大学英语语法(英语专业必看)

1.Noun

Identify the uncountable nouns

• 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) • 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair)

• 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49

• 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music)

• 5. Subjects of study (history, math)

不可数变可数三大规律

• 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。

• 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。

• 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。

物质名词/总称名词变可数

• 1. 总称名词具体化

•A: Would you like a cake?

•B: No. I don’t like cake.

• 2. 物质名词变意思

•I need some paper. / I bought a paper.

• 3. 液体物质名词表数量

•Two beers and three coffees, please.

抽象名词变可数

•Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth)

•Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind.

• 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept.

•When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked.

2Articles

Specific reference--the

• 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的

• 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。

• 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。

• 1. Situational/cultural reference

•Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist.

• 2. textual co-reference—

•anaphoric reference (前指）&

•cataphoric reference （后指

• 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇）

• 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library)

• 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）

不定冠词泛指与非泛指

a/an +uncountable noun

• A washing powder I’ve found to be extremely good is “Tide”. （种类）

•I like a beer please. （一杯）

• A glass / an iron （意变）

Conditions when “one” is better

• 1. 强调数量“一”时用one (one only),

•C: when will they be ready? A: they take a week. C: One week, right, thanks.

• 2. 用于准确的对照数字

•Two kilos of flour and one litter of water.

• 3. 讲故事中用one, 强调人或事作为将要讲到的话题

•There is one place we go to which is a Mexican restaurant, and they had a happy

•hour between 5:30 and 7:30.

Conditions when “a/an” is better

• 1. 类指意义的”a/an”不能换”one”

• A shotgun is no good.

• 2. 表示度量的”a/an”不能换”one”

•The rent is $100 a week.

• 3. 表示数量的固定搭配”a/an”不能换”one”

• A few, a great many, a large number of

用不用冠词的意义区别

• 1. 家具生活类：at (the) table, in (the) bed

• 2. 处所、建筑物或社会机构：go to (the) prison, in/at (the)church, in (the) hospital • 3. 关于上学：class, school, college, university, desk

• 4. 关于sea: go to/ at/ by (the) sea

• 5. 抽象总称意义与具体特指意义: time, red, day, place, question, etc

使用冠词的场合

• 1. 形容词或副词的最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，一般用the.

•The only/ best way to cope with the problem.

• 2. 乐器、乐团、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the

•The Beatles/ Philadelphia Orchestra/ piano

• 3. the 与姓氏连用

•The Smiths, the Bushes

其他不用冠词的场合

• 1. 关于职业、身份或头衔

• 2. 关于球类、棋类运动(不加冠词）

• 3. 特殊名词(nature, society, history, man, space)

• 4. 关于星期

• 5. 关于四季

• 6. 关于昼夜各阶段(by, at, after, before)

•7. 关于进餐(有adj 则加the）

•8. 关于交通工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）

•9. 关于通讯工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）

•10. 平行结构