学术英语 医学 Unit 5
医学英语unit 5总结
Unit five Doctors and Managers can learn from each other 一．Background information1. Manager：Anyone who uses management skills in their work.2. Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.Health administration or healthcare administration is the field relating to leadership, management, and administration of hospitals, hospital networks, and health care systems. Health care administrators are considered health care professionals.The discipline is known by many names, including health management（健康管理；卫生管理）, healthcare management（卫生保健管理）, health systems management（卫生系统管理）, health care systems management, and medical and health services management二、text analysis1. open up 打开；开发；开始；展示，揭露The bullet wound in his shoulder was opened up for treatment.切开他肩上的枪伤进行治疗。
学术英语Unit5练习答案
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language Match the words with their definitions.
1 —— b 2 —— i 3 —— e 4 —— f 5 —— c
Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.
1 特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的 国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
1 Definition
? Enhancing your academic language
Translate the following sentences from Text 15 into Chinese.
4 转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失，就像抗干旱种子 在耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。
1 genetically (基因上地) engineering 2 advantages outweigh (比……重要) disadvantages
greatly 3 infrastructure (基础设施) construction 4 statistics (统计) analysis 5 will soon resolve (解决) all the difficulties 6 financial (金融的) institution 7 rigorous (严格的) discipline 8 spark (点燃) the flames of revolution 9 be in collaboration (合作) with your partner 10 a(n) desperate (绝望的) cry for help 11 alter (改变) the bad habit
医学英语课件unit 5
Enemy?
Mental and Emotional Stress: Are You Your Own Worst Enemy?
We ’ v e a l l f o u n d ourselves being impatient with people or taking out frustrations on innocent bystanders, or causing unnecessary conflicts and mental stress because stress is cl oudi ng our j u d g m e n t .
对比记忆aggressive, aggregation
Effects of Stress on the Body 7. Many diseases are related with stress. Diseases of the gastrointestinal system, the respiratory system, and the skin are often aggravated, if not caused, by stress. Hypertension is another disease greatly affected by stress.
2. The regulation of the internal functioning of the body is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain, which governs the autonomic nervous system and the master endocrine gland, the pituitary. Not only does the hypothalamus control homeostasis, it senses when the body or a body part is under stress and directs the proper response through nerves and glands.
医学英语新教程-习题参考答案Unit 5
Unit FiveStress and DiseasesSection A1—c 2—f 3—j 4—a 5—h6—d 7—b 8—i 9—e 10—gSection BPassage 1I. Reading Comprehension1.Describe the general changes that occur when the body is subjected to stress.The blood sugar level rises, providing an additional energy supply needed for repair of the damaged tissue. The injured site becomes inflamed due to the increased blood flow to the area. The neutrophil count increases, enabling the phagocytic cells to engulf foreign matter and cellular debris.2.How does the body counteract the effect of shock due to blood loss?The response of the body to this stress is to increase blood pressure. Specialized neural receptors sense the low pressure, and through a neural mechanism, which will be explained, the blood pressure increases. The kidneys, sensing the reduced blood pressure due to the loss of blood, release a substance called renin that aids in restoring proper pressure. The adrenal glands are stimulated to release adrenalin, which also increases blood pressure and heart activity.3.What is the role of the hypothalamus in responding to stress?Signals of an alarm reaction are sent to the hypothalamus, which in turn sends releasing factors to the pituitary gland. The pituitary secretes ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and thyrotropin, which stimulate the thyroid gland and the adrenal cortex to release thyroxine and the corticosteroids.4.What is the action of cortisol and related steroids?Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, is anti-inflammatory and inhibits unnecessary defense reactions.5.How can stress predispose to tuberculosis?An excess of anti-inflammatory hormones produced during stress can actually cause the spread of an infection by weakening the barricade around infectious organisms. Stress can be a predisposing factor in the spread of tuberculosis for this reason. Tubercle bacilli can be held at bay until excessive cortisol is circulated.6.How are peptic ulcers related to stress?Peptic ulcers are a prime example of a stress-related disease. The ulcer patient is frequently nervous, prone to worry, and very conscientious. Prolonged physiologic or psychological stress triggers the alarm reaction, and gastric secretion, which is high in digestive enzymes and acidity, is increased.7—D 8—B 9—D 10—AII. Vocabulary StudyPart A1—inflammation 2—hypersensitivity 3—homeostasis 4—pathogen 5—hypertension 6—constriction 7—constipation 8—infection 9—perspiration 10—migrainePart B1—maintenance 2—aggravate 3—conscientious 4—predispose 5—intensity 6—altitude 7—precipitate 8—retain 9—compulsive 10—barricadeIII. TranslationPart A1.The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in themidst of ever-changing conditions.身体在持续变化的条件下努力维持内环境的恒定。
