托福写作模板 integrated writing(亲测 ..写作25)
托福综合写作模板
托福综合写作模板
托福综合写作模板（中文版）：
第一段：引入
首先，引出综合写作的主题，并简单介绍该主题的重要性或争议性。
同时提供两个观点，即阐述正反两方对该主题的不同看法。
第二段：正方观点
首先，根据阅读材料介绍正方观点的理由和支持论据。
每个理由或论
据都应该扩展为一个独立的句子，并且要使用适当的例子、数据或者
研究结果来支撑观点。
第三段：反方观点
接下来，根据听力材料介绍反方观点的理由和支持论据。
同样，每个
理由或论据都应该成为一个独立的句子，并且要提供适当的例子、数
据或者研究结果来支持观点。
第四段：解决方案
在这一段，可以提出一个综合的解决方案，以平衡正反观点。
这个方
案可以是通过采取某些策略或措施来解决观点之间的冲突或平衡双方
的利益。
第五段：总结
总结以上观点，重申主题的重要性或争议性，并强调解决方案的优势。
最后，可以提出一个建议或展望，进一步发展该主题的研究或实践价值。
注意事项：
1. 尽量避免使用第一人称代词，例如"I think"或"We believe"，而
应该使用一般性的表述，例如"It can be argued that"或"Some people contend that"等。
2. 使用适当的过渡词和连接词将每个段落连接起来，使整篇文章更连贯。
3. 避免出现拼写和语法错误，以及书面语与口语的混用。
托福综合写作模板
【例文1】Writing Sample 1 (OG -- 284)[reading]Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness; individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound, both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members, and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another, yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact, many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food, or even their life, to assist other members of their group. The meerkat, which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa, is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats, an individual acts as a burrows, standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group, it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard, the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat, and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone, which might make it more at risk to a predator, since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat’s group.ProfessorYou know, often in science, new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat’s behavior quite closely, much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found...like about eating habits...it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard -- so the ones standing guard had a full stomach! And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming, it’s the most likely to escape...because it often stands guard near a burrow, so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats, the ones scattered about looking for food, are actually in greater danger.And in fact, other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm, the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly, behaviors that might actually draw the predator’s attention away from the caller, increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.And what about people--what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic? Let’s take an extreme case, uh, suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative, or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act,right? But ...doesn’t the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society? Doesn’t the donor gain an increased sense of self worth? Couldn’t such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people?Question:Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.【例文】The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that the perceived acts of altruism are nothing more than sneaky methods of gaining advantage for one’s self. （听力观点，听力阅读之间的关系）Contrary to the belief in the passage that sentinels risk their lives for the cause of the whole group, the professor says that the meerkat sentinels are in fact less prone to threats. The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draw the predator’s attention towards them, thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）The lecture refutes the fact that these meerkats are altruistic in the sense that they gain nothing in exchange of their services. In fact, researches have shown that they have a full stomach as they perform this altruism duty and have a better chance of escaping from danger because they witness it first. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）Professor also offers a different underlying motivation that causes people to believe that acts such as donating an organ or sharing food with someone in need are altruistic. She says that people gain appreciation as a results of such acts, which may be deemed by some much more important than materialistic gains. （阅读内容+听力驳斥）【模板1】The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that _______________.Contrary to the belief in the passage that ___________________________, the professor says that ____________________________.The lecture refutes the fact that ____________________. In fact, researches have shown that _____________.The professor also offers a different underlying motivation that _________________________.【例文2】Writing Sample 2 (OG -- 255)The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real. （阅读观点，听力阅读之间的关系）First, some members got free rides. That is some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got. In other words, they weren't given the opportunity to shine. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive thanindividuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another part where experience contradicted theory. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）Third, influential people might emerge, and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might be less flexible in thinking. They might become one-sided, and this fails to succeed. （听力内容+驳斥阅读）【模板2】The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that ____________________. He says that ____________________.First,_________________________________. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.Second,_____________________. The passage says that_______________. However, the speaker talks about _________________________________.This was another part where experience contradicted theory.Third,_______________________________________.【例文3】The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the behavior of stags. The professor shows how the actions of animal can be interpreted in different ways. For example, some people interpret the stag’s actions as being for the “good of the species,” but the professor shows that the stag is actually acting in self-interest. This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that the crickets’ behavior can be interpreted as helping only individual crickets and not the group as a whole. The professor then talks about the results of the experiment, which seems to indicate the crickets are acting only in self-interest.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the intelligence of animals and insects. As he states, it would seem to require a lot of intelligence to evaluate how a behavior will affect an entire species. This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely; a cricket is probably unable to think of the consequences of its actions. It is more likely that the cricket is only acting out of self-preservation, as the professor indicates.【模版3】The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about ____________.The professor shows that________________________.For example, ______________________, but the professor shows that________________________.This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that_________________________________. The professor then talks about_______________, which seems to indicate that__________________.