英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史是世界文学史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和作家。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些英国文学史上的重要时期和作品，以帮助大家更好地理解和复习这一领域。
1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，以骑士文学和宗教文学为主要形式。
《贝奥武夫》是中世纪英国文学中最重要的作品之一，讲述了贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔的战斗。
此外，中世纪还有许多神秘的抒情诗歌和教会文学，如《悲歌》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时代，代表作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和培根。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品是世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》。
斯宾塞的史诗《仙后》也是这一时期的杰作，描绘了亚瑟王的传奇故事。
3. 17世纪文学17世纪是英国文学史上的变革时期，文学形式更加多样化。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》是这一时期的代表作之一，探讨了人类的堕落和救赎。
约翰·唐纳的戏剧作品《魔法师》则展示了他对权力和政治的深刻洞察力。
4. 18世纪文学18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙时代的兴起，代表作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
蒲柏的诗歌作品《伊甸园》和《人类的悲剧》探讨了人类的自由意志和苦难。
约翰逊的《英语词典》对英语语言的规范化和发展起了重要作用。
5. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是19世纪英国文学的重要流派，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。
华兹华斯的诗歌作品《抒情诗集》和《普雷德斯》强调了自然和个人情感的重要性。
柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》则表达了对自然的热爱和对社会不公的关注。
6. 维多利亚时代文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上的繁荣时期，代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和艾米莉·勃朗特。
狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。
西南大学英国文学史选读总结
西南大学英国文学史选读总结第一篇：西南大学英国文学史选读总结英国文学史I.Early and Medieval Literature 1.England’s inhabitants are Celts.And it is conquered by Romans, the Teutonic tribes of Angle, Saxons and Jutes.In 1066, at the battle of Hastings(黑斯延斯), the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization(地中海文明), including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion.It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2.Jutes lived and maintained close relations with kindred(相似)tribes.3.The old English literature extends from about 449 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.4.Three kinds of languages in the Anglo-Norman period: Norman---French, English---English, Religious---Latin.Two kinds of literature: Romans and Ballads.“Romans” is about upper class, and nothing to do with Romans.5.The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one.6.The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions――pagan and Christian.7.The national epic of the English people, which belongs to the primitive(原始，早期)literature;Romance cycles, which belong to the feudalist(封建)literature;Folk literature whose subjects are from the lower class 8.Caedom is the first known religious poet of England, he is known as the father of English song.9.The didactic poem The Christ was produced by Cynewulf.10.The Song of Beowulf It describes the most heroicman of the Anglo-Saxon times.It is a Denmark(丹麦)story which used alliteration , metaphors(隐喻)and understatements(轻描淡写).It is the first literature, England’s national epic;it was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750 It consists of 3182 lines Telling a story about an ancient hero Beowulf’s fight aga inst a lake monster, Grendel, and his mother, a monster, too;Beowulf’s battle against a fire dragon.The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.12.The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness(严峻)of Anglo-Saxon poetry.The great majority of Romances mainly fall into 3 cycles.A.The matters of Britain: About King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table B.The matters of France: About Charlemagne and his peers C.The matters of Greece and Rome: About Alexander, and about the fall of Troy(特洛伊城的陷落)Of these three cycles, the matters of Britain is the most important one.There were many cycles of Arthurian romances, Chief of which are those of Gawain, Launcelot(朗斯洛特), Merlin(默林), the Quest of the Holy Grail(寻找圣杯), and the Death of Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 13.Geoffrey Chaucer He is the father of English poetry in that he introduces rhymed verse, especially couplet, into Britain to replace alliterative verse formerly prevailing in British poetry and making English the literary language.He is also the founder of English realism because The Canterbury Tales, his masterpiece, provides a panorama of the life in the medieval England.He is the forerunner of humanism for in his masterpiece the keynote is humanism.He praises human intellect, human beauty, human passion andhuman living environment, and affirms human rights to pursue earthly happiness.写作的三个时期：Translate from French;French;Write in his own words: English The Canterbury Tales Three features: Plot;Prologue;Language(iambic pentameter)The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格).It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.14.Popular Ballads Literature of the lower class in the feudalist society includes written folk literature and oral folk literature.As for the written folk literature, the most important writer is William Langland, whose masterpiece is The Vision of Piers, the Plowman.Among the ballads published, the Robin Hood ballads are of special significance.The best known of the earliest collections was given by Bishop Thomas Percy, named Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.Literature of the Renaissance Period 1.Renaissance: general spirit---humanism 2.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.3.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛)and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.4.Thomas More----Utopia;John Lyly----Eupheus(艳词);Marlowe----The Jew of Malta;Robert Greene----Gorge Green 5.Edmund Spenser was the poet’s poet.The greatest epic poem of the time is The Fairy Queen.6.William Shakespeare produced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets.A basic form of poetry consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed(abab, cdcd, efef, gg).His plays canbe divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragic-comedies.His four writing period: Apprenticeship;Mature period;Great tragedies;Romantic drama Sonnet 18: Theme---Art survives time Hamlet It praises humanists as represented by Hamlet.He is the scholar, a soldier and a statesman(政治家);it shows the inevitable problems faced by the hum anists;Hamlet’s delay of action is due to his awareness of the possible national disaster which will be brought about by his personal revenge and his sense of responsibility to put the interests of his nation and his people before his own.7.Francis Bacon ○Essayist, Scientist, Philosopher.○ His major works are The Advancement of Learning and New Instrument.○ He is also the first great English essayist.○ His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary and the professional works ○In 1597 Francis Bacon published his first collection of essays, the Essays Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period 1.The government of James 1was based upon the theory of divine right of kings, but the Puritans offered another theory of divine right—the individual conscience.2.In 1649 Charles I was beheaded.England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.He imposed a military dictatorship(军事独裁).In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country.It was called the period of the Restoration which was objectionable(讨厌的)in monarchy.After Cromwell’s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660.3.Revolution of 1688(Glorious Revolution)means three things: The supremacy of Parliament(议会至上), the beginning of the modern England(现代英国的开端), the final triumph of the principle of political liberty for which the Puritan had fought and suffered hardship for a hundred years.4.Literary Characteristics Inthe literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideals.The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.5.John Donne He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets.It contains most of his early lyrics.Love is the ba sic theme.Sometimes the “conceits(奇遇)”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.Song(“Go and Catch a Falling Star”), the theme is “No where lives a woman true, and fair” 6.John Milton Paradise Lost consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter).Based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race----Adam and Eve, and tells God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonisters.7.John Bunyan He gives us the only great religious allegory(宗教寓言)Pilgrim’s Progress, Vanity Fair IV.Literature of the 18th Century 1.The age of reason 2.Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories came into being.However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.3.Characteristics of literature: Realism;Common people;Prose rapid development 3.Daniel DefoeHis works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe, colonial spirit(1)His marvelous(非凡的)capacity(才能)for work(2)His boundless(无穷的)energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles(障碍)(3)His hard struggle against nature and making all bend to his will 3.Jonathan Swift A Tale of a Tub(satirist)《木桶的故事》Gulliver’ Travels(satire)Four places: Lilliput(厘厘普特), Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格), the flying Island, Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput, where the inhabitants are only six inches tall), twelve times smaller than the normal human beings.The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he.In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem whic h divided the Lilliputians: “ Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”About selected reading: The theme: exploration into human nature and satire to English and European life ①Main plot—part one:His experiences in Lilliput where the inhabitants are only 12 times smaller than normal human being Author satire the weakness of human being and the absurd actions of the English government before the nature ②Main plot—part two: His experiences in Brobdingnag where are 10 times taller and larger than normal human being and superior in wisdom Here, the author gives a vivid description to the crankiness and arrogance(狂妄自大)of the authority in England ③Main plot—part three: The experiences in Flying Island where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problems Here is the criticism of the western civilization and false illustration about science, philosophy, history and even immortality ④Main plot—part four: The experience in Houyhnhnm where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are thegoverning class Here, the author compared the differences and similarities between horses and human being, lead readers to think about a problem: what on earth are human beings? ⑤Socia l achievement: The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.⑥Artistic achievement: In struc ture, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life Summary of a Modest Proposal With bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children, “at a year old”, as food for the rich, the narrator put forward his so-called perfect proposal.With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted.The remedy, Swift took care to point out, was only for the kingdom of Ireland, not for the whole England.The last proposal is a most heartbreaking piece of sarcasm that fiery indignation has given birth to and a most powerful blow at the English government’s policy of exploitation and oppression in Ireland.Masterpieces 4.Joseph Addison Sir Roger at Church乡村礼拜日5.Henry Fielding, the Father of the English NovelThe History of T om Jones, a Foundling 6.Thomas Gray, Graveyard School, sentimentalist Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard The poem contains some of the best-remembered lines in English poetry and uses a graveyard at twilight to meditate on the lives of the ordinary people interred there.Gray laments not one particular death, but the obscurity into which death will plunge us all.There is nobility in all people, but thatdifficult circumstances prevent those talents from being manifested.Gray contrasts the simplicity and virtue of the English farmers of the past with the vain, boastful present.He speculates about the potential leaders, poets, and musicians who may have died in obscurity and been buried there.All life’s endeavors, positive or negative, are rendered useless by the shadow of the tomb.The poem ends with an epitaph which sums up the poet’s own life and beliefs.7.William Blake The first important Romantic poet Major Works: Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience The Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》 The Tiger The tiger means the power of destroy.The poet repeats the central question of the poem, stated in Stanza 1.However, he changes could(Line 4)to dare(Line 24).This is a significant change, for the poet is no longer asking who had the capability of creating the tiger but who dared to create so frightful a creature.8.Robert BurnsHe wrote some ballads on the basis of old Scottish legends.He expressed his love for freedom and sang of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people.Burns is the only greatest English poet who writes outside the standard/London dialect.A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne, John Anderson, My Jo and A Fond Kiss Literature of the Romantic Period 1.The Romantic period is the period is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集)and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s ke Poets and Passive romantic poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey;Positive romantic poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats 3.William Wordsworth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Composed upon WestminsterBridge, September 3, 1802 4.Gorge Gordon, Lord Byron Main works: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》She Walks in Beauty Don Juan《唐。
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结
英国文学史及选读--复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. : ; ; , （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. （名词解释）3. “ ”: a ’s4. （名词解释）5.6. : ; ( ; 124 , 24 ; ; ; : )7. (名词解释)8. （名词解释）9 ——10. （名词解释）11. （名词解释）12. “ ”13. “” . “ ”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是这是肯定的。
他的也很重要，最重要属18。
（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）15. 三大史诗非常重要，特别是和。
对于需要知道它是写成的，故事情节来自，另外要知道此书和的形象。
16. ——’s17. —— ; : , .18. （名词解释）19. （名词解释）20. ——“ ”21. ——“ ”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。
