00795自考综合英语二语法知识点

系动词系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb）。

作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，亦称补语（形容词），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

英语除动词be 之外，还有一些动词也可以做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：keep, look, feel, appear, lie, remain, seem, stay, smell, sound, taste等；以及表示变化的：get, grow, turn, fall, run, become, go, 等。

1. to be 可以加在seem, prove, remain, appear 等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但也可以省略。

E.g. The task proved (to be) impossible.E.g. They seem (to be) such friendly people, but they never replied to our invitation.注意：在seem, appear 等词后，可加其他非to be 不定式，但这时他们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。

Courtesy, politeness, good manner? Call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand.非人称代词it做句子的形式主语1. 代表不定式E.g. It is absurd to be afraid under such circumstances.2. 代表动名词E.g. It is terrible trying to keep up with the Jones.3. 代表that 引导的从句E.g. It is plain to everyone that she was offended.4. 代表wh- 引导的从句E.g. As long as he finishes his work, it doesn’t matter when he comes to the office.做句子的形式宾语1. 代表不定式E.g. They found it difficult to get along with him.2. 代表从句E.g. I think it best that you (should) stay with me.E.g. He soon made it clear why he had asked a conference.用来改变句子结构，使句子某一成分得到强调1. 强调主语E.g. It was she who put forward the suggestion.2. 强调宾语E.g. it is that painting that he has sold at a good profit.3. 强调状语E.g. it was through me that he has got the present job.强调用so 表示强调用so 强调听者同意说者所言，这种用法只将so 提到句首，其他成分位置不变。

E.g. –you have spilled coffee on your dress.- So I have.情态动词+完成式could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。

E.g. What happened in the airport could have been true.might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.E.g. You might have done the work better.must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。

E.g. It must have rained last night. The ground is wet.should/ought to +have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。

E.g. They should have made a good job of it.should not/oughtn’t to+have+过去分词表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该”。

E.g. You should not have done such things.can’t（couldn’t）+have+过去分词表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。

意为“肯定没有，肯定不是”。

E.g. The poem can’t have been written by the little girl; she is only four.would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。

E.g. If she had known about it, she would have talked about it.needn’t+have + 过去分词表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。

E.g. You ne edn’t have done all these calculations. We have a computer to deal with that sort of thing.主谓一致知识点一many a, more than one +单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。

E.g. Many a soldier has sacrificed his life for the revolution.知识点二either of +复数名词，谓语动词用单数．E.g. Has either of your parents visited you?知识点三and; both and连接两个单数形式的名词词组，谓语动词用复数．当主语在意义上指同一人，同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数．E.g. A boy and a girl want to go.知识点四each and each; every and every 等结构后，谓语用单数．E.g. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help.知识点五主语后面有as well as; together with; along with; rather than等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定．E.g. I, together with my mother, was reading at ten yesterday.one of＋复数名词＋关系分句结构如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数．当前面有the only/very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数．E.g. Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.靠近原则：由not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor 或or 连接的并列主语。

通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。

E.g. He or you have taken my pen.由“a number of, a total of + 复数名词”作主语谓语动词用复数形式；由“the number of, the total of+ 复数名词”，谓语动词用单数形式。

E.g. A number of students are waiting for the bus.倒装句带有neither, nor, no more的句子倒装代词neither, nor, no more用于后面分句句首，且前面分句必须是否定句，这时后面分句不仅用倒装结构，而且时态（包括助动词）必须和前句一致。

so被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。

E.g. She never laughed, nor did she ever lose her temper.知识点二虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were, had 和should 要移至主语之前。

E.g. Had I known it, I should have told him.句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。

常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means,barely/hardly/scarcely …when, not until much/even/still less, no longer, not a single word, not often, 等。

带only 的句子的倒装only位于句子开头，如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。

E.g. Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able make himself heard.Only引导的从句位于句首,主语应倒装.E.g. Only when she came home did he learn the news.so / such …that结构中的so放在句首时，需要倒装。

E.g. So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. .E.g. Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。

E.g. Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.E.g. Child as the little girl is, she knows several foreign languages.句首为many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such a point 等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。