比别人看得更远些，那是因为我站在前人肩上的缘故。
对于撰写本科毕业论文来说，一篇好的文献综述就能起到这样的作用。
撰写本科毕业论文需要做好一些基础性的工作。
其一是要了解前人关于这一课题研究的基本情况。
研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性，而不是重复别人走过的路。
熟悉前人对本课题的研究情况，可以避免重复研究的无效劳动，可以站在前人的基础上，从事更高层次、更有价值的研究。
其二是要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识。
理论基础扎实，研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础，否则，没有理论基础，你就很难深入研究下去，很难有真正的创造。
上述两项基础性工作，在文献综述中得到了充分的体现。
文献综述是由学生通过系统地查阅与所选课题相关的国内外文献，进行搜集、整理、加工，从而撰写出综合性叙述和评价的文章。
在文献综述中，要较全面地反映与本课题直接相关的国内外研究成果，特别是近年来的最新成果和发展趋势，也要指出该课题需要进一步解决的问题。
通过文献综述对中外研究成果的比较和评价，不仅可以进一步阐明本课题选题的意义，还可以为本课题组织材料、形成观点奠定基础。
文献综述的写作是本科学生毕业论文创作中一次重要的研究实践活动。
文献综述的写作能反映出学生多方面的能力，其中主要的则是中外文献阅读能力和综合分析能力。
（二）文献综述的基本特征文献是指用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录知识的载体，是各种资料的总称。
文献综述的基本特征可以概括为下面三点。
第一，综合性。
文献综述是对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究成果的综合概括。
因此，要尽可能把所有重要研究成果搜集到手，并作认真的加工、整理和分析，使各种流派的观点清楚明晰，不要遗漏重要的流派和观点。
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分1. Abstract标准摘要五句话，包含五个层次的内容：1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究，现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;1.2 Method：用什么方法做这个研究;1.3 Data：用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;1.4 Results：从研究中得出什么结论;1.5 Implication：得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)2. Introduction2.1 Research background：目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。
2.2 Research problem：在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
2.3 研究现状：别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题?2.4 现存的研究有什么问题与不足：别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
2.5 本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope)：本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。
陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。
2.6 文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
3. Literature review目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容：3.1 对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。
即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题，在这个研究领域，针对research problem而言，让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;3.2 现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.3 非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西，侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元本单元主要探讨了研究生学术英语写作的基本技巧和规范，包括摘要、引言、文献综述、研究方法、结果和讨论等部分。
同时，还介绍了学术英语的语言特点，如准确、客观、简洁、专业等。
首先，我们需要明确学术英语的写作目的和读者对象。
学术英语是一种专门用于学术交流的语言，其主要目的是清晰、准确地表达研究思想和研究成果，以便于其他学者理解和交流。
因此，学术英语的读者对象主要是其他领域的专家、学者和相关人员。
其次，学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式。
在摘要部分，需要简明扼要地介绍研究目的、方法、结果和结论，并避免使用主观评价和解释性语言。
在引言部分，需要简要介绍相关领域的研究现状和发展趋势，引出本研究的必要性和重要性。
在文献综述部分，需要系统地梳理和评价相关文献，为研究提供充分的理论和实践基础。
在研究方法部分，需要详细说明研究设计、样本选择、数据采集和分析方法等，确保研究的科学性和可靠性。
此外，学术英语的语言特点也需要引起重视。
学术英语通常使用简单、直接、客观的语言，避免使用模糊、主观、个人色彩浓厚的语言。
同时，学术英语还强调语言的准确性和专业性，避免使用过于口语化或非正式的语言。
在讨论部分，我们需要进一步思考和研究结果的意义和影响，以及研究的局限性和改进方向。
同时，还需要探讨研究方法的科学性和可靠性，以及文献综述的全面性和准确性。
最后，我们还需要注意一些常见的学术英语写作错误和不当行为。
例如，抄袭、造假、过度引用等行为都是严重的学术不端行为，不仅会影响研究信誉，还会损害整个学术界的利益。
因此，我们需要时刻保持诚实和自律，遵循学术规范和道德准则。
总之，研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元为我们提供了学术英语写作的基本知识和规范，帮助我们更好地进行学术研究和交流。
我们应该认真学习并掌握这些知识和技能，为今后的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
Literature_Review_格式规范
重庆科技学院学术英语课程论文文献综述题目：A Preliminary Exploration on theConstitutional Principles andFormative Methods of Euphemism委婉语的构造原则和构成方式初探学生姓名：指导教师：院系：专业、班级：学号：完成时间：2015年6月说明：封面标题要用中英双语，英文题目在上。
英文题目的实词首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；中文题目黑体三号。
段落安排：行距固定值28磅。
对齐方式：两端对齐。
