汉译英之谓语的选择分解
Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10
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汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文:It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文:There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文:More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎,才能避免犯不必要的 错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文:Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
汉译英谓语的选择与翻译
汉译英谓语的选择与翻译作者:张立恒来源:《科学与财富》2015年第33期摘要:汉语动词句英译时,常需要转化为系动词或虚义动词谓语结构句,动词谓语转译为译句的补语、主语或宾语。
谓语动词的转换翻译一般使译句正式庄重,语域提高,且适应不同的语用要求:转译为系动词谓语结构补语,是从语言而非言语角度,对语义内容作概括表述;转译为主语,是为恰当表述论述主题,或便于上下文的衔接和照应;转译为宾语名词,虚义动词结构为修饰语提供了自由的句法框架。
关键词:谓语动词;转换;系动词结构;虚义动词结构;汉英翻译一、引言主语和谓语在句子中起着“主心骨”的作用。
句子的主语和谓语就像一棵树的主干,只有恰当的确定了主语和谓语,整个句子的结构关系才能脉络分明。
在分析句子时是如此,在将句子译成英文时亦是如此。
汉语的谓语喝英文的谓语差别很大。
前者的范围非常宽泛,可以用来充当谓语的成分也多种多样,因而汉语主谓搭配的形式复杂多变。
英语的谓语则只能由动词来充当,其形态比较稳定,对于非谓语动词,英语赋予它们已非常严谨的非定式形态。
二、英语被动句的翻译方法具体来说,汉语谓语与英语谓语的差别表现在以下几个方面:1. 汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化,不管主语是单数还是复数,不管主语是第几人称,谓语的语态都不变。
而英语的谓语有人称和数的变化,其单、复数和人称要依据主语来定。
例如:(1)我来自上海。
I am from Shanghai./ I come from Shanghai.(2)你来自北京。
You are from Beijing./ You come from Beijing.从上面三个句子可以看出,不管主语是第几人称,汉语中作谓语动词用来的“来”都没有形态上的变化,但英译文中与之对应的部分分别以am或come(主语为第一人称单数)、are或come(主语为第二人称单复数均可)和is或comes(主语为第三人称单数)译出。
很明显,汉译英时,译者必须时时考虑到英语中的谓语动词与主语在人称和数上的一致性。
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
据说,他已经去了日本。 It is said that he has gone to Japan. 已经达成了多项协议。 A lot of agreements have been reached. 今年要出台多项新政策。 Many new policies will be formulated this year. 同学们选他做代表,他很高兴。 His classmates elected him representative, he was very glad. 这位驾驶员开车时心不在焉,几乎引起一场车祸。 The driver’s absent-mindedness during his driving nearly caused a traffic accident. 他从未料到问题会这么复杂。 He has never expected that the problem is so complicated.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
He is out. 他出去了。
英汉语言宏观对比
汉语的动态倾向表现在:
1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. 2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train.
Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need. My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are/is coming. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.
Lecture-10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10 汉译英中谓语的处理一.汉英语言谓语的差异1.英语谓语的基本特征1)英语谓语必须以动词为基础和核心,除了动词,任何其它次类都不能取代谓语动词这个主体成分。
2 ) 英语谓语动词和主语必须一致认,即 concord ( 或agreement ,指动词的形式和主语的人称和数必须一致) 。
构成英语主谓一致这一规的原则包括:A .语法原则( Grammatical Principle )例: Trousers often bag at the knees.裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。
B .逻辑原则(Logical Principle )例: Half the boys are here. (可数)Half the vehicle has been damaged. (不可数)C.靠近原则(Principle of Proximity )谓语动词的人称和数可以与最靠近它的词语取得一致。
例: Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan.例: Either my children or I am going.D .惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness )例: There is more than one opinion in this case.例: Five times eight is forty.例: Only one out of five were present.2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强所谓“独立性”,指谓语可以不受主语人称与数的支配,保持形态上的“原形”。
所谓“自足性”,指汉语的谓语不必非与主语搭配,不论有没有主语,谓语本身的句法功能自能显现。
就以上两点而言,汉语谓语远强于英语。
3.汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样汉语谓语不必是动词性的,很多词类都可以充当谓语。
汉语中可以构成谓语的词统称谓词,分为三大类:动词性谓词形容词性谓词代词性谓词例:诚招天下客。
汉英翻译中谓语及其主从关系
汉英谓语及其他成分的翻译问题1.1 汉英谓语对比谓语(predicate)是对主语的陈述,说明主语的情况。
汉语谓语的独立性很强,没有形态变化,丝毫不受主语的支配;其意义是完整的,可以独立成句。
汉语主语的句法功能很弱,构成很复杂,在分析句子时,可先找出谓语,因为谓语是汉语句子的核心,确定谓语,可有助于识别主语及其它成分。
英语的谓语形态也很稳定,按语法常规,它绝对受主语支配。
例如(1). 她大大的眼睛,皮肤白皙,很是甜美可人。
(2)我取笑他人小鬼大。
I teased him for young as he was he dared a great mischief.(3)他请假回家看望父母。
英语的谓语比较单一,只能由动词和动词短语充当,当系动词作谓语,则需名词、形容词或副词作补足语。
英语的主谓关系有三种:(1)施动者与动作的关系;语言结构表现为“主谓一致”上(2)受动者与动作的关系;语言结构表现在语态上(3)主题与述题的关系;语言结构体现在系动词to be 的使用上1.2 谓语的翻译汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但是大多数情况下,我们往往既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,而需作调整,或另觅主谓。
1.2. 1.谓语英译时,要考虑搭配、习惯表达方式、逻辑语法关系等多种因素。
词语间的恰当搭配是写作的基本要求之一,也是翻译时要考虑的因素之一。
搭配要考虑语义,符合逻辑,又有很强的习惯性。
英语中的动词与名词,动词与介词,动词与副词,形容词与名词之间,同样要求搭配适当。
例如,动物的叫声,因主语的不同需用不同的动词表示,狮叫(to roar)、虎叫(to growl)、狼叫(to howl)、狗叫(to bark)、猫叫(to mew)、鸭叫(to quack),等。
虎啸猿啼:the tigers roar and monkeys cry.她们逐渐镇定下来,有了自信。
a.they gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence,b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence.1.2. 2.注意汉英语言“动”“静”的转化。
中译英技巧-谓语动词的选择
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科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存 在着巨大的潜力。 在着巨大的潜力。 The application of science and technology to agriculture points to huge potential in the development. development. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years. years.