(完整版)学术英语(医学)课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —：the form signed by her doctor.—request”·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:? Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:? Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union? TB in urban centers like New York City? Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '? The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:? She read articles on websites such as PubMed.? She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.? She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.? She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:? Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient?Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:?Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group? Tendency to produce comparable groups? Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:? Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole? A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue?Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups? Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:? Control group comparisons possible?Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.?Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：? Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.?Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups? Cohort studiesAdvantages:?Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome? Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure? Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:? Larger, longer, and more expensive? Prone to certain types of bias? Not practical for rare outcomes? Case-control studiesAdvantages:? The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcome? Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：? Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in nature? Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcometrials? “N=1”Advantages? Easy to manage? InexpensiveLimitations：? Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population? Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、? Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:? The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)? The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：? Continuous stress? Pain? Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:? Energy and vitality? A certain zip in gait? A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:? Half-truth? Fearful fictions? Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:? Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions? Building our wellness toolbox slowly? Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:? Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change? Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit? Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:? Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy? Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:? A process rather than signing a written form? Adequate information as the premise? A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: ? At the individual level: fairness? At the social level: distinction between classes。
学术英语 医学 Unit 5 Text A 翻译
Unit 5 Text A身体不适能导致疾病吗？健康是身体、心灵和精神的多维体验。
当我们感到不适时，我们的身体平衡会被打乱，疾病就会迅速来袭。
引起失衡缘由多种多样，如持续承受的压力、忍受的痛苦和尝受的各种心酸等。
我们的饮食习惯、解决冲突的方法、驾驭生活的方式都对我们的健康产生影响，不管是积极的还是消极的。
只要我们不是浑浑噩噩、漫无目的地过活，我们对生活和健康就拥有神奇的掌控力。
我们为什么一定要等到健康危机出现以后才去寻求改变？我们可以采取措施来缓解一些身体疾病，一来我们要关注我们的身体，二来我们还要消除那些可能发生在我们日常生活中的各种失调。
对大多数人而言，我们过活得怎样，我们的身体不断地向我们发送积极和消极的信息。
然而，有些人把自己的生活设为“自动驾驶”模式，并不刻意掌控生活。
他们每天疲于奔命，超负荷运转，无暇顾及自己。
如果身体出现任何状况，他们就忍着。
这就是为什么疾病会不期而至。
当我们考虑何为健康时，我们想到的是无疾病及健康，我们常常将健康与有无症状混为一谈。
健康是一种涉及我们生存的每一方面的状态：身体、心理和精神。
为了达到真正的健康，我们应该突破以往的生理及心理极限，这样我们才能感受到更多的平衡和健康。
当我们处于健康状态时，我们充满能量和活力。
健康的人步态矫健，举手投足间可见其心态温情平和。
不适的文化特征我们生活在一个充满困惑的时代。
人心受到蛊惑，受各种歪理邪说的感染，有半真半假的报道、有恐怖骇人的杜撰、还有赤裸无耻的欺骗。
可悲的是，有些谎言其实是一种自欺。
我们受蛊惑，身陷迷茫是因为我们活得浑浑噩噩，被逼得东奔西撞、晕头转向，不再用心于我们的内心真实和身外现实。
任何职业、宗教或社会似乎对此都不能置身度，具有完全的免疫力。
专家和骗子都在争相出招蛊惑人心，彷徨迷茫的幻影充斥着社会和媒体的各个方面。
虚假这种病毒已经传播到地球的每一个角落，并深深根植于我们的思想里, 似乎无人能够完全幸免于这种瘟疾。
【源版】学术英语-医学-Unit-5
Pick a day and make all of your doctor’s appointments
• a screening with the dermatologist • a mammogram if you are a woman • a Pap Smear and check-up with gynecology
≈, approx., c. re. yr info.
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Suggested answers
Task 1 Watch the video and take notes about the following points. Try to use the note-taking symbols you have learned in Units 4 and 5.
