澳大利亚社会与文化课名词解释
澳洲留学了解澳洲的文化和习俗
澳洲留学了解澳洲的文化和习俗澳洲留学：了解澳洲的文化和习俗澳大利亚，作为一个多元化和充满活力的国家，吸引了世界各地的留学生。
在考虑前往澳洲留学之前，了解澳洲的文化和习俗是非常重要的。
本文将为你介绍一些关于澳洲文化和习俗的重要信息。
一、澳洲文化的多元性澳大利亚是一个多元文化国家，拥有来自世界各地的移民群体。
澳洲的文化融合了英国、爱尔兰、亚洲、阿拉伯、非洲等多个国家和地区的影响，形成了一种独特而多样化的文化。
在澳洲，你会发现人们对待文化差异非常包容。
无论你来自何方，澳洲人通常都会以友好和善意的态度对待你。
这种多元性也体现在澳洲的食物、音乐、艺术和节日上。
二、体验澳洲的自然环境澳大利亚以其壮丽的自然景观而闻名。
从大堡礁到阿约拉岩，从雪梨港到墨尔本的雅拉河谷，澳洲的自然环境提供了丰富多样的探索和冒险机会。
无论是海滩活动、徒步旅行、冲浪、滑雪还是探索雨林，你都可以在澳洲找到适合自己的户外活动。
澳洲人热爱户外运动，注重与自然和谐相处。
加入当地的户外俱乐部或参加一些组织的活动，将会让你更好地融入澳洲的生活方式。
三、尊重澳洲原住民文化在了解澳洲文化和习俗的过程中，我们不能忽略澳大利亚原住民的文化。
澳洲原住民文化千百年来在这片土地上繁衍生息，对澳洲的历史和现代社会产生了深远的影响。
原住民的艺术、音乐、舞蹈和故事讲述了他们的传统和智慧。
参加一些原住民文化活动和体验，例如观赏传统艺术表演、学习制作传统工艺品或参加文化导览，将帮助你更好地理解和尊重这个国家的土著文化。
四、澳洲人的生活方式和社交习惯澳大利亚人以他们轻松、友善和务实的生活方式闻名。
在澳洲，工作和生活之间的平衡是非常重要的。
他们注重享受生活，喜欢户外活动和社交聚会。
当你与澳洲人交往时，保持礼貌和尊重是非常重要的。
澳洲人喜欢保持随和和平等的态度，他们通常使用名字来称呼对方，而不是过于正式的敬称。
此外，在社交场合，向别人介绍自己和参与对话是非常受欢迎的。
五、尊重澳洲的法律和习惯在澳洲留学期间，遵守当地的法律和习俗是非常重要的。
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）
英语国家社会与文化（下）名词解释（中英）The Resource Management Act 资源管理法案The Resource Management Act reflects New Zealander’s environmental awareness. Under the Act, laws governing land,air and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force in 1991. With it , New Zealand leads the world in environmental legislation.资源管理法案反映了新西兰人的环保意识。
根据该法案，法律将土地，空气和水资源结合在一起管理，以确保自然资源的可持续管理。
它侧重于人类活动对整个环境的影响。
该法案于1991生效。
有了它，新西兰在环境立法方面领先世界。
Maoritanga 毛利文化Maoritanga is the Maori word for “ Maori culture. It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their languages, customs and traditions.毛利文化是毛利语中的“毛利文化。
它是指在新西兰土著居民丰富的文化遗产中的所有元素，包括他们的语言，习俗和传统。
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
澳大利亚上册15单元1. What are the unique features of the Australian continent?答：Isolated from other major land masses, Australia’s distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in theDreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现Membership in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures.3. Why does the author say that ‘In most of the languages there is no distinction between the words for “belief”,”law” and “knowledge”? Do you think it’s true in your own language?The sacred creation stories are not only explanations about how the country came to be formed, they also provide principles of how people should live and interact with others, especially with whom they may or may not intermarry.4. (1)What do you know about Zheng He’s voyages in the 15th century?(2)Do you think his fleet got to the northern part of Australia?(3)Why?答：(1)Yes. (2)Yes.(3) In 1405, Zhu Di the Ming emperor commissioned his admiral ZhengHe to take 317 of his ships to the Middle East and Eastern Africa .Between 1405 and 1433 ZhengHe made seven trips routinely passing through what we now call Southeast and South Asia .I am sure that ZhengHe had gone there ,because there is evidence that several ships from that armada landed on the Aru Islands to the north of Arnhem Land.5. What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people?