超导电力技术-中英文
Superconductivity and its Applications
Superconductivity and its Applications 超导和超导应用超导是一种奇妙的物理现象，它是指近零电阻的材料在特定温度下，可以自发地将电流运输而不损失电能，这一现象被称为超导。
自从超导现象被发现以来，超导性质已成为物理，工程和生物等多个领域的研究热点。
本文将对超导的概念，性质和应用进行探讨。
一、超导的概念超导最早被发现是在1911年，当时在荷兰的莱顿大学，物理学家海克尔斯和卡末林发现在低温下汞的电阻突然减小并最终消失。
这一现象是有趣的，因为在当时的物理学家看来，电阻是任何材料中的必需品。
经过进一步研究，物理学家们发现这一效应是由于材料在超导状态下，电子以成对的形式移动，即库珀对，而不是独立地移动。
这一对电子之间发生了什么不尽清楚，但是这种共同运动使得电流在材料中流动时经历了相干性的运动而不会损失电能。
超导材料的主要特点是在超导状态下，所有有电荷的自由运动质量的粒子（通常是电子），即使在有外部电场的情况下也无法通过材料中传播，因此在超导状态下不能流失电能。
此外，超导体在超导状态下具有强磁场抑制效应，磁通通过超导体时，阻力为零。
二、超导的性质超导体的主要性质包括临界温度，临界电流密度和退相干距离。
1、临界温度临界温度是指在一个超导体中必须达到的温度，才能让这个超导体进入超导态。
所有的超导材料都有一个特定的临界温度，当温度降到这个温度以下时，电阻将下降到零。
对于高温超导材料（HTS），临界温度通常大于-100°C。
2、临界电流密度临界电流密度是指在一个超导状态下的电流密度水平超出了它的临界值，会导致超导材料失去超导功能。
通常，超导材料在其临界电流密度的一小部分内表现出类似于阻抗的性质，使其能够承受相对较大的电流。
但是超过这个限制，将会破坏超导和废除材料的超导性质。
3、退相干距离退相干距离是指在超导电流通过超导体时，因为磁通对超导电子对的长度进行干扰，并且当它们受到干扰时，它们的超导性的长度。
超导材料 英语
超导材料英语Superconducting MaterialsSuperconducting materials are a group of materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance when cooled below their critical temperature. This phenomenon, called superconductivity, is a fascinating and valuable propertythat has many useful applications in modern technology.Types of Superconducting MaterialsThere are several types of superconductors, classified based on their properties and structures. The two main types are:1. Type-I Superconductors: These are metals or alloysthat have a very low critical temperature and exhibitcomplete expulsion of magnetic fields when cooled below their critical temperature.2. Type-II Superconductors: These are materials that exhibit both type-I and type-II behavior depending on the temperature, magnetic field, and current applied. They are usually made of ceramics or metallic alloys and have higher critical temperatures than type-I superconductors.Applications of Superconducting MaterialsSuperconducting materials have many real-world applications, including:1. Electromagnets: Due to their ability to conduct electricity without resistance, superconducting materials are ideal for making powerful electromagnets used in MRI machines, particle accelerators, and magnetic levitation trains.2. Power transmission: Superconducting materials canenhance the efficiency of power transmission systems by reducing energy losses during transmission, which can save a lot of money and reduce carbon emissions.3. Computing and memory: High-speed switching devices made from superconducting materials could make computing and memory devices faster and more energy-efficient.4. Energy storage: Superconducting materials can be used in energy storage systems such as flywheel batteries that store energy using a spinning rotor made of superconducting material.Challenges and Future ProspectsDespite their many promising applications, there arestill several challenges that need to be overcome before superconducting materials can become more widespread in the industry, including their high cost and the need for cryogenic cooling.However, with ongoing technological advancements and research, it is likely that new and improved superconducting materials will emerge, with better performance and more accessibility, making the benefits of superconductivity more widely available for a range of applications.。
电力系统设备的超导磁储能原文及翻译
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage forPower System Applications电力系统设备的超导磁储能Abstract-A survey of the technology of superconducting mag-netic energy storage (SMES) was made. This technology is at-tractive for its high efficiency and fast response, but also dubious for the capital investment. Research made in the USA and Japan resulted in several conceptual designs for the utility scale SMES systems. Experiments on power system models proved that SMES systems offer other benefits in addition to energy storage. Economic evaluations showed that the SMES is competitive with pumped hydro, especially when the energy price hikes. A power flow program is used to verify the application of a SMES plant to the Taiwan power (Taipower) system摘要——一个关于超导磁能储存的技术被研发出来了。
这项技术涉它高效且响应速度快，但是相关投资经费却被怀疑。
在美国和日本的研究导致了几项公共事业项目SMES系统的概念设计。
超导科普文章英文及译文
超导科普文章英文及译文Here's a superconductivity科普文章 in English, written in an informal and conversational tone, with each paragraph maintaining independence and variety in language style:Paragraph 1:Ever heard of superconductivity? It's this crazy thing where some materials lose all resistance to electricity flow at really low temperatures. Imagine a wire thatdoesn't heat up or lose energy as electricity passes through it. That's superconductivity in a nutshell!Translation 段落1:听说过超导性吗？它是一种奇特的现象，当一些材料在极低的温度下时，会失去对所有电流流动的阻力。
想象一下，有一根电线在电流通过时既不会发热也不会损失能量。
这就是超导性的简单解释！Paragraph 2:So why is this important? Well, superconductors can make powerful electric magnets and efficient energytransport possible. Imagine having zero energy loss inpower lines. That would be a game-changer for our energy consumption and efficiency.Translation 段落2:那么这为什么重要呢？嗯，超导体可以使强大的电磁铁和高效的能量传输成为可能。
【免费下载】超导电力技术-中英文
附件5．电气学院（系、所）全英研究生课程简介(中英文各一份)课程名称：超导电力科学技术课程代码：131.512课程类型：□博士专修课程■硕士专修课程考核方式：全英文考试教学方式：全英文讲授适用专业：电气工程适用层次：■硕士□博士开课学期：总学时：32学分：2先修课程要求：电磁场、电力系统分析、超导应用基础、应用超导材料课程组教师姓名职称专业年龄学术方向唐跃进（负责人）教授电气工程54超导电力技术任丽副教授电气工程44超导电力技术石晶副教授电气工程32超导电力技术课程负责教师留学经历及学术专长简介：唐跃进，男，1958年生，华中科技大学教授，博士生导师，博士。
中国电机工程学会会员，日本电气学会会员，“十五”863计划材料领域超导技术专项专家组成员。
1982年毕业于华中工学院（华中科技大学前身）高电压技术专业，1984年获高电压技术专业硕士学位后留校任教，1990年赴日本名古屋大学留学，开始从事超导应用技术研究工作并获得博士学位，1996年任日本琉球大学副教授，从事电力系统的教学以及超导技术、高电压技术的研究工作。
1999年5月回国，主要从事超导电力应用技术研究。
课程教学目标：本课程主要目的是学习超导应用技术的相关知识，在简要复习超导基础知识的基础上，根据国内外最新研究进展、发展趋势为，学习超导电力、超导磁体、超导微弱电磁检测、超导应用实验技术。
授课形式：超导基础复习部分采用讲授形式，最新发展动向部分采用研讨形式。
课程大纲：（章节目录）第一章概论（2学时）§1.1 课程简介§1.2 超导电力技术的发展现状及发展趋势§1.3 分配研讨课题第二章超导基础知识（4学时）§2.1 超导的基本电磁物理特性，零电阻、麦斯纳效应、磁通量子效应、交流损耗、超导导线动态电磁特性等；§2.2 超导的约瑟夫森效应、磁通动力学。
第三章超导电力装置（6学时）§3.1 超导电机、超导变压器的特性要点，设计中的注意事项，交流损耗以及超导稳定性分析与设计方法；§3.2 超导电缆、超导磁悬浮的技术特点，设计要点，绝热措施及热损耗；§3.3 超导限流器的基本形式、动作原理及技术要点；§3.4 超导磁储能系统的基本原理、技术特点、以及关键技术难点；§3.5 超导脉冲功率应用技术的研究现状和技术难题；§3.6 查阅最新科技论文，撰写相关内容的调研报告。
超导合金英文作文
超导合金英文作文Superconducting alloys are a fascinating area of study in materials science. These alloys possess unique properties that make them highly valuable in various applications. For instance, they exhibit zero electrical resistance at low temperatures, allowing for efficient energy transmission. This characteristic alone opens up a world of possibilities for the development of advanced technologies.One interesting aspect of superconducting alloys is their ability to generate strong magnetic fields. This property is particularly useful in applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, where powerful magnetic fields are required to produce detailed images of the human body. The use of superconducting alloys in MRI machines not only improves the quality of the images but also reduces the power consumption, making the technology more sustainable.Another advantage of superconducting alloys is their high critical current density. This means that they can carry a large amount of electrical current without any loss of energy. This property is crucial in the development of high-speed trains, where the use of superconducting alloys in the magnetic levitation system allows for faster and more efficient transportation. The high critical current density of these alloys ensures that the trains can carry heavy loads while maintaining a high speed.Superconducting alloys also have potential applications in the field of energy storage. By using these alloys in the construction of high-capacity batteries, it is possible to store large amounts of energy in a compact and efficient manner. This could revolutionize the way we store andutilize energy, making renewable sources more viable and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.In addition to their practical applications, superconducting alloys also hold great scientific interest. The study of these materials allows researchers to explore the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics andunderstand the behavior of electrons in extreme conditions. This knowledge not only contributes to the advancement of materials science but also has implications for otherfields such as physics and engineering.In conclusion, superconducting alloys are a fascinating class of materials with a wide range of applications and scientific significance. Their unique properties, such as zero electrical resistance and high critical current density, make them invaluable in various industries. From energy transmission to transportation and energy storage, these alloys have the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work. The study of superconducting alloys not only contributes to technological advancements but also deepens our understanding of the fundamental laws of nature.。
超导合金英文作文
超导合金英文作文英文：Superconducting alloys are materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism at low temperatures. They have various applications in fields such as power transmission, magnetic levitation, and superconducting magnets. One example of a superconducting alloy is Nb3Sn, which is composed of niobium and tin. This alloy has a critical temperature of around 18 K, which means it can superconduct at temperatures below this value.Superconducting alloys have several advantages over conventional conductors. Firstly, they can carry much higher currents without any energy loss due to resistance. This means they are much more efficient and can save a lot of energy. Secondly, they can produce much stronger magnetic fields, which is useful in applications such as MRI machines and particle accelerators. Finally, they can be used to create levitation systems, which can be used totransport objects without any friction.However, superconducting alloys also have some disadvantages. Firstly, they are expensive to produce and require specialized equipment and techniques. Secondly,they are very brittle and can easily break under mechanical stress. Finally, they require very low temperatures to operate, which can be difficult to achieve and maintain.Despite these challenges, superconducting alloys have many potential applications and are an active area of research. For example, researchers are working ondeveloping superconducting wires that can be used in power transmission, which could greatly improve the efficiency of the electrical grid. They are also working on developing superconducting magnets that can be used in fusion reactors, which could provide a clean and sustainable source of energy.中文：超导合金是一种在低温下表现出零电阻和完美的抗磁性的材料。