4. ways to get relaxed
3. importance of down time
Stress as a factor in a lot of diseases • catching a cold, developing cancer, heart disease and
even depression
Anything that you enjoy • play with the dog for ten minutes as coming home ritual • reading something such as historical fiction for fifteen
Unit 5 Healthy Living
《学术英语》医学-译文
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人56岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个20分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度DEXA扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房X光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？50岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去10年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
医学英语新教材下册unit5翻译
癌症患者指南1.本章是对疾病和器官特异性等有关内容的导言，侧重介绍癌症治疗的一般方法，并着重强调我们将要深入讨论的有关癌症诊断，治疗，康复和全面护理等方面问题的基本原理和基础理论。
2.控制癌症最有效的办法是预防。
健康的生活方式，如戒烟，合理饮食，保持正常体重，坚持锻炼等都是降低患癌几率的有效措施。
此外，临床防癌药疗实验对乳房癌、头颈癌或其它癌症在未来几年内将作为首选实验疗法，该临床实验是利用癌症生物学知识优势瞄准特定的高位人群。
3.一旦患癌，越早发现越有利于治疗。
对癌症的早期病变，及早的发现和确诊不仅能够避免晚期的高强度治疗，而且能够保证取得更好的治疗效果。
其次，严格周密的治疗方案在每一个病例中都是至关重要的。
4.针对癌症或疑似癌症患者的现代疾病诊疗方法和康复法在很大程度上依赖于传统的医患关系准则。
对于医疗人员来说，理解患者及其家属的担忧和恐惧心理同掌握某种癌症的确切治疗方法一样重要。
前者要求医生或其他医护人员秉承职业道德，真正聆听患者的声音，并引导他们顺利通过这场医学上复杂难解又令人畏惧的经历。
此类信息的科学依据可从现今多个专业数据资源中搜索到，如美国国家癌症研究所的PDQ（Physician Data Query癌症信息库）系统、美国癌症协会的国家癌症信息中心、有关教科书、会议以及肿瘤专家们的会诊等。
5. 通常，从事基础护理保健的医生在癌症的早期确诊中起着重要作用。
在精确的病史采集中，一些可能被检测到的线索（通常是一些轻微的症状）会提醒医生注意并判断病人是否罹患癌症。
在过去的几年中，美国癌症协会依据这些线索提出了癌症的7大危险信号，引起了民众的广泛关注。
然而，许多这种广为人知的症状已是癌症后期的表现，于是我们要想在可治愈阶段检测出人们是否患癌就必须把重点放在筛选无症状人群上。
6.对于疑似患癌的病例中，医生需明确迅速地做出判断，给出诊断结论。
病人在诊断期间须接受全面的健康评估，这样有利于医生制定出全面的治疗方案。
学术英语(医学)_Unit5
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation
4 Describe the time of great confusion we live in.
• People’s mind infected by spin -half-truth -fearful fictions -blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit
1 Your personal understanding about the claim that Health is a multidimensional experience of body, mind and spirit.
• Wellness as a state involving every aspect of our body: body, mind, and spirit
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing Get reading for Unit 6
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Lead-in
• Issues to be covered • Suggested answers
• the awareness and use of bodily sensations in order to 1) support overall health and well-being 2) lessen symptoms of stress and stress-aggravated diseases 3) signal information about safety and comfort and 4) further psychological and spiritual development over your lifetime.
学术英语（医学）课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctorcondition:2、Mrs. Osorio’s·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent ——request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcomeN=1” trials“AdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole populationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departure s from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。
医学英语unit 5
8. Supplementary reading
• F T F F
精神状况的检查 精神状况的检查，同常记作MSE，是对病人精神状况的临床评估的一 个重要部分。与身体检查相比，MSE在检查内容和手段上都是非常不 同的。
Inspection 视诊
• Words: bluish 带蓝色的； • E.g. symptoms include severe breathlessness, weight loss, and bluish skin临床症状有严重气急，体重减轻和紫绀 medical instrument nail bed 甲床 blood test 验血； percussion 叩诊； Palpation 触诊，； auscultation 听诊；
• Answer： A. 1) A
2) D
3) B 4) B
B. 1. 外科手术史； 2. 药物和药物过敏史 3. 产科史； 4. 生长发育史 5. 免疫史 病 史
病史记录了一个人一生的生理及心理健康状况，包括其生长发育水平、得 过的急性和慢性疾病等。这些信息能为患者现有的疾病提供线索。系统的病史 包含以下多方面信息： 1. 外科手术史，包括所有做过的手术名称、持续时间、手术日期等； 2. 药物和药物过敏史； 3. 家族史，包括直系亲属的健康状况、死亡原因、家族常见疾病等；
• A. 1. the technologist draws blood from the patient’s vein so as to collect the blood sample for testing. 2. The testing is helpful for detecting the patient’s present liver disease, recognizing the types of liver disorder, and defining the extent of liver damage. 3. Because most patients with liver diseases have light symptoms at the beginning, which are not drawn to their attention.
