Cohesion and Coherence的区别
CohesionandCoherence资料
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
cohesion in english主要内容
cohesion in english主要内容"Cohesion" 在英语中通常指的是一种粘合或结合的力量，它可以使不同的部分或成分团结在一起。
这个概念在不同的领域有不同的应用和含义。
1.物理学：在物理学中，"cohesion" 指的是分子之间的吸引力，这种吸引力使得固体和液体保持其形状和体积。
例如，水的凝聚力使得它能够保持液态。
2.化学：在化学中，"cohesion" 指的是分子或原子之间的化学键，这些键是物质结构的基础。
例如，二氧化碳（CO2）分子中的碳和氧原子通过共价键结合在一起。
3.生物学：在生物学中，"cohesion" 可以指细胞或组织之间的粘附力，这种力使得它们能够维持结构和功能。
例如，细胞间的粘附分子如钙粘蛋白（cadherins）负责维持组织的凝聚力。
4.社会学：在社会学中，"cohesion" 指的是社会集团或群体成员之间的团结和一致，这种团结通常基于共同的目标、价值观或利益。
例如，一个国家的公民可能因为共同的国家认同而具有凝聚力。
5.文学和语言学：在文学和语言学中，"cohesion" 可以指文本或话语中不同部分之间的逻辑和语义联系，这种联系有助于整体的理解和流畅性。
例如，一个故事中的情节和角色可以通过作者的叙述技巧而紧密结合。
6.工程学：在工程学中，"cohesion" 可以指建筑材料或结构组件之间的粘结力，这种力对于维持结构的稳定性和耐久性至关重要。
"Cohesion" 的反义词是"cohesion"，它指的是分解或分离的过程。
在不同的语境中，"cohesion" 的具体含义可能会有所不同，但通常都与结合、团结或粘合有关。
第八章篇章翻译解析
read, “ The most beautiful spot on campus is not
▪ Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类：
▪ 照应 reference ▪ 替代 substitution ▪ 省略 ellipsis ▪ 连接 conjunction ▪ 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion
另一种分类法：陈宏薇
▪ 比较照应在语篇中起上下承接的作用。 因为任何 比较至少要涉及两个实体或事态，语篇中如果有 表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者便 会在上下文中寻找与其构成比较关系的其它词语。 比较照应的语篇衔接功能就是这样发挥作用的。
▪ 例1：
▪ Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money, and Bob receives a similar amount.
▪ 稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不 小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。（贾平凹 《丑 石》）
▪ The only thing that had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it, which is filled with water on rainy days.
▪ 每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上 的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先 搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备 食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、 打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家 家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。
▪ Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.
考研英语完型词汇——近义词辨析
考研英语完型词汇——近义词辨析1. adherence&adhesion这两个词都是“粘附的”意思。
adherence 用于比喻的意思。
例如：His adherence to the strict letter of the law.adhesion 是指物质上的。
2. adjacent&adjoining&contiguous这些词都有next to“紧挨”的意思。
adjacent “毗邻的，邻近的”，但它们可能并不相互直接接触。
adjoining和contiguous 指相互接触，通常之间有一个edge或boundary。
3. admission&admittance它们都有“the act of entering”的意思。
但admission 用于公共场合。
例如：The price of admission to the gallery is￡5.admittance 不指公共场合，一般指私人的住所。
4. adopted&adoptiveadopted “收养的，过继的”an adopted son(daughter) 养子（女）；my adopted country 我所入籍的国家；adopted words 外来语。
adoptive“收养的”，我们说adoptive parents，但很少说adoptive child；“采用的”，“假冒的”an adoptive courage假充勇敢。
5. averse&adverseadverse “不利的，反对的”，用于事，不用于人。
adverse weather conditions；an adverse reaction。
averse “嫌恶的，反对的，不乐意的”，常和“to”一起使用，而且用否定形式。
6. advise&adviceadvise “劝告”（动词）；advice “劝告”（名词）。
Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
coherence词根
coherence词根
coherence是一个英语单词，词根为“co-”，意为“共同，一起”，后缀为“-herence”，意为“粘着，连贯”。
这个词根在许多单词中都有出现，以下是一些例子：
1. cooperate - 动词，意为“合作，协作”，co-意为“共同”，operate意为“工作”。
2. coalition - 名词，意为“联盟，合并”，co-意为“共同”，-ition意为“状态”。
3. coexist - 动词，意为“共存”，co-意为“共同”，exist意为“存在”。
4. cohesion - 名词，意为“内聚力，凝聚力”，co-意为“共同”，-sion意为“状态”。
5. coherent - 形容词，意为“连贯的，一致的”，co-意为“共同”，-ent意为“具有...特征的”。
词根co-与其他词根组合也有各种含义，例如：
1. com-/con- - 意为“一起，共同”，例如community（社区）、congregation（集会）。
2. col-/com- - 意为“一起，共同”，例如collaborate（合作）、commitment（承诺）。
3. co-/contra- - 意为“一起，相反”，例如coexist（共存）、contradict（相互矛盾）。
4. co-/cor- - 意为“一起，相互”，例如cooperate（合作）、
correspond（相应）。
在英语中，词根是构成单词的基础，认识和掌握常用的词根不仅可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，也能更好地理解单词的含义和用法。
Coherence and cohesion