同化政策对本土人民的影响是什么？答：The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.Unit 181.Do you think the Australia government system is a democratic one? Why? Australia has what has been called a “Wash minster” form of polity. In other words it is a mixture of the US, Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system: the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President.2.Why do you think Australia adopted the “Wash minister” form of polity? Do you think it reflects the advantages of both systems?The political structure of Australia is based on a Federation of State and has a three-tier system of government, but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President.Yes. Although Australia has a three-tier system of government, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet at federal level is the acknowledged centre of Australia parliamentary power.3.Do you think the pluralist form of government is ideal? What are its drawbacks? Yes. Citizens can choose the government and exert their power. This system secures transparency and thus accountability. Pluralism provides for a ready made alternative government. The Australian government system is a democratic one. Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to different.4.Do you think the government can improve the efficiency of the social welfare and social security services by contracting them out to private sector?Yes. It is being encouraged to focus on producing program as marketable commodities to reduce its dependence upon government funding.5.Is the loss of social capital a necessary cost in maintaining a country’s strong economy? Why?Yes. Both the Labor and Coalition Parties have been instrumental in deregulating the economy. The Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms, and the Labor Party is aligned with a political program.As citizens, Australians today are debating whether the loss of “social capital”---the cut-backs of public spending on education, health and the public broadcaster---is a necessary cost in maintaining Australia’s position as one of the “strong” economies in global league tables. However, the Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms of economic rationalism especially with making a balanced budget the programmer focusing more on the balance between social and economic aspects of Australian life. Unit 201.Why do you think there was strong racism against Chinese and Pacific Islanders in Australia in the late 19th century?The Chinese constituted the third largest group and were subjected