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about ______________.As he states, it would seem to___________________________. This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely;_____________________________.It is more likely that________________________, as the professor indicates.【模板4】The points made in the lecture counters arguments made by points of the reading passage. The author concludes that ________________. The lecturer refutes the argument by claiming that ___________________.First, the lecture states that ________________. This undermines the reading’s claim that _____________.Second, the lecture argues that ___________-. This challenges the reading’s statement that _______________.Third, the lecture says that ____________. This is contrary to the argument in the passage _________.【模板5】In this set of material, the reading passage __________ whereas the listening passage __________. The listening passage weakens the reading.Firstly, it is said in the passage that __________. However, the lecture suggests the opposite. The speaker says that _________.Secondly, the passage indicates that __________. In contrast, the lecture suggests otherwise. It says that ___________.Thirdly, the passage states that__________. The lecture claims a different picture in this case as well. It argues that _____________.【模板6】The passage says that _______________. However, the lecturer doubts whether ___________.While the author claims that ____________, the lecturer points out the fact that ___________.Whereas the author argues that ___________, the lecturer holds an opposing view. The lecturer says that _____________.The final point on which the author and the lecturer disagree with each other is whether __________. The lecturer reasons that _____________.【模板7】The passage discusses________________. However, the lecturer casts doubts on the authro’s view through citing a recent study.First, it turns out that _________________, which is quite opposite to the author’s explanation.Furthermore, contrary to the author’s claim ___________, the lecturer points out that _______.Finally, the lecturer points out that fact that __________, which is not anticipated by the author.【模板8】In the lecturer, the professor makes several points about___________. The professor argues that ___________. The points made by the professor are consistent wit h___________. In fact, the examples used by the professor support _________________.The first point that the professor uses to strengthen the reading is that __________. According to the professor, ________________. _________ supports the reading, which contends that _______________. The point made by the professor supports the reading because.Moreover, the professor supports the reading by stating that ___________. The professor claims that _____________. This point aligns with the reading, which maintain that ______________. ____________ demonstrates the truth of the reading because ___________.Finally, the professor bolsters the reading by claiming that ______________. Specifically, __________. This point agrees with the reading, which argues that __________, again reinforcing what the reading indicates.模版9The speaker in the lecture doubts the view that early retirement is a good choice for older staffs, stated in the reading passage.First of all, the speaker thinks that if the government and companies had offered various training across different departments, employees would still be able to keep their skills fresh and up to date. In contrast, the reading passage believes that many years of work make the old staff feel bored and bored. So, the lecture totally disagrees with the view made in the reading.Besides, the speaker explains that if a group consists of both older and younger, it would help the staffs performing better,contradicting what is illustrated in the reading that the old workers and young workers can hardly get along well.Finally, the lecturer raises the issue that i f the older generations retire completely, it will be a big loss for their employers. This point disagrees that the senior employees can not catch up with the younger, demonstrated in the reading.To sum up, the contents in the reading passage are completely challenged by the speaker and the speaker has entirely different views mentioned in reading materials.。
托福综合写作经典模板范例汇总
托福综合写作经典模板范例汇总在托福备考过程中，托福综合写作都是让备考学生一项非常头疼的难题，在这里店铺为大家搜集整理的一些新托福考考试写作的经典模板，希望大家能在灵活运用经典模板的基础上创作出具有个人特色的优秀托福作文。
托福综合写作经典模板范例(1)The lecture and the reading discuss ( ). The lecturer puts forward 3 pioints and effectively contradicts the opinions of the reading.First of all, the reading says that ( ). In contrast, the lecture claims that ( ). By this way, the lecture contradicts the first opinion of the reading.Second, the reading claims that ( ), while according to the lecture, this is not the case. The lecturer says that ( ). By casting doubt on an important peice of evidence of the reading, the lecture contradicts the second claim of the reading.Finally, the reading states that ( ), while the lecture claims that ( ). Thus the lecture refutes the last claim of the reading.托福综合写作经典模板范例(2)The lecture apparently refutes the points illustrated in the reading material. According to the professor, ________________.On the contrary, the reading contends an opposite stand that_____.The first point the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that___________, which differs from the statement in the reading that_____.Another evidence the speaker adopts to contradict the passage is________. However, the reading states that_________.In the conclusion, the point made in the lecture contrasts with what is presented in the reading. As the professor claims,________whereas the reading material holds that________.托福综合写作经典模板范例(3)The readi ng passage contends that… (详细的写) The listening material completely refutes the reading passage . It is pointed in the listening that ……(写出main idea 就行)First, the point, stated in the reading passage, is that … In contrast, the listening passage holds the opposite opinion and believes that ……Second, the reading passage contends that …… But the speaker in the listening says that …Third, the author, in the reading passage, believes that …… However, the lecturer in the listening argues that ……怎样合理使用托福写作模板第一，强大自己的英语基本功。
TOEFL-WRITING-托福写作PPT课件
• 同根异形
• solve →
• find a solution to ... (补充：pay attention to ...the reason for...)
• Try :在过去的二十年中，花在食物上的钱逐渐减少了。
• In the last two decades ,there has been a gradual decrease
• in the amount of money that is spent on food.
.
20
• e.g. Where there is a will ,there is a way.
.
14
2、4分标准:
4分的文章能够较好地完成任务，但是有些观点阐述地不够详细； 总体上组织论证不错，使用恰当的解释，举例和细节；
文章整体内容连贯统一,但是可能含有冗余，离题和不清晰的连接; 语言使用较熟练，有较为丰富的词汇和语法结构，但是也可能有较 为明显的小错误，但不影响总体理解。
.
15
3、3分标准:
• 6）我们的观点要不要得到考官青睐？ • 不需要！ETS的阅卷老师经过训练，要求必须能接受所 • 有观点，只要言之有理。
.
12
7）要不要模板? •形成自己的套路。 •准备基本必要的例证，针对话题对例证进行修改。
.