Coherence & Cohesionsentencelanguage structuremacromacro-structureContrastive Language 对比Information structureText(discourse) structureTheme/rhymeMicro grammarNon-structure- cohesive devices 使结合成整体的Lexicons 专业词汇Grammar : reference; ellipsis省略; substitution; conjunctionLexicons: repetition(reiteration重复反复); synonymy; hyponymy词义之间的关系; collocation 搭配Definition of coherenceCoherence, by definition, refers to the content of connected speech or text hangs together, or is interpreted as hanging together, as distinguished from that of random assemblages of sentences, especially in studies of conversation.Put it simply, coherence refers to the smooth flow of ideas either in written text or in a conversation. A text or speech could be coherent with the help of cohesive devices but it can not be said that a text or conversation must be coherent if there are cohesive devices.Definition of cohesionThe connection between successive sentences in text, conversations, etc., in so far as it can be described in terms of specific syntactic合作的units. For example: A says “Peter came” and B replies “But he was very late.” In this in terchange the role of but as a conjunction and the link between the pronoun he and its antecedent Peter are both aspects of cohesion.Cohesion can also be defined as the property of syntactic units which are not interrupted by elements that do not belong to them. Thus words are generally cohesive: i.e. they are not interrupted by other words or elements that belong to other words.Cohesive devices1)referenceanaphoric 首句重复法reference cataphoric reference1)Peter had a wife but couldn’t keep her.2)Francesca Johnson died in January of 1989. She was sixty-nine years old at the time ofher death.3)The next morning after breakfast I went down to look at the little house in Great BritainStreet. It was an unassuming shop, registered under the vague name of Drapery.4)Everyone was incredulous when it was reported that he had a vocation for the priesthood.Nevertheless it was true.5)我和白求恩同志只见过一面。
cohesion and coherence
•
• 使用平行结构 • American, the richest and most powerful
nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. This is nothing to prevent us from paying adequate wages to schoolteachers,… There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen… This is nothing ,except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from… There is nothing to keep us from …
照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
• 例：The snail is considered a great delicacy. • As the child grows, he learns to be
independent.
• It never should have happened. She went out
连贯 （coherence）
语篇的连贯手段
• 连贯(coherence)：是整个语篇
一致性的抽象特征。 • 词汇衔接 • 句子衔接 • 段落衔接
1、词汇衔接：连接词、同义词、反义 词、上、下义词、同一语义场等.
• 例1：连接词（conjunction) • A student acquires knowledge mainly from
Cohesion and Coherence的区别知识讲解
lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical
reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea
previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to
仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除 谢谢2
精品资料
Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.
雅思大小作文的区别是什么 如何准备雅思的大小作文写作
一、大小作文的区别1. 小作文和大作文的分值是一样的吗？两个类型的作文是分别来计分的，评分标准也不完全相同。
大作文的分值比小作文的分值要大，即大作文占到总分值的 2/3，而小作文只占 1/3。
也就是说，大作文的分值是小作文的两倍。
写作部分的最终成绩是两个部分的平均成绩。
至于均分中出现小数点该如何计分，具体可参见这篇文章。
当然，最后的分数只会以总分出现，你的考试成绩单上并不会显示大作文和小作文各自的分数。
2. 两种作文的时间分配是怎样的？小作文的答题时间是 20 分钟，要求的字数至少是 150 字；而大作文的答题时间是 40 分钟，要求的字数至少是 250 字。
由于目前雅思考试还是纸笔考试，拿到试卷后可以一起看到两个题目。
一些同学会对两个题目自行调配时间，但是这里并不推荐大家这么做。
因为能够把问题描述清楚并写够字数，两种题目的所用时间应该是和规定时间相符的。
并且如果在写小作文的时候超过了 20 分钟的时间，很可能就会影响到后面大作文的答题。
当然，要是写得足够快，超出了要求的字数，可以举手向老师要求多拿一张答题卡。
此外，更不建议的是在写两个题目的时候来回跳着写，在平时练习的时候就要注意尽量在规定时间内答题。
两种题目到底先写哪一个自己是可以选择的，但其实并没有先写哪一种更有优势的说法，按顺序来写就可以。