学生姓名、教师姓名等一律用黑体三号，单倍行距Literature Review说明：标题Literature Review 首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；段落安排：段前24磅，段后18磅；单倍行距。
对齐方式：居中。
1. IntroductionAs a widespread and popular rhetorical device, euphemisms came into people‟s life long time ago. …….And the research of euphemisms has a long history ……………..建议：综述前写一导言，简介研究课题主要内容，概括研究现状,研究目的。
2. The definition of euphemism说明：标题序号与标题名之间，加圆点，并空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：小3号；段落安排：段前空24磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。
对齐方式：左对齐。
The word euphemism comes from Greek; the prefix eu- means good and the stem phemism means speech; the whole word…s literal meaning is word of good omen. In early 1580s, the British writer George Blunt first created the word euphemism …and defined it as …a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word‟. (Shu, 1995：17)（正文中直接引用原文，必须加引号并标出确切的页码）……………………………(正文字体：小四号罗马体，行距为固定值20磅，对齐方式：两端对齐；段首空四个英文字符)3. Researches abroad3.1 Researches from socio-linguistic perspective说明：标题序号与标题名之间，不加圆点，空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：四号；段落安排：段前空12磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。
英语摘要如何写范文
英语摘要如何写范文英文回答：An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or other academic work. It provides a brief overview of the work's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract is typically the first part of a research paper, and it is often used by readers to decide whether or not to read the full paper.There are many different styles of abstracts, but they all typically include the following information:Purpose: The purpose of the research paper is stated in the abstract. For example, the purpose of the study might be to investigate the effects of a new drug or to test a new theory.Methods: The methods used in the research paper are described in the abstract. For example, the methods mightinclude a survey, an experiment, or a literature review.Results: The results of the research paper are presented in the abstract. For example, the results might show that a new drug is effective or that a new theory is supported.Conclusions: The conclusions of the research paper are stated in the abstract. For example, the conclusion might be that a new drug should be approved for use or that a new theory should be accepted.The abstract is a very important part of a research paper, and it should be written carefully. The abstract should be clear, concise, and informative. It should also be accurate and objective.中文回答：摘要是研究论文、论文或其他学术作品的简短总结。
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构通常遵循一定的模式，以下是一种常见的结构：1.引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，作者简要介绍论文的主题、
研究背景、研究目的和研究问题。
此外，还可以提供一些相关的文献综述，以帮助读者更好地理解论文的背景和重要性。
2.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述部分对已有的相关研究
进行总结和分析，为论文的研究问题提供理论支持和背景信息。
这一部分应该包括对相关研究的批判性评价，以及当前研究的空白和需要进一步探讨的问题。
3.研究方法（Research Methodology）：在研究方法部分，作者详细
介绍研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、样本和抽样方法等。
这一部分应该清楚地说明研究是如何实施的，以及如何收集和分析数据的。
4.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分呈现研究
结果，并对结果进行解释和讨论。
这一部分应该包括对数据的描述性分析、推断性分析和解释性分析，以及对结果的讨论和意义。
5.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分总结论文的主要发现和贡献，并对
未来研究提出建议。
这一部分应该强调研究的局限性、对理论和实践的贡献，以及对未来研究的启示。
6.参考文献（References）：参考文献部分列出文中引用的各篇文献，
按照规定的格式编排，如APA、MLA等。
这一部分应该包括所有引用的文献，以便读者查阅和核实。
以上是一种常见的学术英语写作结构，但具体的结构安排可能因学科领域、论文类型和个人偏好而有所不同。
在写作时，作者应该根据论文的具体要求和规范进行适当的调整。
基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式
外语教研WAIYU JIAOYAN2020年12月Dec.2020教!J帀・TEACHER基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式赵春曦.（东北大学，辽宁沈阳110000）摘要：大学学术英语写作强调英语语言的逻辑性和内容的严谨性，文章基于学术英语写作的特点，具体分析了如何完成学位英语文献综述的写作。