13
IBT独立写作评分标准
1. 5分标准: ★Effectively addresses the topic and task ★ Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details ★ Displays unity, progression, and coherence ★ Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors. 5分的文章能够有效地完成任务，文章的组织清晰，有恰当的解释， 举例和细节；文章内容连贯，统一；语言运用熟练，词汇丰富， 用词得当，尽管可能出现稍许词汇和语法错误。
托福英语综合作文模板
托福英语综合作文模板英文回答：Integrated Writing Task Template。
Step 1: Read the prompt carefully。
Identify the question or topic that the prompt asksyou to address.Note any specific instructions or requirementsprovided in the prompt.Step 2: Analyze the source text。
Determine the main point or purpose of the source text.Identify the key arguments, evidence, and examples presented in the text.Consider the author's perspective and tone.Step 3: Develop a thesis statement。
Formulate a clear and concise statement that expresses your position on the topic.Ensure that your thesis statement is supported by evidence from the source text.Step 4: Organize your response。
Divide your response into logical paragraphs that support your thesis statement.Use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph and provide a smooth transition between ideas.Step 5: Write your response。
新托福满分作文范文
手把手教你打造托福满分作文模板对于新托福考试，作文模板成了很多考生热捧的东西之一，而满分作文模板更是倍受欢迎。
自从大学开始，英语就成了每一个人的必修课。
但是与高中不同，在大学一部分学会了荒废，一部分人学会了执着。
但是不管你是要荒废还是要执着，每个人都必须看一眼头上的达摩克利斯之剑——大学四六级考试。
虽然现在很多大学对于四六级已经没有了硬性要求，但是学习的最终目的还是为了就业，当就业单位还在拿着这把宝剑的时候，每个人就还只能转过身去，去找解决四六级考试的方法。
不知何时，“模板”这个词进入到了我们的眼帘。
太中国风！太分数至上了！而一个优秀的模板，考友们会想：不用担心老师会给我们的。
这个时候太多的人实在是太相信众多教育机构老师的精力了，别说每一个人做一个新模板，哪怕是每一个班级做一个新的模板都是不可能的，原因很简单：没那个时间！那么我们就只有求助于网络了，但是网络的传播性实在是太广了！一个模板刚刚出现，有可能明天就有100个人在用了，你想想当考官看到100个人写出来的作文都用同样的开头的时候，他将会是什么情景^_^当然这里指的是国外的考官。
国内的考官看到的时候可是很爽的，太棒了！又造出来一帮一模一样的学生，加分点明确，可以给分了！^_^当面对重重阻力的时候，很多人不禁产生了怀疑。
我们是否应该使用模板？使用模板是否会导致低分？我们到底该用什么模板？其实答案很简单，模板应该用，必须用，大胆用！但是有一个十分重要的前提性条件，那就是模板一定是要原创的！原创的？！开玩笑，我们这辈子从来就没自己思考过，一直都是老师喂到我们嘴里的！是的，这就是你一直咒骂中国式教育的起点。
其实很多托福满分作文都是使用了模板，但是由于使用的十分之精巧，同时再加上是原创模板，因此连考官也拿他没有办法，人家写的就是棒吗！OK，先来看两段例子！第一段是不好的例子，第二段是好的例子。
Nowadays, thanks to the development of Internet, we are exposed to a vast ocean of information. Some argue that so much information brings a great benefit to our life and study. But for me, the experience with surfing Internet leads me to believe that accessing much information cause more problems than it solves。
托福作文新题型模板及范文
托福作文新题型模板及范文英文回答：Integrated Writing Task。
Task:Read the following text and listen to the lecture. Then, write an essay in which you explain how the lecture either supports, modifies, or contradicts the text. Use specific evidence from both the text and the lecture to support your analysis.Text:The primary goal of a university education is to prepare students for the workforce.Universities should focus on teaching students theskills and knowledge they need to succeed in their careers.A liberal arts education is not as valuable as a vocational education because it does not provide students with the specific skills they need to get a job.Lecture:The primary goal of a university education is to prepare students to be critical thinkers and problem solvers.Universities should provide students with a broad education that will help them adapt to the changing needs of the workforce.A liberal arts education is valuable because it teaches students how to think critically, communicate effectively, and solve problems, which are skills that are essential for success in any career.Thesis Statement:While the text argues that the primary goal of a university education is to prepare students for the workforce and that a liberal arts education is not as valuable as a vocational education, the lecture modifies this view by emphasizing the importance of criticalthinking and problem solving and the value of a liberalarts education.Body Paragraph 1:Discuss the text's claim that the primary goal of a university education is to prepare students for the workforce.Explain how the lecture modifies this claim by arguing that the primary goal of a university education is to prepare students to be critical thinkers and problem solvers.Provide evidence from the lecture to support this claim.Body Paragraph 2:Discuss the text's claim that a liberal arts education is not as valuable as a vocational education.Explain how the lecture modifies this claim by arguing that a liberal arts education is valuable because it teaches students how to think critically, communicate effectively, and solve problems.Provide evidence from the lecture to support this claim.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of the essay.Restate the thesis statement.Sample Essay:Integrated Writing Task: Education for the Workforce orBeyond?The primary goal of a university education has long been debated, with some arguing that its purpose is solely to prepare students for the workforce, while others emphasize the importance of a broader education. In this essay, we will analyze a text that advocates for the former view and a lecture that modifies this perspective, highlighting the significance of critical thinking and problem-solving skills as well as the value of a liberal arts education.The text maintains that the primary goal of auniversity education is to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary for immediate employment. It argues that a vocational education is more valuable than a liberal arts education because it provides students with specific job-related skills. However, the lecture challenges this view, asserting that the primary goal of a university education is to cultivate critical thinkers and problem solvers. According to the lecturer, universities should provide students with a broad education that will enablethem to adapt to the constantly evolving demands of the workforce.Furthermore, the lecture refutes the text's claim that a liberal arts education is less valuable than a vocational education. The lecturer argues that a liberal arts education teaches students how to think critically, communicate effectively, and solve problems, which are essential skills for success in any career. By engaging with diverse disciplines, students develop analytical and cognitive abilities that are highly sought after by employers.In conclusion, while the text advocates for a narrow focus on workforce preparation, the lecture offers a more nuanced perspective. The lecture emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, problem solving, and a liberal arts education, arguing that these attributes are crucial for success not only in the workforce but also in life beyond it. Therefore, we can conclude that the lecture modifies the text's position by broadening the scope of a university education's purpose and highlighting the value of aholistic approach to learning.中文回答：综合写作任务。