22. ’s ’s23. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”; ()24. : “’s ”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A ”比较重要，要注意作者用的也就是反讽手法。
25. 18 .26. : “ ”, “ ”, 当然是比较重要，剧情要清楚，的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。
另外注意的和，另外是。
27. ——“” ( ), “ ”, “ ”28. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。
他是一个比较重要的作家，另外也被称为 .29. ——“ ”项狄传30. ——“ ”31. ——“ ”(), “ ” () ( ), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” ( )32. （名词解释）33. ——“ a ”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a 墓园派诗人)* / ”: A , a , , . , ’s“ a ”. .34. 18 , ; : .35. ——“ ”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
英国文学选读笔记重点
英国文学选读笔记重点一、引言英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，其丰富的历史背景、独特的文化传统和卓越的文学成就使其在世界文学史上占有重要地位。
在英国文学选读中，我们不仅可以欣赏到众多杰出的文学作品，还可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和社会背景。
二、重点作家及其作品莎士比亚莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，他的作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的思想内涵和卓越的艺术表现力，是英国文学的经典之作。
简·奥斯汀简·奥斯汀是英国19世纪著名的女性作家，她的作品如《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，以细腻的人物描写和精湛的心理分析而著称。
她的作品反映了当时英国社会的风俗习惯和道德观念，具有很高的社会价值。
狄更斯狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的现实主义作家之一，他的作品如《双城记》、《雾都孤儿》等，以对社会问题的深刻揭示和对人性的深刻剖析而著称。
他的作品反映了当时英国社会的贫困、不公和阶级斗争，具有很高的社会意义。
三、重点主题爱情与婚姻爱情与婚姻是英国文学中的重要主题之一。
在许多作品中，作者通过描写爱情与婚姻的关系，探讨了人性的复杂性和生活的真谛。
例如，在简·奥斯汀的作品中，她通过对婚姻的思考，揭示了当时英国社会对婚姻的看法和期望。
社会问题社会问题是英国文学中的另一个重要主题。
许多作家通过描写社会问题，揭示了当时社会的矛盾和冲突。
例如，在狄更斯的作品中，他通过对贫困、不公和阶级斗争的描写，揭示了当时英国社会的种种问题。
人性与命运人性与命运是英国文学中的永恒主题。
许多作家通过描写人性的复杂性和命运的无常，探讨了人生的意义和价值。
例如，在莎士比亚的作品中，他通过对人性的深刻剖析和对命运的无奈揭示了人生的无常和无奈。
四、结语英国文学选读是了解英国文化和历史的重要途径之一。
通过对英国文学的学习和研究，我们可以更好地理解英国的历史、文化和社会背景，同时也可以提高我们的审美能力和文化素养。
英国文学史及选读复习资料
英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学史及选读复习资料英国文学历史悠久而丰富多样，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各个时期和流派。
在这篇文章中，我们将探索英国文学史的一些重要时期和作品，并提供一些选读复习资料，帮助读者更好地了解和掌握英国文学。
中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，其代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗，描写了勇敢的英雄贝奥武夫的冒险故事。
《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部讲述了一群人在前往坎特伯雷朝圣途中分享故事的作品，通过这些故事，揭示了中世纪社会的各个层面。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学史的重要里程碑，该时期的作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，充满了人文主义的精神。
莎士比亚是这一时期最杰出的作家之一，他的作品包括诗剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物刻画和复杂的情节而闻名，被认为是世界文学的瑰宝。
17世纪是英国文学史上的黄金时代，其中最重要的作家是约翰·米尔顿。
他的史诗《失乐园》被誉为英国文学的巅峰之作，以其对人类自由意志和权力的思考而著称。
此外，约翰·多恩也是这一时期的重要作家，他的诗歌作品以其独特的形式和思想深度而受到赞誉。
18世纪是英国文学史上的启蒙时代，这一时期的作品强调理性和科学思维。
亚历山大·蒲柏是这一时期最重要的作家之一，他的诗歌作品《诗人的墓》和《奥德赛》被广泛阅读和研究。
此外，詹姆斯·汤姆森的长诗《四季》也是这一时期的重要作品，描绘了大自然的美丽和变化。
19世纪是英国文学史上的浪漫主义时期，作家们追求情感和个体的表达。
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治是浪漫主义诗歌的代表作家，他们的作品强调对自然和内心世界的关注。
此外，查尔斯·狄更斯是这一时期最重要的小说家之一，他的作品《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》等揭示了当时社会的不公和人性的复杂性。
20世纪是英国文学史上的现代主义时期，作家们挑战传统文学形式和观念。
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史及选读2复习大纲2
《英国文学史及选读》第二册复习提纲Part VII. THE ROMANTIC PERIODIntroduction●Historical BackgroundThe political & social factors that gave rise to the Romantic Movement were the three revolutions –the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.●Intellectual backgroundThe shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct & emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18th century. Representative thinkers are Rousseau, Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine.●Term – Romanticism（1）Romanticism is a literary trend fighting against the idea of Enlightenment. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798—1832. It begins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ends with Sir Walter Scott’s death.（2）Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.（3）In essence, it designates a literary & philosophical theory, which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life & all experience.（4）It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings & particular attitudes, & valuing its a ccuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.●Term – Lake Poets or The LakersIn English literature it refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District.●Term—Gothic NovelIt is a type of romance very popular in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. It emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying. It was applied by Horace Walpole to his novel The Castle of Otranto. It has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period with its description of the dark, irrational side of human nature. Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.●Romantic Authors in England（1）The glory of the age is in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and Southy. （2）Of its prose works, those of Scott alone have attained very wide reading（3）The essays of Charles Lamb（4）The novels of Jane Austen and historical novels of Walter ScottWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)“. . . poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility…” (“Preface”) 所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的.——quotation from William Wordsworth.●Major works from William WordsworthLyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云；Composed upon Westminster Bridge写于威斯敏斯特桥上）Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways她走在人迹罕至的路边；To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;The Solitary Reape r孤寂的割麦女);The Excursio n远足The Prelude序曲●Analysis of William Wordsworth’s works（1）She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways is one of his famous Lucy Poems, in which the lover tells that she lived unknown and died unknown.（2）Composed upon Westminster Bridge describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London. （3）The Solitary Reaper describes vividly and sympathetically a young peasant girl working in the fields and singing as she works and shows that the gir l’s singing deeply moved the traveler and kept lingering in his heart.（4）I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic belief.●FormThis poem contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrametre(四步抑扬格), with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.●ThemeThe theme of this poem is the serene beauty of nature through vivid description of daffodils and the poet’s respect for nature.●ContentFirst Stanza–It shows a harmonious picture. The image of “cloud” gives us the impression of the poet’s pride and loftiness. But on seeing numerous daffodils, the poet descends from above to below.Second Stanza– In this stanza, the poet draws an analogy between stars and daffodils to emphasize the great number. “Star” in this stanza echoes with “cloud” in the previous stanza.Third Stanza–The poet draws an analogy between waves of water and waves of daffodils. The description of the scenery ends in the second line. Following that, the poet shifts his emphasis from scenery to emotion. Fourth Stanza –The glee of daffodils turns into happiness of the poet. As a result, the beauty of nature becomes the beauty of mind. The last two lines explain why daffodils had brought great wealth to me, because they had brought fresh inspiration, greater creativity and new capacity for imagination. New life has been brought to him by the memory.●Brief comment on William Wordsworth（1）He is the leading figure of English Romantic poetry, and he is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”. （2）His Lyrical Ballads, written with Coleridge, marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.（3）He defined poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”（4）He was one of the “Lake Poets”.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Introduction●George Gordon Byron was as famous in his lifetime for his personality cult as for his poetry. He created the concept of the “Byronic hero”—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Byron’s influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense. He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.●Term – Byronic HeroThis is a concept created by George Gordon Byron. It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this figure would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.●Term – LyricLyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle. Lyric often concerns love. “My love is like a red, red rose” is Robert Burn’s well-known lyric.●Major worksHours of Idliness1807English Bords and Scottish Reviewers1809Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage1812The Giaour 1813The Corsair1814Lara1814Manfred1817Cain 1821Don Juan (1819-1824)●Famous selected poems in our textbook:When We Two Parted;She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece taken from Don Juan●Analysis of Byron’s works（1）Don Juan, Byron’s masterpiece, is regarded as the great poem of the Romantic Age. It is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.（2）When We Two Parted is a lyric poem of usual love between man and woman. The poem is alternately rhymed to show the poet’s mental pain of love mingled with hate. The metrical movement of this poem is basically a combination of iambic and anapaestic (抑抑扬格) feet, with a rhyme scheme ababcdcd.（3）She Walks in Beauty is one of B’s early love lyrics.●Background knowledge – On June 11, 1814, B attended a party where he for the first time net hisyoung cousin, Lady Wilmot Horton, who was dressed in a black mourning gown. B was so struck by her beauty that, on returning home, he wrote this poem in a single night.●Theme – This lyric poem is a compliment to a lady and to celebrate the beauty of the woman.●Form – The poem contains three stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme ababab.（4）The Isles of Greece is taken from Don Juan, Canto III, which is sung by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. In the early 19th century, Greece was under the rule of Turk. Bycontrasting the freedom of ancient Greece and the present enslavement, the poet appealed to people to struggle for liberty.●Comments on Byron（1）Byron is the most excellent representative of English Romanticism. He was one of the most influential poets of his time.（2）He created the concept of the “Byronic hero”—a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. （3）His poems are favorites of the British workers & the laboring people of other countries. He opposed oppression & slavery, & had an ardent love for liberty. He praised the people’s revolutionary struggles in his works.（4）He was the most renowned English language poet of his day.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1827)Introduction●Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Shelley drew no essential distinction between poetry and politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era.●Term – OdeIt is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Originally they were songs performed to the accompaniment of a music instrument. John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.●Term -- Terza RimaIt is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.. It appeared first in Dante’s The Divine Comedy. Besides, Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a case in point.●Major WorksThe Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Adonais《阿多尼斯》Queen Mab 1813《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam 1818《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound 1820《解放了的普罗米修斯》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》●Famous selected poems in our textbook:A Song: Men of EnglandOde to the West WindOzymandiasTo a SkylarkThe Cloud●Analysis of Shelley’s works（1） A Song: Men of England is one of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics. It is not only a war cry callingupon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poet warns the working people that if they should give up their struggle, they would be digging graves for themselves with their own hands.（2）Ode to the West Wind is one of the most popular and best-known of Shelley's lyrics. Main Idea–Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind & expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. “West Wind”— in the poem symbolizes both destroyer of the old and preserver of the new. It destroys leaves/things/thoughts/ideas that are dead; it preserves new life or seeds that represent new life or new birth. Form—This ode consists of five stanzas, each a stanza formed of four units of terza rima (三行诗节) completed by a couplet. Famous lines—”Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!” and “I fall upon the thorns of life!” and “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”（3）Prometheus Unbound is Shelley’s greatest poetic drama. The drama celebrates man’s victory over tyranny and oppression.（4）Queen Mab is a revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth.John Keats (1795-1821)●Romantic poets comparedWordsworth: beauty in simplicityColeridge: beauty in the extraordinary and supernaturalByron: beauty in power and satireShelley: exquisite beautyKeats: sensuous beauty(给人以美的享受的).On John Keats’ tomb are carved, according to his own request, the words: “Here lies one whose name was writ in water.” (此地长眠者，声名水上书)●John Keats is one of the major English Romantists in the 19th century. He wrote best odes in Englishliterature. He sought to express beauty in all of his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of the form. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.●Major Works“““““●Analysis of Keats’ works（1）Ode on an Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. Form—Each stanza is 10 lines long, metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter,and divided into a two part rhyme scheme: the first 7 lines of each stanza follow an ABABCDE rhyme and the last 3 lines of which are variable. The famous line from this ode is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” and “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweeter”.（2）On First Looking into Chapman’s Hom er is a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abba abba cdc dcd. The octet (eight lines) describes Keats's reading experience before reading Chapman's translation and the sestet (six lines) contrasts his experience of reading it.（3）Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.Walter Scott (1771—1832)●Walter Scott, a Scottish novelist and poet, is the father of the historical novel. His historical novel ishis chief contribution to English literature. His historical novels concern the history of Scotland, English history and the history of European countries. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.●Major Works of Walter ScottPoems1802, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,《苏格兰边区歌谣集》1805, The Lay of the Last Minstrel,《最末一个行吟诗人》1808, Marmion《玛密恩》1810, The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》NovelsOf Scottish historyWaverley 《威弗利》1814Guy Mannering 《盖曼纳合》1815Old Morality 《清教徒》1816Rob Roy 1817 《罗布·罗伊》, the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 1818《弥德洛西恩的心》Of the English historyIvanhoe《艾凡赫》1820, is Scott’s masterpiece. It is a novel of English subject covering the days after the Norman Conquest.Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》1823Of the European countriesQuentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》1823Talisman 《惊军英雄记》1825Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832St. Ronan’s Wells《圣·罗南之泉》, the only one, dealing with his contemporary life●Features of Scott’s Novels（1）Scott has an outstanding gift of vivifying the past.（2）In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals.（3）In his historical novels, he concerns both the lives and deeds of the higher class and that of the ordinary people.（4）He is a romantic while a Tory, a conservative in politics.Jane Austen (1775-1817)Introduction●She was a woman novelist of the 18th century, thought she lived mainly in the 19th century for herworks show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.●Six NovelsEmma《爱玛》Persuasion《劝导》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》●Analysis of Pride and PrejudicePride & Prejudice which was originally drafted as First Impressions, mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Main Characters—Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet with their daughters of Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia, besides there are Charles Bingley and Fitzwilliam Darcy.Major Themes— Pride and prejudiceLove and marriageFamilyFamous quotations from Chapter 1①“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife”. ——Opening sentence from Pride and PrejudiceExplanations of the opening sentence—P & P begins with one of her most famous uses of irony. The first sentence takes a local attitude, to be exemplified in Mrs. Bennet, about the need of well-to-do men to marry, and transforms it, tongue-in-cheek, into a self-evident fact “universally acknowledged.”②“What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”“How so? how can it affect them?”“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”——Conversations between Mr. and Mrs BennetExplanations of this conversation—The conversation tells us that Mrs. Bennet is eager to marry one of his daughters to the mentioned young man, but her husband does not care much.●Jane Austen’s contribution to English literature（1）Jane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels such as Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Pride and Prejudice.（2）Her main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns about human belief and career and salient social events. This is what make her important in English literature.(3%)（3）Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and her accurate portrayal of human individuals. （4）She describes the world from a woman’s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.Charles Lamb (1775-1834)●Romantic prose writers（1）The early 19th century is remarkable for the development of a new and valuable type of critical prose writing.（2）The leaders in this new and important development are William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, De Quincy and Charles Lamb.（3）These prose writers were much influenced by the French Revolution in politics and by the Romantic Movement in literature.（4）They freely expressed their own personality in their writings.（5）The best representative of these writers is Charles Lamb.●Major literary worksFirst PeriodJohn Woodvil《约翰·伍德维尔》1802Mr. H 《H君》1806Second PeriodTales from Shakespeare 《莎士比亚故事集》1807 cooperated with his sisterSpecimens of English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚同时代英国戏剧诗人之范作》1808Third Perid—series of essaysEssays of Elia 《伊利亚随笔集》1823Last Essays of Elia《后随笔集》1833Part VIII. The Victorian Age●Age DivisionThe Victorian Age can be roughly divided into 3 periods:The Early Period (1832-1848): a time of social unrest.The Middle Period (1848-1870): a period of economic prosperity & religious controversy.The Last Period (1870-1901): a period of decay of Victorian values.●Features of Victorian novels（1）The plot is unfolded against a social background, which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（2）The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.（3）Most of the Victorian novels first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.（4）The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Victorian age.（5）The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many writers wrote novels with a purpose to edify readers & to bring about reforms.●Victorian PoetsAlthough the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the Victorian age, it does not follow that there were no prominent poets after the deaths of major Romantic poets.In fact, poets like Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), Robert Browning (1812-1889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861), & Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)were important in the sense not only that they wrote highly lyrical poems as the Romaticists did, but also that they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.●Terms—Critical RealismCritical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the method of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist who applies this method.●Terms—Dramatic MonologueDramatic Monologue, in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience. Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)“He was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.”——The Epitaph of Charles Dickens●Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. His works areintended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th century England, particularly London. All his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.●Major worksThe First Period1836 Sketches by Boz 《博兹随笔》1837 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life.1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯.尼科尔贝》1840 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》The Second Period1842 American Notes 《美国札记》1843 Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁.瞿述传》1843 A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》（圣诞故事集）1844 The Chimes 《钟声》（圣诞故事集）1846 Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》1849 David Copperfield 《大卫.科波菲尔》is about the debtor’s prison.The Third Period1852 Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.1853 Hard Times 《艰难时世》lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.1854 Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》1860 Great Expectations 《远大前程》expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.1864 Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》●The characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works（1）As a novelist, Charles Dickens was first remembered for his sketches of characters and exaggeration. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities.（2）Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enlivena scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric or laughable.（3）Dickens loved complicated and fascinating plot in his novels. He is also skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make the story fascinating. A plot formula in his novel is the happy ending. （4）As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality and justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)●William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the most important writers of the English critical realism.Through his masterpiece Vanity Fair, Thackeray sharply exposes the vices of his society: hypocrisy, money-worship, and moral degradation.●Major worksThe Book of Snobs1846-47《势利人脸谱》《势利者集》Vanity Fair1847-48《名利场》The History of Pendennis1849-50《彭登尼斯》The Newcomes 1853-55《纽克姆一家》The History of Henny Esmond 《亨利•埃斯蒙德》1852The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》1859●The Analysis of V anity FairGeneral Introduction—Vanity Fair is Thackeray's masterpiece. It was published in 1847-48 in monthly installments.The title— was taken from Bunyan's “Pilgrim's Progress”.The sub-title —of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero”, suggests the fact that writer ' s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.Main idea—In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the ruling classes.The heroin—is Rebecca Sharp who is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means fair or foul. Sharp is charming and pretty, but she is ambitious. Driven by her ambition, she has become a merciless social climber. As her name suggests, Becky Sharp is determined to carve out a place for herself in Vanity Fair. She succeeds in establishing herself in Vanity Fair at the cost of lives of two men and the alienation of all her friends and family. But she enjoys the battle.●The characteristics of Thackeray’s novels（1）Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th-century Europe .（2）Thackeray is a satirist. He is noted for realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.（3）Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.（4）He is good at describing the life of the upper class, which he is familiar with.●The theme of Vanity Fair.（1）Vanity Fair describes the life of the upper society of England in the early 19th century, and exposes the craftiness, snobbishness and vanity of the ruling classes.（2）Life is portrayed in this novel as a vanity fair where everything can be sold and bought, and money-grubbing was the main motive for the members of the upper classes.（3）Becky Sharp is a perfect example of this money-grubbing instinct. She is a subtle embodiment of duplicity, ambition and selfishness.（4）When we discuss the theme of the novel, disillusionment is the key word. At the end of the novel, nobody is happy.George Eliot (1819-1880) — Mary Ann Evans“It was really George Eliot who started it all. It was she started putting action inside.”-- D.H. Lawrence’ evaluation on George Eliot●Eliot’s Major WorksNovelsRemarkable ones：Adam Bede, 1859 《亚当.比德》---rural lifeThe Mill on the Floss, 1860《弗洛斯河上的磨房》--moral problemsSilas Marner, 1861《织工马南》 - psychological studies of charactersOthers:Romola, 1863 《罗慕拉》 --problems of religion &moralityFelix Holt, the Radical, 1866《费力可斯.霍尔特》Middlemarch, 1871–72《米德尔马契》Daniel Deronda, 1876《丹尼尔.德龙达》●The characteristics of Eliot’s literary worksShe wrote about rural life influenced by the industrial revolution.She shows a particular concern for the destiny of women.She leads in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.She shows the interest in the interior life of human beings, moral problems and strains.Religion is concerned in her novels.Bronte Sisters●The story of the three Bronte sisters, Charlotte (1816-1855), Emily (1818-1848), Anne (1820-1849),all literary, all talented and all dying young, is one of the saddest pages in the history of English literature.They were the daughters of a poor clergyman in the little village of Haworth, Yorkshire, in northern England.Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)●She is one of the three Bronte sisters. Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousnesstowards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. Al her heroines’ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.●Major works“The Professor” (1846, 1857) 《教师》“Jane Eyre” (1847) 《简·爱》“Shirley” (1849)《雪莉》“Villette”(1853) 《维莱特》●The Analysis of Jane Eyre（1）Jane Eyre is Charlotte’s masterpiece, and also one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age.（2）It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School.（3）It traces the passionate love between Jane Eyre and Rochester.（4）The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine, Jane Eyre.（5）Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain,。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文学发展的历史。
以下是英国文学史的复习资料。
1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年）古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。
凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。
2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年）中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。
其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。
3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年）文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。
莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。
4. 17世纪文学时期17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分裂的时期。
约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。
其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。
5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。
著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。
6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年）浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。
浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。
7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年）维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。
吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 精彩摘录 05 作者介绍
目录
02 内容摘要 04 目录分析 06 读书笔记
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
真题
复习
吴伟仁
教材
第章
难点
时期
笔记
笔记
章节 题
托马斯
真题
典型
笛福
笔记
丹尼尔
真题
阶段
内容摘要
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排，共分为七部分，总共40章，每章由两部分组成： 第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校近年 考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精 华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授 该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书 章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。3．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。本书 精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但 又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
目录分析
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊 时期
第2章盎格鲁-诺曼底 时期
第3章杰弗里•乔叟 第4章大众民谣
1.1复习笔记 1.2考研真题与典型题详解
2.1复习笔记 2.2考研真题与典型题详解
3.1复习笔记 3.2考研真题与典型题详解
4.1复习笔记 4.2考研真题与典型题详解
英国文学史选读总结1