3. 评分标准一样吗？小作文和大作文的评分标准是不一样的，所以雅思官方给出的评分标准是针对两个不同的部分单独给出的。
在语言的方面大致相同，比如 coherence and cohesion（连贯与衔接），vocabulary（词汇）以及 grammar（语法）。
但小作文的 task achievement （任务的完成情况）有不一样的描述。
小作文评判标准：雅思大作文的评判标准是由 task achievement（任务的完成情况），coherence and cohesion（连贯与衔接），vocabulary（词汇）以及 grammar（语法）这个四个方面来评判的，四项评判标准各占 25%。
雅思写作的评分标准介绍
雅思写作的评分标准介绍雅思考试全程考试时间为2小时55分钟。
其中，写作在听力、阅读部分之后出现，是笔试的最后一项。
雅思写作考试要求在60分钟内完成两篇作文（Task 1 and Task 2）。
写作中，以移民为主的培训类（General Training）和以留学为主的学术类（Academic）试题类型有所不同。
以下是雅思写作的评分标准介绍，欢迎阅读。
Task 1要求考生在20分钟内完成150字以上的文章。
G类（培训类）要求考生针对题目要求写一封信来询问某方面信息或阐释某种状况。
到目前为止，出现较多的书信种类有投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信、邀请信等。
而A类（学术类）则考核图表为主。
考得较多的有曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格等。
也有可能考到两种不同种类的图。
另外，流程图和示意图也偶尔考到。
Task 2 要求考生在40分钟内写作一篇不少于250字的议论文。
A类和G 类在Task 2方面非常相似。
考生可能需要对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见，或者讨论针锋相对的一组观点，或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。
雅思评分按9分制。
基本上，移民或读语言学校起码要5分（Modest User）。
留学需要6分（Competent User）以上。
如果读的是法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生的话，写作最好达到7分（Good User）。
但考生最后写作成绩并不是Task 1和Task 2的简单平均，而是以Task 2为主。
雅思写作的评分标准不象四六级或托福采用整体式的评分，而是分项式评分（analytical scoring）。
也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个分数，而是根据具体的评分细则分项给分。
书信或图表评分标准：Task 1（书信或图表）按照以下三方面评分：Task Fulfilment（完成任务）；Coherence and Cohesion（连贯与衔接）；Vocabulary and Sentence Structure（词汇与句子结构）。
Cohesion and coherence refer to two different(1)
Part A Theory introductionChinese and English pertain to two different languages and they are rooted in two distinctive culture. To conduct a sound translation, one must not only have a good command of both English and Chinese, but have a clear understanding of discrepancy in two languages. In this paper, we mainly introduce theory about “c ohesion and coherence”, and combine them with several examples, to find how it guides our practical translation, or in other words, how it betters our translation.Cohesion and coherence refer to two different kinds of notions, but they have something related to each other, whose root is the same one, “cohere”. However, their connotations are different from each other, for their adjectives are “cohesive”and “coherent”respectively. The ways to achieve cohesion and coherence in passages are different.Coherence seems to be the very core criterion of “textuality”. Without coherence, a text would be nothing but an arbitrary sequences of unrelated sentences,much in the same way as a sentence would be merely an arbitrary sequence of words without a grammar.It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an ideas level, and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level. You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.Part B Practical use in translationBased on that theory, how the “cohesion” and “coherence” guide or better our translation. We may see the examples as follows:1,“Spring Festival, the New Year’s Day according to Chinese Lunar Calender, is China’s most important traditional holiday and has long been celebrated in ceremonious ways in China and a few East Asian countries.”Original version:“春节，也叫做中国的农历新年，是中国最重要的传统节假日，而且长期以来在中国以及中东一些国家有庆祝仪式。
Cohesion-and-Coherence----衔接与连贯
3、 And sings a solitary song, That whistles in the wind.
Bear—bears: 重现 Err—forgive: 反义 Sing—whistle: 搭配
表1：衔接在英语描述中的地位( Halliday & Hasan , 1976)
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应” （Personal Reference）。
在使用人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。
can, a picture of the world into our minds.
（casual）
The first man landed on the moon. At the same moment, a
young boy died in Alabama.