英语一大小作文多少字
英语一大小作文多少字
在英语考试中，大小作文的字数要求因考试类型和级别而异。
以下是一些常见的英语考试中作文的字数要求：
1. IELTS（雅思）：
- 小作文（Task 1）：通常要求至少150字。
- 大作文（Task 2）：通常要求至少250字。
2. TOEFL（托福）：
- 综合写作（Integrated Writing）：通常要求至少150-225字。
- 独立写作（Independent Writing）：通常要求至少300字。
3. GRE（美国研究生入学考试）：
- 写作部分的Argument任务：通常要求至少400-500字。
- 写作部分的Issue任务：通常要求至少400-500字。
4. GMAT（经企管理研究生入学考试）：
- 分析写作部分的论证分析（Analysis of an Issue）：通常要求至少200字。
- 分析写作部分的论证评估（Analysis of an Argument）：通常要求至少200字。
5. 高中英语考试（如中国的高考）：
- 小作文：通常要求100-120字左右。
- 大作文：通常要求120-150字左右。
请注意，这些数字是大致的指导性要求，具体的字数要求可能会根据
不同的考试机构和考试版本有所变化。
考生在准备考试时应该查阅最新的考试指南，以确保符合具体的字数要求。
托福综合写作模板
托福综合写作模板托福综合写作模板开头段落：1. 引出话题：In today's society, [话题] has become a controversial issue.2. 说明话题重要性：It plays a significant role in [影响领域].3. 提出不同观点：There are those who believe that [观点1]，while others argue that [观点2].4. 阐述个人观点：In my opinion, I agree with [观点2].主体段落1：1. 阐述支持观点2的第一点理由：To begin with, [观点2的理由1]. For example, [举例1].2. 解释为什么观点1不可行：However, [观点1的理由1]. Unfortunately, [举例2].主体段落2：1. 阐述支持观点2的第二点理由：Another reason is that [观点2的理由2]. For instance, [举例3].2. 解释为什么观点1不可行：On the other hand, [观点1的理由2]. As a result, [举例4].主体段落3：1. 阐述支持观点2的第三点理由：Lastly, [观点2的理由3]. A good illustration is [举例5].2. 解释为什么观点1不可行：Nevertheless, [观点1的理由3].Consequently, [举例6].结尾段落：1. 总结全文：In conclusion, although [观点1] may seem plausible, there are several reasons why I believe [观点2] is more advantageous.2. 提出呼吁或建议：In order to solve this problem, it is essential that [解决方法].3. 强调重要性：Only by doing so can we [务必达到的目标].4. 着重强调个人观点：Therefore, I strongly advocate for [个人观点].这是一个通用的托福综合写作模板，以下是对每个段落的具体展开和简单举例：主体段落1展开：1. 阐述支持观点2的第一点理由：To begin with, [观点2的理由1]. For example, [举例1]。
托福Integrated Writing范文5篇(中英双语)
托福Integrated Writing范文5篇（中英双语）第一篇：以下是一篇关于太阳能能源的托福Integrated Writing范文，包括阅读材料、听力材料以及中英双语翻译：题目（Topic）：阅读材料介绍了太阳能能源的优点，而听力材料提出了一些关于太阳能发电的担忧。
总结阅读材料和听力材料的观点，然后解释担忧如何影响阅读中的观点。
阅读材料（Reading Passage）：英文：Solar energy is considered a renewable source of energy with several advantages. Firstly, it is environmentally friendly, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and contributing to climate change mitigation. Secondly, the cost of solar panels has been continuously decreasing, making solar energy more economically viable. Additionally, solar power systems have long-term maintenance benefits as they require fewer mechanical components.中文翻译：太阳能被认为是一种可再生能源，具有多个优点。
首先，它对环境友好，减少温室气体排放，有助于减缓气候变化。
其次，太阳能电池板的成本持续降低，使太阳能更具经济可行性。
此外，太阳能电力系统具有长期的维护优势，因为其需要较少的机械部件。
听力材料（Listening Passage）：英文：However, some concerns have been raised regarding solar power generation systems. It is argued that the manufacturing of solar panels may result in the emission of harmful chemicals, potentially causing adverse environmental effects. Moreover, solar panels have a limited lifespan and typically need replacement within a few decades. The recycling and disposal of these panels also raise concerns due to their hazardous components.中文翻译：然而，关于太阳能发电系统，一些担忧也被提出。
托福雅思综合写作范文解析
托福雅思综合写作范文解析今天原文及范文解析，托福综合写作是写作部分的第一个题目，一般大家会阅读到一段文字，然后听到一段内容，两个内容是话题相关但是观点相反的，所以需要大家认真分析之后写作。
TASK 1 Integrated WritingGlass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows. There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.One-Way GlassOne solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass. Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic field to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions —either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you’ve just read about.None of the solutions you’ve read about will effectively stop birds from getting injured. First, replacing regular glass with one-way glass. Well, the problem withone-way glass is that to the bird on the outside, a one-way glass surface reflects just like a mirror. And a surface that reflects like a mirror is just as bad as regular glass for birds because birds don’t understand mirrors. If they see a reflection of the sky in a mirror or of a tree in the mirror, they think the reflection is the sky or is the tree and they’ll fly right into them.The second solution, painting colorful patterns like stripes on regular glass, also has problems. As the reading said, these designs include openings so people inside the buildings can see out. But birds will perceive these unpainted openings as open holes. And if birds think they’re seeing holes, they will try to fly right through them. To prevent birds from doing this, the unpainted spaces in the window would have to be extremely small. But that would then make the rooms of the buildings too dark for the people inside them.The third solution, creating an artificial magnetic field, won’t work very well, either. While it’s true that birds use Earth’s magnetic field to help them navigate, they use this only when they’re traveling very long distances. For example, if a bird is migrating from a cold country to a warm one during winter, it will use its magnetic sense to figure out which way it should fly. But this ability isn’t used to go over short distances such as going from one side to the city to another. For short trips, birds use their eyes and the brightness of light to determine where to go so magnetic signals from buildings won’t have much effect.Summarize the points made in the lecture. Be sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.DirectionsYou have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Essay TopicSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific solutions proposed in the reading passage.You must finish your answer in 20 minutes本文是托福tpo42综合写作原文及范文解析。
toefl 综合写作
托福综合写作（Integrated writing）是托福考试中的一个重要部分，它要求考生在有限的时间内阅读一篇文章，然后听一段与该文章主题相关的讲座录音，最后在规定的时间内写一篇文章。