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“ 跳竹竿 ” 每年从开春之日起 , 直至 跳竹竿” 每年从开春之日起, 元宵,几乎夜夜灯火通明, 元宵,几乎夜夜灯火通明,欢跳不息 热烈气氛充溢着山坡村寨。 ,热烈气氛充溢着山坡村寨。 The “bamboo dance” starts from the very beginning of the year and lasts until the Lantern Festival, during which time villages where lights are on and dance continues throughout the night are vibrant with festivity. festivity.
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我的态度,你现在骂我玩世不恭也好,不负责 我的态度,你现在骂我玩世不恭也好, 任也好,我告诉你, 任也好,我告诉你,我盼望这一次是我们最末 一次谈话了。 一次谈话了。 My attitude, you may now call it flippancy or irresponsibility. irresponsibility. But to be honest with you, I hope this will be our last conversation. conversation.
Lecture-10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10 汉译英中谓语的处理一.汉英语言谓语的差异1.英语谓语的基本特征1)英语谓语必须以动词为基础和核心,除了动词,任何其它次类都不能取代谓语动词这个主体成分。
2 ) 英语谓语动词和主语必须一致认,即 concord ( 或agreement ,指动词的形式和主语的人称和数必须一致) 。
构成英语主谓一致这一规的原则包括:A .语法原则( Grammatical Principle )例: Trousers often bag at the knees.裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。
B .逻辑原则(Logical Principle )例: Half the boys are here. (可数)Half the vehicle has been damaged. (不可数)C.靠近原则(Principle of Proximity )谓语动词的人称和数可以与最靠近它的词语取得一致。
例: Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan.例: Either my children or I am going.D .惯用法原则(Principle of Idiomaticness )例: There is more than one opinion in this case.例: Five times eight is forty.例: Only one out of five were present.2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强所谓“独立性”,指谓语可以不受主语人称与数的支配,保持形态上的“原形”。
所谓“自足性”,指汉语的谓语不必非与主语搭配,不论有没有主语,谓语本身的句法功能自能显现。
就以上两点而言,汉语谓语远强于英语。
3.汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样汉语谓语不必是动词性的,很多词类都可以充当谓语。
汉语中可以构成谓语的词统称谓词,分为三大类:动词性谓词形容词性谓词代词性谓词例:诚招天下客。
汉译英——谓语的确定
• 原文若是形容词,名词,数量词或介词短 语做谓语,译文常用系表结构作谓语. 你们一定知道,这种打字机轻便高效, 经久耐用又经济实惠,适合高中学生使 用. • You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
• 与主语在逻辑上搭配得当. • 1. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或 西安. • The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an. • 2. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完. • This certificate course of studies will spread over three years.
• 原文若同时有几个动词出现,(句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当),译文应 选择一个主要动词做谓语,其他动词用其 他形式(非谓语动词,介词短语等) 第二天早晨,她腋下夹着几本书回来了. • The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.
• 经过多年努力,我们国家用仅占世界百分 之七的耕地,养活了占世界百分之二十的 人口,使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。 • China has, through many year’s efforts, basically solved the problem of feeding and clothing its 1.1 billion people, which make up 22 percent of the world’s total population, though it tills only 7 percent of the world’s total cultivated land.
