英语词汇学自考重点
(英语词汇学)00832自考重点试卷(一)
(英语词汇学)00832自考重点试卷（一）pletethefollowingstatementorpassagewithproperexpressions.〔每题1分，共10分〕1.Archaismsarewordsnolongerin_________useor_______inuse.2.Awordwhosemeaningwasborrowedfromanotherlanguageiscalled_________.3.TheIndo-Europeanlanguageismadeupofmostofthelanguagesof_____；_______；_____.4.Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthe_______meaningjustlikea________.InEnglish，boundrootsareeither_______or_________.5.Affixesareformsthatare________towordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Wecanputthemintotw ogroups：________and________.6.TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyon______.Themostproductiveare_________，________and________.7.Acompoundisaunitconsistingofmorethanonestemandfunctioningboth________and______asasingleword.8.Whenawordisfirstcoined，itisalways______.Butinthecourseofdevelopment，thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings，theresultis________.9.SynonymscanbedefinedasoneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesam e_______meaning.10.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups：________and_________.II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.〔每题1分，共10分〕1.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.〔〕2.ModernEnglishisconsideredtobeananalyticlanguage.〔〕3.Themostimportantmodeofvocabularydevelopmentinpresent-dayEnglishiscreationofnewwordsbymeansofwor dformation.〔〕4.MiddleEnglishabsorbedatremendousnumberofforeignwordsbutwithlittlechangeinwordendings.〔〕5.Themeaningofacompoundisusuallythecombinationofthestems.〔〕6.Acompoundfunctionsasasinglegrammaticalunit，sotheinternalstructurecannotbechanged.〔〕7.Suchwordsasthepoorer，thedeparted，aRepublicanareallexamplesofpartialconversion.〔〕8.Wordsmainlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns，verbsandadverbs.〔〕9.Semanticunityandstructuralstabilityaregeneralfeaturesofidioms，buttherearemanyexceptions.〔〕10.Idiomsarecharacterizedbyterseness，expressivenessandvividness.〔〕III.Fillineachblandwithawordcontraryinmeaningtothewordgiveninthebracket.〔每题2分，共20分〕1.Beadsandshellsare________formsofmoney.〔modern〕2.Ihavefinishedalltheexercises，Iam______done.〔partly〕3.Onahumidday，thereisalotof________intheair.〔dryness〕4.Mosquitoeswon'tbitejustanyone.Theylookforsomeone________.〔ordinary〕5.Ifyouwanttodrive，itis______tohaveadriver'slicense.〔unnecessary〕6.Thereisagreat_____inourpoliticalbeliefs.Weagreeonmostthings.〔difference〕7.Themansaid，“Iam________.Ididn'tdoit！”〔guilty〕8.Thesoldierstoodina______positionwhilethegeneralwalkedpasthim.〔relaxed〕9.Youwillhaveto______thestringinordertoopenthebox.〔tighten〕10.Noonelivesinthat______house.〔inhabited〕IV.Explainthefollowingterms：〔每题5分，共20分〕1.word2.affixes3.concept4.hyponymyV.Fillintheblankswiththefollowingverbalphrasesintheirsuitableforms：〔每题1分，共20分〕takeon；breakinto；biteinto；goabout；letout；drawup；setdown；holdonto；bringup；makeout；dryup；putout；livethrough；setoff；callfor；tearapart；buyoff；buildin；counton；sinkin1.1848wasayearofrevolutioninEurope；KarlMarxandFrederickEngelspublishedtheCommunistManifesto，andpoliticaldemonstration______thegreatcitiesofParis，Vienna，NaplesandBerlin.2.Withliberaldosesofcalomel，rhubarbandcastoroil，heslowlyimproved，andafterthreeweeks，he______histrousersandwaseagertoescapefromhisbed.3.Hetravelledtofoundlinghomes，prisonsandlunaticasylumsinhissearchforpeople.4.We________attopspeedthroughthenarrowstreetsofHiroshima.5.Iwasjustabouttomakemylittlebowofassent，whenthemeaningoftheselastwords_______，joltingmeoutofmysadreverie.6.Noonetalksaboutitanymore，andnoonewantsto，especially，thepeoplewhowerebornhereorwho______it.7.DuringdinnerMr.ChurchillsaidthataGermanattackonRussiawasnowcertain，andhethoughtthatHitlerwas______enlistingcapitalistandRightWingsympathiesinthiscountryandtheU.S.A.8.MyhusbandandIfindstrongsmokeoffensive.Wouldyoukindly_______that_______？9.Assumingthehotelmanwas______，theironlychance-aslimone-layinremovingthecarquickly.10.Whenrailroadsbegan______thedemandforsteamboatpilotsandtheCivilWarhaltedcommerce，MarkTwainleftthecountry.11.BythetimethetrialbeganonJuly10，ourtownof1500peoplehad_______acircus.12.AmongthemwasJohnButler，whohad_______theanti-evolutionlaw.13.Thenthecourt______astormofapplausethatsurpassedthatforBryan.14.Thefirst-andessential-stepinthestudyofanylanguageisobservingand______preciselywhathappenswhenn ativespeakersspeakit.15.By1976，theslumphadbegunto_______thebulk-carriertrade.16.Thekeytacticbehinditsstrategyof_______therichestsliceofthetradehasbeentomoveup-market-togowher etheThirdWorldcannotfollowintohigh-technologyinvestment.17.Sailorsandofficers______theirchoresasusualontheseships，amidpipingandloudspeakersquawks.18.Mr.Hopkinshas_______yourname.Heappearsimpressed，andthePresidenttoo，byyourexpertiseonlandingcraftandsoforth.19.He_________aSouthernwarwhoop.Inaflash，John，MckeanandFranklincrowdedaroundhim.20.Mr.Jefferson，Ican'tquite________whatitisyou'retalkingabout.VI.Questionsandanswers：〔每题10分，共20分〕1.Whatisextra-linguisticcontext？2.Whatisback-formation？本资料由广州自考网收集整理，更多自考资料请登录下载考试必看：自考一次通过的秘诀！。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题4带答案
2024年自考-自考专业(英语)-英语词汇学考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.We are interested in the weather because it _______ us so directly—what we wear, what we do and even how we feel.A.benefitsB.affectsC.guidesD.effects2.“Woman” becomes “ Frau” in German, “femme” in French and “f ùnǔ” in Chinese. This example shows that in different languages the same concept can be represented by different ______ .A. soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings3.Modern economics ________ the country ’s agricultural poli cies.A.undergoesB.understandsC.underliesD.undertakes4.Idioms nominal in nature have a(n) ______ as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.A.verbB.adjective5.Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary ’ , 3rd Edition (1980), is among the best-known British ______ dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual6.