作文未来超导技术450字的
作文未来超导技术450字的英文回答：Superconducting technology is poised to revolutionize various industries and sectors in the future. With itsability to conduct electricity with zero resistance, superconductors have the potential to greatly enhanceenergy efficiency, transportation systems, and even medical applications.In terms of energy efficiency, superconductingmaterials can significantly reduce energy loss during transmission and distribution. This means that electricity can be transmitted over long distances without any loss of power, leading to more efficient and cost-effective energy systems. This technology can also be applied to power grids, allowing for better management and stability.In the transportation sector, superconductors can revolutionize the way we travel. Magnetic levitation(maglev) trains, which use superconducting magnets to float above the tracks, can achieve incredible speeds and efficiency. This technology has the potential to transform long-distance travel, making it faster, safer, and more environmentally friendly.Furthermore, superconducting technology can greatly benefit the medical field. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, which use superconducting magnets, provide detailed and accurate images of the human body. This technology has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment, allowing for earlier detection of diseases and more precise surgical procedures.In conclusion, the future of superconducting technology is bright. Its potential to enhance energy efficiency, revolutionize transportation, and improve medical applications cannot be overstated. As research and development in this field continue to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and practical applications of superconductors in the near future.中文回答：超导技术有望在未来革新各个行业和领域。
电力系统专业单词中英文对照
常用专业词汇中英文对照屏蔽双绞pair twisted screened常闭接点normally closed contact常开接点normally open contact备自投Automatic Takeover to Stand-by Supply遥信Remote indicationUnit-generator step-up transformers发变组Be subject to 服从于Step-up transformer升压变High-side(high voltage side) of the transformer变压器高压侧Low-side of the transtormer变压器低压侧Magnetizing inrush current励磁涌流Undervoltage Load Shedding 低电压甩负荷Margin 余地边界页面空白利润Yield 产生Dilute 冲淡稀释This includes compliance with IEEE and IEC standards for electrostatic discharge, fast transients, radiated emissions, surge-withstand capability, dielectric strength, pulsed magnetic fields, and disturbances.Specify optional具体指定的选择Open CT-------CT断线open or shorted CT conditions-------CT断线或短路状态including single- and dual-busbar, transfer-bus, tie-breaker分段Buscoupler 母联（母线并联）breaker-and-a-half, ring-bus, and double-bus/double-breakerconfigurations.重瓦斯heavy gasAccessories附件Bypass旁路，分流，绕开Inflexion拐点is converted to转换为over-current blocked by complex voltage复合电压闭锁过流Advances the State of the Art先进的技术发展水平act in concert（音乐会）with与…相呼应in minimum operation mode 最小运行方式in conjunction with与…协力disconnect auxiliary contacts. 隔离刀辅助接点（SEL说明书）Buscoupler母联（SEL说明书）tie-breaker分断断路器（SEL说明书）Coupler Security Logic母联逻辑（SEL说明书）Tag n标签，vt加标签Put tag贴标签Have you put tags on your luggage?Transfer Bus 旁母Main bus 主母Dedicated 专用的优点与缺点advantages and disadvantages极性标记（同名端）Polarity markconservative settings 保守的定值（笨的定值）开口三角Broken-Delta ；Open-Delta减出力decrease power output突然加电inadvertent energization励磁field失磁out-of-field合闸位置 closed position（肯定对）分闸位置 open position（肯定对）/trip position防跳 antibumping原理图Elementary Diagram接线图 Wiring Diagram单线图 One Line Diagram方块图、结构图 Block Diagram展开图 Developing Diagram简图 Schematic Diagram略图 Schema控制转换开关Control and Transfer Switch多层开关 Multiple Switch多功能开关 Multi-Function Switch把手、手柄 Handle端子箱 Terminal Cabinet端子排 Terminal Block监视 Monitoring测量 Metering瓦斯保护继电器 Buchholz Protector动作机理Mechanism of Action操作机构Operation Mechanism转换 Commutate保护动作 Protection Action启动 Starting up升高/降低（动） Raise/Go down升高/降低（动） Raise/Reduce增加/减少 Increase/Decrease高/低（名） Upper/lower接地 Grounding接地 Earthing压板 Clamp辅助结点 Auxiliary Contact电流回路测试盒 Test Block隔离刀闸 Isolator隔离刀闸 Disconnectorshielded twisted pair屏蔽双绞线intelligent electrical device 智能测控装置generator 发电机transformer 变压器/互感器motor 电动机meter 仪表power automation system 电力自动化系统phase mark相别substation automation system 变电站自动化系统oscillation /swing振荡chip 芯片resolution 分辨率relay 继电器parameter 参数frequency 频率power factor 功率因数2×16 character liquid crystal display 2行X16字符液晶显示dual RS485 communication interface 带双路RS-485通信接口three-phase voltage/current input 三相电压/电流输入active power 有功功率reactive power 无功功率configuration 配置maintenance 维护debugging 调试live wire 火线SOE(sequence of event) 事件顺序记录transient process暂态过程Input/output 输入/输出transducer 变送器rated voltage/current/frequency 额定电压/电流/频率impedance 阻抗earthing resistance 接地电阻circuit breakers 断路器vacuum circuit breakers 真空断路器rated main busbar current 主母线额定电流enclosure/internal 外壳/内部supply voltage/current 电源电压/电流petrolic engine 汽油发动机diesel engine 柴油发动机micro ammeter 微安表high voltage testing transformer 高压试验变压器metallic door handle金属门把手DC double bridge 直流双臂电桥transformer ratio bridge 变压比电桥relay protection tester 继电保护测试仪micro ohmmeter 微电阻测量仪earthing resistance meter 接地电阻表digital multimeter数字万用表megohmmeter 兆欧表electronic megohmmeter 电子兆欧表power distribution compartment 配电室alternation switch 转换开关high/low voltage switchgear高/低压开关柜earthing knife switch 接地刀开关interlocking device 连锁装置hexagonal rotation axis 六角转轴back cover board 后盖板fuse 熔断器AI (analog input) 模拟量/遥测量cable incoming, outgoing 电缆进、出线breaking capacity 开断容量arrester 避雷器electrical equipment 电气设备busbar 母线load switch 负荷开关secondary components 二次元件truck 手车earthing line 接地线coil 线圈contactor 接触器sensor 传感器winding 绕组high voltage output 高压输出AC withstand voltage test 交流耐压试验earthing bar 接地棒attracting voltage 吸合电压releasing voltage 释放电压protection device sampling debugging 装置采样调试protection device instantaneous over-current debugging 装置速断保护调试protection device definite-time over-current debugging 装置过流保护调试zero-sequence protection debugging 装置零序保护调试pressure relief flap压力释放板branched busbar 分支母线bottom board 底板removable partition装卸式隔板secondary plug二次插头small busbar terminal box 小母线端子terminal block端子排disconnect contact device 隔离触头装置control wire duct控制线槽feeder 一回输电线路semiconductor 半导体mechanical endurance机械寿命electrical endurance 电寿命operation startup current 操作启动电流rectifier 整流器tripping current of the opening coil 分闸线圈脱扣电流monitor 监视器connection diagrams 接线图polarity极性power supply units and master modules 主控机与电源单元coupling modules 耦合模块accessories 附件analog modules 模拟量模块application modules 应用模块digital input/output modules 数字量输入/输出模块brake contact制动接点overvoltage protection module 过电压保护模块station board 配电屏electromechanical 机电一体thermistor 热敏电阻baud rate 波特率superconductor 超导体power plant 发电厂tap 分接头LED（light-emitting diode）发光二极管controller 控制器hydraulic power plant 水电站instrument board 仪表盘UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源indicator 指示器DC (direct current) 直流AC (alternating current) 交流active defect 运行故障active output 有功输出active-power loss 有功功率损耗active standard 现行标准AC voltage stabilizer 交流稳压器pulse 脉冲air switch 空气开关water vapor 水蒸汽terminal board 接线板short-circuit 短路shielding layer 屏蔽层export 导出electricity measurement 电量测量signal acquisition 信号采集LCD (liquid crystal display) 液晶显示remote communication 远程通信dual RS485 communication interface 双路RS485通信接口three-phase voltage/current input 三相电压/电流输入protocol 规约,协议four digital inputs 4路数字量输入rolling record 循环记录V，I，P，Q，F，Cosф，E电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率、频率、功率因数、有功电度voltage/current transformation ratio 电压/电流变比photoelectric isolation 光电隔离PT (potential transformer) 电压互感器default value 默认值CT (current transformer) 电流互感器calibration parameter 校准参数RMS (root mean square) 均方根，有效值filmy button 薄膜按键Wye system 星形系统energy counter input 电度chain controller 回路控制器message format 报文格式DI (digital input) 遥信量real-time data 实时数据power energy 电能front panel 面板bit change 变位electromagnetic fields 电磁场intelligent switching cabinet 智能开关柜form-C dry contact C型干触点Integrated substation automation 变电站综合自动化Harmonic 谐波Wave recorder 录波Workstation 工作站Public electric utility 市电电源Central alarm unit for electric fire leakage 电气火灾漏电集中告警器Computer protection system计算机保护系统Industry and building substation and distribution automation system 工业及楼宇变配电自动化系统Communication control unit 通讯主控单元Three-phase operation box 三相操作箱Voltage switch box 电压切换箱Transformer extension relay box 变压器重动箱Neutral point earthing resistance cubicle 中性点接地电阻柜Hydraulic car crane 液压汽车吊Automotive truck 载重汽车Coach 载人客车Mobile machinery shop with four seats 双排座工程车Hydraulic fork lift truck液压叉车Engine driven capstan 机动缴磨Welding machine 电焊机Press pliers压接钳Chain wheel 链条葫芦Bench drill 台钻Electric portable drill 手电钻Churn drill 冲击钻Jack 千斤顶Welding tool 气焊工具Electromotive refacer 电动磨光机Petrol gas heating 石油气加热项目Bolt clipper 断线钳Tensile strength meter 拉力表Moment spanner 力矩扳手Adjustable auto transformer 自藕调压器Phase sequence meter 相序表Withstand voltage tester 耐压试验装置Water level 水准仪Stop watch 秒表Micro-ohmmeter 微欧计Micro-processor protection panel 微机保护屏Fundamental current 基波电流Power transmission and substation engineering 输变电工程Electric Supply Authority 供电局Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories SEL公司全称储能 charging合闸 closing分闸 opening绝缘 insulation性能 performance过载 overload故障 fault多路传输 multiplex transmission备用 back-up比特、位 bit检修 overhaul冗余的 redundancy消耗 consumption冷却 cooling有功的active放大 amplify人造的 artificial手工的,人工的 manualFARAD 200 SEA4.0软件类(software)parallel interface 并行接口serial interface 串行接口application management 应用程序管理clipboard 剪贴板event system 事件系统browser 浏览器event log 事件日志removable storage 可移动存储routing and remote access 路由与远程访问server 服务器daily qualification rate 日合格率inhibit operation 禁止操作tele-indication blockage 遥信封锁invalid object 对象无效exactitude rate/success rate 正确率/成功率event handling 事件处理designer 设计人员operator 操作人员remote access server 远程访问服务器paste function 粘贴函数database 数据库file 文件edit 编辑view 视图insert (v.) insertion (n.) 