to racism at many levels. They were the target of physical attacks. Pacific Islanders were kidnapped by the “Blackbirder’s”.2.Do you think Multiculturalism enables migrants from other countries to have equality? Why?Yes. Multiculturalism was identified as comprising three areas of policy: Cultural Identity, Social Justice, Economic Efficiency.3.Do you think the aboriginal people achieved equality after Mabo and Wik decisions? Why?No. There are still many social issues of equity that need to be addressed.4.Why does the author say“History, culture and politics, the‘ way we see’ and ‘the ways we act’, are intertwined”?The documentation of the wrongs is now a recognized part of the history of Australia. It forms part of the curriculum in schools.5.Why do you think there are different interpretations of history?Those historians and politicians who want to “disremember” and those who want to reveal the racism that has been part of the construction of modern Australian society加拿大 unit161.Discuss the similarities and differences in the government systems between the United kingdom, the United States and Canada.——Like Britain, Canada is a monarchy. Canada’s system of government is parliamentary democracy as well as the British system. The biggest differences between Canada and the UK are that Canada is a federation, which is the biggest similarity between the United States and Canada.2.What are some of the characteristics of the Canadian party system?——Throughout most of the 20th century ,federal political power has been held by either the liberal or by the progressive conservatives. Then, regional parties began to arise. And in the last decades the political landscape has altered, with regional parties thriving and national parties failing.3What are some of the things that make Canada a unique and interesting country? Pierre Trudeau introduced vigorous programs to promote the use French throughout Canada . His efforts to unite the country were successful to a degree in that many Canadians became familiar with, and committed to French heritage and saw his element as one of the things that made Canada unique and interesting.4Who do you think the author says that Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice?——What Canada policy-makers have tried to do is to find peaceful and fair means to resolve complicated political issues which in so many regions of the world have led to war, bloodshed and injustice . Boring or not, Canada has avoided the worst excesses of intolerance and prejudice that have characterizes many nationsUnit181 Comment (评论)on the sentence “As is the case in other industrialized（工业化的）countries, more Canadians now provide services than make things”.Canada has seen the export of services as being important to the world economy, and has actively pursued the liberalization(自由)of trade in services throughforums（讨论区） like GATT(关贸总协定) and the Free Trade Agreement 。