综合写作的流程如下：
1.阅读文章：考生会看到一篇大约250字的文章，通常会涉及一些社会、文化或学术主题。
文章的内容可能包含一个事实声明或一个普遍接受的
观点。
2.听力讲座：考生会听到一段与文章主题相关的讲座录音，通常会包含对文章的评论或反驳。
讲座的内容可能会与文章的观点相反，或者提供一些
额外的信息来补充或反驳文章中的观点。
3.写作：在听完讲座后，考生需要在大约20分钟内写一篇文章。
文章需要回应讲座的内容，解释讲座是如何反驳或补充文章的，并给出自己的观
点。
综合写作的评分标准主要包括以下几个方面：
1.内容回应：文章需要明确回应讲座的内容，解释讲座是如何反驳或补充文章的。
2.逻辑结构：文章需要有清晰的逻辑结构，包括引言、主体和结论部分。
3.语言表达：文章的语言表达需要清晰、准确，语法和拼写错误不能过多。
4.词汇使用：文章需要使用适当的词汇来表达观点。
以上是关于托福综合写作的一些基本信息和评分标准，希望对你有所帮助。
TOEFL综写
阅题：
一.阅读材料 要求3分钟内通读250词左右的一篇学术短文。需要找出主论点和三个分论点并依此进行后续的听力。 短文第一段：主论点段。读完全段。第一句提出所议论的学术主题，最后一句提出作者所持意见，即主论点。 （偶尔有主题在第二句或主论点在倒数第二句的情况。） 短文二三四段：这三段的首句分别为三个分论点，用来支撑阅读首段主论点。首段后面是分论点的细节。细 节对分论点进行论述，其中体现因果关系：细节 - 因；论点 - 果 主论点和分论点之间是总分关系；分论点和细节是因果关系。
阅读界面
二.听力材料： 结构：对应阅读部分的四段，听力部分也是四段：逐一反驳阅读主论点和三个分论点； 内容：根据听力对阅读内容的复述、逻辑转折词来定位反驳内容（论点反驳和细节）； 听的过程中抓住表否定或质疑的词，着重记录听力中的反驳观点和细节。有时一个分论点反驳会有不 止一个细节，需要记全； 简要笔记，但不要耽误听力的进行。
模板 = 结构框架 + 内容
序数词/逻辑顺序短语 + 阅读内容（论点+细节）+ 逻辑转折词/句 + 听力内容（反驳+细节）
例：分论点段结构
First,the reading passage says that 论点，because 细节.However, the professor argues that 反驳，since 细节.
tpo综合写作范文
tpo综合写作范文TPO Integrated Writing Sample。
The reading passage presents the idea that the decline of the Neanderthals was caused by competition with modern humans. The professor, however, refutes this claim and argues that the decline of the Neanderthals was due to environmental factors and not competition with modern humans.Firstly, the reading passage states that the decline of the Neanderthals was a result of competition with modern humans. It mentions that the two species competed for resources and that the modern humans were more advanced and thus outcompeted the Neanderthals. However, the professor challenges this by pointing out that there is no evidence to support the claim that the two species competed for resources. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the two species coexisted peacefully and even interbred.Secondly, the reading passage suggests that the modern humans' superior technology and hunting skills gave them an advantage over the Neanderthals. It argues that the Neanderthals were not able to adapt to the changing environment and were eventually outcompeted by the modern humans. The professor, on the other hand, disputes this by explaining that the decline of the Neanderthals was not due to competition, but rather due to environmental factors such as climate change and the spread of diseases. He provides evidence to support his claim, citing research that shows that the Neanderthals were actually quite adaptable and were able to survive in various environments.Furthermore, the reading passage mentions that the disappearance of the Neanderthals coincided with the arrival of modern humans in Europe. It suggests that this correlation implies causation, and that the modern humans were responsible for the decline of the Neanderthals. The professor, however, argues that correlation does not imply causation and that there is no evidence to support the claim that the modern humans caused the decline of the Neanderthals. He emphasizes that it is important to consider other factors such as environmental changes and natural disasters.In conclusion, the professor challenges the reading passage's claim that the decline of the Neanderthals was caused by competition with modern humans. He argues that there is no evidence to support this claim and provides alternative explanations for the decline of the Neanderthals, such as environmental factors and natural disasters. Therefore, it is important to consider all factors and not jump to conclusions based on correlation alone.。
托福综合作文写作万能模板
托福综合作文写作万能模板一，对立类（就一个事物判断是与否agree or disagree）1,开头（给出A B C三个方案）A方案.(GM)With the development/introduction…, xxx, the xxx, are more and more +adj/ become adj increasingly. Xxx often face the dilemma of whether to vt …… with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that……/ I think to vt what would be a better choice.B方案．在日常生活中，有很多值得我们去推敲判断的问题。
就像我们看到上文作者提出的问题时，你会如何认为？（有的人认为……；也有的人认为……；）就我的来说，如下的考虑方向使得我认为……。
In daily life /during our life, so many problems are worth considering carefully. As what has been come up with, when you face/when it comes to /there is a public debate today that/recently the problem has been brought into focus that… ……what is your choice and what is your opinion? Some hold the view that/some think………..while the others believe that………. However, with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that……………零碎的句子：A is a common way of ….., but is it a wise one？Some people hold the different view……C方案. (excellent) 如果发现能够用到反问排比就这样套句,前提是你的例子充足多，头脑风暴用的又好又快。
托福作文模板及范文
托福作文模板及范文英文回答：Introduction。
The TOEFL is a standardized English language proficiency test designed to assess the ability of non-native speakers to listen, read, speak, and write in English. It is widely accepted by universities, colleges, and other institutions as a measure of English language ability.Structure of the TOEFL。
The TOEFL consists of four sections:Reading。
Listening。
Speaking。
Writing。
Each section is timed and measures a specific skill.Reading Section。
The Reading section consists of three to four passages, each followed by 10-12 multiple-choice questions. The passages are typically academic in nature and cover a variety of topics.Listening Section。
The Listening section consists of two conversations and four academic lectures. Each conversation or lecture is followed by 5-6 multiple-choice questions.Speaking Section。
writing 模板
TOEFL iBT其实新托福加了综合部分以后，我个人认为是降低了难度。
因为原来老托福的作文作为新托福作文的独立部分并没有什么太大的改变，而且大家都知道作文水平的提高不是一朝一夕的事情，那么我刚才说的不能盲目就是指大家不能在这个需要体现真正写作水平的部分去背段落，因为这个是会被认为是舞弊行为的。
那么在综合、独立各占15分的时候，我们如果能把握住任何一个部分的高分实际上平均下来的分数就不会低。
而综合部分由于是先读一篇文章，再听一段录音，然后让我们谈文章与录音的相互关系，而不用发表自己的观点这一题目本身的客观要求就决定了它是可以背由固定标准语句组成的“魔板”的。
这正如研究生入学考试英语写作的小作文和雅思写作的小作文一样是有固定套路的。
比如录音讲座要么就是质疑或者反驳了阅读段落；要么就是支持或者加强了阅读段落，所以只需要把相关描述质疑或者反驳与描述支持或者加强的固定语句背下来就可以得到一个相对较高的分数，如果考生同时又把相关要点表达准确和清楚了的话，那么满分是完全可能的。