插入tools 工具format 格式paste special 选择性粘贴alignment 对齐font 字体favorite 收藏夹peak value 峰值valley value 谷值normal(level) value 平值hyperlink 超级链接development environment 开发环境operation environment 运行环境graphic edit 图形编辑alarm event and handling 报警事件及处理PDR and recurrence 事故追忆与重演history data and real-time data retrieval 历史数据与实时数据检索fault diagnosis 故障诊断dual computers hot standby 双机热备remote maintenance 远程维护front controller 前端控制器thread 线程multimedia graphical user interface 多媒体图形界面transparent network technology 透明网络技术data acquisition technology 数据采集技术micro-kernel control and dispatching technology 微内核控制调度技术virtual reality scenes 虚拟现实场景variable 变量node 节点dynamic/line/fill/text property 动态/线/填充/文本属性time strings 时间串hotkey 热键alarm dead band 报警死区customization 定制reference frequency 基准频率window position fixation 窗口位置固定initialization full-screen display 初始化全屏显示initialization picture adaptation 初始化画面自适应task manager 任务管理器alarm appearance color 报警消失颜色synchronization 同步network congestion 网络堵塞supervisory control picture 监控画面homepage 主页print preview 打印预览standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯slash 斜线backslash 反斜线more/greater than 大于号less than 小于号asterisk 星号period 句号question mark 问号quotation mark 引号vertical bar 竖线transverse line 横线colon 冒号semicolon 分号parity check 奇偶校验data mapping table 数据映射表scroll bar 滚动条refresh 刷新list box 列表框bypass replacement 旁路替代bitmap file 位图文件consolidate 合并gateway 网关grid structure 网状结构subassembly programming 组件编程single-server 单机multi-server 多机browsing station 浏览站ODBC: Open Database Connectivity 开放式数据库互连distributed system architecture 分布式系统结构template database 模版库dual-device/computers/network redundancy 双设备/机/网络冗余history/curve database 历史/曲线数据库alarm voice file 报警语音文件pop-up picture file 弹出画面文件default path 缺省路径high-density curve 高密度曲线analog data overview模拟量一览digital data overview 开关量一览counter input data overview 电度量一览real-time alarm 实时报警communication fault 通讯故障report system 报表系统electrical report function 电力报表函数load 加载invoke 调用communication driver 通讯驱动snapshot 快照expression 表达式operational status 运行状况user manual 用户手册free disk space 硬盘余留空间program group 程序组registration number 注册号system/network configuration 系统/网络配置user right 用户权限auto start 自动启动password 口令shortcut 快捷方式directory for storing executable program 可执行程序存放目录auto logon 自动登录operation ticket 操作票symbol directory 图元库目录menu bar 菜单栏activate 激活project database 工程数据库table control 表格控件enable dual-computers hot standby 双机热备投用standby server query period 备机查询周期timeout time 超时时间history database synchronization days 历史数据库同步天数computer table 计算机表dial-up workstation 拨号工作站standard serial port communication 标准串口通讯upper/lower computer 上/下位机remark 备注object table 对象表logic relationship 逻辑关系interval 间隔deletion (n.) delete (v.) 删除power equipment 电力设备read only 只读prompt 提示subdirectory 子目录current directory 当前目录command/channel timeout 命令/通道超时master station address 主站地址title bar 标题栏toolbar 工具栏previous 上页next 下页picture file 图形文件real-time bar chart 实时棒图subsection electricity bar chart 分段电量棒图logout 退出，退路multi-electricity pie chart 多电量饼图printout 打印输出print setup 打印设置zoom in 缩小zoom out 放大scroll display 滚动显示daily/monthly report 日/月报表unqualified daily minutes 日不合格分钟数average value 平均值monthly trips due to faults月故障跳闸次数monthly repair time 月检修时间reactor电抗器The fuse blew out and the house was in darkness.保险丝烧断使得整个房子漆黑一片。
大学各专业课程中英文对照
大学各专业课程中英文对照A开头的课程ALGOL 语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC & FORTRAN 语言BASIC Language & FORTRAN LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageC++程序设计C++ Program DesigningCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCET-4 College English Test (Band 4)CET-6 College English Test (Band 6)COBOL 语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL 语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC 与UNIX 环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC 语言科学计算方法Scientific Computation Method in CC 语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information ProcessingdBASE UI 课程设计Course Exercise in dBASE IIIFORTRAN 77 语言FORTRAN 77 LanguageFORTRAN 语言FORTRAN LanguageFoxBase 程序设计FoxBase ProgrammingHopf 代数Hopf AlgebraHopf 代数与代数群量子群Hopf Algebra , Algebraic Group and Qua ntum GroupIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC 微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCIBM 汇编及高级语言的接口IBM Assembly & its Interfaces with Advanced Programming Languages Inter net 与Intra net 技术In ter net a nd In tra net TechnologyLSI 设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningOS/2 操作系统OS/2 Operation SystemPASCAL 大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL 课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALPASCAL 语言PASCAL LanguagePC 机原理Principle of PCUnix 编程环境Unix Programming EnvironmentUnix 操作系统分析Analysis of Unix SystemVLSI 的EDA 技术EDA Techniques for VLSIVLSI 技术与检测方法VLSI Techniques & Its ExaminationVLSI 设计基础Basis of VLSI DesignWindows 系统Windows Operation SystemX 光分析X-ray AnalysisX 射线金属学X-Ray & MetallographyX 射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80 汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly LanguagesB开头的课程板壳非线性力学Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell板壳理论Plate Theory, Theory of Plate and Shell板壳力学Plate Mechanics办公自动化Office Automatization办公自动化系统毕业设计Office Automatization Thesis办公自动化系统设计Office Automatization Design半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semic on ductor Con verti ng Tech no logy半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semic on ductor Porcelai n・Sen sitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semic on ductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semi-c on ductive Theory半导体器件Semic on ductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Tech no logical Pun dame ntals of Semic on ductor Device 半导体器件课程设计Course Desig n of Semic on ductor Devices 半导体物理Semiconductor Physics 半导体专业Semi-c on duction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experime nt of Semic on ductor半群理论Semi-group Theory保健食品监督评价Evaluation and Supervision on Health Food s保险学Insurance保险学Insurance报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing扌艮干ll选读Selected Readings of Newspaper & Magazine报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fa ns泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业论文Graduation Thesis毕业设计Graduation Thesis毕业实习Graduation Practice编译方法Compilation Method编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fun dame ntals of Compili ng, Prin ciples of Compiler编译原理课程设计Course Design of Compiling变电站的微机检测Computer Testing in Transformer Substation变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与弓长量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变流技术Semic on ductor Con verti ng Technology变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & NeoRo 表面活性剂化学及应用Chemistry and Application of Surfactant表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行处理Parallel Processing并行处理与并行程序设计Parallel Processing and Parallel Programming并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Spectroscopy, Wave Spectrum波谱学实验Spectroscopic Experiment薄膜光学Film Optics薄膜物理Thin Film Physics不育症的病因学Etiology of InfertilityC开头的课程材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料化学材料力学Material Chemistry Mechanics of Materials财税法规与税务会计Laws and Regulations of Finance and Taxes财务案例分析财务案例分析财务报告分析财务成本管理Case Analysis of Finanee Management Case Analysis of Financial Management Analysis of Financial Statement Financial Cost Management财务管理Financial Management, Financial Cost Management财务管理与分析Financial Management and Analysis财务会计Financial Accountancy财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与税收Finance & Revenue财政与税收理论Theories on Public Finanee and Tax Revenue财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System (DOS)操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统与编译原理Disk Operating System & Fundamentals of Compiling操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System, Principles of Operating System 测量技术基础Foun dati on of Measurement Tech no logy测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement策略管理Strategic Management产品学Producti on产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织Industrial Organization产业组织学In dustrial Orga nizati on Tech no logy常微分方程Ordinary Differential Equations场论Field Theory超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超高真空科学与技术Science and Technology of Ultrahigh Vacuum 60超精密加工和微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing超声及应用Supersonics Application成本会计Cost Acco unting成像原理与技术Principles & Technique of Imaging成组技术Grouping Technique城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology程控数字交换Program Controlling of Digital Exchange程序设计Program Designing程序设计方法学Methodology of Programming, Methods of Programming 程序设计及算法语言Program Designing & Algorithmic Language程序设计语言Programming Language齿轮□齿合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra初等数学Primary Mathematics传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感技术Sensor Technique传感技术及应用Sensor Technique & Application传感器及应用Sensors & Application传感器与检测技术Sen sors & Testi ng Tech no logy传感器原理及应I用Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer船舶操纵Ship Controlling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechanic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构Ship Structure船舶结构力学Structural Mechanics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进ship Propelling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶摇摆与操纵Ship Swaying & Manipulating船舶振动Ship Vibration船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration船体制图Ship Graphing船用电器设备Marine Electrical Equipment创造心理学Creativity Psychology词汇学Lexicology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录Magnetographic磁记录技术Magn etographic Tech no logy磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application催化原理Principles of CatalysisD开头的课程大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-V olume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大型数据库原理与高级开发技术Principles of Large-Scale Data-Bas e and Advanced Development Technology 大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学曰语College Japanese大学生心理学Psychology Introduction大学物理College Physics大学物理实验Experiment of College Physics大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数几何Algebraic Geometry代数曲面Algebraic Surfaces代数图论Algebraic Graph Theory代数拓扑Algebraic Topology代数学Algebra代用燃料Substitute Fuel代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机与接口技术Mono・Chip Computers & Interface Technique单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹塑性力学Elastic-Plastic Mechanics 弹性波Elastic Waves弹性力学Elastic Mechanics, Theory of Elastic Mechanics弹性元件的理论及设计Theory and Design of Elastic Element蛋白质结构基础Principle of Protein Structure蛋白质生物化学技术Biochemical Technology of Protein当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought当代文学Con temporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films当代资本主义经济Contemporary Capitalist Economy党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics德育Moral Education等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温测试技术Cryo Testing Technique低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment 低温技术中的微机原理P riciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology 低温生物学原理与应用Principle & Application of