在强调语言输出质量的同时，关注语言输入与语言输出的有机结合，从而实现批判性思维的训练与养成，以便于更充分发挥英语语言的工具性作用，为大学阶段的英语学习确定合理的学习目标。
关键词：大学学术英语；文献综述写作；语言逻辑性；内容完整性中图分类号：H315文献标识码：A收稿日期：2020-06-30文章编号：1674-120X（2020）35-0040-02一、引言根据英语词汇分类，英语可以分为通用英语，学术英语和专业英语。
通用英语词汇主要包括日常□语和听力词汇，学生词汇学习能力以全国大学英语四六级考试成绩为衡量标准。
学术英语词汇以大学阶段的学术英语讲座和报告所涉及的词汇为主，学生词汇学习能力主要以托福和雅思测试成绩为衡量标准。
专业英语词汇主要是大学高年级阶段所采用的英语原版教材中所涉及的有关具体学科的英语词汇，如医学词汇、计算机词汇等，学生词汇学习能力以是否能够用英语流利地撰写学术论文并进行论文宣讲为衡量标准。
所以，学术英语写作的范围包括相对来说比较简单的托福雅思测试中的学术英语写作和涉及专业学科的学术论文写作。
从英语写作的整体要求来看，学术英语跟通用英语比较起来，更注重语言的逻辑性，强调内容的严谨性。
学术英语写作内容以大学阶段的学期论文和毕业时提交的学位论文为主，尤其是学位论文，除注重语言逻辑性和内容严谨性之外，还特别重视文章的格式是否规范以及文章内容是否具有独创性。
大多数情况下，学术论文的篇幅取决于它所承担的职能，普通的学期论文介于5000-10000字之间，硕士和博士学位论文可能达到几万字。
关于英语专业毕业论文写作的文献综述
关于英语专业毕业论文写作的文献综述引言英语专业毕业论文是英语专业学生在毕业时撰写的具有一定价值的学术性论文。
它是考查英语专业学生大学四年以来所学的英语专业知识的重要方式，也可锻炼学生理论联系实际进行科学研究的能力，是本科学生获得学士学位的重要依据。
目前，我国大部分的院校都要求英语专业本科生必须用英语撰写学位论文，而且对于撰写英语毕业论文基本上没有限制条件，只要考试成绩合格者都可以参加毕业论文的写作。
但是，从有关的调查中显示，英语专业毕业论文质量不高，存在很多的问题。
目前已有很多的学者和教师就英语专业毕业论文写作了一定的研究年，旨在提高学生撰写英语毕业论文的水平。
主要分为两大类，第一类讨论的重点是毕业论文题目的选取，论文的格式等；第二类主要一调查问卷为主，讨论毕业论文存在的问题和解决的对策。
以此为背景，为了让广大学生对英语论文写作有一个更全面的认识，本文就关于英语毕业论文写作的性质和意义，选题策略，英语毕业论文写作中存在的主要问题及对策的文献进行综述。
对于英语毕业论文写作中存在争议的问题，如是否要创新的问题提出了自己的看法。
一、英语专业毕业论文的性质和意义1.英语毕业论文的性质臧学运认为英语专业毕业论文除了具备一般论文的学术特征：学术性（scholarly），规范性（formal）, 创新性(original)之外，必须体现出其英语专业的特色，即专业性（professional）。
就其题材和体裁而言，具有说明和议论的性质，论文讨论的重点应该是与英语的文化，语言，翻译，文学或教学法等相关的专业学术性的话题，专业突出性极强。
其次，论文的论点和论据要具备独创性，可靠性和科学性，要有自己独特的观点，论据需要翔实，材料真实可靠。
当然，论文的结构必须规范，完整一致，语言流畅简练，用词准确，得体，生动，多样。
只有这样，创作出来的论文质量才会高。
2. 英语专业毕业论文写作的意义毕业论文的写作是一个个、非常复杂的过程，它包括很多的步骤，如选题，文献的检索和收集，撰写初稿，修改再到定稿等。
英语专业学术论文写作：摘要
英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。
练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。
英语专业文献综述范文
英语专业文献综述范文As an author of Baidu Wenku document, I am going to write a comprehensive review of English major literature. English major literature review is a critical analysis of the existing literature on a specific topic within the field of English studies. It is an essential part of academic research and provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in a particular area.The purpose of an English major literature review is to identify gaps in the existing literature and to highlight areas for future research. It also helps to provide a theoretical framework for the research and to demonstrate the significance of the study within the broader field of English studies.In conducting an English major literature review, it is important to use a systematic approach to search for and select relevant literature. This may involve searching electronic databases, library catalogs, and other sources of scholarly information. It is also important to critically evaluate the quality and relevance of the literature that is identified, and to synthesize the findings in a clear and coherent manner.There are several key components of an English major literature review, including an introduction that provides an overview of the topic and its significance, a discussion of the existing literature, a critical analysis of the literature, and a conclusion that summarizes the key findings and identifies areas for future research.In writing an English major literature review, it is important to use clear and concise language, and to organize the information in a logical and coherent manner. It is also important to use proper citation and referencing, and to follow the conventions of academic writing.In conclusion, an English major literature review is an essential part of academic research in the field of English studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge in a particular area, and helps to identify gaps in the existing literature and areas for future research. By using a systematic approach to search for andselect relevant literature, and by organizing the information in a clear and coherent manner, it is possible to produce a high-quality literature review that makes a significant contribution to the field of English studies.。