当综合部分有15分在手的时候，独立部分只要及格那么就能至少获得2 4分的作文高分！比如以下两个“魔板“是分别描述质疑或者反驳以及支持或者加强的：Integrated Writing TaskHow the Integrated Writing Task is phrased:If the lecture challenges the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:ØSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on sp ecific points made in the reading passage.ØSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage.ØSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answ er the problems raised in the reading passage.Showing ChallengeIn the lecture, the professor made several points about______________. The professor argues that__________________.However, the reading contends that________________.The professor’s lecture casts doubts on the reading by using a number of points that are con trary to___________________________.The first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that________________ _.According to the professor,________________________________._______________ differs from the reading in that the reading states _____________________ __________.The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading because_____________________ __.Another point that the professor uses to casts doubt on the reading is ___________________ ________________.The professor claims that______________________________________.However, the reading states _____________________________________.This point is contradicted by_____________________________________.Finally, the professor stated that, on the contrary of the reading, ________________________ _____________.In other words,______________________________________.This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates, because______________________ _____.In conclusion, the points made in the lecture contradict the reading._________________and_______________ demonstrate that ___________is in doubt.If the lecture supports or strengthens the information in the reading passage, the writing task will usually be phrased in one of the following ways:ØSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they suppo rt the explanations in the reading passage.ØSummarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they stren gthen specific points made in the reading passage.Showing supportIn the lecture, the professor made several points about_______________.The professor argues that______________________________.The points made by the professor agree with________________.In fact, the examples used by the professor support_________________.The first point that the professor uses to support the reading is that_____________________ __.According to the professor,_____________________________._______________________supports the reading, which holds that_______________________.The point made by the professor supports the reading because_____________________.Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that_______________.The professor claims that_________________________________.This point agrees wi t h the reading, which contends that______________.__________________ shows the truth of the reading because___________.Finally, the professor stated that, in support of the reading, ____________________________ __.Specifically,__________________________________________.This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicates, because_____________________ ______.In conclusion, the points made in the lecture support the reading.________________ and ________________________demonstrate that ____________________ ____is invalid.接下来，我将以如下例子来告诉大家如果提炼“魔板”：Getting the TemplatesThe first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the be havior of stags. The professor shows how the actions of animal can be interpreted in different wa ys. For example, some peop le interpret the stag’s actions as being for the “good of the species,” but the professor shows that the stag is actually acting in self-interest. This casts doubt on the r eading because i t appears that the crickets’ behavior can be interpreted as helping only individual crickets and not the group as a whole. The professor then talks about the resul t s of the experi ment, which seems to indicate the crickets are acting only in self-interest.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about the inte lligence of animals and insects. As he states, it would seem to require a lot of intelligence to eval uate how a behavior will affect an entire species. This makes the explanation in the reading seemless likely; a cricket is probably unable to think of the consequences of its actions. I t is more lik ely that the cricket is only acting out of self-preservation, as the professor indicates.The first point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about______ ____________________________.The professor shows that_____________________________________.For example, ______________________________, but the professor shows that____________ ___________________________.This casts doubt on the reading because it appears that________________________________ _.The professor then talks about_________________________, which seems to indicate that___ ________________________.Another point the professor makes that casts doubt on the reading is his point about_______ ___________________________.As he states, i t would seem to___________________________.This makes the explanation in the reading seem less likely;______________________________ _______.It is more likely that________________________, ad the professor indicates.实际上，大家从上面这个例子就可以发现“魔板”的提取过程就是这样的：·先认真读完一篇满分范文·再用笔划掉其中涉及题目具体内容的部分·最后把余下来的部分抄写下来即可但“魔板”做出来后只是做了一小半工作，大家还必须学会如何往里面填空，实际上最简单的方法就是看着题目把具体内容自己填进去，然后跟范文对比，找出填空的精华技巧所在，因为在后半部分的GRE/G MAT中我还会详细讲解，所以这里只是先告诉大家这样一个简单方法。
新托福(iBT)写作满分详解及模板
新托福(iBT)写作满分详解及模板新托福(internet based TOEFL 简称iBT TOEFL) 自去年2005年9月在北美开考以来，很多考生谈此色变。
有的考生把新托福戏称为“ 我变态”(iBT 亦是我变态的谐音)。
不少同学纷纷转考其他类型的考试，一试不爽，又转回iBT, 这么几个回合下来时间就被浪费掉了。
纵观新托福考试的4大块，中国考生要在短期内（2 - 4个月）迅速取得新托福高分（100分以上），考生必须有相当的应考策略。
笔者对考生的新托福成绩作了大量统计和分析后发现考生考分相对高的2个部分是听力和写作。
考分相对低的是阅读和口语。
今天，作者着重和大家聊聊如何在极短的时间内（3天的时间）迅速取得作文27分以上，并给出作者参加新托福考试取得满分的作文部分模块，供各位考生参考。
作文考试作为新托福的第4部分，共有2篇作文。
一．Integrated writing ( 结合写作)第一篇作文叫做Integrated writing ( 结合写作)，给考生3分钟读一篇文章（大概200字左右），然后听一段关于对此文章的评论，结束后让考生写出150-225字的作文（只能打字），典型的问法是：Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on point made in the reading. 听力结束后，阅读部分会再次出现并保留在电脑屏幕的左半部分，考生便可以开始写作。
此文的评分标准有2条: 1. 要点分 2. 语言分要写好此篇作文关键有以下几点：1.考生必须从根本上掌握英语八股文的结构。
阅读时，考生必须按照八股文结构，记下这些points和support points 的details.2.听力时，考生要记下说话者是如何反对这些Points的。