Get清风Lecture10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture-10汉译英谓语的处理Lecture 10 汉译英中谓语的处理一.汉英语言谓语的差异1.英语谓语的根本特征1〕英语谓语必须以动词为根底和核心,除了动词,任何其它次类都不能取代谓语动词这个主体成分。
2〕英语谓语动词和主语必须一致认,即concord〔或agreement,指动词的形式和主语的人称和数必须一致〕。
构成英语主谓一致这一标准的原那么包括:A.语法原那么〔Grammatical Principle〕例:Trousers often bag at the knees.裤子常在膝盖处松垂得像个袋子。
B.逻辑原那么〔Logical Principle〕例:Half the boys are here.〔可数〕Half the vehicle has been damaged.〔不可数〕C.靠近原那么〔Principle of Proximity〕谓语动词的人称和数可以与最靠近它的词语取得一致。
例:Not only the students but the teacher objects to the plan.例:Either my children or I am going.D.惯用法原那么〔Principle of Idiomaticness〕例:There is more than one opinion in this case.例:Five times eight is forty.例:Only one out of five were present.2.汉语谓语的独立性、自足性较强所谓“独立性〞,指谓语可以不受主语人称与数的支配,保持形态上的“原形〞。
所谓“自足性〞,指汉语的谓语不必非与主语搭配,不管有没有主语,谓语本身的句法功能自能显现。
就以上两点而言,汉语谓语远强于英语。
3.汉语谓语构成成分复杂多样汉语谓语不必是动词性的,很多词类都可以充当谓语。
汉语中可以构成谓语的词统称谓词,分为三大类:动词性谓词形容词性谓词代词性谓词例:诚招天下客。
2013 汉英翻译 谓语选择
主谓一致+时态+语气
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改革和开放也使民族精神获得了新的解放。 Reforms and the open-up policy have also further emancipated the minds of the people. 他过去的那副尊容,只要你见过一次,无论什么时 候你都不会忘记。 He had a face that once you saw is never forgotten. (三中全会的政策)谁想变也变不了。 No one could change this even if he wanted to. 她的独子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.
He wants to eat at the Macdonald‟s. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful. History is made by the people.
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He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
这次旅游可选择的地方有北京,上海或西安. The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi‟an. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完. The certificate course of studies will spread over three years.
汉英主谓结构的差别
汉英翻译第八讲谓语动词的处理分析解析
汉英翻译第8讲调整谓语(动词)——美感再造开讲引言1看门人惊呆了,喘着气,摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。
Translation:(1)The janitor was so surprised that he turned to be foolish, gasped and went down the stairway unsteadily.(2)The janitor staggers down the stairway, stunned and gasping2他到了家,发现父亲已经走了He arrived the home, only to find thathis father has gone.(only to do表意想不到的结果)3他坐在沙发上听音乐He sat on the sofa, listening to music (伴随状语)4这个穷人去世了,没有给他儿子留下任何东西The poor man died, not having left anything for his son动名词)1)阿德莱德(Adelaide)属地中海型气候。
Adelaide enjoys aMediterranean climate.2)九寨沟风光,却又是另一番景象了。
Jiuzhaigou presents another view. 3)南京有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。
Nanjing haswitnessed the continuous emergenceof many distinguished talents andnoble hearts as well as monumentalachievements.4)这面铜镜与普通铜镜一样,背面有图案,还有铭文。
Like ordinarybronze mirrors it bears patternsand inscriptions on the back.5)寺前有一溶洞,寺后有一石碑。
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
女主人端着几杯葡萄酒走了进来。 The hostess came in with several glasses of wine.
南宁市政府招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来南宁 洽谈项目。 The delegation of inviting investment of Nanning City has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Nanning to hold talks on different projects. 上海采取了一系列优惠政策吸引外资。 A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.
英汉语言宏观对比
静态与动态( Static vs. Dynamic )
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态 汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈动态
英汉语言宏观对比
英语的静态倾向表现在:
1、名词化 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need. My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are/is coming. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.
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3. 谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
无形式标志的被动句,形式主动,意义被动 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式,译文宜用被动式作谓 语; 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁,或者原文的主语为 “人们”、“大家”等,或者句中含有 “据传”、“据 悉”等字眼,译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动 句式; 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. 大家都觉得这样做不妥。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 必须采取措施来控制水污染。
汉译英之谓语的选择
一、汉英主谓结构的差别
汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS.英语的综合型 (synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式
1. 分析型语言VS综合型语言
汉语分析型语言 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 词没有阳性和阴性的变化,没有表阳性和阴性的词缀 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式: 英语谓语形态稳定,受语法规范约束,需与主语保持一致关系 table/tables run/ran/run the boy‘s She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness),英语语法呈外显性(overtness)
确定谓语的原则
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气 2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语 5. 根据英语表达习惯 6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句(语法)的需要
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气
众所周知,中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 请您为大家表演一个节目。 You are requested to give us a performance. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.
我想吃麦当劳。 历史是人民创造的。 他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货。 He wants to eat at the Macdonald’s. History is made by the people. He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
她的未婚夫都60了。 快餐食品并不健康! 三星的手机外观很漂亮。 Her fiancé is already 60 years old. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful.
Isolating/analytic language A language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by WORD ORDER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS. Inflecting language A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or tense. Agglutinating language A language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.
2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性
英语谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语充 当,系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个, 多数句子只有一个谓语动词,其他动作概念以 非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形 式出现。 原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作 谓语,译文中常常采用系表结构。
谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致 他做实验时心不在焉,几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical. 在西方,吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. (三中全会的政策)谁想变也变不了。 No one could change this even if he wanted to. 当前,我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 她的独生子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.