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 5
UNIT 5 Healthy LivingTeaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 5, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Teaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1.Start the class by brainstorming how health has been and should be defined. AskSs about their ideas and share beliefs and experience in this respect.2.Lead Ss to do Task / Lead-in.Key to the task1) Balancing calories:•Enjoy food, but eat less•Avoid oversized portions2) Increasing consumption of certain foods:•Whole grain•Fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk•Fruits and vegetables3) Reducing consumption of certain foods:•Low-sodium foods•Sugary drinks3.Introduce the topic of Text A as a natural continuum of Lead-in.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1.Chronic diseases have constituted a primary threat to health and well-being of theglobal population, and the chronic diseases have much to do with lifestyles. With that in mind, T may start the class by eliciting Ss’ perception of health, chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles.2.Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical reading andthinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance. Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.3.Integrate Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A when an expression of causeor effect is covered.4.When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5.If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus1.The rise in chronic disease incidence and prevalence is paralleled by anunrelenting rise … (P110, Para. 2)parallel作为及物动词表示“使……与……平行”，此处用在被动语态中，可译为：慢性病发病率和患病率的上升与不健康生活表型的持续上升相伴相生。
医学英语unit-5总结
医学英语unit-5总结Unit five Doctors and Managers can learn from each other 一．Background information1. Manager：Anyone who uses management skills in their work.2. Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.Health administration or healthcare administration is the field relating to leadership, management, and administration of hospitals, hospital networks, and health care systems. Health care administrators are considered health care professionals.The discipline is known by many names, including health management（健康管理；卫生管理）, healthcare management（卫生保健管理）, health systems management（卫生系统管理）, health care systems management, and medical and health services management二、text analysis1. open up 打开；开发；开始；展示，揭露The bullet wound in his shoulder was opened up for treatment.切开他肩上的枪伤进行治疗。
医护英语Unit5HospitalizationI课件
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Unit 5 Hospitalization (I)
Reading A
Ward Nurses Job Description A ward nurse functions as a health care provider, decision maker, educator, consultant, and researcher. It is the ward nurse who follows nursing process in assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating daily individual patient care.
Translation
Unit 5 Hospitalization (I)
Reading A
• Identifies immediate needs of the patients through proper assessment upon admission. • Obtains and records objective and subjective cueБайду номын сангаас such as taking vital signs, performing simple physical examinations, interacting with the patients and their relatives, reviewing of records, etc. • Collects samples for various laboratory tests like: liver function test, renal function test, blood and urine tests, routine microscopy test, etc. • Assesses physical, psychological and psychosocial needs of the client by interviewing formally and informally during various nurse - client interactions. Planning the Inpatient Care After developing a nursing database through interview and assessment of the patient and the family, the nurse utilizes this data to identify problems and then formulates a nursing plan of care. • Arranges admission, discharge and transfer for the patients. • Makes daily reports of all admitted patients and submits them to the night duty supervisor for continuity of care. • Sees to it that all equipment, supplies and other items in the unit are in good condition and ready for use at any time. • Operates correctly all equipment in the ward, such as life support systems and renal dialysis machines. • Maintains cleanliness and orderliness of the unit in coordination with the Translation housekeepers.
学术英语Unit5
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Lead-in Issues to be covered
1.The concept of HEALTH as defined by WHO 2.The knowledge about the importance of wellness 3.The role of lifestyle, dietary choices, and mental activities in achieving wellness 4.The relationship between body, mind and spirit in relation to health
• Manifestations of a healthy person
•
-Energy and vitality
•
-A certain zip in gait
•
-A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through
behavior
Unit 5 Healthy Living
• Message 3: reducing consumption of certain foods --low-sodium foods, sugary drinks
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Text A
• Critical reading and thinking
•
– Topics for presentation
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Useful expressions
学术英语(医学)重点翻译
Unit 1 Doctors’ Life
Text A
Suggested answers – language building-up
Task 1. 2 Match each of the following definitions with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.
.
Unit 1 Doctors’ Life
Text B
Language building-up
Vocabulary test
• __ra_n_d_o_m__iz_e_d__ clinical trial（随机临床试验） • random _a_ll_o_c_a_ti_o_n_（随机分配） • patient _p_ro_g_n_o_s_i_s_（病人的预后） • __co_n_t_r_o_l __group（对照组） • a 10-year _f_o_ll_o_w_-_u_p_ study（10年的跟踪研究）
• “战争胜利了” ，最近有位科学家嘲弄道。”是对方（传染病 ）获胜。”
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Page 27
Text A
Suggested Answers
Task 1. 2 Match each of the following definitions with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.
pneumonia podiatrist
肺炎 足病医生
refill transplant
.