______ of meaning is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization7.Each of us should _______ aside a few minutes to have a rest every day.A.pushB.provideC.turnD.set8.You should help them ________ when your friends quarrel with each other.e into sighte to termse into playe to power9.Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary (1987) has some unique features such as definition, extra column and ______.A. pronunciationB.grammar codesage examplesnguage codes10.Modern English vocabulary develops through the following channels EXCEPT ______.A.creationB.borrowingC.semantic changeD. lexical change11.The Indo-European language family is made up of the languages of the following EXCEPTA.EuropeB.the Far EastC.IndiaD.the Near East12.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get ________.A. concentratedB.confusedC.confirmedD.convinced13.What he told us was more of a(n) ________ than a reality.A.illusionB.demonstrationC.illustrationD.reputation14.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Which of the following words comes from Chinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg15.To write up his novel, John is looking for an environment free ________ outside distraction.A. onB.withC.fromD.in16.It took a few seconds for her eyes to ________ to the darkness.A.allocateB.adoptC.applyD.adjust17.Which of the following is NOT one of the extra-linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?A.Cultural reason.B.Historical reason18.The differences between synonyms exist in the following areas EXCEPT ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application19.Generally, a dictionary covers the following contents EXCEPT ______.A. spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntactical rules20.In grammatical context, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the ______in which it occurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Among the following words, “ ______ ” contains a negative prefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell2.Which of the following words does NOT have suffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.3.One can figure out the meaning of “ airmail ” to be “ mail by air ” by its ______.B.morphological motivationC.semantic motivationD.etymological motivation4.Which of the following is partially converted?A. A whiteB.A drunkC.The poorD.Finals5.Washing the food down with water as a substitute ________ chewing is not a good habitA.ofB.forC.toD.from6.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features ofwords.B.Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.C.Affective meaning indicates the listener ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in questionD.Collocation cannot affect the meaning of words.7.Police are ________ the disappearance of two children.A. looking upB.looking throughC.looking intoD.looking on8.We were told that the stone figure _______ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. datedB.datingingD.kept9.Which of the following is NOT one of the context clues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.A. whatB.thatC.whichD.why11.Happiness doesn ’t alway s _______ money.A.go throughB.go in forC.go withD.go over12.There is an ambiguity in the sentence “ He is a hard businessman ” due to ______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy13.A mong the following words, “ ______ ” does NOT have inflectional affixes.A. likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s14.We cannot leave this tough job to a person ________.A.who nobody has confidenceB.in whom nobody has confidenceC.for whom nobody has confidenceD.who everyone has confidence of15.It has been years ________ I returned home.A.afterB.thatC.sinceD.when16.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of idioms?A.The part of speech of each element in an idiom is very important.B.The constituents of idioms can eplaced. ’ t be rC.The word order in an idiom can ’ t be changed.D.An idiom functions as one word.breaks he wanted.A.longB.shortC.muchD.little18.The professor worked for 7 hours at a ________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong19.Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words in the present-day English vocabulary?A.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Social, economic and political changesC.The invasion of foreign countries.D.The influence of other cultures and languages.20.How many monomorphemic words are there in the following words? cats boss work improper triedA.1B.2C.3D.4第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： B本题解析：affect 多作为动词来用，表示影响。
全国自考《英语词汇学》真题试题及答案重点
202X年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学卷子课程代码0832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the onethat best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Which of the following words does NOT belong to terminology ( )A. Penicillin.B. Algebra.C. Symphony.D. Knife.2. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.〞, there are ________ functional words. ( )A.2B.3C.4D.53. Of the characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is ________. ( )A. all national characterB. productivityC. polysemyD. collocability4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the following EXCEPT ________. ( )A. fast foodB. TV dinnerC. tahiniD. Watergate5. The prehistoric ________ parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language, which English originated from. ( )A. PrussianB. Indo-EuropeanC. CzechD. Russian6. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the ________ set and the Western set. ( )A. EasternB. AfricanC. AmericanD. Northern7. The plural morpheme “-s〞is realized by /z/ after the following sounds EXCEPT ________. ( )A./z/B./g/C./d/D./b/8. The word “recollection〞comprises ________ morphemes. ( )A.1B.2C.3D.49. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ________. ( )A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked10. “Dis-〞in the word “disloyal〞is a ________ prefix. ( )A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative11. The word “AIDS〞is a(n) ________. ( )A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound12. The word “smog〞is created by blending, with the structure of ________. ( )A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail13. So far as stylistic meaning is concerned, “residence〞is ________. ( )A. neutralB. informalC. colloquialD. formal14. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________. ( )A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. connotativeD. collocative15. “Pavement〞in British English and “sidewalk〞in American English have the same ________.( ) A. motivation B. collocationC. senseD. connotation16. A common feature peculiar to all natural languages is ________. ( )A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. monosemyD. polysemy17. In both CCELD and LDCE, the most frequently used meaning of the word “gay〞is ________. ( )A. joyous and lively, merry, happyB. homosexualC. given to social life and pleasureD. bright, brilliant18. All the following words can be used as an antonym to the word “clear〞EXCEPT ________. ( )A. dirtyB. fussyC. guiltyD. ambiguous19. The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT ________. ( )A. influx of borrowingB. analogyC. psychological factorsD. shortening20. A good example of ________ is the word “manuscript〞, which now means “writing by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor〞, but its original meaning was “handwriting〞only.( )A. degradationB. elevationC. narrowingD. extension21. In the sentence “Never run towards a dangerous animal.〞, the word “dangerous〞is used in the ________ sense of transfer. ( )A. subjectiveB. objectiveC. sensationalD. physical22. The sentence “They saw her duck.〞is ambiguous due to ________. ( )A. grammatical contextB. lexical contextC. antonymyD. hyponymy23. The following are types of context EXCEPT ________. ( )A. linguistic contextB. non-linguistic contextC. syntactical contextD. extra-linguistic context24. In the sentence “The village had most of the usual amenities: a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical centre, and a school.〞The meaning of amenity can be inferred from the clue of ________. ( )A. relevant detailsB. word structureC. antonymyD. hyponymy25. The idiom “hustle and bustle〞is a ________ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. ( )A. simileB. repetitionC. reiterationD. personification26. Sentence idioms embrace the following sentence types EXCEPT ________. ( )A. declarative sentenceB. interrogative sentenceC. imperative sentenceD. simple sentence27. “Beyond the pale〞is an idiom ________ in nature. ( )A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial28. The following are the types of dictionary EXCEPT ________. ( )A. monolingual dictionaries and bilingual dictionariesB. linguistic and encyclopedic dictionariesC. specialized dictionariesD. Chinese and English dictionaries29. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980) is a(n) ________ dictionary. ( )A. specializedB. deskC. pocketD. encyclopedic30. Usage notes of the dictionary explain the following aspects EXCEPT ________. ( )A. literal meanings of the wordsB. difficult points of grammar and styleC. important British and American differencesD. slight differences between words of similar meaningsII. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) sources of synonyms; 3) types of motivation; and 4) types of transfer. (10%)A B( ) 31. morphological motivation A. laconic meaning “brief〞or “short〞( ) 32. associated transfer B. the foot of the mountain( ) 33. borrowing C. squeak/hiss( ) 34. etymological motivation D. You should address your remarks to the chair. ( ) 35. notional words E. charm/glamour( ) 36. abstract to concrete F. black market/greenhorn( ) 37. semantic motivation G. occupation/walk of life( ) 38. figurative use H. fire/flame/conflagration( ) 39. regional English I. This teaching assistant is an efficient help. ( ) 40. onomatopoeic motivation J. cloud/yellowIII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)41. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or ________ of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment.42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, ________ and borrowing.43. The ________ is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.44. Suffixation generally changes the grammatical function or word ________ of stems of words.45. ________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.46. Relative synonyms or ________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.47. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in meaning.48. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ________ or non-linguistic context.49. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent ________.50. Three good general dictionaries are LDCE, CCELD and ________.IV. Define the following terms. (10%)51. bound root52. prefixation53. pejoration34. homophone55. grammatical contextV. Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)56. What are the types of morphemes57. What is conceptual meaning of a word Give an example to illustrate your point.58. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the changes in word meaning. State your reason with one example.Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.59. What is semantic unity of idioms Explain it with one example.VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)60. Comment on the following 2 groups of words or sentences to illustrate the semantic features and grammatical features of compounds.Group 1: “red meat/hot dog〞Group 2: “He bad-mouthed me. / major generals〞61. Analyze and comment on the following two pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates:a]Trees surround the water near our summer place.b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.a]I met a writer who is the relation of a politician.b]I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.。
英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学必背知识点