I. Early and Medieval Literature1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, the Teutonic tribes of Angle, Saxons and Jutes. In 1066, at the battle of Hastings(黑斯延斯), the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization(地中海文明), including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. Jutes lived and maintained close relations with kindred(相似) tribes.3. The old English literature extends from about 449 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.4. Three kinds of languages in the Anglo-Norman period: Norman---French, English---English, Religious---Latin. Two kinds of literature: Romans and Ballads. “Romans” is about upper class, and nothing to do with Romans.5. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one.6. The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions――pagan and Christian.7. The national epic of the English people, which belongs to the primitive(原始，早期) literature; Romance cycles, which belong to t he feudalist(封建) literature; Folk literature whose subjects are from the lower class8. Caedom is the first known religious poet of England, he is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by Cynewulf.10. The Song of BeowulfIt describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark(丹麦) story which used alliteration , metaphors(隐喻) and understatements(轻描淡写).•It is the first literature, England’s national epic; it was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750•It consists of 3182 lines•Telling a stor y about an ancient hero Beowulf’s fight against a lake monster, Grendel, and his mother, a monster, too; Beowulf’s battle against a fire dragon.•The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.12. The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love andadventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness(严峻) of Anglo-Saxon poetry.The great majority of Romances mainly fall into 3 cycles.A. The matters of Britain: About King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableB. The matters of France: About Charlemagne and his peersC. The matters of Greece and Rome: About Alexander, and about the fall of Troy (特洛伊城的陷落)Of these three cycles, the matters of Britain is the most important one. There were many cycles of Arthurian romances, Chief of which are those of Gawain, Launcelot(朗斯洛特), Merlin(默林), the Quest of the Holy Grail(寻找圣杯), and the Death of ArthurSir Gawain and the Green Knight13. Geoffrey Chaucer•He is the father of English poetry in that he introduces rhymed verse, especially couplet, into Britain to replace alliterative verse formerly prevailing in British poetry and making English the literary language.•He is also the founder of English realism because The Canterbury Tales,his masterpiece,provides a panorama of the life in the medieval England.•He is the forerunner of humanism for in his masterpiece the keynote is humanism. He praises human intellect, human beauty, human passion and human living environment, and affirms human rights to pursue earthly happiness.•写作的三个时期：Translate from French; French; Write in his own words: English•The Canterbury TalesThree features: Plot; Prologue; Language (iambic pentameter)The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格). It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.14. Popular Ballads•Literature of the lower class in the feudalist society includes written folk literature and oral folk literature.•As for the written folk literature, the most important writer is William Langland, whose masterpiece is TheVision of Piers, the Plowman.•Among the ballads published, the Robin Hood ballads are of special significance.•The best known of the earliest collections was given by Bishop Thomas Percy, named Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.II.Literature of the Renaissance Period1. Renaissance: general spirit---humanism2. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.3.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛) and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.4. Thomas More----Utopia; John Lyly----Eupheus(艳词); Marlowe----The Jew of Malta; Robert Greene----Gorge Green5. Edmund Spenser was the poet’s poet. The greatest epic poem of the time is The Fairy Queen.6. William Shakespeare produced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. A basic form of poetry consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab, cdcd, efef, gg).His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragic-comedies. His four writing period: Apprenticeship; Mature period; Great tragedies; Romantic dramaSonnet 18: Theme---Art survives timeHamletIt praises humanists as represented by Hamlet. He is the scholar, a soldier and a statesman(政治家); it shows the inevitable problems faced by the humanists; Hamlet’s delay of action is due to his awareness of the possible national disaster which will be brought about by his personal revenge and his sense of responsibility to put the interests of his nation and his people before his own.7. Francis Bacon○Essayist, Scientist, Philosopher.○His major works are The Advancement of Learning and New Instrument.○He is also the first great English essayist.○His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary and the professional works○In 1597 Francis Bacon published his first collection of essays, the EssaysIII.Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period1. The government of James 1was based upon the theory of divine right of kings, but the Puritans offered another theory of divine right—the individual conscience.2. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. He imposed a military dictatorship(军事独裁).In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country. It was called the period of the Restoration which was objectionable(讨厌的) in monarchy. After Cromwell’s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660.3. Revolution of 1688(Glorious Revolution) means three things: The supremacy of Parliament(议会至上), the beginning of the modern England(现代英国的开端), the final triumph of the principle of political liberty for which the Puritan had fought and suffered hardship for a hundred years.4. Literary CharacteristicsIn the literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.5. John Donne•He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.•Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets. It contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.•Sometimes the “conceits(奇遇)”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.•Song(“Go and Catch a Falling Star”), the theme is “No where lives a woman true, and fair”6. John MiltonParadise Lost consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---- Adam and Eve, and tells God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonisters.7. John BunyanHe gives us the only great religious allegory(宗教寓言)Pilgrim’s Progress, V anity FairIV. Literature of the 18th Century1. The age of reason2. Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.3. Characteristics of literature: Realism; Common people; Prose rapid development3. Daniel DefoeHis works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe, colonial spirit(1) His marvelous(非凡的) capacity(才能) for work(2) His boundless(无穷的) energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles(障碍)(3) His hard struggle against nature and making all bend to his will3. Jonathan SwiftA Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》Gulliver’ Travels (satire)Four places: Lilliput(厘厘普特), Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格), the flying Island, Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).▪The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput, where the inhabitants are only six inches tall), twelve times smaller than the normal human beings. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.▪Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”About selected reading:The theme: exploration into human nature and satire to English and European life①Main plot—part one:His experiences in Lilliput where the inhabitants are only 12 times smaller than normal human beingAuthor satire the weakness of human being and the absurd actions of the English government before the nature②Main plot—part two:His experiences in Brobdingnag where are 10 times taller and larger than normal human being and superior in wisdomHere, the author gives a vivid description to the crankiness and arrogance(狂妄自大) of the authority in England③Main plot—part three:The experiences in Flying Island where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problemsHere is the criticism of the western civilization and false illustration about science, philosophy, history and even immortality④Main plot—part four:The experience in Houyhnhnm where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are the governing classHere, the author compared the differences and similarities between horses and human being, lead readers to think about a problem: what on earth are human beings?⑤Social achievement:The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.⑥Artistic achievement:In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and lifeSummary of a Modest Proposal▪With bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children, “at a year old”, as food for the rich, the narrator put forward his so-called perfect proposal .▪With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted. ▪The remedy, Swift took care to point out, was only for the kingdom of Ireland, not for the whole England. ▪The last proposal is a most heartbreaking piece of sarcasm that fiery indignation has given birth to and a most powerful blow at the English government’s policy of exploitation and oppression in Ireland. Masterpieces4. Joseph AddisonSir Roger at Church乡村礼拜日5. Henry Fielding, the Father of the English NovelThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6. Thomas Gray, Graveyard School, sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country ChurchyardThe poem contains some of the best-remembered lines in English poetry and uses a graveyard at twilight to meditate on the lives of the ordinary people interred there.Gray laments not one particular death, but the obscurity into which death will plunge us all.There is nobility in all people, but that difficult circumstances prevent those talents from being manifested. Gray contrasts the simplicity and virtue of the English farmers of the past with the vain, boastful present.He speculates about the potential leaders, poets, and musicians who may have died in obscurity and been buried there.All life’s endeavors, positive or negative, are rendered useless by the shadow of the tomb. The poem ends with an epitaph which sums up the poet’s own life and beliefs.7. William BlakeThe first important Romantic poetMajor Works:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of ExperienceThe Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The TigerThe tiger means the power of destroy. The poet repeats the central question of the poem, stated in Stanza 1. However, he changes could (Line 4) to dare (Line 24). This is a significant change, for the poet is no longer asking who had the capability of creating the tiger but who dared to create so frightful a creature.8. Robert BurnsHe wrote some ballads on the basis of old Scottish legends. He expressed his love for freedom and sang of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people. Burns is the only greatest English poet who writes outside the standard/London dialect.A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne,John Anderson, My Jo and A Fond KissV.Literature of the Romantic Period1. The Romantic period is the period is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2. Lake Poets and Passive romantic poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey;Positive romantic poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats3. William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a CloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18024. Gorge Gordon, Lord ByronMain works:⏹Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》⏹She Walks in Beauty⏹Don Juan《唐。
[整理版]英国文学史及选读知识要点I
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Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)I Background449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons)II LiteratureThe literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and ChristianTwo Anglo-saxon Christian poets:Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjectsIII The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗)Status: England’s national epicWritten at the beginning of the tenth centuryComposed much earlierLength:3182The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter.Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatementSubject matterPart II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)I historical background: The Norman ConquestII. The LiteratureThe literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.III. Romance1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England.2. Definition and features(理解)IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knighta late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table.It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian roman ces.Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400)I Major worksThe Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem.His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesII Contributions1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e2. Chaucer –a master of realism3 Chaucer—“father of English poetry”①In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.②He introduced from France the rhymed couplet (two successive lines of verse equal in length and with thyme) of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic coupletIII the Canterbury tales1. statusThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature2. It contains(1) a general prologue (over 800 lines)(2) 24 tales(3) separate prologues and “the links that accompany some of the tales‖Part IV The RenaissanceI.The RenaissanceFeatures① A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.Essence: humanismII. The 16th century EnglandIII. The Renaissance Literature in EnglandFigures1/ Thomas More (1478-1535, 托马斯·莫尔)—the Forerunner of utopian socialismUtopia《乌托邦》(1516)2/ France Bacon (1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--the scientist, philosopher and essayist3/ Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542, 托玛斯·维亚特）--a poet, the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature4/. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，a great poetThe Faerie Queene《仙后》（1590）5/ Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)—the greatest pioneer of English dramaContributions:He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama6/ Prose writersJohn Lily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利) Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）gives the term of euphuismThomas Loge (1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)Thomas Deloney (1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）Thomas Nashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. status: the greatest of all English authors; one of those rare geniuses of mankind; landmark in the history of world culture; one of the first founders of realism; a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations the greatest dramatist in human history and the supreme poet of the English language—he wrote poems and playsII works①Poemssonnets: 1542 narrative poemsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》②plays(38)tragediesRomeo and Juliet4 great tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth )comediesMid- Summer’ Night’s DreamhistoriesIII.Selected reading①Hamlet②Sonnet 18Francis Bacon (1561-1626)I title：Philosopher, scientist(the inventor of scientific method); Statesman Jurist(法学家）; essayistII. worksBacon’s works may be divided into three classes:a. the philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605, in English)Novum Organum (1620, in Latin)De Augmentis (1623, in latin)b. the literary works:Essays( 1597,1612, 1625)c. the professional works:Maxism of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses 用益权法Part V The 17th Century The period of Revolution and RestorationI. Social Background1. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous[动荡的] periods inEnglish history.2.In 1642, the civil war (English revolution/ Puritan revolution) broke outbetween Charles I and the parliament.3. The restoration (1660)4.The glorious revolution(1688)II. Puritan and PuritanismIII. Literature of the 17th century1.The revolution periodGeneral Characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breakingup of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period.②The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art. Y et this hard,stern sect produced a great poet, John Milton, and a great prose writer, John Bunyan.③Literature in the Puritan Age expressed sadness. Even its brightest hourswere followed by gloom and pessimism.④John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his workthe indomitable（不屈服的）revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression.For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry. Besides Milton, there weretwo other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.2. Literature of the Restorationgeneral characteristics① a sudden breaking away from old standards②Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.rimed couplets-blank verseThe unitiesA more regular constructionThe presentations of types rather than individuals③restoration comediesRestoration created a literature of its own that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.④John Dryden (1631-1670)critic, poet, and playwrightthe most distinguished literary figure of the time(一)John Donne (1573-1631)I ①The founder of the Metaphysical School and very influential upon modern writers②a preacher famous for his magnificent sermons at his timeIII Major W orksEarly works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)The Flea 《跳蚤》Song: Go and Catch a Falling StarWoman’s Consta ncy 《女人的忠贞》A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：哭泣》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》late works: Religious poems and sermons(二) John Milton(1608-1674)I status ①A great puritan poet②his work would glorify any age or people, and in him the indomitable puritan spirit finds the noblest expression.II Milton’s WorksThree literary periods:①early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton②middle-aged period: prose pamphletsAreopagitica(Speech for the Liberty of UnlicensedPrinting,1644 )Eikonoklaste s ( Image Breaker, 1649)Defense for the English People (1650)③the period of his old age :great poemsParadise Lost (1658-1664)Paradise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)III Paradise Lost①status:•the only great epic since Beowulf•one of the greatest poems of the English language②ThemeThe theme is ― the fall of man,‖ i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of paradise , with its cause–Satan .(三) John Bunyan1628—1688I status•He received spiritual independence from the Reformation•the chief Puritan writer of prose•He gave us the only great allegory ——The Pilgrim’s ProgressII The Pilg rim’s Progress (1678)①It is about Christian’s journey from his hometown ―the city of Destruction‖ to the ―Celestial City‖, and his experiences and adventures on his journey.It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of Salvation.②It was written in the form of allegory and dream.③Christian’s journey in 10 stages (scenes)Slough of DespondThe House of InterpreterThe Hill of DifficultyHouse BeautifulV alley of HumiliationThe valley of the Shadow of DeathV anity FairDoubting CastleThe Delectable MountainsCelestial City④vanity fair•V anity Fair is one of the most remarkable passages of The Pilgrim’s Progress•―V anity‖ means ―emptiness‖ or ―worthless‖, hence•the fair is an allegory of worldliness & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world•the great critical realist of the 19th century, W. M. Thackeray, employed ―Vanity Fair‖ as the title for his masterpiece that gives a comprehensive satirical picture of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 19th century EnglandPart VI The 18th century The Age of Enlightenment in England（the age of reason)I. Historical backgroundThe EnlightenmentV ersion 1: p 165-166II. Literature1. NeoclassicismwritersJohn Dryden(1631-1700)Alexander Pope(1660-1744)散文《论批评》An Essay on Criticism讽刺史诗《夺发记》The Rape of the LockSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)《英文大词典》A Dictionary of the English Language2. Essays•Joseph Addison (1672-1719)•Richard Steele (1667-1745)The TatlerThe Spectator3.modern English novelWritersDaniel Defoe (1661-1731) Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding (1707-1754) The History of Tom Jones, A FoundlingT. G. Smollet (1721-1771) satirical novelsSamuel Richardson (1689-1761) PamelaOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Vicar of WakefieldJonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gulliver's TravelsLawrence Sterne (1713-1768) Sentimental JourneyRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.4. Drama•Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)She stoops to Conquer•Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)the Rivalsthe School for Scandal5. SentimentalismNovelistsSamuel Richardson Pamela帕米拉Laurence Sterne Sentimental JourneyPoetsThomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Deserted VillageGeorge Crabbe (1754-1832) The Village6 Gothic novelwritersHorace Walpole (1727-1797)The Castle of Otranto奥特伦托城堡Ann Radcliff (1764-1823)The Mysteries of Udolpho 尤道弗之谜7. pre-romanticismthe poets•William Blake (1757-1821)•Robert Burns (1759-1796)（一）Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)works1.PamphletThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters2. Fiction (picaresque novel)Robin Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton (1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders (1722)Journal of the Plague Year (1722)Account of Jonathan Wild (1725)The History of the Devil (1726)（二）Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I ①A satirist②The supreme prose master in the first part of the 18th century is Swift.II The works of Swift:The Battle of the Books书的战争（1704）A Tale of A Tub一只桶的故事（1704）The Journal to Stella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议（1729）Drapier’s Letters布商的信（1724，1725）Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记（1726）III Gulliver’s Travelsfour voyages of Lemuel GulliverThe first part : LilliputThe second part: BrobdingnagThe last part: the land of HouyhnhnmsThe third part: LaputaIV A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal is the best and most famous political satire of Swift.（三）Joseph Addison(1672-1719)Richard Steele (1672-1729)1. The Tatlerstarted by_______containing: news,gossip,stories and jokespublished ______times a week_______small pagesrun about ______years2.The SpectatorPublished every morningContaining only familiar essaysform: The spectator was supposed to be edited by a small club run by Mr Spectator, including mainly Sir Roger de Coverley and several others.Content: comment on books; earnest efforts after reform; Character sketches of si r Roger3. The purpose4. the meaning and influence of the T and the S5. The style of AddisonP 2306. The literary genre of essayp228 L7-L13（四）Henry Fielding(1707-1754)I chiefly a novelistthen a dramatistthe founder of English realistic novel― Father of English novel‖II works①The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams1742《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 a parody of Richardson’s Pamela②Jonathan Wild, the Great 1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》the story of a rogue③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece④The History of Amelia 1751《艾米利亚》（五）Thomas Gray(1716-1771)Elegy written in a Country Churchyard①T ype: elegy (a somber poem or song that praises or laments the dead)②Key dates: Gray began writing the poem in 1742, put it aside for a while, and finished it in 1750. He was meticulous: everything he wrote had to be just right. He believed that one imprecise word could ruin an entire work. Consequently, In ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖ he labored on until all the words were right③setting: Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard.④format: four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter.In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second rhymes with the fourth.⑤status: one of the greatest poems in the English language.It knits structure, rhyme scheme, imagery and message into a brilliant work that confers on Gray everlasting fame.⑥school: sentimental poetrythe graveyard school（六）Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774)I ①an Irish Writer②a representative of Sentimentalism③One of the most versatile of authors and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.II Works•A novelThe vicar of Wakefield 1761-1762威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传•comediesShe stoops to Conquer 1773 委曲求全Good-natured Man 1768 好性情的人•A series of essaysThe Citizen of the World 1762世界公民•Poems:The Traveler 1764 旅行者The Deserted Villiage1770 荒村（七）Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)I①the most important English playwright of the 18th century.②His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of B ernard Shaw.II. Dramas of Sheridan•The Rivals情敌1775•The School for Scandal造谣学校1777•The Critic1779（七）William Blake (1757-1827)I the most independent and the most original romantic poetThe poet of inspirationThe mystic and transcendental poetThe most extraordinary literary geniusII works1. Poetical Sketches (1783)a collection of youthful poems.Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence (1789)3. Songs of Experience (1794)III selected reading（八）Robert Burns（1759-1796）I①the greatest of Scottish poetMost of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of theold Scotch song tradition.② a farmer poet.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.③ a pre-romantic poetIIｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅａｄｉｎｇ。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读2-知识总结
以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.）2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。
英国文学史及选读复习2 The Anglo
The Anglo-Saxon period1. brief history.After the withdrawal of Roman troops, Anglo-Saxons and Jutes arrived in England from northern Germany and Denmark in about 5th century. They were different tribes of Teutons (Germanic people). England, the name comes from Angle-land. The Angles is an important Teutonic (Germanic ) tribe. The language they spoke is called old English.2. Anglo-Saxon literature.Writings in old English, c.650—1150. Old English poetry is heroic, drawing on Germanic myth and custom, or Christian. Nearly all of it survives in only four manuscripts, and it is the literature closest to Germanic oral sources.Widsith (7th cent.) or The Traveler’s Song is an early example. The epic Beowulf , based on oral sagas, survives in an 8th century Christian version. The elegiac undercurrent in Beowulf is central to such poems as Deor, The Wanderer, and The Seafarer, which contrast a happy past with a desolate present. Heroic battles are the theme of The Battle of Maldon and The Battle of Brunanbur h. Of the Christian poets, Caedmon and Cynewulf are known by reputation. The Dream of the Rood is the earliest dream vision poem in English.Old English verse is alliterative and unrhymed. Prose was written in Latin before King Alfred, who had many works translated. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, continued for several centuries, from Caesar’s conquest to some time after Alfred’s death . Two preeminent prose writers were Aelfric and Wulfstan, authors of homiletic sermons.3. Alfred 871-899, the Saxon king, was a great warrior and scholar. He fought Danish Viking invaders and staved them off the kingdom. He used the peace he had won to concentrate on his work of founding schools to improve education, and restoring monasteries to invigorate religious life. Famous schol ars came to Alfred’s court at Winchester to help him to translate from Latin the first books to be written in the Eng lish language. Alfred also had the chance to frame laws and so civilize his subjects. The most important law by him was, “Do not to others what you would not have them do to you.”4. The song of BeowulfIt is an English epic reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times. It has over 3000 lines, divided into two parts with an interpolation between the two. The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter, while the interpolation is obviously an addition made by the Christian who copied it.5. The subject matterIt recounts Beowulf’s struggle with the water monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother; the hero’s victory in old age over a dragon; and his death and funeral. The poem in alliterative verse fuses Christian elements with a picture of old Germanic life.6. alliterationrepetition of the first sound or letter of a succession of words. e.g. safe and sound.7. ThemeThematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. For instance, the battle between Beowulf and the dragon symbolically represents that phase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God, here embodied by Beowulf, fights his last battle against the Winter Dragon in order to rescue the treasures of earth, that is, the golden corn and ruddy fruits. Having given them back to men, Beowulf himself dies of the Winter’s breath.8. Artistic features of Old English poetry1. Old English poetry is composed without rhyme. Its lines are usually divided into two halves with a pause in between, and each half line has two strongly stressed syllables which give musical effects to the poem with an indeterminate number of unstressed ones.2.Almost all this poetry is strongly characterized with structural alliteration.3. To set the verse apart from normal speech and mark it out as a special mode of discourse, it makes use of vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single idea, especially those of compound words, i.e. a word picture, such as : “swan-road” or “whal e-path” (sea); “sea-wood” or “wave-floater” (ship); “shield-bearer,” “battle-hero” or “spear-fighter” (soldier),etc. All these qualities are exemplified in the epic poem Beowulf.9. Features of Old English proseLucid & powerful, be it history, romantic adventure, righteous indignation or the subtleties of theological argument.The lucid and powerful homilies of Aelfric and Wulfstan (d. 1023) reveal a complete mastery of the medium and show that southern England had an advanced prose literature in Europe.。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