英文文献综述标准范文
英文文献综述标准范文述评(review)结论(conclusion)B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will inform most of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. To use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source thatyou need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature reviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.范围;(2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容;(3)结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见;作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。
英语文献综述
英语文献综述英语文献综述是教育研究和学术写作中最常见的任务之一。
在撰写研究论文的过程中，英语文献综述可以帮助作者了解该领域的最新研究动态，为作者提供研究角度和研究框架，促进作者对该领域进行深入思考。
在撰写英语文献综述时，以下步骤可能能够帮助您提高写作效率和质量。
第一步：选择主题选择一个清晰、具体、可研究的主题是撰写英语文献综述的出发点。
在选择主题时，可以参考以下几点：- 关注研究趋势和热点，挑选最新研究论文；- 关注研究领域中的争议和困难，选择具有研究价值和切实可行的主题；- 充分挖掘自己的兴趣爱好和研究经验，选择个人感兴趣的主题；- 选择一个较为具体的主题，以便更好地针对性地撰写文献综述。
第二步：搜集文献搜集文献是撰写英语文献综述的基础。
在搜集文献时，可以使用以下渠道：- 通过图书馆的借书系统或网络文献数据库获取相关文献；- 查找研究期刊，挑选刊发最新研究成果的论文；- 关注学术会议和研讨会的最新动态，获取前沿研究成果；- 寻求导师、同侪和研究专家的建议和帮助，获取研究资源。
第三步：审核文献审核文献是撰写英语文献综述时的必要步骤。
在审核文献时，可以考虑以下几个方面：- 文献来源的权威性和可信度；- 文献的时效性和更新性；- 文献的相关性和适用性；- 文献的质量和研究价值。
第四步：阅读文献阅读文献是撰写英语文献综述的主要内容。
在阅读文献时，可以参考以下几点：- 建立文献分类和归类机制，以便更好地组织和分析文献；- 将不同文献反复阅读和比较，挖掘其内在联系和区别；- 对每篇文献进行详细的笔记和摘要，作为日后整合和参考的依据；- 对每篇文献的方法、数据、结果、讨论等部分进行分析和评价，找出文献的优缺点和应用价值。
第五步：撰写英语文献综述在阅读文献的基础上，可以开始撰写英语文献综述。
在撰写英语文献综述时，可以参考以下几点：- 从整体上把握该领域的最新研究进展和趋势；- 将不同文献按照主题和问题进行组织和分类；- 利用不同文献之间的关系和内在联系，构建研究框架和思路；- 对文献中有价值的研究成果和结论进行总结和归纳；- 在格式和语言上严格遵循学术写作规范，确保英语文献综述的质量和准确性。
英语文献综述如何写
英语文献综述如何写关键词：英语文献综述中国论文论文写作指导文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。
文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。
根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。
按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。
根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。
文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。
一篇结 构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author)、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)、引言(introduction)、述评(review)、结论(conclusion)和参考文献(references)。
与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。
下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。
2.1 引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
理工专业通用学术英语基础篇
理工专业通用学术英语基础篇学术英语是指用于学术交流的英语语言，包括学术写作、学术讲演等。
对于理工专业的学生来说，掌握学术英语非常重要，因为它是参与国际学术界交流的桥梁。
下面是理工专业通用学术英语的基础篇：1. 科研报告 (Research Presentation)- Good morning/afternoon everyone. Today, I would like to present my research on…- The purpose of my study is to investigate/examine/analyze…- The findings/results of my research indicate/suggest/demonstrate that…- In conclusion, my research contributes to the field of… and provides insights into…2. 学术论文 (Academic Paper)- This paper aims to explore/investigate/a nalyze the impact of…- The methodology used in this study includes…- The results of the experiment/survey indicate/reveal that…- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that…- This study contributes to our understanding of…3. 文献综述 (Literature Review)- This literature review examines/evaluates/analyzes previous studies on…- The main findings of these studies indicate that…- However, some limitations/challenges exist in the current research.