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。
从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。
1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。
其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。
其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。
至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。
背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。
优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。
3、英语自考主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。
如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是希赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。
点击进入>>>英语词汇学（00832）精讲班视频教程。
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：Symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and thethree letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words本地词和外来词all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r 2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis ofsimilarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set： 东部诸语族： Western set ： 西部诸语族： Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语 Armenian 亚美尼亚语 Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语 Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语 ——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉国语 Hindi 印地语 Romany 普吉赛语 Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄语 Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic 冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语 Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Portuguese 葡萄牙语 Spanish 西班牙语 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Roumanian 罗马尼亚语 Scottish 苏格兰语 Irish 爱尔兰语 Welsh 威尔士语 Breton 布里多尼语 Scandinavian languages 斯堪的纳维亚语 Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度转折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）
⾃考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释（必备）红⾊蓝⾊-第⼀次复习紫⾊加粗⼆号-第⼆次复习A Detailed Note for Modern LinguisticsChapter 1: Introduction1. Define the following terms:1).Linguistics: It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2).General linguistics: The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.3).Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.4).Synchronic study: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is asynchronic study.5).Diachronic study: The study of a language as it changes through time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies thehistorical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the chang es English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.6).Language competence: The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. A transformational-generative grammar（转化⽣成语法）is amodel of language competence.7).Language performance: performance is the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules in li nguistic communication.8).Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions andrules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.9).Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parolevaries from person to person, and from situation to situation.10).Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11).Arbitrariness: （任意性）It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Agood example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.12).Productivity: (多产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13).Duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower or basic level, and the other ofmeanings at the higher level.14).Displacement: language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or infar-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.15).Cultural transmission: While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, butinstead have to be taught and learned.16).Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication Chapter 2: Phonology⾳系学1. Define the terms:1).phonetics: 语⾳学Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the wor ld’ slanguages2).auditory phonetics: 听觉语⾳学It studies the speech sounds from the hearer’s point of view. It studies how t he sounds are perceived by the hearer.3).acoustic phonetics: 声学语⾳学It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.4).international phonetic alphabet [IPA]: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.5).？Broad transcription:宽式标⾳the transcription with letter-symbols only, i.e. one letter-symbol for one sound. This is the transcription normallyused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.6).Narrow transcription: is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.7).diacritics: is a set of symbols which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible.8).Voiceless（清⾳）: when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such acondition are called voiceless sounds.9).Voicing （浊⾳）: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds.10).Vowel:元⾳the sounds in production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.11).Consonants: 辅⾳the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.12).phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.13).phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does notnecessarily distinguish meaning.14).phoneme: ⾳位a collection of abstract phonetic features, it is a basic unit in phonology. It is represented or realized as a certain phone bya certainphonetic context.15).allophone:⾳位变体The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of thatphoneme. For example [l] and [l]16).phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment anddistinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.17).Complementary distribution: refers to the relation between two similar phones which are allophones of the same phoneme, and they occur in differentenvironments.18).minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the twowords are said to form a minimal pair. For example: bin and pin.19).suprasegmental features:t he phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The mainsuprasegmental features include stress, tone and intonation.20).tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variation can distinguish meaning justlike phonemes. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in tone languages, for example, in Chinese.21).intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Forexample, English has four basic types of intonation: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.Chapter 3: Morphology形态学1. Define the following terms:1).Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. It is dividedinto two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology.派⽣形态学2).Inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections3).Derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4).Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example: the word “boyish” consists of two morphemes: “boy” and “ish”.5).Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or incombination with other morphemes. For example: “help”, “table”, “room” a re all free morphemes.6).Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound, to form a word. For example: “-er”, “dis-“, “-less” are all bound morphemes.7).Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with anotherroot or an affix to form a word. For example: the root “geo-“combines with another root “-ology”, we get the word “geology”.8).Affix: morphemes manifesting various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. Affixes are of twotypes: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relatio ns or grammatical categories, such as “-ing”, “-est”, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word, such as “-ly”, “dis-“, “un-“.9).Inflection（屈折）: the manifestation of various grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degreeand case.10).Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of theoriginal word.11).Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.12).Stem: A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form himself.13).Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. Chapter 4: Syntax1. Define the following terms:1).syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to becombined with other words to form grammatical sentences.2).linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguisticknowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.3).sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.4).finite clause（定式⼦句）: a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone. (A simple sentence satisfies thestructural requirements of a finite clause.)5).simple sentence: a simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.6).coordinate sentence（并列句）: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”,“but”, “or”.7).complex sentence（复合句）: a complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated （合成⼀体的）into the other. That is,the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.8).hierarchical structure（层次结构）: the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of eachstructural constituent, such as NP and VP.9).syntactic category: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called aphrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or object in a sentence. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic catego ry.10).grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of asentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.11).phrase structure rules: a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences.12).X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X″→ (Spec) X (Compl). (In thisformat, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. )13).transformational rules: 转换规则Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.14).D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion ofthe lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.(Phrase structure rules + the lexicon→D-structure → Movement rules → S-structure)15).S-structure: a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement16).Move a: a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement.Universal Grammar: a system of linguistic knowledge which consists of some general principles and parameters about natural languages.Chapter 5: Semantics语义学1. Define the following terms:1).Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.2).Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract andde-contextualized.3).Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element andthe non-linguistic world of experience.4).Synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Eg.Fall-autumn5).Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.table6).Homonymy（同⾳异义，同形异义）: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , differentwords are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.7).Homophones（同⾳异义）: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones. e.g. rain/reign.8).Homographs同形异义: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. e.g. tear v. / tear n.9).Complete homonyms: When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms. e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v./scale. n.10).Hyponymy（下义关系）: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The wordwhich is more general is called a superordinate（上坐标词）, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. (Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other.) e.g. superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, lion, tiger.11).Antonymy: Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning (on different dimensions).12).Componential analysis（成分分析法）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach isbased on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. For example: the word “man” is analyzed as comprising the features of +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.13).Predication analysis（述谓结构分析）: It is an approach proposed by British linguist G. Leech for sentential meaning analysis. In semantic analysis of asentence, predication is the basic unit which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of sentence, including statements, imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a prediction, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.14).The grammatical meaning: The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e., its grammatical well-formedness. Thegrammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.15).Two-place predication: A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.Chapter 6: Pragmatics 语⽤学1. Define the following terms:1).Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2).Context: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It consists of (It is generally considered as constituted by) the knowledgethat is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in whichlinguistic communication is taking place.3).Utterance meaning: 话语意义the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it isrealization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4).Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.5).Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable;6).Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is toperform a particular speech act.7).Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexiconand phonology.8).Illocutionary act: 语内表现⾏为An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.9).Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change broughtabout by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.10).Cooperative Principle: It is a principle advanced by Paul Grice. His idea is that in making conversations, the participants must first of all be willing tocooperate, otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.11).Conversational implicature: ⾔外之意Most of the violations of the cooperative principles give rise to what Paul Grice calls “conversational implicatures.” When we violate any of these ma xims, our language becomes indirect and implies an extra meaning.Chapter 7：Historical Linguistics历史语⾔学1. Define or explain the following terms:1)historical linguistics: a subfield of linguistics that studies language change (or historical development of language).2)diachronic linguistics:历史语⾔学a term used instead of historical linguistics to refer to the study of language change at various points in time and atvarious historical stages.3)Old English: a major period in the history of English development that began in 449 and ended in 1100.4)Middle English: a major period in the history of English development that began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in 1100 andended in 1500.5)Modern English: a period in the history of English development that began roughly from 1500 to the present.6)t he Great Vowel Shift: a series of systematic sound change in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of themajor discrepancies（差异）between English pronunciation and its spelling system.7)apocope:字尾⾳消失the deletion of a word-final vowel segment.8)epenthesis: the insertion of the consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.9)Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound segments.10)Compounding: It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit. For example: sailboat, big-mouth, three-year-old.11)Derivation: It is a process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words. For example: uglification（丑化），finalize.12)Acronym: An acronym is a word created by combining the initials of a number of words. For example: UNESCO(United Nations Educational,16)Back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word. For example: typewrite(typewriter), edit (editor)17)semantic broadening: the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.18)Semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earliermeaning.19)Semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related,meaning.20)protolanguage: the original (or ancestral) form of a language family which has ceased to exist.21)language family: a group of historically (or genetically) related languages that have developed from a common ancestral language.22)Great Vowel Shift: It is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Middle English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in thehistory of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.23)Sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another. In an assimilative process, successive sounds aremade identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.24)Haplology: It refers to the phenomenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.25)cognate: a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from acommon source.26)internal borrowing: the application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy（类推，类似）to its earlieroperation.27)Grimm’s Law：(07年1⽉考题，请参考书总结)Chapter 8：Socio- linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)sociolinguistics: the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language variation and language use in social context.2)speech community: a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.3)speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.4)language planning: language standardization is known as language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government orgovernment agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.5)sociolect: a variety of language used by people belonging to a particular social class.6)idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylisticvariation, in one form or another（以这样或那样的⽅式综合了有关地域、社会和⽂体变异的所有成份）. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality⾳质, pitch⾳⾼and speech rhythm⾔语节奏, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual’ s speech.7)register: a functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.8)standard language: a superposed（迭⽣的，重合的）prestigious variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writingof educated native speakers of the language. (P170)9)nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages10)lingua franca: a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languagesor dialects.11)pidgin: a marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures, used by native speakers of other languages as ameans of business communication.12)creole: A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. When a pidgin comes tobe adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole.13)diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each serving a particular socialfunction and used for a particular situation14)bilingualism: ilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.15)ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of d ifferent ethnic backgrounds. An ethnic language variety isa socialdialect of a language, often cutting across regional differences. An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.16)slang: Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but non-standard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy浮华的and oftenephemeral短暂的coinages创新词and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity⾃发性and sometimes by raciness活泼，充满活⼒. 17)linguistic taboo: an obscene猥亵的, profane,亵渎的or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society.18)euphemism: a word or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh andunpleasant word or expression.19)Domain使⽤域: Domain refers to the phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common, that is, fairly clear functionaldifferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations. For example: the Home Domain, Employment Domain etc.Chapter 9：Psychological Linguistics1. Define or explain the following terms:1)psycholinguistics: the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the processes of language production⽣成, comprehension理解andacquisition掌握.2)cerebral cortex: the outside surface of the brain, it is the decision-making organ of the body, which receives messages from all the sensory organs andwhere human cognitive abilities reside.3)brain lateralization: the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.4)linguistic lateralization: hemispheric specialization or dominance for language.5)dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language. The subjects wear earphones andsimultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.6)Broca’s area : It refers to the frontal lobe i n the left cerebral hemisphere, which is vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca,a Frenchsurgeon and anatomist.7)angular gyrus: The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke’ s area. The angular gyrus is the language center responsible for conv erting a visual stimulus intoan auditory form and vice versa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written language , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.8)cerebral plasticity: According to Lenneberg, prior to the end of the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and onecan take over if the other is damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .9)linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view theworld is determined by the structure of their native language.10)right ear advantage: The speech signals presented in the right ear goes directly to the left brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go tothe right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals in the left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguistic signal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.11)the critical period: an early period of one’s life extending the age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most rea dy to acquire languagenaturally and effortlessly , a period that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for language functions.12)the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and his student Whorf (and also a belief held by somescholars) which states that t he way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.13)linguistic relativism: Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguisticbackground, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .14)overt thought: A term used to refer to speech when language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we m ay regard speech as “overtthought.”15)interpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to another, or tocontrol each other’ s behavior.16)intrapersonal communication: the process of using language within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation andmanipulation of concepts.17)subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.Chapter 10：Language Acquisition1. Define or explain the following terms:。
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。
2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。
3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。
二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。
2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。
3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。
三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。
2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。
3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。
四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。
2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。
3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。
五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。
2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。
3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。
它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。
词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。
词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
[英语考试]高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点
![[英语考试]高等教育自学考试英语词汇学第一章到第八章必背考点](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f7329d204028915f804dc2ef.png)
• English, Latin and French existed side by side. • Middle English was one of leveled endings.