Cryobiology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology 低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温原理与设备Cryo Fundamentals & Equipment低温制冷机Cryo Refrigerator低温中的微机应用Applicati on of Microcomputer in Cryo Tech no logy低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low・Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地基基础课程设计Course Design of Groundsill Basis地理Geography 第二次世界大战史History of World War II典型计算机分析Classical Computer Analysis电测量技术Electric Measureme nt Tech no logy 电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants 电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measureme nt Experime nt & Tech no电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers 电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields 电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields 电磁场中的数值计算N umerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics 电动力学Electrody namics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工材料Electrical Materials电工测量技术基础Measureme nt Tech no logy of Electrical Engin eeri ng电工测试技术基础Testi ng Tech no logy of Electrical Engi neeri ng电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fun dame ntal Theory of Electrical Engin eeri ng电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验Experiment of Electrical Engineering电工实验技术基础Experime nt Tech no logy of Electrical En gineeri ng 电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding 电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Tech no logy 电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Tech no logy电机Motor电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor &电机电磁场的数值计算Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields电机电磁场理论Theory of Electrical Moto & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机矩阵分析法Analysis of Electrical Motor Matrix电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机统一理论Theory of Electrical Motor Integration电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力企业管理Management of Electrical Enterprise电力生产技术Tech no logy of Electrical Power Gen erati on电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动Electric Traction电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力拖动与电气控制Electrical Towage & Electrical Control电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System电力系统短路电力系统分析电力系统规划Power System Shortcuts Power System Analysis Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper・Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems 电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统课程设计Course Design of Power Systems电力系统无功补偿及应用NorvWork Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波 Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化设计 Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力聚统远动技朮per 町阿动（fibltaibiS 孵妬8$ Electric Systems 电力系统运行 Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化 Automation of Electric SystemsPower System Automation Equipment Optimal Planning in Power System Course Design of Power Equipment电路测量与实验 C ircuit Measurement & Experiment电路测试技术 Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础 Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术及实验 Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments 电路分析基础 Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验 Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验 Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术 Circuit and Electronic Technique电路基本理论 Basis Theory of Circuitry电路及电子线路 CAD Circuitry CAD电路理论 Theory of Circuit电路理论基础 Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验 Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术 Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电气测量技术 Electrical Measurement Technology电气传动 Electrified Transmission 电气控制技术 Electrical Control Technology 电器设计 Electrical Appliances Designing电器学 Electrical Appliances 电器与控制 Electrical Appliances & Control电生理技术基础 Basics of Electriphysiological Technology电视传感器图象显示 Television Sensor Graphic Display电视接收技术 Television Reception Technology电视节目 Television Programs电视节目制作 Television Program Designing电视新技术 New Television Technology电视新闻 Television News电视原理 Principles of Television电网调度自动化 Automation of Electric Network Management电学实验 Electrical Experiment电影艺术 Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制 Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术 Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件 Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量 电力装置与系统 Power Equipment & System电力系统自动装置 电力系统最优规划 电力装置课程设计Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Tech no logy of Electr onic Measureme nt & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testi ng电子测试技术Electr onic Testi ng Tech no logy电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子;试实验Electr onic Testi ng Experiment电子;则试与实验技术Electr onic Testi ng Tech no logy & Experime nt电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Tech no logy of Electr onics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子技术综合性设计实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子商务Electronic Commerce电子系统的ASIC 技术ASIC Design Technologies电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路的计算机辅助设计Computer Associate Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路课程设计Course Design of Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路设计与测试实验Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Experiment电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子学Electronics电子学课程设计Course Design of Electronics电子照相技术Electr onic Photographi ng Tech no logy雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节原理Principles of Regulation 调节装置Regulation Equipment 动力机械CAD Dynamical Machine CAD 动力学Dynamics动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号Dynamic Signal动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus动物病害学基础Basis of Animal Disease动物免疫学Animal Immunology动物生理与分子生物学Animal Physiology and Molecular Biochemistry动物学Zoology动物遗传工程Animal Genetic Engineering毒理遗传学Toxicological Genetics断裂力学Fracture Mechanics断裂疲劳力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics 锻压测试技术Forging Testing Technique锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery 锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment 锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forgi ng Tech no logy锻造加热设备Forging Heat Equipment对外贸易保险Inter national Trade In sura nee对外贸易地理In ter national Marketing Geography对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade对外贸易运输In ter national Trade Tran sportati on多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Tech no logy多复变函数Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables多媒体计算机技术Multimedia Computer Technology多媒体技术Multimedia Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix 多元统计分析Multivariable StatisticsF开头的课程发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与动力部分Electric Elements & Dynamics of Power Plants发电厂电气部分与热力设备Electric Elements & Thermodynamics Equipment of Power Plants 发电厂计算机控制Computer Control in Power Plant发酵工程Zymolysis Engineering发育生物学原理与实验技术Principle and Experimental Technology of Development发展经济学Evolutive Economics法理学Nomology法律基础Fun dame ntals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fun dame ntals of Science of Law番羽译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation反不正当经济法Anti-malfeasanee Economic Law泛读Extensive Reading泛函分析Functional Analysis泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction房屋建筑学课程设计Course Design of House Architecture仿真与辅助设计Simulation & Computer Aided Design放射生物学Radiation Biology放射学RadiologyWE电量》则量N on-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non・Metal Materials非线性方程组的数值解法Numerical Methods for No-linear System s of Equations非线性光学Nonlinear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性控制理论Non・Linear Control Theory非线性双曲型守恒律解的存在性The Existence of Solutions for Non -linear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws 非线性物理导论Introduction to Nonlinear Physics非线性振荡Non-Linear Oscillation非线性振动Nonlinear Vibratio n废水处理工程Technology of Wastewater Treatment废水处理与回用Sewage Disposal and Re-use沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分布式计算机系统Distributed Computer System / Distributed System分布式系统与分布式处理Distributed Systems and Distributed Processing分离科学Separation Science分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytic Mechanics分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分析生物化学Analytical Biochemistry分子病毒学Molecular Virology分子进化工程Engineering of Molecular Evolution分子生物学Molecular Biology分子生物学技术Protocols in Molecular Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节•使用.运转 Regulation, Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variant Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization风险投资分析Analysis of Risk Investment服务业营销Service Industry Marketing辅助机械Aided Machine腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation复合材料结构力学Structural Mechanics of Composite Material复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier OpticsG开头的课程概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process概率与统计Probability & Statistics钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat・Treatment of Steel¥冈纟吉构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Rein forced Con Crete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure 钢栓结构Reinforced Concrete Structure钢栓结构与砌体结构Reinforces Structure and Monsary Structure 钢磴课程设计Reinforced Concrete Course Design¥冈妊设计Experime nt of Rein forced Con Crete Structure高层建筑基础Tall Building Foundation高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings 高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等发光分析Advanced Luminescenee Analysis高等分析化学Advanced Analytical Chemistry高等工程力学Advaneed Engineering Mechanics高等光学Advanced Optics高等环境微生物Advanced Environmental Microorganism高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等量子力学Advaneed Quantum Mechanics高等生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高等数理方法Advanced Mathematical Method高等数学Advanced Mathematics高等数值分析Advanced Numeric Analysis高等土力学Advaneed Soil Mechanics高等无机化学Advaneed Inorganic Chemistry高等有机化学Advanced Organic Chemistry高电压测试技术High・Voltage Test Technology高电压技术High・Voltage Technology高电压技术与设备High-V oltage Technology and Device高电压绝缘High・Voltage Insulation高电压实验High・Voltage Experiment高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子化学与物理Polymeric Chemistry and Physics高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级程序设计语言的设计与实现Advanced Programming Language's Design & Implementation高级管理信息系统Advanced Management Information Systems高级计算机体系结构Advanced Computer Architecture高级计算机网络Advanced Computer