澳大利亚之梦名词解释
澳大利亚和我们国内距离特别远，所以在文化上面肯定有一定的差异，下面小编就为大家介绍一下澳大利亚的特色文化，了解这些特色文化之后能更好的容易澳大利亚的留学生活，一起来看看吧！社会文化澳大利亚人曾经是喜欢户外、运动、饮酒、拍大腿的乡巴佬。
尽管有这样的印象，事实上，大多数澳大利亚人生活在城市里。
他们看运动的次数更多，做得更少。
他们不会死，也不会是戴着亚古巴帽子的牛仔。
澳大利亚是一个多元化的*——几乎不可能定义一个典型的澳大利亚人。
统计数据显示，如果你看看澳大利亚人的客厅，你可能会惊讶于你所看到的。
“伟大的澳大利亚梦”就是在四分之一英亩的土地上拥有超大房屋和停车库。
这样的梦想也意味着散落的郊区房屋是澳大利亚城区的主流。
当你进入一个住在郊区的普通中产阶级家庭时，你可能会发现一群已婚的异性伴侣，尽管他们可能是事实婚姻或第二次婚姻。
澳大利亚法律不承认同性婚姻，但大多数澳大利亚人对同性恋持宽容态度。
澳大利亚人不仅在国内旅游，而且喜欢出国旅游。
澳大利亚中年夫妇喜欢安静的酒吧。
尽管人们长期以来一直认为澳大利亚人是好酒，但*近的数据显示，他们相当有控制力，每年人均饮酒量不超过30升。
多元文化澳大利亚的多元文化可能是*上*多元文化之一。
由于这种多元文化，澳大利亚一直享有各种创意、各种菜肴和丰富多彩的生活方式。
这是一个和谐的*，没有与种族有关的重大暴力。
*近，联邦政府对公民申请人所谓的澳大利亚价值观进行了测试，引发了一场关于如何衡量和测试这一模糊概念的激烈辩论。
除了为社区同化项目*资金外，政府还发起了一场广告运动，鼓励澳大利亚人在澳大利亚日在船上工作thongs来肯定他们的澳大利亚价值观和希望。
根据*的人口调查，24%的澳大利亚人出生在海外，超过40%的澳大利亚人来自混合文化背景。
澳大利亚每4分8.秒获得一名新移民。
许多海外出生地，包括*、越南、非洲和印度。
大约2.2%的澳大利亚人认为他们是土著居民，大多生活在北领地。
其他澳大利亚人主要是美拉尼西亚人，他们居住在约克角和巴布亚新几内亚之间的托雷斯海峡岛屿上。
daam 文化生活核心知识简答 -【完整版】
文化生活核心知识1、文化的涵义、特点及其实质含义：文化是相对经济政治而言的人类全部精神活动及其产品。
其中既包括世界观人生观价值观等意识形态性质的部分，又包括自然科学和技术，语言和文字等非意识形态的部分。
特点：①文化是人类特有的现象：文化是有人所创造为人所特有的。
文化是人类是人类社会实践的产物。
②人们在社会实践中创造和发展文化也在社会生活中获得和享用文化。
③每个人的文化素养不是天生的，通过社会生活的体验，参与文化活动，在教育实践中形成实质：一种精神现象。
2、文化的作用（总体说、具体说）大总：文化作为一种精神力量，能够在人们认识世界改造世界的过程中转化为物质力量，对社会发展产生深刻影响。
对社会：文化与经济政治相互影响（一定的文化有一定的经济政治界决定又反作用于一定的经济政治。
）文化与经济交融，文化与政治交融，文化影响综合国力。
对个人：文化塑造人生3、文化与经济政治关系文化与经济政治相互影响，一定的文化由一定的经济政治所决定，又反作用于一定的经济政治。
4、文化与经济交融的三点表现①在经济发展中，科学技术的作用越来越重要。
②发展教育事业，培养高素质人才，提高劳动者素质，对经济发展的推动作用越来越重要。
③文化产业迅速崛起，文化消费更加丰富，文化生产力在现代经济的总体格局中的作用也越来越突出5、文化与综合国力（为什么①，怎么办）①当今世界各国之间综合国力竞争日趋激烈，文化越来越成为民族凝聚力和创造力的重要源泉，越来越成为经济社会发展的重要支撑，越来越成为综合国力竞争的重要因素。
②我国是世界上最大的发展中国家想要在国际竞争中立于不败之地，必须把文化建设作为社会主义现代化建设的重要战略任务，增强全民族文化创造活力，提高国家文化软实力，为经济建设提供正确的方向保证不竭的精神动力和强大的智力支持。
6、文化对人影响的自特定文化环境，各种形式的文化活动。
特点：潜移默化：一般不是有形的、强的，往往是自觉学习主动接触；深远持久：世界观、人生观、价值观是人们文化素养的核心和标志。
澳大利亚中小学多元文化课程简介_澳大利亚多元文化
澳大利亚中小学多元文化课程简介_澳大利亚多元文化一、澳大利亚多元文化课程的文化背景澳大利亚是典型的移民国家，被社会学家喻为“民族的拼盘”。
自17世纪英国移民踏上这片美丽的土地之日起，已先后有来自世界120多个国家、140多个民族的移民到澳大利亚谋生和发展。
多民族、多元文化是澳大利亚社会一个显著特征。
澳大利亚曾是一块独立且封闭的大陆，岛上的主要居民即现在的土著人，其文化具有鲜明特色，表现在音乐和舞蹈等多方面。
17世纪初期，白人文化开始在这块土地上占统治地位。
这种文化在世界范围内都以一种强势文化的姿态出现。
这种文化看待其他文化时，总是以一种居高临下的姿态，希望将其他文化同化到自己的文化体系当中。
在这种文化背景下，澳大利亚采取“白澳政策”，即“澳大利亚是欧洲白种人的澳大利亚，对亚洲和太平洋岛屿的有色人种，则采取歧视、限制甚至严禁迁入的政策。
”同化政策引起了少数民族的“撤退”行为。
于是澳大利亚政府做出调整，采取多元文化政策，关注土著居民、少数族裔及移民文化。
20世纪70年代开始，亚洲文化大规模进入澳大利亚。
其政府对内进一步巩固了多元文化政策，对外则加紧向亚洲国家靠拢。
中国、日本、韩国和印度等亚洲国家的文化都纳入到澳大利亚的多元文化范畴，这些国家的历史、地理、风俗和饮食等成为教学资源。
作为一个移民国家，澳大利亚以其社会和谐、安定著称于世。
这应当归功于其政府采取了多元文化政策，尊重少数民族和移民的文化，提倡多种文化并存。
具体到教育领域，澳大利亚的多元文化教育较之美国和加拿大的多元文化教育独具特色：国家推动与校本课程相统一：开放下的多元文化和谐统一。
二、澳大利亚中小学多元文化课程的特点多元文化现状的维持与和谐发展需要多元文化教育，多元文化教育则落实于多元文化课程设置与实施中。
澳大利亚多元文化课程作为多元文化教育的组成部分，具有以下特点。
1．从文化角度反思教育文化多元文化教育提供了多元文化场域，为从文化教育反思教育目的、教育文化、教育资源的选择提供了可能性。