• 3 Modern English Period (1500-now):
vocabulary
• Vocabulary --- all the words in a language make up its vocabulary .
• The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.
Non-basic vocabulary --
• (1)Terminology(术语) • (2)Jargon（行话） • (3)slang（俚语） • (4)Argot（暗语） • （5）Dialectal words(方言) • (6) Archaisms（古语） • (7) Neologisms（新词语）
• Morpheme(词素)---the minimal meaningful unit of a language.
3.3 types of morphemes
• Free morphemes （自由词素） • Bound morphemes （粘附词素）
• a free morpheme refers to a morpheme that can stand alone.
• bound morpheme refers to a morpheme that accurs with at least one other morpheme.
自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shi fts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms thanantonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked termsrespectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own correspondingopposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。
我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。
希望对还没有过的人有所帮助。
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章1. Word ——A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. V ocabulary —— V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction，size，domain，statenumerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability –they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – pastelectricity，machine，car，plane —— now3. productivity –they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——1. terminology – technical termsphotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuadercant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章第二章Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic GermanicPrussian Persian Portuguese NorwegianLithuanian Hindi Spanish IcelandiePolish Italian DanishBulgarian Roumanian SwedishSlovenian French EnglishRussian GermanAlbanian Armenian Celtic HellenicIrish GreekBretonScottish2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxondominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflectionsleveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social，economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第三章第三章1. Morpheme —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallestfunctional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words – morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6. Bound Morphemes —— The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7. Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology教程文件
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳E n g l i s hL e x i c o l o g y《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的 shifts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there aremore synonyms than antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked andunmarked terms respectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each hasits own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。
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各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
）2.the relationships between the sound and meaning（1）简答题1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to.本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。
2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system.（2）单选题或填空题arbitrary/conventional1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系）2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds.3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉越大）（P8）①The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans②Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years③The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.④Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.4.Words can be classified by different criteria（简答题/单选题）（P10－P11）Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.use frequency使用频率notion概念origin词源5.The basic word stock（名词解释）（P11）（1）The basic word stock is the foundation（基础）of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.（2）Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.6.Features of the basic word stock （简答题）①All national character.（全民性）②Stability.（稳定性）③Productivity.（能产性）④Polysemy.（多义性）⑤Collocability.（搭配性）7.Nonbasic words（1）Terminology（术语）（2）Jargon（行话）（3）Slang（俚语）（4）Argot（黑话）（5）Dialectal words（方言词）（6）Archaisms（古词）（7）Neologisms（新词）Slang（俚语）（P14）:1）Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant（shoptalk of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot.俚语属于非基本语言，它是位于标准语和套话、行话以及黑话之间的语言。
2）Certain words are labeled ‘slang’not because of their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage.本句翻译：某些词语之所以叫俚语并不是因为它的发音，也不是因为它的词形，而是因为它的用法。
3）Much of the slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether.4）Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.俚语是多彩的、直接的、富于表达的并令人印象深刻。
Neologisms（新词）（P15）:Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.新词是新创造出的单词或表达方式，或呈现出新意思的词。
8.Content Words and Functional Words（单选题）（1）By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words.（2）Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.实词构成英语词汇的主体。
main body 主体（3）functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable.remain stable 保持稳定（4）functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.9.Native WordsNative words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.所谓的本族语词汇是公元五世纪由日曼部落，即盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人带到不列颠的词汇，所以也被称为盎格鲁－撒克逊词汇。