- Future research should focus on/address the gaps in the literature.- In conclusion, this literature review provides a comprehensive overview of…4. 研究方法 (Research Methods)- This study adopts/utilizes a quantitative/qualitative research approach.- The sample/participants in this study were selected using a random/snowball sampling method.- Data was collected through interviews/surveys/experiments.- Statistical analysis/Content analysis was applied to analyze the data.- The limitations of the research methodology should be acknowledged.5. 结果与讨论 (Results and Discussion)- The results of the study suggest that there is a positive/negative correlation between A and B.- The findings support the hypothesis/theory that was proposed.- These results are consistent with previous studies/research in the field.- The implications of these findings for theory/practice are discussed.- Future research should focus on further validating/exploring the results.以上是理工专业通用学术英语基础篇的一些常用表达和句型，可以帮助学生在学术交流和学术写作中更加准确和流利地表达自己的观点和研究成果。
英语学术写作文献综述句式
英语学术写作文献综述句式英文回答：Reviewing the Literature.A literature review is a comprehensive summary and critical analysis of the relevant literature on aparticular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on that topic and identifies gaps and areas for further research.Structure of a Literature Review.A literature review typically includes the following sections:Introduction: Introduces the topic and provides a brief overview of the existing literature.Body Paragraphs: Critically review the literature,organizing it by themes or subtopics.Synthesis: Summarizes the main findings and identifies key themes and gaps in the research.Conclusion: Summarizes the main arguments and implications of the literature review.Types of Literature Reviews.There are different types of literature reviews, depending on the purpose and scope:Systematic Review: A rigorous and comprehensive review that follows a specific methodology to identify, select, and analyze studies.Narrative Review: A more informal review that provides an overview of the literature without following a strict methodology.Meta-Analysis: A statistical analysis thatcombines the results of multiple studies to draw overall conclusions.Writing a Literature Review.When writing a literature review, it is important to:Identify Relevant Literature: Use databases and other resources to find relevant studies.Critically Evaluate Studies: Assess the quality, validity, and relevance of the studies.Organize the Review: Group studies by themes or subtopics to provide a coherent structure.Synthesize the Findings: Draw connections between studies and identify patterns and gaps in the research.Write Clearly and Concisely: Use precise language and avoid jargon.中文回答：文献综述。
英语文献综述的范文
Title: English Literature Review: AComprehensive PerspectiveIn the realm of academic research, the literature review serves as a critical component, particularly in the field of English literature. This paper aims to provide an extensive overview of the significant developments and trends within the discipline, drawing upon a diverse range of sources and perspectives.Firstly, it is essential to recognize the evolving nature of English literature, which has been shaped by various historical, cultural, and societal influences. The early works of Shakespeare, for instance, have been extensively analyzed for their thematic depth andlinguistic intricacies. Modern scholars continue to delve into these classics, offering