英国文学史及选读考试重点
Chapter 1 Old English Literature (450 – 1066)Beowulf(1) National epicBeowulf is the first great English literary work and is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Chapter 2 Middle English Literature (1066 -- the 14th century)Major ContentA. Medieval romanceSubjects: Matter of France; Matter of Rome; Matter of BritainB. The Popular Ballads:Definition(1) A narrative song, or an oral form of verse.(2) Composed by common people during a long period of time.(3) An important stream of the Medieval folk literature.C. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)Messenger of Humanism; The first important realistic writer; “Father” of English poetry and Master of the English language:masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesChapter 3 Renaissance (from 14th c. to mid-17th c.)1. Renaissance(1) It marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world (from 14th c. to mid-17th c.).(2) "Renaissance" means rebirth or revival.(3) The combination of Christian (Britain’s tradition) and Greek tradition s.(4) It is stimulated by events like the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture (culture), the new discoveries in geography and astronomy (science), the religious reformation (religion) and the economic expansion (economy).(5) To get rid of old feudalist ideas and introduce new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie, to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism(1) To exalt human elements or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements—or as opposed to the grosser赚钱的机器, animal elements.（否定旧的）(2) To see human beings as glorious creatures capable of individual development.（肯定新的2、3、4、5）(3) To emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.(4) To believe that man does not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. （2、3的总结）(5) To express the rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and religious domination. Representatives: More, Marlowe, Shakespeare（同renaissance一样，最后落脚到封建主义与资本主义的对立）Elizabethan PoetryI. Major Forms of Elizabethan Poetry1.Sonnet(1) A lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme,(形式)(2)Expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling,（内容）(3) Iambic pentameter is essentially the meter, but here again certain poets have experimentedwith hexameter and other meters.（方法）2. Blank verse3. heroic coupletII. Selected readings (Discussion)1. Sonnet 18 (by Shakespeare)William Shakespeare(1564-1616)1. Four great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth2. HamletContrast(a)Hamlet and Claudius: Each tries to probe into the mind of the other.Whether the king is guiltyWhether Hamlet is mad(b) MadnessReal madness v. Feigned madness (Ophelia – Hamlet)(c) Different attitudes toward vengeance(复仇):Hamlet thinks too much, delays too long.Laertes acts too rashly, thinks too little.Fortinbras is a man of both action and thoughts.(d) Inner conflict in Hamlet’s mind:strong urge to revenge vs. disillusioned view of human lifemakes him weakCould you explain Hamlet’s hesitation in action to kill his uncle from the perspective of Oedipus Complex?The study, Hamlet and Oedipus,was written by Sigmund Freud‘s colleague and biographer Ernest Jones. In particular, Jones explains Hamlet’s mysterious delay in action as a consequence of the Oedipus Complex: the son continually postpones the act of revenge because of the impossibly complicated psychodynamic(心理动力的) situation in which he finds himself. Though he hates his fratricidal(杀兄弟的) uncle, he nevertheless unconsciously identifies with him—for, having killed Hamlet's father and married his mother, Claudius has carried out what are Hamlet's own unconscious wishes.In addition, marriage to Hamlet's mother gives the uncle the unconscious status of the father—destructive impulses towards whom provoke great anxiety and meet with repression.John Donne (1572-1631)Special features(1) Conceits: (A fanciful poetic image, especially an elaborate or exaggerated comparison 奇思妙想) – metaphysical conceits refer to bringing together things that are primary unlike(2) Wit: (聪敏机智）-- the centre of Donne’s poetic method, such as the dialectical arrangementof a poem, logical reasoning, dramatic plot(3) Imagery: drawn form his interests, revealing the width of his intellectual exploration(4) Dramatic and conversational style:(5) metric skills: violating conventional and metrical regularities of rhythm and stress(1) The Flea(2) “Death, Be Not Proud”John MiltonII. His worksA. Early poetic works:LycidasB. middle prose pamphletsAreopagitican.《论出版自由》C. last great poemsParadise LostParadise RegainedSamson AgonistesParadise lostPlotsThe story it related (12 books in all)1. The fall of the angels, the tortures andthe struggles they made upon the God.2. God creates the Adam and Eve.3. Man’s disobedience.4. The banishment of Adam and Eve, theirloss of paradise .Major characters analysisSatan (Lucifer) :1. he is the first character to whom the reader is introduced, and the most complex. It has been suggested that Satan is the true "epic hero" of the piece, largely because of his epic language and heroic energy.2. he hold the self-centered perspective , arrogant, boldness and diligence in fighting with god .Adam & Eve1. Strong, intelligent, and rational character possessed of a remarkable relationship with God .2. Innocent and impulsive ,dedicative to their love .3. with the spiritual purity , her capacity for emotion, and forbearance .God1.omnipotent(全能的）character who knows everything before it happens .2. unknowable to mankind and to some extent lacks emotion and depth .Themes1.The Importance of Obedience to God .Paradise Lost presents two moral paths that one can take after disobedience:(1) The downward spiral of increasing sin and degradation, represented by Satan.(2) the road to redemption, represented by Adam and Eve.2. The Hierarchical Nature of the UniverseThe layout of the universe—with Heaven above, Hell below, and Earth in the middle—presents the universe as a hierarchy based on proximity （亲近）to God and his grace .This spatial hierarchy leads to a social hierarchy of angels, humans, animals, and devils, To obey God is to respect this hierarchy.Humankind must now experience pain and death, but humans can also experience mercy, salvation, and grace in ways they would not have been able to had they not disobeyed.On the other side, it also gives individual human beings the opportunity to redeem（救赎）themselves by true repentance and faith.Chapter4 The Neo-classical PeriodFeaturesNeo-classicism (last decades of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century)(1) Models on the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer,Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot.(2) A partial reaction against the fires of passion blazed in the late Renaissance, especially inthe Metaphysical poetry.(3) Stresses on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion,accuracy, good taste and decorum.(4) Neo-classical writers are: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison,Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc.(5) It had a lasting wholesome influence upon the literature of the coming generation.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)Major worksAn Essay on Criticism (1711), The Rape of the Lock (1712-14),The Dunciad (1728-42), The Essay on Man (1733-34)Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I. Major WorksA Tale of a Tub (1704) The Battle of Books (1704)“A Modest Proposal” (1730) Gulliver's Travels (1726)II. Analysis of Gulliver's Travels (1726)(1) ThemeIt is a satire on the 18th-century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as literary institutions. It takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the then English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and persecution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people.(2) Narrative features(A) Both a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.(B) The language is very simple, unadorned, straightforward and effective.(C) An apparent innocence and honesty of the hero and his account, the direct, truthful, detailed presentation of people and things encountered set off the biting satire and a desperate indignation of the writer.(D) Tidy structural arrangement. The four seemingly independent parts are linked up by the central idea of social satire and make up an organic whole.(E) From outward-homeward-bound motif to a darkening gradation of incident and a growingperversion of the hero; on one hand, from a chance shipwreck to man-made misfortunes and intended mutinies. The hero's attitude towards mankind changes from firm belief to doubt, further doubt, and finally to dislike.The Rise of the English Novel and DefoeDaniel Defoe (1660-1731)1. Features of his Novels(1) Picaresque tradition(2) Autobiographical form and first person narration(3) Journalistic style with great detail and specific time and space(4) LanguageDiction: plain, smooth, easy, direct, and colloquial but never coarseSyntax: long, rambling sentences without strong pauses to give his style an urgent, immediate, breathless quality, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.2. A Brief Analysis of Robinson Crusoe(1) Story: a Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for 5 years(2) Different levels of meaning(a) Adventurous story; (b) Moral tale; (c) Commercial account; (d) Puritan fable; (e)Myth of modern civilization.(3) Theme:(a) It celebrates the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment.(b) Robinson is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. His success was due to the sturdy qualities in his character, to his own unaided efforts, to his courage and patience, to his practical skill, and to his intelligent persistence.Chapter 5 The Romantic Period(The Romantic Movement starts in 1798 and ends in 1832)1. Definitions:Romanticism: Romanticism is a term applied to literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. It can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified classicism in general and late 18th-century neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Inspired in part by the libertarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantics believed in a return to nature and in the innate goodness of humans, as expressed by Jean Jacques Rousseau. They emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental. They also showed interest in the medieval, exotic, primitive, and nationalistic. Critics date English literary romanticism from the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first reform bill in the Parliament in 1832.2. Romantic poets:a. William Blake (1757-1827)Poetical Sketches (1783) (a collection of youthful verse with notes of joy, laughter and love) Songs of Innocence(1809) (presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without itsevils and sufferings)Songs of Experience(1794) (painting a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone)Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) (marking Blake's entry into maturity)b.William Wordsworth (1770-1850)c. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)Major worksPoems: a. the demonic poemse.g. (1) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; (2) “Christabel”; (3) “Kubla Khan”b. the conversational poemse.g. “Frost at Midnight” “Dejection : an Ode”d. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)e. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)"Ode to the West Wind” (1819f. John Keats (1795-1821)Odes: The odes are generally regarded as Keats's most important and mature works.“Ode on a Grecian Urn”g. Jane Austen (1775-1817)William Wordsworth (1770-1850)All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates from emotion recollected in tranquility.I. Major works(1) Lyrical Ballads (1798)(2) Prelude, or Growth of a Poet’s Mind (1850)II. Selected readings(1) “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”Main ideaThe poem is crystal clear and lucid. By recounting a little episode, the poet gives a description of the scene and of the feelings that match it. Then he abstracts the total emotional value of the experience and concludes by summing that up. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the accompanying sensations of active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance, which appears in every stanza. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.Paraphrase(1)I, alone, walked slowly around the valleys and hills, like a lonely cloud moving slowly over. Suddenly, I saw bundles and bundles of golden daffodils growing beside the lake or under the trees. In the breeze, the daffodils moved lightly and quickly as if they were dancing. Paraphrase(2)The yellow flowers fluttered and danced without a stop just like the stars that shine and change their light in the Milky Way. These flowers grew in a long line that extended without an end along the edge of a bay. I had a quick look at the ten thousand flowers when they moved their heads asthey were dancing lively.Paraphrase(3)The waves in the lake next to the daffodils also danced together; but the joyful daffodils danced better than the glimmering waves. I was very cheerful because I have such pleasant companions. And I couldn't help looking steadily and admir ing at the daffodils for a long time, but I didn’t realize at that moment that the scene of the dancing daffodils had brought me something to be cherished forever.Paraphrase(4)Very often, when I recline on my couch, feeling empty or thinking deeply and sadly, dancing daffodils emerge in my mind and inspire my solitary heart. This is the very happiness and comfort for me, a lonely being. Thus my heart, dancing with the golden daffodils, will be full of satisfaction and happiness.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Major works(1) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage(2) Don JuanThe Byronic Hero(1) A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.(2) With immense superiority in his passions and powers.(3) To right all the wrongs in a corrupt society.(4) Rise single-handedly against tyrannical rules with unconquerable wills and inexhaustibleenergies.Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)1. Major works(1) Queen Mab (1813) (2) Prometheus Unbound (1819)(3) lyrics: "Ode to the West Wind” (1819)“The cloud” “To a Skylark” (1820)(4) Adonais (1821) (5) In Defence of Poetry (1822)"Ode to the West Wind"Ode: The ode is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty(崇高的) theme in a dignified manner. (praising and glorifying an individual,Commemorating纪念an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally).Themes(1) The cycle of the seasons(2) Destroyer and preserver(3) Wind sweeps across the land.(4) Wind sweeps across the sky.(5) Wind sweeps across the ocean.(6) Wind and man:Young: tameless, radical, brave, passionate, energetic, courageous, with strong imagination Old: tamed, conservative, inactive, indifferent, cold, loss of imaginationJane Austen (1775-1817)1. Characteristics of her works(1) Chief InterestMain concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings with theirfamilies and neighbors.(2) Narrownessthe range of experience.The subject matter, the character range, the moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial or village life of nineteenth-century England, absolute accuracy and sureness by never stepping beyond the limits of her knowledge.3. The Works of Jane AustinSense and Sensibility (1811),Pride and Prejudice (1813),Mansfield Park (1814),Emma (1816)Persuasion and Northanger Abbey (published posthumously by her brother in 1818)4. Pride and Prejudice (First Impressions )(1) Themesgood judgment (pride and prejudice)love and marriage(a) those who marry for money, position and property,(b) those who marry just for passion(c) and those who marry for love which is based on consideration of t he person’s personalmerit as well as his economical and social status.(3) Selected readingMain idea:The selection is the first chapter of the novel, in which the parents of the Bennet girls are busy considering the prospects of their daughters’ marri ages shortly after hearing of the arrival of a rich unmarried young man, Mr. Bingley, as their neighbor.In this selection, we can find mild satire in the author’s seemingly matter-of-fact description of the conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, in the vivid portrait of the husband and the wife, and, specifically, in the opening sentence. The relationship of the husband and wife and their attitude towards each other are also subtly presented.Mrs. Bennet, an empty-headed woman, is simple and naive, eager to talk with any slight encouragement. Mr. Bennet is a man of intricate character and quick wit. His teasing tone and sarcastic humor are just beyond his wife’s understanding.Homework1. The characterization in Pride and PrejudiceHow many types of characters have been portrayed in this novel? Who are they? What are their characteristics?2. Austen’s Marital View reflected in Pride and Prejudice.Chapter 6The Victorian Period(Reign of Queen Victorian from 1836 to 1901)Major ContentA.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1. Major works: Early period: The Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; David CopperfieldLate Period: Bleak House; A Tale of Two Cities; Great Expectations2. Special FeaturesB. William M. Thackeray (1811-1863)1. Some features of his works2. V anity FairC. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane EyreD. Emily Bronte (1818-1848)Wuthering HeightsE. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)F. Robert Browning (1812-1889)“My Last Duchess”G. George Eliot (1819-1880)Middlemarch(1872)H. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)The Victorian Period and DickensCharles Dickens (1812-1870)Major worksThe Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities, Great ExpectationsAnalysis of Great Expectations(1) StoryPip, Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham, Estella , Magwitch, Biddy, Satis House(2) Themes(a) A novel about "great expectations", or dreams and disillusions.(b) The personal development of Pip from a innocent, honest boy to a vain, selfish, snobbish young gentleman. The painful experience in the struggle to grow up, to “climb up” or to succeed in the commercialized world.The Bildungsroman("novel of formation") is a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood. The genre arose during the German Enlightenment.A Bildungsroman tells about the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who is looking for answers and experience. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his journey.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)“All his novels present the losing struggle of individuals against the obscure power which moves the universe.1. Major worksThe Return of the Native (1878) , The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) Tess of D’Urbervilles (1891) Jude the Obscure (1896).2. A brief analysis of Tess of D’Urbervilles(1) The storyMajor characters: Alec, Tess, Angel Clare (a triangle)(2) ThemesA.determinism(a) Tess, a pure woman, wages a loosing battle against the evil society 纯真的少女vs.邪恶的社会(b) Once a thief, always a thief. Once a victim, always a victim. Although Tess is a beautiful, innocent, honest, sweet-natured, and hard-working country girl, she can not avoid being played with by fate.Determinism & NaturalismDeterminism refers to the belief or theory that human actions and events are controlled by and result from causes that determine them. Characters who illustrate determinism act without free will in accordance with forces beyond their control.Naturalism: A post-Darwinism movement in the late 19thcentury that tried to apply the “laws” of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life and insisted that materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by this environment and heredity. There is an emphasis of chance or coincidence and the character’s p assivity in naturalistic works, and the toner is rather pessimistic. Major writers of British literature include Hardy and Gissing.B. Criticism of social conventions of VictorianEngland (ideas of social class as well as thesexual double standard);A Patriarchal Society(男权制的社会): men dominating women(3) Structure(a)A cyclical pattern, divided into three parts. The first part is a prelude, telling how Tess leaves home and encounters Alec. She was seduced by Alec and comes back home disgraced. This is the first cycle, beginning in May and ending in August.(b) The second part is the main love story meeting with Angel at Talbothays. It begins in May, reaches its climax at the turning of the year and ends in the following winter.(c) The last part represents her decline. Forced by poverty, Tess returns to Alec until Angel comes to claim her. In shame and anger, Tess kills Alec, and is finally arrested and executed. This part starts in winter and ends in spring.Chapter 7 The Modern Period( the early decades of 20th century, before WWWI)A. Joseph ConradHeart of Darkness (1902)B. Oscar Wilde (Art for Art’s sake)Major works: The importance of Being EarnestC. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Greatest dramatist in modern time in British literary history, won Nobel Prize in 1925.Major Works: PygmalionD.Virginia WoolfA novelistMajor Works: Mrs. Dalloway, The Waves, To the LighthouseStream of Consciousness is a narrative mode that se eks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions.。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读知识要点II
Part VII The Romantic Period (1798-1832) Romanticism in EnglandI. background1.The French Revolution（1789-1799）2. The Industrial RevolutionII romanticism1. definition and characteristics （理解）2. The period: 1798-1832Beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads (1798), ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832)3. The representative poetsWilliam Wordsworth（1770-1850）威廉·华兹华斯S.T. Coleridge （1772-1834）S.T.柯勒律治Robert Southey （1774-1843）罗伯特·骚塞George Gordon, Lord Byron （1788-1824）乔治·戈登·拜伦Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792-1822）珀西·比希·雪莱John Keats（1795-1821）约翰·济慈4. The prose writersWalter Scott (1771-1832): historical novelist 沃尔特·司各特James Austen (1775-1817) : novelist 简·奥斯丁Charles Lamb (1775-1834): essayist 查尔斯·兰姆5. Literary formsThe age of Wordsworth –like the age of Shakespeare - was decidedly an age of poetry. There was also a noteworthy development of the novel which was already beginning to establish itself as the favorite literary form of nineteenth century.The drama was the only literary form that was not adequately represented.（一）William Wordsworth(1770-1850)I status①the leading figure of the English romantic poetry②He has started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self.③using the ordinary speech and advocating a return to nature.II works1. Subjects:①Poems about nature②Poems about human life2. WorksLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey (1798) 《廷腾寺》The Prelude (1805-1806) 《序曲》The Excursion (1814) 《远足》Sonnets3. selected readingTintern AbbeyShe Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways 她住在人迹罕见的路边I Traveled Among Unknown Men 我曾在异乡漫游I wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我像一朵孤独的浮云The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女（二）George Gordon, Lord Byron(1788-1824)I. Literary Works①Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》②The English Bards and Scott Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》③Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Canto I,II(1812)Canto III (1816)Canto Iv (1818)④Oriental Tales⑤Manfred 《曼弗雷德》a poetical drama（诗剧）⑥Cain 《该隐》a poetical drama⑦Don Juan《唐璜》II Selected Reading1.Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰尔德·哈罗德游记2.Don Juan 唐璜(The Isles of Greece 哀希腊)3. When We Two Parted 当我俩分别的时候4. She Walks in Beauty 她早在美的光影里5. Sonnet on Chillon 夏兰（瑞士一古堡）的囚徒III Byronic Hero （理解）（三）Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)The worksTwo narratives①Queen Mab 麦布女王1813②The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛1818 Lyrics③Ode to the West Wind 西风颂1819④To a Skylark 云雀颂1820⑤The Cloud 云1820⑥Adonais 阿多尼an elegy for John KeatsPoetic drama⑦Prometheus Unbound 解放的普罗米修斯1819⑧The Cenci 钦契一家The major prose essay ⑨A Defence of Poetry诗辩1822（四）John Keats (1795-1821)I works①a sonnetOn First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 1817初读查浦曼译之荷马②a long narrative poemEndymion 1818 恩底弥翁③a volume of verseLamia , Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems 1820拉米亚、伊莎贝拉、圣安格尼斯节前夜和其它的诗( four great odes –On Melancholy忧郁颂, On a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂, To Psyche精神颂, To a Nightingale夜莺颂, and Hyperion许珀里翁)II ode（理解）（五）Walter Scott (1771-1832)I.statusHistorical novelist and poet popular throughout much of the world during his timeII Scott’s Works1. Poems①Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》1802 (he had collected among the Scottish people for many years.)②The Lay of the Last Minstrel《最末一个行吟诗人》③Marmion《玛密恩》1808④The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》18102. Historical Novelssubjects:from the Middle Ages to the 18th centuryhistory of ScotlandEnglish historyhistory of European countriesOf the Scottish history①Waverley 《威弗利》1814②Guy Mannering 《盖伊·曼纳令》1815③The Antiquary《古董家》1816④The Black Dwarf 《黑侏儒》1816⑤Old Morality 《修墓老人》1816⑥Rob Roy《罗布·罗伊》1817 the best of the group⑦The Heart of Midlothian 《密得洛西恩监狱》/《爱丁堡监狱》1818⑧The Bride of Lammermoor《沼地新娘》1819⑨A legend of Montrose 《蒙特罗斯传奇》1819⑩Red Gauntlet《雷德冈脱利特》1824⑾The Betrothed《约婚夫妇》1825⑿Talisman 《护身符》1825Of the English history①Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》/《撒克逊劫后英雄传/略》the English history of the end of the 12th century②The Monastery《修道院》1820③The Abbot《修道院长》/《女王越狱记》1820④Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》1821②③④describes the time of Mary Stuart and Queen Elizabeth⑤The Pirate 《海盗》1821⑥The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》1822⑦Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》1823⑤⑥⑦take place in 17th century Scotland and England⑧Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》1826The English RevolutionOf the European countries①Quentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》1823the best-known novel on French history.②Anne of Geierstein 《盖厄斯坦的安妮》1829③Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》1832III. historical novels①P86 L5-14②P 87 the last par.（六）Jane Austen (1775-1817)I. Novels1. Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》2. Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》18133. Northanger Abbey 《诺桑觉寺》18184. Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》18145. Emma 《爱玛》18156. Persuasion 《劝告》1818II A writer of the 18th century（理解）III Main literary concern (themes) （理解）IV selected readingPride and Prejudice（人物情节）（七）Charles Lamb(1775-1834)I The rise of English essayThe first decades of the 18th and 19th centuries witnessed new births in the essay as a form in literature.