Unit 1
Doctors’ Life TБайду номын сангаасxt B
学术英语——医学Unit 5整理
学术英语医学Academic English for Medicine●医学词汇中表示否定的词缀前缀一、表示缺,少,无,非,消等如:acholia (无胆汁); achromate (色盲); afebrile (不发热的); afunction (机能丧失); amenia (闭经); aseptic (无菌的); astatic (不稳定的, 无定向的), aperiodic ( 非周期的)二、an- 表示无, 非, 缺, 不等如:Anemia(贫血); anepia(言语不能, 失语症); anesthesia(麻醉, 感觉缺失); anoxia(缺氧症); analgesia(痛觉缺失); anorexia (食欲缺乏)三、anti-表示反抗, 逆, 防, 耐, 消, 去, 解对, 非等如:Antiarthritic(抗风湿药物); antibiotic(抗生素); antibody(抗体); anticoagulant(抗凝血剂); antidote(解毒剂); antiemetic(止吐剂); antigen(抗原); antipyretic(退热剂); antitoxin(抗毒素)四、contra-表示反, 逆,抗等如: Contraception(节育, 避孕); contraindication(禁忌症), contraincision(对口切开); contralateral (对侧); contrast(对比); contrast media(造影剂)八. in- 表示不, 无,非, 未等. im-, il-, ir- 是其同原变体, im- 用在m, p开头的词前, il-,用在l开头的词前, ir-用在r开头的词前.Incompetence (机能不全); incontinence (失禁); incurable(不治的); indigestion (消化不良); inorganic (无机的); immune (免疫的); immature(未成熟的);impotence (阳痿,虚弱); irregular(不规则的); irrhythmia (心律失常); illogical; illimitable; illegal九. mal- 表示不良,坏,恶. 例如:maladjustment (失调); maldevelopment (发育不良); Malformation (畸形); malfunction (功能障碍); malposed (错位的)十.mis- 表示错,误,坏等. 例如:Miscarriage (流产); misdiagnosis (误诊)十一. non-表示非,不,无,抗,未,防等.non-aging(未老化的); non-protein(非蛋白);non-pathogenic(非病原的); nontoxic (无毒的); nonviable(不能生活的)十二. un- 表示不, 无, 未,去,失,非等. 例如: Unconscious (神志不清); uneasy/unrest(不安); undifferentiation (未分化); undoubted (无疑); unequal (不相等的); unsaturated (不饱和的); unwell(不适, 有病)十三.under- 表示不足; 欠,不; 低, 在下等. 例如: Undernutrition / undernourishment (营养不良); underestimate (低估); undersaturation (欠饱和); underweight(体重不足); underdiagnosis (漏诊)十四. 后缀–free表示无---的例如: Sugar-free urine(无糖尿) ; symptom-free(无症状) 十五. 后缀-less表示无---的; 不---的例如:Symptomless (无症状的); senseless (无感觉的)十六.后缀-proof 表示防---的; 耐---的; 不透---的例如:Fool-proof(容易操作的); fire-proof(防火的); sound-proof(隔音的); time-proof(耐久的);water-proof (防水的)复习：相反 dis- disease/disorder/disability困难/障碍 dys- dysfunction/ dyspnea不良 mal-malfunction/malnutrition/malpractice炎症 -itisappendicitis/bronchitis/arthritis瘤/块 -oma lymphoma/adenoma/ hematoma血症 -emia leukemia/ septicemiaUnit 5 Healthy LivingText AUseful expressions●Imbalance can arise from many different sources,such as continuous stress, pain, and hardships.How we eat, work out conflict, and navigatethrough life can negatively or positively affect our health. We who live consciously and intentionally have an amazing amount of power over our lives and health.●These loops contribute to limiting, self-defeating,and even self-destructive behaviors thatundermines our well-being and keeps them fromachieving our full potential.●Like most ingrained emotional, psychological,and behavioral patterns, spin traps repeat andproduce the same old patterns over and over until they are recognized, healed, and changed.●By disconnecting from our bodies andabandoning themselves in this way, we tend tolose a sense of our natural self-confidence. Wegrow more reluctant to take risks.●They lose our ability to feel and acknowledge ourdeepest feelings and the courage to speak ourtruth.●Most of the issues that we face in life, be theyphysical or emotional, have our roots andresolution in different dimensions.●Most of the issues that we face in life, whetherthey should be physical or emotional, have ourroots and resolution in different dimensions.Difficult Sentences●However, some people go through life on automaticpilot. (Para.2)然而，有些人的生活是走一步，算一步。