fresh interpretations that resonate with contemporary audiences.Moreover, the emergence of new literary genres and movements has significantly broadened the scope of English literature. Postmodernism, for example, has challenged traditional narrative structures and perspectives, introducing elements of ambiguity and fragmentation. Thistrend has been explored in numerous studies, highlighting the diverse ways in which authors have responded to and shaped the postmodern era.Furthermore, the intersection of English literature with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, has opened up new avenues for research. The exploration of character psychology in literary texts, or the analysis of societal norms and values reflected in literature, are just a few examples of thisinterdisciplinary approach.In terms of methodologies, the literature review has also undergone significant transformations. With the advent of digital technologies and online databases, scholars now have access to vast repositories of information, enabling them to conduct more comprehensive and rigorous reviews. However, the challenge lies in effectively synthesizing and evaluating this vast amount of data.One notable trend in recent years has been the increasing focus on global perspectives in English literature. With the growth of international literary movements and the rise of multiculturalism, scholars arenow more inclined to explore the global dimensions of literary works. This approach not only broadens our understanding of English literature but also promotes cross-cultural understanding and exchange.Moreover, the impact of gender and race on English literature has also been a topic of increasing interest. The examination of how gender roles and racial identities are represented and constructed in literary texts has provided valuable insights into the complex intersections of identity, power, and representation.In conclusion, the literature review in English literature is a dynamic and evolving field that continues to shape our understanding of the discipline. By exploring diverse themes, genres, and methodologies, scholars are able to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of English literature, revealing new meanings and perspectives that resonate with our contemporary world.**英语文献综述：全面视角**在学术研究领域，文献综述是一个至关重要的组成部分，尤其在英语文学领域更是如此。
英语论文的文献综述模板,范例
关于“The Code Hero Image of AmericanCulture in the Brave Heart ”之文献综述学生：谈乐天指导老师：孙艳淮南师范学院外语系2015届引言自从美国著名作家厄尼斯特.海明威在他的小说中开创了一种全新的写作形象——硬汉形象（即准则英雄Code Hero）。
后来的很多年，直至现在，中外都有众多的作家或者是导演，又或是其他的文艺创作者们，都学习并应用了海明威的这一文学艺术形象，令现如今的文学世界增添了一道亮丽的色彩。
而在众多学习、研究或是沿用“硬汉形象”这一文学艺术形象的作品中，我所侧重的是1995年好莱坞电影《勇敢的心》中的硬汉形象研究。
众所周知，《勇敢的心》是一部史诗性的大片，由梅尔.吉布森导演并主演，片中的威廉.华莱士是一个崇尚自由，热爱民主，追求爱情，并且拥有强大个人能力以及无坚不摧的意志力的人。
事实上，威廉.华莱士一人，历史上确有其人。
13世纪的不列颠岛，苏格兰人民与英格兰统治者之间的抗争一直都在进行着。
而威廉.华莱士就是此时期出现的一个英雄，一个硬汉。
那么，本文就主要探讨和研究这部电影和其中的“硬汉形象”吧。
一、研究历史什么是硬汉形象（或者说是准则英雄）呢？硬汉形象就是海明威在他的一系列作品中描写的那些具有身体和心里潜力的、崇尚自由和尊严的、拥有强大技能的，同时敢于面对和克服困难和死亡的文学艺术形象。
比如，《老人与海》（The Old Man And the Sea）中的圣地亚哥，《太阳照常升起》(The Sun Also Rises)中的杰克•巴尼斯，还有《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls)中的罗伯特•乔丹以及《永别了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms）中的亨利，等等。
现在的文学艺术世界拥有这一形象的原因，全归功于海明威的创造。
而海明威作为一名举世闻名，甚至将是流传千古的作家，自他之后，已经有很多中外的学者专家们把研究的对象转向了他，同样转向了由他开创的“硬汉形象”。
学术英语如何写文献综述
Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review
6. Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective? 7. Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?
5. Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?