Networks高级计算机网络与集成技术Advanced Computer Networks and Integration Technology高级经济计量Advanced Economic Metrology高级软件工程Advanced Software Engineering高级生化技术Advanced Biochemical Technique 高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级食品化学Advanced Food Chemistry高级视听Advanced Videos高级数据库Advanced Database高级数理逻辑Advanced Numerical Logic 高级水生生物学Advanced Aquatic Biology高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高级植物生理生化Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Freque ncy Electr onic Tech no logy高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高维代数簇Algebraic Varieties of Higher Dimension 高压测量技术High・Voltage Measurement Technology 高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field高压电工程High-Voltage Engineering 高压电技术High・Voltage Technology高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压实验设备;则量High-V oltage Experimentation Equipment Measurement高压试验技术工厂电气设备High-Voltage Experime ntati on Tech no logy Electric Equipment of Plants工厂供电Factory Electricity Supply工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials 工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engin eeri ng Surveyi ng工程测量实习工程测试技术工程测试实验工程测试信息Engineering Measuring Practice Engineering Testi ng Tech nique Experime nt on Engin eering Testi ng Informati on of Engin eering Testi ng工程测试与信号处理Engineering Testing & Signal Processing 工程地质Engineering Geology工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics 工程热力学Engin eeri ng Thermody namics工程数学Engineering Mathematics工程项目概预算Engineering Project Estimate & Budget 工程项目评彳古Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimization Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering 工业产品学Industrial Products 工业电子学Industry Electronics 工业分析In dustrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler 工业会计学I n dustrial Acco unting工业机器人Industrial Robot 工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业技术经济Industrial Tech no logy Econo mics工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学In dustrial Econo mics 工业美术设计Art Designing in Industry工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Administrative Management工业社会学Industrial Sociology 工业心理学Industrial Psychology 工业窑炉Industrial Stoves 工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation 工艺设计Technics Design 工艺实习Technics Practice工艺原理与研究方法Principles & Research of Technics公差Comm on Difference公差测试实验Comm on D if fere nee Testi ng Experiment公差技术测量Tech nical Measureme nt with Comm on Difference公差与酉己合Comm on Differe nee & Cooperatio n 公共关系Public Relationship 公共关系学Public Relations 公司法Corporation Law公司组织与管理Organization and Management公司组织与管理Organization and Management of Corporate公文写作Document Writing功能材料原理与技术Principle and Technology of Functional Materials功能高分子Functional Polymer 功能性食品Function Foods 古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine固体磁性理论Theory of Magnetism in Solid固体激光Solid State Laser 固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体理论Solid State Theory固体物理Solid-State Physics故障诊断与容错技术Malfunction Diagnoses & Tolerance Technology关税Tariff管理概论Introduction to Management管理》勾通Management Communication, Management Negotiation管理会计Man agerial Accounti ng管理经济学Management Economics管理科学专题Management Science Special Subject管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统FOXBASE Management System of FOXBASE管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information System管理学Management Theory, Principles of Management管理学Principles of Management光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电检测与信号处理Optoelectronic Detection and Processing光电课程设计Photoelectric Course Exercise光电摄像技术Photoelectric Photographing Technique光电探测及信号处理Photoelectric Inspect & Signal Processing光电系统课程设计Photoelectric System Course Design光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光电信息、计算机处理Computer Processing in Photoelectric Information光电子技术Photoelectronic Tech nique光电子学与光电信息、技术Optoelectro nics and Optoelectronic Informatio n Tech no logy 光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光接入网技术Technology of Light Access Network光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学Fiber Optics光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤实验Experiments in Fibre Optical。
超导现象-英汉双语
Superconductivity超导现象One of the earliest properties investigated in the laboratories at Leiden was the resistance of metal wires. It was measured by finding the voltage, or potential difference, between the ends of a wire when a known current was flowing through it. Whenever the current is doubled, the voltage is also doubled according to Ohm's law, and the resistance is voltage over current (R=v/c). With some metals such as copper, iron and platinum, the resistance dropped smoothly down with falling temperature, until at 40°K it was only perhaps a hundredth of its value at 0℃. With others, notably lead, mercury and tin, there was a temperature, different for each one but well below 20°K, at which the resistance dropped to nothing at all. A hundredth of a degree above this critical temperature the resistance was normal, like those of copper, iron and platinum; but a hundredth of a degree below, it was zero or too small to measure.参考译文：金属丝的电阻是莱顿实验室最早研究的金属特性之一。
课程中英文对照
机械与能源工程学院04级主干课程(Academic main courses of 04 class for The College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering)装备专业主干课程(Main Courses of Process Equipment and Control Engineering)材料力学 Mechanics Of Material理论力学 Theories Mechanics机械原理 Principle Of Mechanism机械设计 Mechanism Design流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程热力学 Engineering Thermodynamics化工原理 Chemical Engineering Principle计算机应用 The Apply Of Computer过程设备设计 Process Equipment Design过程机械 Process Mechanism控制系统设计 Control System Design机制专业主干课程Main Courses of Mechanical Design Manufacturing and Automation机械设计 mechanical design机械原理 principle of mechanics工程材料 metal materials engineering测试技术 measuring (testing) technology计算机辅助设计与制造 computer aided design and manufacturing液压与气动 hydraulic and air-pressure控制工程基础 control engineering foundation自动化制造系统 automatic manufacturing system机械制造技术基础 machine manufacture foundation数控技术 numerical control technology机电一体化系统设计 mechatronics (integration of mechanics and electronics) system design成型专业主干课程Main Courses of Material Formation and Control Engineering Program材料力学 Mechanics of Materials理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics机械原理 Principle of Mechanics机械设计 Mechanical Designing液压与气动 Hydraulic Transmission控制工程基础 Basis of Control Engineering，机械制造基础 Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture高分子材料成型工艺学 High Polymer Material & Processing高分子材料成型机械 high polymer material formation machine高分子材料模具设计 High polymer material models design热能专业主干课程Main Courses of Energy and Power Engineering建环专业主干课程Main Courses of Building Environment and equipment Engineering机械设计 Mechanical design室内给排水 Indoor Water System建筑节能 Building Energy Conservation建筑环境学 Construction Environment工程热力学 Thermodynamic Engineering传热学 Heat transfer工程流体力学 Engineering Fluid Dynamics锅炉及锅炉房设备 Boilers and boiler room equipment供热工程 Heating Project制冷技术 Refrigeration Technology热质交换原理 Heat and Mass Transfer Principle空调工程 Air conditioning works工业通风 Industrial Ventilation建筑智能化控制 Building Intelligent Control测试原理 Test Principle燃气输配 Gas Transmission and Distribution储运专业主干课程Main Courses of Oil&Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 高等数学 Advanced Mathematics理论力学 Theories Mechanics材料力学 Mechanics Of Material流体力学 Fluid Mechanics机械技术 Mechanism Technology化工技术 Chemical TechnologyCAD CADPro/E制图 Pro/E石油炼制 Petroleum Refine管道设计 Tube design物理化学 Physic Chemistry传热学 Engineering Thermodynamics科技英语 Professional English生物物理学Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology16位微机16 Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计C ourse Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论Plate Theory板壳力学Plate Mechanics半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semiconductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学Film Optics报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Thesis编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & Neo- Ro表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织学Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论Field Theory常微分方程Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration创造心理学Creativity Psychology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati 磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹性力学Theory of Elastic Mechanics当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology 电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-Voltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Porgrams电视节目制作Television Porgram Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Statio电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control 电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology 电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-Voltage Electronic Field 高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作Document Writing古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济计划National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析Functional Analysis焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus & Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏观经济学Macro-Economics宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统Infrared System红外系统电信号处理Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems厚薄膜集成电路Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器Thermal Transducer回旧分析与试验设计Tempering Analysis and Experiment Design回转式压缩机Rotary Compressor回转压缩机数学模型Mathematical Modeling of Rotary Compressors会计学Accountancy会计与财务分析Accountancy & Financial Analysis会计与设备分析Accountancy & Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计Principles of Accountancy & Foreign Trade Accountancy 会计原理与工业会计Principles of Accountancy & Industrial Accountancy活力学Energy Theory活塞膨胀机Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学Currency Banking基本电路理论Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路Machine Tool Circuit机床电器Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计Machine Tool design机床数字控制Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动Mechanical & Electrical Transmission机电传动控制Mechanical & electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统Mechanical & Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems机电一体化Mechanical & Electrical Integration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术Robot Control Technology机械产品学Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学) Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta 机械制造系统自动化Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机制工艺及夹具Mechanical Technology and Clamps积分变换Integral Transformation积分变换及数理方程Integral Transformation & Mathematical Equations积分变换控制工程Integral Transformation Control Engineering积分变换与动力工程Integral Transforms & Dynamic Engineering激光电源Laser Power Devices激光焊Laser Welding激光基础Basis of Laser激光技术Laser Technology激光加工Laser Processing激光器件Laser Devices激光器件与电源Laser Devices & Power Source激光原理Principles of Laser激光原理与技术Laser Principles & Technology极限分析Limit Analysis集合论与代数结构Set Theory & Algebraical Structure技术管理Technological Management技术经济Technological Economy技术经济学Technological Economics技术市场学Technological Marketing计量经济学Measure Economics计算方法Computational Method计算机导论Introduction to Computers计算机导论与实践Introduction to Computers & Practice计算机辅助设计CAD计算机辅助设计与仿真Computer Aided Design & Imitation 计算机辅助语言教学Computer-Aided Language Teaching计算机辅助制造Computer-Aided Manufacturing计算机概论Introduction to Computers计算机绘图Computer Graphics计算机基础Basis of Computer Engineering计算机接口技术Computer Interface Technology计算机接口与通讯Computer Interface & Communication计算机局域网Regional Network of Computers计算机控制Computer Controling计算机设计自动化Automation of Computer Design计算机实践Computer Practice计算机数据库Computer Database计算机算法基础Basis of Computer Algorithm计算机图形显示Computer Graphic Demonstration计算机图形学Computer Graphics计算机网络Computer Networks计算机系统结构Computer Architecture计算机语言处理Computer Language Processing计算机原理Principle of Computer Engineering计算机在化学中的应用Application of Computer in Chemistry 计算机组成原理Principles of Computer Composition计算力学Computational Mechanics计算力学基础Basis of Computational Mechanics计算流体Fluid Computation继电保护新技术New Technology of Relay Protection继电保护原理Principles of Relay Protection继电保护运行Relay-Protected Operation检测技术Measurement Technique检测系统动力学Detection System Dynamics检测与控制Detection & Controling简明社会学Concise Sociology简明世界史Brief World History减振设计Vibration Absorption Designing渐近方法Asymptotical Method建筑材料Building Materials建筑初步Elementary Architecture建筑防火Building Fire Protection建筑概论Introduction to Architecture建筑构造Architectural Construction建筑结构Architectural Structure建筑结构抗震设计Anti-quake Architectural Structure Design建筑经济与企业管理Architectural Economy & Enterprise Management 建筑力学Architectural Mechanics建筑名作欣赏Appreciation of Architectural Works建筑入门Elementary Architecture建筑摄影Architectural Photographing建筑设备Architectural Equipment建筑设计Architectural Design建筑施工Construction Technology建筑绘画Architectural Drawing建筑物理Architecural Physics建筑制图Architectural Graphing胶体化学Colloid Chemistry交流调速系统Alternating Current Governor System教育心理学Pedagogic Psychology接口与控制器Interface and Controler接口与通讯Interface and Communication结构程序设计Structural Program Designing结构动力学Structural Dynamics结构化学Structural Chemistry结构检验Structural Testing结构力学Structural Mechanics结构素描Structure Sketching结构塑性分析Structural Plasticity Analysis结构稳定Stability Analysis of Structures结构先进技术Advanced Structuring Technology结构优化理论Optimal Structure Theory结构优化设计Optimal Structure Designing解析几何Analytic Geometry介质波导Medium Wave Guide介质测量Medium Measurement介质光学Medium Optics金属X射线学Metal X-Ray Analysis金属材料焊接Metal Material Welding金属材料学Metal Material Science金属材料与热处理Metal Material & Heat Treatment金属腐蚀与保护Metal Erosion & Protection金属腐蚀原理Principles of Metal Erosion金属工艺学Metal Technics金属焊接性基础Elementary Metal Weldability金属焊接原理Principles of Metal Welding金属机械性能Mechanical Property of Metal。
作文未来超导技术450字的
作文未来超导技术450字的英文回答：Superconducting technology is poised to revolutionize our future in numerous ways. With its ability to conduct electricity without any resistance, superconductors have the potential to greatly enhance the efficiency and performance of various devices and systems. From transportation to healthcare, superconducting technology holds immense promise.In the field of transportation, superconducting technology can lead to the development of high-speed trains that can travel at unprecedented speeds. Maglev trains, which use superconducting magnets to levitate and propel the train, can reach speeds of up to 600 km/h. This not only reduces travel time significantly, but also offers a more comfortable and efficient mode of transportation.Moreover, superconducting technology can revolutionizethe healthcare industry. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, which utilize superconducting magnets, provide detailed and accurate images of the body's internal structures. This technology has greatly advanced medical diagnostics and has become an indispensable tool for doctors in diagnosing various conditions and diseases.Furthermore, superconducting technology has the potential to greatly enhance the efficiency of power transmission and storage. Superconducting cables can transmit electricity with minimal losses, reducing energy wastage and increasing the overall efficiency of the power grid. Additionally, superconducting energy storage systems can store excess energy during off-peak hours and release it during peak demand, ensuring a stable and reliable power supply.中文回答：超导技术有望在许多方面彻底改变我们的未来。
作文未来超导技术450字的
作文未来超导技术450字的英文回答：Superconducting technology has the potential to revolutionize the future in numerous ways. One of the most exciting prospects is the development of high-speed magnetic levitation trains. These trains use superconducting magnets to float above the tracks, eliminating friction and allowing for incredibly fast and efficient travel. For example, the maglev train in Shanghai can reach speeds of up to 430 km/h, making it one of the fastest trains in the world.Another area where superconducting technology is making a big impact is in medical imaging. MRI machines use superconducting magnets to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. These machines are incredibly valuable for diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions, from tumors to torn ligaments. In fact, I recently had an MRI scan on my knee after a skiing accident, and the imageswere so clear that the doctors were able to pinpoint the exact location of the injury.In the future, I believe that superconductingtechnology will continue to advance and become even more integrated into our daily lives. For example, we may seethe development of superconducting power lines that can transmit electricity with minimal loss, leading to more efficient and sustainable energy distribution. Additionally, superconducting quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize computing by solving complex problems at speeds that are currently unimaginable.Overall, the future of superconducting technology is incredibly exciting, and I can't wait to see how it will continue to shape the world around us.中文回答：超导技术有着许多潜力，未来有望在多个领域引起革命性变化。
外文翻译—电力电子技术（英文+译文）
1 Power Electronic ConceptsPower electronics is a rapidly developing technology. Components are tting higher current and voltage ratings, the power losses decrease and the devices become more reliable. The devices are also very easy tocontrol with a mega scale power amplification. The prices are still going down pr. kVA and power converters are becoming attractive as a mean to improve the performance of a wind turbine. This chapter will discuss the standard power converter topologies from the simplest converters for starting up the turbine to advanced power converter topologies, where the whole power is flowing through the converter. Further, different park solutions using power electronics arealso discussed.1.1 Criteria for concept evaluationThe most common topologies are selected and discussed in respect to advantages and drawbacks. Very advanced power converters, where many extra devices are necessary in order to get a proper operation, are omitted.1.2 Power convertersMany different power converters can be used in wind turbine applications. In the case of using an induction generator, the power converter has to convert from a fixed voltage and frequency to a variable voltage and frequency. This may be implemented in many different ways, as it will be seen in the next section. Other generator types can demand other complex protection. However, the most used topology so far is a soft-starter, which is used during start up in order to limit the in-rush current and thereby reduce the disturbances to the grid.1.2.1 Soft starterThe soft starter is a power converter, which has been introduced to fixedspeed wind turbines to reduce the transient current during connection or disconnection of the generator to the grid. When the generator speed exceeds the synchronous speed, the soft-starter is connected. Using firing angle control of the thyristors in the soft starter the generator is smoothly connected to the grid over a predefined number of grid periods. An example of connection diagram for the softstarter with a generator is presented in Figure1.Figure 1. Connection diagram of soft starter with generators.The commutating devices are two thyristors for each phase. These are connected in anti-parallel. The relationship between the firing angle (﹤) and the resulting amplification of the soft starter is non-linear and depends additionally on the power factor of the connected element. In the case of a resistive load, may vary between 0 (full on) and 90 (full off) degrees, in the case of a purely inductive load between 90 (full on) and 180 (full off) degrees. For any power factor between 0 and 90 degrees, w ill be somewhere between the limits sketched in Figure 2.Figure 2. Control characteristic for a fully controlled soft starter.When the generator is completely connected to the grid a contactor (Kbyp) bypass the soft-starter in order to reduce the losses during normal operation. The soft-starter is very cheap and it is a standard converter in many wind turbines.1.2.2 Capacitor bankFor the power factor compensation of the reactive power in the generator, AC capacitor banks are used, as shown in Figure 3. The generators are normally compensated into whole power range. The switching of capacitors is done as a function of the average value of measured reactive power during a certain period.Figure 3. Capacitor bank configuration for power factor compensation ina wind turbine.The capacitor banks are usually mounted in the bottom of the tower or in thenacelle. In order to reduce the current at connection/disconnection of capacitors a coil (L) can be connected in series. The capacitors may be heavy loaded and damaged in the case of over-voltages to the grid and thereby they may increase the maintenance cost.1.2.3 Diode rectifierThe diode rectifier is the most common used topology in power electronic applications. For a