①Addison and Steele socialized the essay②A means of intimate self expressionCharles LambWilliam Hazlitt (1778-1830) 威廉·哈兹里特Thomas De Quincy(1785-1859)托马斯·德·昆西Leigh Hunt（1784-1859）李·亨特II works•Tales from Shakespeare (1807)•Specimens of English Dramatic PoetsContemporary with Shakespeare (1808)•Essays of Elia (1823)•Last Essays of Elia (1833)PART VIII The (early) Victorian Age(1832-1968) Critical Realism in England I BackgroundI. The period①The Victorian reign (1837-1901)②A new era 1832—the Reform Bill1902—the end of Boer war(the Victorian roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria)Two divisions:a. Early Victorian period (1832-1868)(first 14 years – filled with unrest, alarm, and miserythe succeeding 22 years— the growing prosperity and general good feeling, “ the workshop of the world” )b. Late Victorian(1868-1902)II. literature1 Critical realismCharles Dickens (1812-1870) 狄更斯William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) 萨克雷Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) 夏洛特·勃朗特Emily Bronte (1818-1848) 艾米丽·勃朗特Mrs Gaskell (1810-1865)盖斯凯尔夫人Anthony Trollope (1815-1882)安东尼·特罗洛普George Eliot (1819-1880) 乔治·艾略特2. the chartist literature3. the poetsAlfred Tennyson (1809-1892)丁尼生Robert Browning (1812-1889) 布朗宁Charles Algernon Swinburne (1837-1909) 斯温伯恩Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. the three greatest Victorian novelistsCharles DickensWilliams Makepeace ThackerayGeorge EliotII The Major Works of Charles DickensSketches by Boz (1836) 博兹特写集The Posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837) 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839) 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 1841巴纳比·鲁奇A Christmas Carol (1843) 圣诞欢歌Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1845) 朱述尔维特Dombey and Son (1846-1848) 董贝父子David Copperfield( 1849-1850) 大卫·科波菲尔Bleak House (1852-1853) 荒凉山庄Hard Times (1854) 艰难时世Little Dorrit (1855-1857) 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities (1859) 双城记Great Expectations (1860-1861) 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友III writing features1.Humor2. His character-portrayal3. Language4. a master story-tellerWilliam M Thackeray (1811-1863)I worksFrazer ①- ④①1837-38 The Yellowplush Correspondence②1839-40 Catherine③1841 The Great Hoggarty Diamond④1844 Barry Lyndon 巴利·林顿⑤Snob Papers ( in Punch) 1848 The Book of Snobs(a social satirist)⑥1847-1848 V anity Fair⑦1848-1850 Pendennis 潘丹尼斯⑧Henry Esmond : a historical novel⑨1855 The Rose and the Ring⑩1855 The Newcomes 纽卡莫一家⑪1855 The Four Georges ( a series of lectures on Kings George 1-IV and their times)12 1857-1859 The VirginiansCornhill Magazine 康西尔杂志13-1613. 1860 Lovel the Widower 鳏夫洛威尔14. 1861-1862 The Adventures of Philip15. 1864 Denis Duval 丹尼斯·杜瓦尔16. 1863 The Roundabout papers 转弯抹角的随笔II Masterpiece: V anity Fair1.Setting : Vanity Fair is set at the time of the Napoleonic wars.2.the title :from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress3.subtitle : a novel without hero4.Characterization:Rebecca SharpAmelia5.Major plotGeorge Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)(1819-1880)Major works1.Translation:The Essence of Christianity《基督教的本质》2. Scenes of Clerical Life 《教区生活场景》1857Three stories:1) “The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯·巴顿牧师的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfil’s Love Story” “吉尔菲尔先生的恋爱史”3) “Janet’s Repentance” “珍妮特的忏悔”3 Adam Bede《亚当·比德》18594.The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨房》1859=18605. Silas Marner《织工马南》18616. Romola《罗慕拉》18637. Felix Holt the Radical1866《激进分子费立可斯·霍尔特》8. Middlemarch(1871—1872) 《米德尔马契》9. Daniel Deronda 1876 《丹尼尔·德龙达》II Writing features （理解）The Brontë SistersCharlotte Brontë (1816—1855)Emily Brontë (1818—1848)Anne Brontë (1820—1849)I WorksPoems by Culler, Ellis, and Acton Bell1846 a collection of poemsEmily:Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne:①Agnes Grey《安格尼斯·格雷》②The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall《维尔德菲尔庄园的房客》①The Professor《教授》(based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)②Jane Eyre《简爱》(masterpiece)③Shirley,《雪莉》1849④Villette,《维莱特》1853II Jane EyreIII. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte①one of the great works of genius in English fiction②Emily drew equally on her own emotional, introverted nature and on the wild and mysterious moorland around for the story of Heathcliff.③the title: wuthering, a yorkshire dialect for “weathering”④the plotTwo families and an instruderThe Earnshaw family—Wuthering HeightsHindley (Hareton)Catherine (cathy)The Linton family—Thrushcross GrangeEdgarIsabellaThe instruder Heathcliff (Linton)Alfred, Lord Tennyson1809-1892I statusThe most representative, if not the greatest, Victorian poetII Major works①In Memoriam 1833-1850 悼念集131 short poemsA powerful expression of the poet’s philosophical and religious thoughts②Idylls of the king 1850-1855•12 books of narrative poems, based on the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table• A modern interpretation of the classic mythIII Tennyson’s best-known short poems①Ulysses②Break, Break, BreakSadness over the loss of a dear friend, combiningnature and his inner world③Crossing the BarIV Writing features （理解）Robert BrowningI Dramatic monologueII His major works①Pauline②Paracelsus 1835 帕拉塞尔萨斯③Sordello 索尔戴洛④Pippa passes 比芭走过⑤Dramatic Lyrics 1842⑥Dramatic Romances 1845⑦Men and Women 1855⑧The Ring and the Book 1868-1869III Artistic features①The name of Browning is often associated with the term "dramatic monologue." Although it is not his invention, it is in his hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection.its maturity and perfection.②Browning's poetry is not easy to read. His rhythms are often too fast, too rough & unmusical③The syntax is usually clipped & highly compressed. The similes & illustrations appear too profusely. The allusions & implications are sometimes odd & far-fetched. All this makes up his obscurity.On the whole, Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets.His poetic style belongs to the 20th-century rather than to the Victorian age.IV Selected Reading:“My Last Duchess”Best example of dramatic monologuePart IX Twentieth Century Literature The transition from 19th to the 20th Century in English LiteratureBackground of history•Imperialism•Social reformLiterature①A period of struggle between realistic and anti-realist trendsRealistic writersGeorge Meredith（1828-1909）乔治·梅瑞迪斯Samuel Butler （1865-1902）萨缪尔·巴特勒Thomas Hardy (1840-1828) 托马斯·哈代George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) 乔治·巴纳德·萧Herbert George Wells(1866-1946) 赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯John Galsworthy 约翰·高尔斯华绥（1867-1833）Features:P 310 –p311 (5 paragraphs )Anti-realistic writersRobert Louis Stevenson 斯蒂文森(1850-1894)新浪漫主义Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德(1856-1890)唯美主义Joseph Rudyard Kipling 吉卜林(1865-1936)帝国主义诗人（the first English-language writer to receive the Nobel Prize)②ModernismBackground (philosophical ideas)(1)Karl Marx：scientific socialism(2)Darwin’s theory of evolutionThe Social Darwinism, “survival of the fittest”(3) Einstein’s theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space.(4)Freud’s analytical psychology(5) Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.(6) Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.(7) Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)English poet and novelistThe Wessex Novelspessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.I His Major WorksHardy himself divided his novels into three groups:1) Novels of Character & Environment （性格与环境小说）2)Novels of Romances & Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity1) Novels of Character and EnvironmentUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872) 《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 《远离尘嚣》The Return of the Native (1878) 《还乡》The Trumpet Major（1880）《号兵长》The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 《卡斯特桥市长》The Woodlanders（1887）《林地人》Tess of the d'Urbervilles(1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure(1895) 《无名的裘德》II features①Past & Modern②Determinism③Critical realismIII Writing features①Hardy is not an analyst of human life or nature like George Eliot, but a meditative story-teller or romancer.②He tells very good stories about very interesting people but seldom stops to ask why.③He is a great painter of nature.④His heroes and heroines, those unfortunate young men and women in their desperate struggle for personal fulfillment and happiness, are all vividly and realistically depicted.⑤They all seem to possess a kind of exquisitely sensuous beauty.⑥And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor.⑦In style, Hardy is a traditionalist, although there are obvious traits of modernism in thematic matters.John Galsworthy 高尔斯华绥Major works①his first book，From the Four Winds（a volume of short stories）1897②The Forsyte Chroniclesthe first trilogy：The Forsyte SagaThe Man of Property (1906)In Chancery（1920）To Let（1921）the second trilogy: A Modern Comedy 1929the third : End of the Chapter1934③playsThe Silver Box (1906)Strife (1909)Justice (1910)Oscar Wilde•Irish poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist• A spokesman for Aestheticism (the school of “Art for Art’s sake”AestheticismWorks①The Picture of Dorian Gray (a novel) 1891道连·格雷的画像②Lady Windermere’s fan③A Woman of No Importance④An Ideal Husband⑤The Importance of Being Earnest(②- ⑤Comedies)⑥The Ballad of Reading Gaol《雷丁监狱之歌》1898 （poem)⑦De Profoundis 1905 《从深处》(prose)。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读复习资料整理(word文档良心出品)
Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
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《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. : ; ; , （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. （名词解释）3. “ ”: a ’s4. （名词解释）5.6. : ; ( ; 124 , 24 ; ; ; : )7. (名词解释)8. （名词解释）9 ——10. （名词解释）11. （名词解释）12. “ ”13. “” . “ ”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. 四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是这是肯定的。
他的也很重要，最重要属18。
（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）15. 三大史诗非常重要，特别是和。
对于需要知道它是写成的，故事情节来自，另外要知道此书和的形象。
16. ——’s17. —— ; : , .18. （名词解释）19. （名词解释）20. ——“ ”21. ——“ ”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。
22. ’s ’s23. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”, “ ”; ()24. : “’s ”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A ”比较重要，要注意作者用的也就是反讽手法。
25. 18 .26. : “ ”, “ ”, 当然是比较重要，剧情要清楚，的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。
另外注意的和，另外是。
27. ——“” ( ), “ ”, “ ”28. : “ ”, “ ”, “ ”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。
他是一个比较重要的作家，另外也被称为 .29. ——“ ”项狄传30. ——“ ”31. ——“ ”(), “ ” () ( ), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” (), “ ” ( )32. （名词解释）33. ——“ a ”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a 墓园派诗人)* / ”: A , a , , . , ’s“ a ”. .34. 18 , ; : .35. ——“ ”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。
36. 比较重要，需要对主要作品有所了解，特别是和 , 这两本集子的一定要注意，另外的写作特点也要注意，比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等。
37. 伟大的苏格兰民族诗人, A , , 等名诗，写作特点: ;a ; ; ; .《英国文学史及选读》第二册练习题I. 浪漫主义时期I. . .1. 1798.A.B.C.D.2. .A. B. C. D.3. .A. ’sB.C.D.4 a .A. B. C. P. B. D.5. a .A. B.C. D.6. ’s .A. B.C. D.7. 1789 .A. B. C. D.8. .A.B.C.D.9. .A. ’sB. P. B. ’sC. ’sD. ’s10. a .A. B. C. D.. a a .1. , a .2. , _ , .3. a “ _.”4. , ’s : _.5. ’s : .6. a , ’s “_.”7. “” ’s .8. ’s .9. “ , ” a ’s “ a .”10. _ ’s .. .( T )1. a .( T )2. , .( F )3. .( F)4. “ .”( F )5. a .. .1. “ ”2.3. “ a ”4. “A : ”5.V.1.a , , , a . . , , .2.a , a . a , a a .. .1… .a ! O, ,, ?1. ’s . , . , .2. , I,;,.2. ’s “I a .” a ...维多利亚时期I. .1. .A. 1835B. 1836C. 1837D. 18382. .A. 18B.C.E.3. a .A. . C. . D. H.4. a .A. B. . D. A5. a .A. B. C. D.6. ’s .A. C. .7. “ ” .A. aB. a . a D.8. ’s “” .A. ’sB. ’sC.D.9. 19 , a . 1840s 1950s.A. B. C. D.10. .A. ’sB.’s .’s .. a a1. “_’s .”2. , _ .3. _ .4. ’s “ , , ” .5. _ .6. ’s .7. ’s “_.”8. ’ .9. a .10. . .. .( T )1. .( F )2. “ ’s .”( F )3. ’s.( F ) 4. ’s “ ” “ ” .( T )5. ’s .. .1.2.3.4.5.V. .1.a . a ’s . a “ ” .2.a 19 . 18 . , ’s,. .1. , , . . , ; — . , , , a a ., , .1. ’s . a . .2. , ’s , , ’s ’s ., , , . a , .2. ’s D’. , .. 现代时期I. .1. .A. B. C. A B D. A B2. .A. B. C. D.3. , , a .A B. C. D.4. a .A. “ ”B. “ ”C. “ ”D. “ ”5. a “ ” .A. D. H.B.C.D.6. . .A. B. C. D. O’7. ’s .A. B. C. D. T. S.8. D. H. ’s .A. B. C. ’s D.9. ’s .A. B. A a C. D.10. “ J. ” .A. W. H.B. D. H.C. W. B.D. T. S. . a a1 , 19 , .2. , .3 ,a .4 ’s , , , , , , .5 D. H. “” .6 ’s .7 T. S. , , 1927, a .8 ’s , 20 .9 ’s .10’s “” a.. .(F )1. , , a .(F )2 E. M. D. H. , , .( F )3 .( T )4 a , .( F )5 a , a .. .1. a 20 . a .a a 1950s, .V. .1.2. “ ” W. B.3. D. H.4.5.. .1. I ,I ;I , ,I ’s .1. ’s “ .” , a , , a .2. . , . . . , , a ,a . , a ,D. H. ’s . , . ’s a .( )1（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。
2 要知道他的“ ”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。
（名词解释）。
他诗歌的主要两类题材：’s 。
写过的著名作品：I a ; ; a ; ; 等等。
3. 两首名诗： ; 主要写作题材。
4. ， (名词解释); 著名作品：’s 要知道大致内容，另外此诗用写成；要知道大致内容。
5. 著名作品： ; ; （，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。
）其它名作: ; a 等等。
6. 著名作品：; a ; a ”。
注意与和的不同，的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。
7. ： (, , )8. : ; ; : , ; .9. 批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。
10. 主要作品: ( ); ; ; ; A 等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。
11. 主要作品即要知道这个题目出自的’s ，另外小说的副标题“Aa ”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。
12. 主要作品：其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。
的写作特点： , ; ; ; 。
13. 主要作品，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。
14. 主要作品，情节，人物形象及意义。
勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。
15. 主要作品: , .1916. 主要作品: , ；有名的短诗, , ; 等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。
17. . : “ ” . : “ ”.18. 唯美主义（名词解释）主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。
19. : 主要作品“ ”注意这是两个构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是“ ”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。
20. 主要作品’s 和，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。
21. T. S. 比较重要，特别是他的要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。
另外他著名的文章被认为是 .22. ’ ’s .23. D. H. 重点作品这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的，对其人物，主题要有了解；及其续篇要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。
’s 简单了解即可。
劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。
24. （名词解释）25. 其它作品简单了解，但非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。
26. 重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。
书上主要介绍的是. ，其实她的其它几部作品特别是也比较出名，需要了解一下。