文献综述概念（也叫文献阅读报告）
文献综述的概念(“review”, “summary” , “survey”, “…past, present, and future”, etc.) 意义和目的是总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解 当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发 展方向等。 文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛 选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓 缩的文献产品。 其特点是“综”和“述”－“综”要求对文献资料进行综合 分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述” 则要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统 的、客观的论述。
英文毕业论文文献综述的写法及范文
英文毕业论文文献综述的写法及范文文献综述要求：1). 文献综述所用文字---- 英语；2). 文献综述的字数------ 不少于1500字；3). 文献综述的参考文献篇数不得少于10篇,其中英语原版文献2-3篇；4). 文献综述要求中心明确,有逻辑性,前后连贯,而不是将各种摘录放在一起；建议各位老师让学生在写文献综述前先写一份大致的提纲，帮助他们理清自己的思路.文献综述的写法及范文文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文，它是科学文献的一种。
文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。
要求同学们学写综述，至少有以下好处：①通过搜集文献资料过程，可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法；在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面；②查找文献资料、写文献综述是进行科研的第一步，因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程；③通过综述的写作过程，能提高归纳、分析、综合能力，有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高；④文献综述选题范围广，题目可大可小，可难可易，可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题。
文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方，它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。
但是，文献综述既不像“读书报告”“文献复习”那样，单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告，也不像“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程，其特点是“综”，“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
总之，文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。
写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段：即选题，搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲（包括归纳、整理、分析）和成文。
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Abstract:
In recent years, with the continuous development of online shopping, third-party online payment mode are increasingly popular among users. With its convenient, high credibility and security, it has become the mainstream model of online payment.And because of it's fast development, the third-party online payment has attracted more and more attention of people from all walks of life. And the focus is the risk of the use of this platform. In this paper, the author introduces the present development status of the third-party online payment. This paper is focusing on risk analysis and monitoring technology using scenario analysis . In order to prevent and control the risk of third party online payment, we should thoroughly research the third party online payment market and consider all aspects.
Reference
Yong Xu ,Ruiying YaoXueyan Liu，2009,A Payment Model of Mobile Phone based on Thirdparty Security.
Wei Feifei,2009,Trust and Security Research of the C2C E-Commerce System Based on third part payment Platform. Zhao Wei-wen and Xu Ying-fu. Discussion on third-party payments business of Commercial banks [J]. Business China.2008 (7): 20-21. Xu Xiao-ping. Research of security electronic payment model based on third payment authority [J].Computer Engineering and Design.2006.27 (12):2136-2139. RandyC.Marehany，JosePhG..Tront，E-Commerce Security Issues, IEEE.2002. Qin Feng and Zhou Li. Study on credit evaluation issue of EC platform based on third-party [J]. China Scientific dissertation Online，2005. Niu yun. Application and research on EC security technology, Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2004. Shuo He, The evolution and development research of Mobile payment [J]. Chinese credit card, 2008,(14) . Juanxiao Sun, Jianling Gao, Lin Zhu, Fei Feng. The analysis of the E-commerce "third-party guarantee to pay" approach [J].Financial Accounting, 2006, (01) Guanrong Wang. The business model and development of Cell phone mobile payment in China[J]. Financial Accounting, 2008, (05)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
And security technology of C2C EC based on third-party payment platform has following types.1) Security technology of thirdparty payment account .2)Security Technology in the transaction of C2C EC based on third-party payment platform.3）Other security technologies （Firewall、Antivirus technology ，Security technology related to the login account of C2C EC web site）Whereas as a new technology, it brings some trust and security problems including breaking in the system, denial of Service, identity Counterfeit, computer virus and so on, the system has set up a trust and security system to solve these problem .the trust and security problems can be considered and settled synthetically and the trust and security system framework can be set up. This will be great help for the study and development of C2C EC trust and security.
Literature review:
• Third-party secured payment means that when buyers and sellers reach agreement on merchandise trade, the buyer will pay money to a third party for custody and the third-party won't pay the seller to complete the whole transaction until the buyer receives the seller of goods and confirmed(Yong Xu ,Ruiying YaoXueyan Liu，2009) .However China's e-payment market is essentially developing 50 years late from the US market,In certain aspects there are defects.Such as how to monitor the Precipitation funds and the question of users' Information Security.And now Alipay and tenpay are China's main thirdp a r t y t r a d i n g platforms.Based on the Trust and security system above the C2C EC system with third-party payment has following types of security risks. 1. Breaking in the system ;2. Denial of Service;3. Identity Counterfeit;4. Computer virus;(Wei Feifei,2009)