three-phase system it consists of six diodes. It is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4. Diode rectifier for three-phase ac/dc conversionThe diode rectifier can only be used in one quadrant, it is simple and it is notpossible to control it. It could be used in some applications with a dc-bus.1.2.4 The back-to-back PWM-VSIThe back-to-back PWM-VSI is a bi-directional power converter consisting of two conventional PWM-VSI. The topology is shown in Figure 5.To achieve full control of the grid current, the DC-link voltage must be boosted to a level higher than the amplitude of the grid line-line voltage. The power flow of the grid side converter is controlled in orderto keep the DC-link voltage constant, while the control of the generator side is set to suit the magnetization demand and the reference speed. The control of the back-to-back PWM-VSI in the wind turbine application is described in several papers (Bogalecka, 1993), (Knowles-Spittle et al., 1998), (Pena et al., 1996), (Yifan & Longya, 1992), (Yifan & Longya, 1995).Figure 5. The back-to-back PWM-VSI converter topology.1.2.4.1 Advantages related to the use of the back-to-back PWM-VSIThe PWM-VSI is the most frequently used three-phase frequency converter. As a consequence of this, the knowledge available in the field is extensive and well established. The literature and the available documentation exceed that for any of the other converters considered in this survey. Furthermore, many manufacturers produce components especially designed for use in this type of converter (e.g., a transistor-pack comprising six bridge coupled transistors and anti paralleled diodes). Due to this, the component costs can be low compared to converters requiring components designed for a niche production.A technical advantage of the PWM-VSI is the capacitor decoupling between the grid inverter and the generator inverter. Besides affording some protection, this decoupling offers separate control of the two inverters, allowing compensation of asymmetry both on the generator side and on the grid side, independently.The inclusion of a boost inductance in the DC-link circuit increases the component count, but a positive effect is that the boost inductance reduces the demands on the performance of the grid side harmonic filter, and offers some protection of the converter against abnormal conditions on the grid.1.2.4.2 Disadvantages of applying the back-to-back PWM-VSIThis section highlights some of the reported disadvantages of the back-to-back PWM-VSI which justify the search for a more suitable alternative converter:In several papers concerning adjustable speed drives, the presence of the DC link capacitor is mentioned as a drawback, since it is heavy and bulky, it increases the costs and maybe of most importance, - it reduces the overall lifetime of the system. (Wen-Song & Ying-Yu, 1998); (Kim & Sul, 1993); (Siyoung Kim et al., 1998).Another important drawback of the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the switching losses. Every commutation in both the grid inverter and the generator inverter between the upper and lower DC-link branch is associated with a hard switching and a natural commutation. Since the back-to-back PWM-VSI consists of two inverters, the switching losses might be even more pronounced. The high switching speed to the grid may also require extra EMI-filters.To prevent high stresses on the generator insulation and to avoid bearing current problems (Salo & Tuusa, 1999), the voltage gradient may have to be limited by applying an output filter.1.2.5 Tandem converterThe tandem converter is quite a new topology and a few papers only have treated it up till now ((Marques & Verdelho, 1998); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a); (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b)). However, the idea behind the converter is similar to those presented in ((Zhang et al., 1998b)), where the PWM-VSI is used as an active harmonic filter to compensate harmonic distortion. The topology of the tandem converter is shown inFigure 6.Figure 6. The tandem converter topology used in an induction generator wind turbine system.The tandem converter consists of a current source converter, CSC, in thefollowing designated the primary converter, and a back-to-back PWM-VSI, designated the secondary converter. Since the tandem converter consists of four controllable inverters, several degrees of freedom exist which enable sinusoidal input and sinusoidal output currents. However, in this context it is believed that the most advantageous control of the inverters is to control the primary converter to operate in square-wave current mode. Here, the switches in the CSC are turned on and off only once per fundamental period of the input- and output current respectively. In square wave current mode, the switches in the primary converter may either be GTO.s, or a series connection of an IGBT and a diode.Unlike the primary converter, the secondary converter has to operateat a high switching frequency, but the switched current is only a small fraction of the total load current. Figure 7 illustrates the current waveform for the primary converter, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.In order to achieve full control of the current to/from the back-to-back PWMVSI, the DC-link voltage is boosted to a level above the grid voltage. As mentioned, the control of the tandem converter is treated in only a few papers. However, the independent control of the CSC and the back-to-back PWM-VSI are both well established, (Mutschler & Meinhardt, 1998); (Nikolic & Jeftenic, 1998); (Salo & Tuusa, 1997); (Salo & Tuusa, 1999).Figure 7. Current waveform for the primary converter, ip, the secondary converter, is, and the total load current il.1.2.5.1Advantages in the use of the Tandem ConverterThe investigation of new converter topologies is commonly justifiedby thesearch for higher converter efficiency. Advantages of the tandem converter are the low switching frequency of the primary converter, and the low level of the switched current in the secondary converter. It is stated that the switching losses of a tandem inverter may be reduced by 70%, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) in comparison with those of an equivalent VSI, and even though the conduction losses are higher for the tandem converter, the overall converter efficiency may be increased.Compared to the CSI, the voltage across the terminals of the tandem converter contains no voltage spikes since the DC-link capacitor of the secondary converter is always connected between each pair of input- and output lines (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998b).Concerning the dynamic properties, (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a) states that the overall performance of the tandem converter is superior to both the CSC and the VSI. This is because current magnitude commands are handled by the voltage source converter, while phase-shift current commands are handled by the current source converter (Zhang et al., 1998b).Besides the main function, which is to compensate the current distortion introduced by the primary converter, the secondary converter may also act like an active resistor, providing damping of the primary inverter in light load conditions (Zhang et al., 1998b).1.2.5.2 Disadvantages of using the Tandem ConverterAn inherent obstacle to applying the tandem converter is the high number of components and sensors required. This increases the costs and complexity of both hardware and software. The complexity is justified by the redundancy of the system (Trzynadlowski et al., 1998a), however the system is only truly redundant if a reduction in power capability and performance is acceptable.Since the voltage across the generator terminals is set by the secondary inverter, the voltage stresses at the converter are high.Therefore the demands on the output filter are comparable to those when applying the back-to-back PWM-VSI.In the system shown in Figure 38, a problem for the tandem converter in comparison with the back-to-back PWM-VSI is the reduced generator voltage. By applying the CSI as the primary converter, only 0.866% of the grid voltage can be utilized. This means that the generator currents (and also the current through the switches) for the tandem converter must be higher in order to achieve the same power.1.2.6 Matrix converterIdeally, the matrix converter should be an all silicon solution with no passive components in the power circuit. The ideal conventional matrix converter topology is shown in Figure 8.Figure 8. The conventional matrix converter topology.The basic idea of the matrix converter is that a desired input current (to/from the supply), a desired output voltage and a desired output frequency may be obtained by properly connecting the output terminals of the converter to the input terminals of the converter. In order to protect the converter, the following two control rules must be complied with: Two (or three) switches in an output leg are never allowed to be on at the same time. All of the three output phases must be connected to an input phase at any instant of time. The actual combination of the switchesdepends on the modulation strategy.1.2.6.1 Advantages of using the Matrix ConverterThis section summarises some of the advantages of using the matrix converter in the control of an induction wind turbine generator. For a low output frequency of the converter the thermal stresses of the semiconductors in a conventional inverter are higher than those in a matrix converter. This arises from the fact that the semiconductors in a matrix converter are equally stressed, at least during every period of the grid voltage, while the period for the conventional inverter equals the output frequency. This reduces thethermal design problems for the matrix converter.Although the matrix converter includes six additional power switches compared to the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the absence of the DC-link capacitor may increase the efficiency and the lifetime for the converter (Schuster, 1998). Depending on the realization of the bi-directional switches, the switching losses of the matrix inverter may be less than those of the PWM-VSI, because the half of the switchings become natural commutations (soft switchings) (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).1.2.6.2 Disadvantages and problems of the matrix converterA disadvantage of the matrix converter is the intrinsic limitation of the output voltage. Without entering the over-modulation range, the maximum output voltage of the matrix converter is 0.866 times the input voltage. To achieve the same output power as the back-to-back PWM-VSI, the output current of the matrix converter has to be 1.15 times higher, giving rise to higher conducting losses in the converter (Wheeler & Grant, 1993).In many of the papers concerning the matrix converter, the unavailability of a true bi-directional switch is mentioned as one of the major obstacles for the propagation of the matrix converter. In the literature, three proposals for realizing a bi-directional switch exists. The diode embedded switch (Neft & Schauder, 1988) which acts like a truebi-directional switch, the common emitter switch and the common collector switch (Beasant et al., 1989).Since real switches do not have infinitesimal switching times (which is not desirable either) the commutation between two input phases constitutes a contradiction between the two basic control rules of the matrix converter. In the literature at least six different commutation strategies are reported, (Beasant et al., 1990); (Burany, 1989); (Jung & Gyu, 1991); (Hey et al., 1995); (Kwon et al., 1998); (Neft & Schauder, 1988). The most simple of the commutation strategies are those reported in (Beasant et al., 1990) and (Neft & Schauder, 1988), but neither of these strategies complies with the basic control rules.