医学英语综合教程第二版Unit5
医学英语综合教程第二版Unit5第一篇：医学英语综合教程第二版Unit 5免疫固有免疫（又叫自然免疫或者先天性免疫）为抵制微生物提供了早期的天然防线。
它有细胞和生化机制构成，他们甚至在感染之前就已经开始运转，随时准备迅速应对感染。
这些机制对微生物和受损细胞的产生做出反应，也已基本相同的方式应对重复感染。
固有免疫主要成分是1.物理和化学屏障，比如上皮组织和上皮表层产生的抗菌化学物。
2.噬菌细胞（嗜中性粒细胞，巨噬细胞），树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞。
3.血蛋白，包括补体系统的成分和其他的炎症介质。
4.一种叫做细胞因子的蛋白质能够调节和协调固有免疫的细胞活动。
固有免疫机制是专门针对成组的相关联微生物共同拥有的结构的，他们可能无法分辨为生物之间的细小差别。
与固有免疫相比，因接触感染因子而被激活的其它的免疫反应会因为与某一种微生物的反复接触而体积增大和防御能力增强。
因为这种形式的免疫会随着对感染的反应而发展和调整，因此叫做适应性反应。
适应性免疫的明确特征是对不同的分子有敏锐的特异性，他有记忆的功能能够对相同微生物的重复感染做出更加激烈的应答。
适应性免疫系统能够识别，并对大量的微生物和非微生物产生应答。
此外，他有一种卓越的能力，能够区别不同的甚至是关系紧密的微生物和分子。
正因为如此，它有被成为特异性免疫，有时候也叫后天免疫，是为了强调这种强大的保护应答是因为（不断）接触而获得的。
适应性免疫的主要成分是淋巴细胞和他们的分泌物比如抗体。
诱发特异性免疫或者被淋巴细胞或抗体识别的外来物质被称为抗原。
保护诉诸抵制微生物的机制在所有的多细胞生物中以某种形式存在着。
这些机制构成了固有免疫。
构成适应性免疫的更加特异的防御机制只有在脊椎动物身上才有。
在进化过程中两种功能相似但是分子相异的适应性免疫系统在不同时期得到了发展。
大约5亿年前，八目鳗和盲鳗这些无颚鱼进化了一种独一无二的免疫系统，它有各种像淋巴细胞一样的细胞，能在更加高级的物种里像淋巴细胞一样发挥作用，甚至能对免疫应答。
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Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Suggested answers
Task 1 Watch the video and take notes about the following points. Try to use the note-taking symbols you have learned in Units 4 and 5.
3. importance of down time
Stress as a factor in a lot of diseases • catching a cold, developing cancer, heart disease and even depression
Anything that you enjoy • play with the dog for ten minutes as coming home ritual • reading something such as historical fiction for fifteen minutes a day
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Note-taking Symbols
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Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
• Note-taking symbols • Suggested answers
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Note-taking Symbols
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Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Suggested answers
Task 1 Watch the video and take notes about the following points. Try to use the note-taking symbols you have learned in Units 4 and 5.
1. the half-plate rule Fill half of your plate with fruits and vegetables at every meal • • • • Keeping calories under control Ensuring plenty of fiber, photochemical, vitamins, and minerals in your diet Controlling all your risk factors for diseases like heart disease, cancer Keeping your skin looking wrinkle free and smooth and glowing
2. tips on going to see doctors enough Pick a day and make all of your doctor’s appointments • a screening with the dermatologist • a mammogram if you are a woman • a Pap Smear and check-up with gynecology appointment
学术英语 医学
Academic English for Medicine
Unit 5
Healthy Living
The WHO defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Accordingly, health is no longer thought of as a state of being disease or illness free or an absence of symptoms. What people should strive for is wellness rather than just being physically sound.. To achieve that, special attention should be paid to not only lifestyles and dietary but also mental activities.
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Suggested video and take notes about the following points. Try to use the note-taking symbols you have learned in Units 4 and 5.
Unit 5 Healthy Living
Listening
Task 1 Watch the video and take notes about the following points. Try to use the note-taking symbols you have learned in Units 4 and 5.