澳洲留学的社会文化活动与节日庆典
澳洲留学的社会文化活动与节日庆典澳洲作为一个多元文化的国家，拥有丰富多样的社会文化活动和节日庆典。
对于留学生们来说，参与其中不仅可以增加对当地文化的了解，还能融入社区，拓展人际关系。
本文将为您介绍澳洲留学生常见的社会文化活动与节日庆典。
一、音乐节音乐节是澳洲的一大特色社会文化活动。
悉尼的“澳洲音乐节”、墨尔本的“Rainbow Serpent音乐节”和布里斯班的“Big Day Out音乐节”是澳洲最著名的音乐盛事之一。
这些音乐节聚集了来自世界各地的音乐家和音乐爱好者，他们在音乐的魔力下欢聚一堂，共享美妙的音乐和各种文化元素。
二、艺术展览艺术展览是留学生们了解当地文化的绝佳途径。
悉尼歌剧院、墨尔本国家美术馆和布里斯班当代艺术博物馆等地举办了许多精彩的艺术展览，展示了来自世界各地的艺术作品。
留学生们可以欣赏到各种形式的艺术，如绘画、雕塑、摄影等，感受不同文化背景下艺术的魅力。
三、体育赛事澳洲人对体育有着独特的热爱，各类体育赛事在当地非常盛行。
墨尔本大奖赛是全球最受欢迎的一级方程式赛车赛事之一，澳网网球公开赛也是澳洲重要的国际体育盛事。
此外，澳洲橄榄球联赛和澳式橄榄球联盟等体育比赛也备受关注。
留学生们可以通过观看比赛，感受到澳洲人对体育的热情，同时也激发自己的运动热情。
四、国庆和本土节日澳洲有许多重要的国庆和本土节日，留学生们可以通过参与庆典活动来感受到澳洲的独特文化。
澳洲国庆日（Australia Day）是每年的1月26日，人们会在这一天举行各种文化表演、烟火晚会和游行等活动。
昆士兰州的布里斯班河上烟火秀和悉尼港口船队等都是其中的重头戏。
此外，澳洲还有一些本土节日，如澳洲原住民的“热纳莎”（NAIDOC Week）和澳洲农场主节日“Show Day”等，这些节日都体现了澳洲的独特风情和文化传统。
五、国际文化交流活动作为一个多元文化的国家，澳洲也举办了许多国际文化交流活动。
比如，悉尼的“Vivid悉尼”活动是世界上最大的光影艺术节之一，吸引了全球各地的艺术家和游客。
澳大利亚的文化描述课件
绘画与雕塑
绘画
澳大利亚的绘画风格深受欧洲影响，同时也融入了本土元素，形成了独特的艺 术风格。澳大利亚有许多知名的画家，如Arthur Streeton、Tom Roberts和 Sidney Nolan等。
雕塑
澳大利亚的雕塑艺术也具有独特的风格，反映了澳大利亚的历史、文化和自然 环境。例如，悉尼歌剧院的外部装饰和内部雕塑就充分展现了澳大利亚的艺术 风格。
2023 WORK SUMMARY
THANKS
感谢观看
REPORTING
多元文化面临的挑战与机遇
挑战
尽管多元文化给澳大利亚带来了许多好处， 但也面临着一些挑战。例如，文化差异可能 导致社会冲突和认同问题；不同文化背景的 人们可能存在沟通障碍和误解。
机遇
多元文化也给澳大利亚带来了许多机遇。通 过吸收不同文化的精华，澳大利亚能够创造 出更加独特和有竞争力的文化产品；同时， 多元文化也有助于促进国际交流与合作，提 升澳大利亚在国际舞台上的影响力。
多元文化节庆
澳大利亚是一个多元文化国家，有许多多元文化节庆，如 多元文化周、土著文化节和亚洲文化节等，这些节庆展示 了澳大利亚文化的多样性和丰富性。
体育赛事
澳大利亚有许多国际性的体育赛事，如奥运会、板球世界 杯和澳式足球联盟总决赛等，这些赛事对澳大利亚文化和 国际形象产生了重要影响。
语言与习俗
英语为主要语言
教育制度的发展与改革
近年来，澳大利亚政府不断推进教育改革，加强职业教育和培训，以满足社会和经 济发展的需求。
政府推出了一系列政策措施，如“学校改革计划”和“职业教育和培训改革计划” ，旨在提高教育质量和就业能力。
澳大利亚还积极开展国际教育合作，吸引国际学生和教师，促进跨文化交流和全球 视野的培养。
国概名词解释。澳大利亚
9.Australian bush灌木丛
---it refers to an area of land covered with natural bushes and trees which has never been farmed and where there are very few people.
21.Makaratta Treaty
---During the 1983 election campaigns Bob Hawke promised that if he was elected, a treaty would be signed to recognize that the Aboriginal people were the original owners of the Australian Continent. Makaratta is an Aboriginal word meaning “the end of a dispute and the start of normal relatoions”.
11.ACTU澳大利亚工会理事会
---it stands for Australian council of trade unions,it is the main organizational body of the trade-union movement in Australia.
12.White Australian Policy
22.Mabo Judgment
---In 1992 the High Court of Australia passed a decision which has become known as the Mabo Judgment. The decision recognized that the people of Murray Island in Torres Strait held and continued to hold native title to their land. Mabo was the name of the Aborigine who brought the case to the court and fought for it until death. 最高法院决定承认Murray岛的人民继续保持他们自己领土的国家头衔
澳洲留学专业社会服务介绍
澳洲留学专业社会服务介绍澳洲留学社工专业解析1 社工的介绍社会工作者是以从事社会工作为其专业和职业的人员，简称社工。
社会工作的焦点在于人类与环境的互动，目的在协助个人、家庭、团体、社区能适应所在的社会环境，增强或恢复其社会功能以舒缓社会问题。