注意的是说话者的反对顺序不一定按照阅读文章的演进顺序进行。
托福综合写作模板
托福综合写作模板
在托福考试中，写作是一个非常重要的部分，而综合写作更是考生们头疼的一部分。
综合写作要求考生在短时间内阅读一篇文章和听一段录音，然后在20分钟内写出一篇短文，对于很多考生来说，这是一个非常大的挑战。
为了帮助大家更好地应对托福综合写作，下面将给大家介绍一些常用的模板和写作技巧。
首先，我们来看一下综合写作的模板。
一般来说，综合写作的文章结构可以分为三个部分，引言、正文和结论。
在引言部分，我们需要简要介绍文章的主题和要点，同时表明自己的立场。
在正文部分，我们需要对文章和录音中的观点进行分析和比较，并提出自己的看法。
最后，在结论部分，我们可以再次强调自己的立场，并简要总结整篇文章。
在写作过程中，我们需要注意一些写作技巧。
首先，我们需要在限定的时间内快速阅读文章和听录音，抓住关键信息，然后在脑海中构建一个大致的思维框架。
其次，我们需要在写作过程中保持逻辑清晰，不要跑题，同时要注意使用连接词和过渡词，使文章结构更加紧凑。
最后，在写作结束后，我们需要花一些时间对文章进行修改和润色，确保语法和拼写的准确性。
综合写作的模板和写作技巧可以帮助我们更好地应对托福考试中的写作部分。
通过不断的练习和积累，我们可以提高自己的写作水平，取得更好的成绩。
希望大家在备考托福的过程中，能够充分利用这些技巧，取得理想的成绩。
2024综应预测大作文27篇
2024综应预测大作文27篇英文回答：In 2024, I predict that there will be 27 major essays in the Integrated Writing section of the TOEFL exam. These essays will cover a wide range of topics, from technology and education to social issues and the environment. As a test taker, it is important to be prepared for any topic that may come up.One possible topic could be the impact of artificial intelligence on society. This is a hot topic right now, with many people debating the pros and cons of AI. In my essay, I would discuss how AI is changing the way we work, communicate, and even think. I would also talk about the ethical implications of AI, such as job displacement and privacy concerns.Another possible topic could be the importance of cultural preservation in the face of globalization. As theworld becomes more interconnected, many traditionalcultures are at risk of disappearing. In my essay, I would argue that it is important to preserve these cultures for future generations. I would give examples of successful cultural preservation efforts, such as language revitalization programs and heritage conservation projects.Overall, I believe that the key to success in the Integrated Writing section is to be well-informed and able to think critically about complex issues. By practicing writing essays on a variety of topics, test takers can improve their skills and feel confident on exam day.中文回答：我预测在2024年的托福综合写作部分将会有27篇大作文。
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The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________.Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____.Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless.Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.听力：lecture, speaker, professor, listening material阅读：passage, reading material, author, writerRebut, refute, deny, criticize, attack, question, cast doubt onIntroductionThe speaker, on the topic of American early retirement, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning technological requirement, relationship with young staffs, and working pressure.The passage, on the topic against birds’ method of finding direction, has been questioned by the speaker, who brings forward the contradictory proofs concerning the discovery of methanes, geographical crystals, and liquid-form water.The speaker denies the position of passage on the topic of human impacts on bird population. Meanwhile, he also provides the different evidence about influences from the extension of human habitat, agricultural development, and use of pesticide.The speaker denies the passage on the topic that. meanwhileBODY:Topic sentence阅读，然而听力。
因此，听力有效的驳斥了阅读。
Firstly, the zoos will lead to the decrease of animal’s health. Despite the content from passage that the enough food and water will guarantee the living of animals, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that although animals are protected, the provision results in the laziness. In this condition, animals will lose the opportunity of exercice and suffer from the decline of health. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, . According to the lecture,. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that .Thirdly, . The passage states that . However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless / unwarranted / improper / inappropriate.Fourthly, . The passage states that, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.1The speaker, on the topic of self-aware and self-recognition by animals, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerningfurther research, same routines and social response.Firstly, further research reflected that chimpanzees touch themselves frequently. Despite the content from passage that chimpanzees touched seven timesin a half-hour, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that only one of eleven chimpanzees touched themselves more often. In this condition,the mark test fail to illustrate that chimpanzees possess self-recognition. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, chimpanzees always own the same routines. According to the lecture, the chimpanzees already touched their marked spots many times before lookingat the mirror, which means this behavior has nothing to do with self-recognition. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that itis because chimpanzees looked at their image that they touch the marked spots.Thirdly, chimpanzees possess social response that they show in the presence of another chimpanzee. The passage states that it is self-aware that leads tothe touch. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that monkeys increase self grooming when seeing another monkey. This is anothercase where the content from the passage is totally groundless.The speaker, on the topic of Thomas Malthus theory, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning food increase and population decrease.Firstly, the productivity of food will increase dramatically. Despite the content from passage that food production can't keep pace with population increase, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that Malthus forgot the rapid development of technology, especially to Malthus's age, will boost the output of food. New technology at that time will undoubtedly increase the efficiency of food productivity. In this condition, the food increases at a rate which cansatisfy all the people. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, the increase of population will become stable. According to the lecture, due to the change of living standard, the population will be controlled. Besides, there are also some effective measures, such as education and birth control, giving rise to the lower population increase rate. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that the population increases at a rate of 1,2,4,8,16, and so on.3The speaker, on the topic of working a four-day week, efficiently casts doubt on the passage that work four days a week enjoys several benefits, providing the opposite evidence concerning company's benefit, social unemployment and employee's life quality.Firstly, working a four-day week policy will force the companies to spend more money. Despite the content from the passage that companies can spend 80 percent of their normal pay to the employees, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that the new policy will require companies to add workers which leads to more money on trainings, medical care. It will also need more office space and computers. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, working four days a week can't provide more job opportunities. According to the lecture, this new policy will motivate the companies to ask employees to work overtime. Besides, companies will raise their expectation that employees can finish five-day-work in four days. Such information challenges the position of the passage that the policy will reduce unemployment rates.Finally, the life quality of individuals can't be improved through this new policy. The passage states that this option is better for individual employees, which the speaker denies and gives the proof that this option will decrease people's job abilities. Moreover, employees who work four days a week may be substitute by five-day workers and have less chance to get promoted.The speaker, on the topic of whether one painting was painted by Rembrandt, effectively casts doubt on the reading material, providing the opposite evidence concerning fur collar, light and shadow and wood panel.Firstly, the fur collar of the portrait was repainted. Despite the content from the passage that the lux u rious fur collar is inconsistent about the white linen cap, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that the fur collar was changed by someone else hundreds years after Rembrandt, in order to make the portrait more brilliant. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, the original work by Rembrandt enjoyed the perfect light and shadow. According to the lecture, the original color of the fur collar was the light so it is incorrect to say the woman's face should appear partially in shadow. Such information directly challenges the position of the author that the dark fur collar would absorb light rather than reflect it.Finally, it is because the work was enlarged that used wood glued together. The passage states that Rembrandt never paint on panels glued together. However, the speaker refutes this point and gives the proof that people wanted this portrait to be more grand and valuable so the work was enlarged. Besides, the panel used in this painting is the same with another by Rembrandt. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless.5、The speaker, on the topic of dinosaurs are not endotherms, effectively casts doubt on the reading material, providing the opposite evidence concerning polar dinosaurs, leg position and movement and bone structure.Firstly, polar dinosaurs can't maintain their temperature. Despite the content from the passage that only endotherms can be active in such cold climates, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that the dinosaur fossils found in other places are warmer than polar dinosaurs'. Besides, it is impossible for polar dinosaurs to move from cold place to warm areas. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, leg position and movement of dinosaurs are born out of their large scale. According to the lecture, it is the ability of running that makes dinosaurs' legs positioned underneath their bodies. Another reason is its huge weight. Such information directly challenges the position of the author that the same legs with the modern endotherms’ suggest that dinosaurs were endotherms.Thirdly, the bones of dinosaurs also include structured called growsring. The passage states that haversian canals allow dinosaurs to grow quickly, which is a feature of endothermy. However, the listening material denies this point and give the proof that growsring stops dinosaurs growing. Futhermore, dinosaurs can't grow quickly in cooler areas. This is another case where the contentfrom the passage is totally groundless.6、The speaker, on the topic of the three theories of the use of Chaco Canyon, effectively casts doubt on the reading material, providing the opposite evidence concerning the theories of residential, storage and ceremonial centers.Firstly, Chaco Canyon structures were not used for residential due to the inside of the building. Despite the content from the passage that the structures appeared similar to the apartment at Taos, New Mexicao, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that there were few fireplaces which could only afford 10 families, but the space is enough for more 100 families. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage.Secondly, there is no trace to prove the storage for maize. According to the listening material, if Chaco structures were used for storing maize, then there should have lots of big contain e rs. However, the archaeologists found no container to support this theory. Such information directly challenges the opposition of the passage that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies.Thirdly, the pots were the trash of the structure. The passage states that the houses were used as ceremonial centers due to the discarded pots. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that other materials, such as sand, stone, were found in the houses which may be the trash that not used up during the construction. Under this circumstance, pots are just one of the leaving materials for construction. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless.。