译文1 电力电子技术的内容电力电子技术是一门正在快速发展的技术,电力电子元器件有很高的额定电流和额定电压,它的功率减小元件变得更加可靠、耐用.这种元件还可以用来控制比它功率大很多倍的元件。
超导电力技术_应用部分
优点
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
71
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
72
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
73
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
74
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
75
(a)
(b)
(c)
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
76
对超导材料的要求
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
77
高场磁体
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
78
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
79
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
80
对超导材料的要求
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
81
生物、医学应用
Strengths of Biomagnetic Signals
心图 眼图 肌图 胎儿 脑室 视网 皮质
T ri stan T echn o l o g i es
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
82
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
83
脑成像
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
84
交通应用－磁悬浮
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
85
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
86
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
87
磁分离
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
88
电流引线
2015年6月13日
超导电力技术
89
电流引线－节能
2015年6月13日
电力电子技术简介英语作文
Introduction to Power Electronics Technology(电力电子技术简介)Power electronic technology is divided into two branches: power electronic device manufacturing technology and current conversion technology.Now it has become an indispensable professional basic course for the modern electrical engineering and automation specialty, and plays an important role in training the professional talents.Power electronics technology is a new discipline based on electronics, electrical principles and automatic control. Because it is a high-power electrical technology, and mostly serves the industry using strong electricity, it is often classified as electrician. Power electronic technology mainly includes power electronic devices, power electronic circuits, power electronic devices and systems. Semiconductor is the basic material of power electronic devices, and monocrystalline silicon is the most commonly used material; Its theoretical basis is semiconductor physics; Its technology is semiconductor device technology. Microelectronics technology has been widely used in modernnew power electronic devices. Power electronic circuits have absorbed the theoretical basis of electronics. According to the characteristics of devices and the requirements of power conversion, many power conversion circuits have been developed. These circuits also include various secondary circuits and peripheral circuits such as control, trigger, protection, display, information processing, relay contact, etc. According to different application objects, these circuits are used to form complete machines for various purposes, which are called power electronic devices. These devices often form a system with loads and supporting equipment. Electronics, electrotechnics, automatic control, signal detection and processing and other technologies are often widely used in these devices and systems.。
超导电子学(electronicsofsuperconductivity)百科小物理
超导电子学（electronicsofsuperconductivity）百科小物理广泛的阅读有助于学生形成良好的道德品质和健全的人格，向往真、善、美，摈弃假、恶、丑;有助于沟通个人与外部世界的联系，使学生认识丰富多彩的世界，获取信息和知识，拓展视野。
快一起来阅读超导电子学(electronicsofsuperconductivity)百科小物理吧~超导电子学（electronicsofsuperconductivity）超导电子学(electronicsofsuperconductivity)1962年约瑟夫(Josephson)从理论上提出了凝聚的库珀电子对在零电压下也有隧道效应，并为实验所证实。
之后，他对两超导层中间夹绝缘层，即S-I-S隧道结的计算又给出隧道电流j为：j=j0(V)sin [a0(V) a1(V)cos]V式中右边第一项即使在零电压(V=0)时也存在，通常称之谓约瑟夫森电流，它与隧道结二边的超导电子对波函数的相位差关系密切，这种特征显示着与通常的准粒子隧道效应不同，与此相联系的超电流隧道效应相关的现象一起称约瑟夫森隧道效应，也可包括直流约瑟夫森效应和交流约瑟夫效应等从广义上的理解。
上式右边第二项为准粒子隧道电流，第三项是与相关的准粒子隧道电流，它们只有在电压V0时才伴随显现。
伴随着约瑟夫森隧道效应开展的一系列理论、实验和应用的研究，特别是一系列超导量子器件(约瑟夫森器件)的诞生并进入电子学领域，形成了一个新的低温电子学重要领域，即超导电子学。
例如超导结可用于制作高频振荡放大、检波和混频等器件。
贾埃弗(I.Giaever)用超导结的单电子隧道效应可测量超导能隙和态密度以及它们与温度的关系等。
约瑟夫森超导隧道结制成的超导量子干涉器(SQUID)可用于灵敏度高达10-11GHz-1的磁强计和可测量至`10^{-15}VHz^{-1/2}`的电压计等，并可作为引力波探测和对生物磁性的研究等，如对人体代替作心电图的心磁图测检。
超导电力技术_基础部分
超导体分类-第一类超导体和第二类超导体体
-penetrated depth 10-8m
-Interference Length 10-6m “distance” between Cooper pairs Ginzburg-Landau parameters
(T ) (T )
2016年5月14日 超导技术电力应用基础 8
BCS-Theory Cooper pairs R=0?
最难解释：用到量子力学波函数概概念 Fermi- Dirac and Bose-Einstein Distribution
fF (E)
1 e
( E ) / k BT
1
fB (E)
2016年5月14日
超导技术电力应用基础
25
2016年5月14日
超导技术电力应用基础
26
2016年5月14日
超导技术电力应用基础
27
实用超导体材料加工工艺
1960年，NbTi和Nb3Sn：合金
1982年，极细丝NbTi导线：1micro-meter 1999年，第一代HTSwie/tape,BSSCO超导带材: 粉末 管装法（PIT）； 2005年，MgB2 wire/tape,粉末管装法（PIT）； 2007年，第二代HTS wie/tape YBCO超导带材: 化学涂 层法（MOV）, 离子束辅助沉积(IBAD); IBAD 轧制辅助双轴织构化(RABiTS)；倾斜基板沉积法 （ISD）;激光溅射法（PLD）
非弹性散射
2016年5月14日
超导技术电力应用基础
5
电流 电阻 焦耳热 温度-微观
非弹性散射
1 1 2 2 E m V m V 电子损失能量 q q 1 q 2 2 2 1 1 原子核获得能量 E E m V 2 m V 2 Q q q 1 q 2 2 2
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
§3.5Superconductor applied in pulsed power technology research and technical problems
§3.6Writing research reports
§5.1Design method of superconducting magnets
§5.2Application of superconducting magnet in scientific research
§5.3Consulting the latest academic papers, written research reports
Chapter 4Research on power system containing superconducting power devices（4hours）
§4.1Dynamic characteristics analysis on superconducting power devices
§1.3Research topic
Chapter 2Superconducting Basics（4 hours）
§2.1Basic electromagnetic properties of superconductors
§2.2Joseph Sen effect and flux dynamics
§6.2Other means of measuring key parameters of superconducting technology, such as temperature and quench propagation velocity
§6.3查阅最新科技论文，撰写相关内容的调研报告。
第七章超导微弱电磁信号检测基础（6学时）
§7.1SQUID的形式、原理以及用SQUID进行微弱电磁检测的原理；
§7.2电压标准、心脑电磁检测等微弱电磁检测应用研究的进展；
§7.3查阅最新科技论文，撰写相关内容的调研报告。
第八章课程报告评点与考查（2学时）
§3.2超导电缆、超导磁悬浮的技术特点，设计要点，绝热措施及热损耗；
§3.3超导限流器的基本形式、动作原理及技术要点；
§3.4超导磁储能系统的基本原理、技术特点、以及关键技术难点；
§3.5超导脉冲功率应用技术的研究现状和技术难题；
§3.6查阅最新科技论文，撰写相关内容的调研报告。
第四章含超导装置电力系统特性（4学时）
§1.2超导电力技术的发展现状及发展趋势
§1.3分配研讨课题
第二章超导基础知识（4学时）
§2.1超导的基本电磁物理特性，零电阻、麦斯纳效应、磁通量子效应、交流损耗、超导导线动态电磁特性等；
§2.2超导的约瑟夫森效应、磁通动力学。
第三章超导电力装置（6学时）
§3.1超导电机、超导变压器的特性要点，设计中的注意事项，交流损耗以及超导稳定性分析与设计方法；
ChapterExperimental test of superconducting power technology (4 hours)
§6.1Method for measuring electromagnetic parameters of superconducting materials, such as critical current, magnetic susceptibility, exchange losses;
附件
课程名称：超导电力科学技术
课程代码：131.512
课程类型：□博士专修课程■硕士专修课程
考核方式：全英文考试
教学方式：全英文讲授
适用专业：电气工程
适用层次：■硕士□博士
开课学期：
总学时：32
学分：2
先修课程要求：电磁场、电力系统分析、超导应用基础、应用超导材料
课程组教师姓名
职称
专业
年龄
学术方向
唐跃进（负责人）
适用层次：■硕士□博士
开课学期：
总学时：32
学分：2
先修课程要求：electromagnetic field、Power system analysis、foundation of superconductivity application、应用超导材料
课程组教师姓名
职称
专业
年龄
学术方向
Tang Yue Jin
§5.2超导磁体在科学研究中的应用简介：加速器、核聚变、磁悬浮、磁推进、磁分离、核磁共振成像等；
§5.3查阅最新科技论文，撰写相关内容的调研报告。
第六章超导电力中的实验测试技术（4学时）
§6.1超导材料电磁参数测量方法，临界电流、磁化、交流损耗；
§6.2超导应用技术中的其他关键参数测量手段，温度、失超传播速度；
（负责人）
Professor
electrical engineering
54
Applied superconductivity
课程负责教师留学经历及学术专长简介：
Yuejin Tang, professor of HuaZhong University of Science and Technology. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in 1981 and 1984 respectively, and has been engaged in High Voltage Engineering in HUST until 1990. From Oct. 1990, he studied in Nagoya University, Japan, and received the Doctor Degree in Engineering, majoring in applied superconductivity in 1996. During this period, he participated the project of “Prospective Power Transmission Model System Integrated under Superconducting Environment (PROMISE)”. This project won the prize of progress on science and technology form IEE Japan in 1995. Then, he worked in Ryukyu’s University, Okinawa, Japan as an associate professor for three years, and had be engaged in the teaching and researching work on the Power System, the High Voltage Engineering and the Applied Superconductivity. In May 1999, he returned to China and joined to HUST. He is presently engaged in Applied Superconductivity and High Voltage Technology. Now, he is one of the members of Specific Committee on Applied Superconductivity, Institute of Electrical Technology of China.
Chapter 3Superconducting power devices（6hours）
§3.1Superconducting motor and transformer
§3.2Superconducting power cable andmagnetic levitation
§3.3Superconducting current limiter
§4.2Coordination of quench protection and relay protection
§4.3Consulting the latest academic papers, writingresearch reports
Chapter 5Application of superconducting magnet for high magnetic field (4 hours)
3．林良真等.超导电性及其应用.北京：北京工业大学出版社，1998年
4.国际权威杂志上发表的超导应用技术方面的最新论文
附件
课程名称：Superconducting power technology
课程代码：131.512
课程类型：□博士专修课程■硕士专修课程
考核方式：全英文考试
教学方式：全英文讲授
适用专业：electrical engineering
Teaching goals：
The main objective of this course is to learn the relevant knowledge of Applied Superconductivity. Based on a brief review of superconducting knowledgeandthe latest domestic and foreign research progressanddevelopment trend，study superconductingpowertechnology, superconducting magnet, superconductingelectromagnetic detectionandsuperconductingtesttechnology.