(temporal)
英 语 逻 辑 关 系 表 示 法
概念意义
经验
逻辑
人际意义
根据级阶 小句
及物性
动词词组 时态
名词词组 修饰语
副词词组 情景
所有级阶 并列与从
属关系 （条件
附加、报告 等）
根据级阶 小句：
语气、 情态
动词词组 人称
名词词组 态度
副词词组 评论
谋篇意义 结构性
根据级阶 小句
主位动词Biblioteka 组 语态跨级阶 信息单位信息分布
语篇分析
语篇的衔接手段cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯⏹他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。
⏹照应（reference）是一些起信号作用的词项。
它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。
照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。
内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。
外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。
内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。
下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
The snail is considered a great delicacy.As the child grows, he learns to be independent.It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.⏹替代（substitution）指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。
英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。
Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。
由于前述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s).We rent a house, but they own one.A: Black coffee, please.B: The same for me.They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do.I think so.■省略EllipsisHe prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish.---Do you understand?---I tried to.---You haven’t told him yet.---Not yet.连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
cohesion名词解释
cohesion名词解释
嘿，你知道 cohesion 吗？这可不是个一般的词儿啊！它就像是把各种小碎片黏在一起变成一个整体的神奇胶水。
比如说，一个团队里的大家，各自有着不同的性格、能力和想法，但因为有了 cohesion，就能紧紧地团结在一起，朝着一个目标努力前进，这不就像用胶水把那些零散的小部件粘成了一个坚固的结构体嘛！（就像乐高积木，单个的积木没那么厉害，但组合起来就能创造出各种奇妙的东西。
）再想想，在一个家庭里，成员之间的那种亲情、关爱和相互支持，也是一种 cohesion呀！大家会为了家庭的幸福一起奋斗，相互照顾，这多棒啊！（这不就跟用线把珠子串起来成了漂亮的项链一样嘛！）在学校里，同学们之间的友谊和合作也是一种 cohesion呢。
一起学习、一起玩耍、互相帮助，这样才能让校园生活变得丰富多彩呀！（就好像拼图的各个小块，只有凑在一起才能呈现出完整美丽的画面。
）
cohesion 真的无处不在啊！它让不同的元素能够凝聚在一起，发挥出更大的力量。
无论是在社会组织中，还是在自然界里，都有着cohesion的身影。
它可以让小小的水滴汇聚成江河湖海，可以让一群蜜蜂形成有秩序的蜂群。
（这不就跟魔法一样神奇嘛！）
所以啊，cohesion 真的太重要啦！它是让一切变得有序、强大和美好的关键。
没有 cohesion，很多事情都没法顺利进行，就像散沙一样，
风一吹就散了。
我们应该珍惜和培养各种关系中的 cohesion，让我们的生活、工作和学习都能因为它而更加精彩，不是吗？
总之，cohesion 就是那种能把不同的部分紧密连接在一起的力量，是让整体大于部分之和的神奇存在！。
cohesion and coherence
我被连在邮局的柜台旁独自排了一小时 的队。
省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代” （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可 使之意义明确的成分。
连接是句际间意义相互联
系的一种衔接手段，常用 的有递进、转折、因果、 时间。词义衔接是实现衔 接的又一手段。它是通过 词义的选择来实现的。
词义衔接主要可划分为重
复、同义词、反义词、局 部词、上座标词、下义词 和搭配。
连贯
文本或话语因其构成成分在逻辑、 语义和句法上错互依存而形成的 一种性质。连贯性是各种因素作 用而形成的：言语序列、词汇的 选择、词汇群体、逻辑关系、对 意义的说明中连接词语的使用。 与和语言相关的衔接相对，连贯 性反映的是文本内概念的相关性。 要求各个部分的语义连接应当通 顺而流畅 。
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义
依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依
赖于后述词项的词项。
替代指用一个词项去代替另一个
或几个词项，是词项之间的一种 代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 one(s), do, same。Halliday和 Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动 词性替代和从句性替代。由于前 述句子或上下文使得意义明确而
e.g.（缺乏逻辑连贯性）
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc. For example, 'it', 'neither' and 'this' all refer to an idea previously mentioned. 'First of all', 'then' and 'after that' help to sequence a text. 'However', 'in addition' and 'for instance' link ideas and arguments in a text.Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other. Typical examples would be general> particular; statement> example; problem> solution; question> answer; claim> counter-claim.What does cohesion mean?You might think of cohesion as a means of establishing connections within a text at all sorts of different levels, e.g., section, paragraphs, sentences and even phrases.How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the text making sense as a whole at an ideas level,and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level.You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence.Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.Cohesion DevicesLexical level:RepetitionWord family repeatedSynonyms, antonyms, other word relationsThematically related words (lexical set)Substations with one/onesGrammatical level:Reference: article, pronouns, normalizationSubstitution of clause elements using so, not, do/does/did, etcEllipsis of clause elementsLinking words: conjunctions and conjunctsComparativesVerb tenseRhetorical techniquesQuestion and answerParallelismCoherenceWhen sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers need, you can use the methods listed here.Repetition of a Key Term or PhraseThis helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track. Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.SynonymsSynonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.Example: Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.PronounsThis, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.Transitional WordsThere are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. Words such as “however”, “therefore”, “in addition”, “also”, “but”, “moreover”, etc. Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.Sentence PatternsSometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.。