在发达国家和地区，社工体系已经非常完善和专业，是维系社会健康运转的重要力量。
社工专业课程包括：社会学概论，社会统计学，社会调查研究方法，人类行为与环境;还涉及到心理学，社会心理学，一般心理学，异常心理学等;同时也会有法律等相关课程。
2 社会工作者的就业范围在澳洲，获得专业资格的社工有许多具有挑战性和吸引力的就业途径。
在完成被认可的社工专业的高等教育后，可以参与到个案、社区中为个人及社区提供咨询、倡导等帮助。
社工一般受聘于政府机构、非政府组织及社会机构，如医院、社区健康中心、早期干预保护儿童计划、家庭支援服务、学校、就业服务、心理健康服务、司法、住房、残疾及养老服务。
现在更有越来越多的社工选择独立执业。
独立执业的社工更能申请认证为心理健康社工，一旦通过，将有资格为一些政府援助方案提供心理辅导服务。
3 社工专业有哪些推荐学校：莫纳什大学 Monash UniversityMaster of Social Work Qualifying课程长度：两年语言要求：雅思6.5分听力，阅读不低于6.5分;口语，写作不低于6分推荐理由：入学学历要求较为宽松，只需本科阶段有一年society study相关例如历史，法律，政治，传媒等澳大利亚应用心理学院 ACAPMaster of Social Work Qualifying课程长度：两年语言要求：雅思7分单项不低于6.5分推荐理由：学校专业性强;入学学历要求较为宽松，本科阶段需要一年的相关领域学习如社会科学4 社会工作者的移民情况1社会工作者专业在澳大利亚移民SOL职业清单中：职业英文名称： Social Workers执业代码： 2725112移民技术评估信息评估机构：AASW Australia Association of Social Workers评估费用：350澳币评审周期：3周评估材料：护照、澳洲认可的学历、成绩单、申请费和申请表3社工职业评估的英语要求只接受雅思成绩：A类雅思四个七分以下情况同时满足可申请豁免雅思：申请人的小学和中学教育是全英语授课，并且必须在澳洲，加拿大，新西兰，爱尔兰，南非，英国或美国完成;完成了等同于上述国家学士学位或者更高学历的不低于3年的全日制英语教学课程。
对澳大利亚国家与文化浅知
对澳大利亚国家与文化浅知工程力学0901张杰学科：澳大利亚国家与文化任课教师：刘鹏康日期：2011年06月10日学院：理学院姓名：张杰学号：091010128摘取资料来源：《澳大利亚文化》和《英语国家概况》经过一学期的学习和了解，我已经对澳大利亚国家与文化有了一定的浅薄认知。
澳大利亚，顾名思义，意即“南方大陆”，欧洲人在１７世纪初叶发现这块大陆时，误以为这是一块直通南极的陆地，故取名“澳大利亚”，australia 即由拉丁文terraaustralis （南方的土地）变化而来。
而现在，澳大利亚是典型的移民国家，被社会学家喻为“民族的拼盘”。
自英国移民踏上这片美丽的土地之日起，已先后有来自全球１２０个国家、１４０个民族的移民来到这里谋生和发展。
多民族形成的多元文化成为澳大利亚社会的一个显著特征。
有人说，澳大利亚是一个新型国家；也有人说，澳大利亚是一个历史悠久的国度。
这都是有原因的。
澳大利亚最早的居民——澳大利亚原住民——拥有世界上最长的连续文化史，其起源可追溯到最后一次冰期。
尽管难解之谜和争论令澳大利亚史前史的许多方面模糊不清，但一般认为，大约7 万年前，第一批人类越过海洋，从印度尼西亚来到澳大利亚。
所以说，澳大利亚算得上是历史悠久了。
16 世纪，欧洲人开始探索澳大利亚。
先是葡萄牙航海家，接着是荷兰探险家和有胆识的英国海盗威廉丹皮尔。
1770 年，詹姆斯库克船长沿着整个东海岸航行，途中在植物湾停泊；不久他宣布这块大陆为英国所有，并将其命名为新南威尔士。
1779 年，约瑟夫班克斯（库克航船上的博物学家）建议英国向新南威尔士流放囚犯，以此来解决英国监狱人满为患的难题。
1787 年，第一舰队启航前往植物湾，这支舰队由11艘船组成，载有750 名男女囚犯。
1788 年 1 月26 日，舰队抵达植物港，但很快又北行至悉尼湾，这里拥有更好的土地和水。
在新到达者眼里，新南威尔士是一个炎热、荒芜的恐怖之地，并且，饥饿的威胁笼罩这个殖民地多年。
澳洲社会与文化PPT
SOCIAL LIFE OF AUSTRALIA
GENERAL INTRODUCTION POLITICS ECONOMY EDUCATION MULTICULTURALISM CULTURE AND ART MEDIA HEALTH SOCIAL SERVICES
Land, people and history
Now it is about 17 million or about 2 people the square kilometer. About 75 percent of Australians say they are Christians. Many non-Christian faiths are followed, including Judaism, Buddhism, Buddhism and Islam. The official language is English-by usage, not law. January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in 1788, is Australia’s national day.
The Govern-General: The Govern-General is selected by the queen on the advice of the Australian government and represents the queen as the head of state. The responsibility of the Govern-General is to summon, prorogue and dissolve parliament, assent to legislation, appoint ministers and judges on the advice of the government.
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 32 Society and Culture
第三十二章澳大利亚社会和文化在十九世纪，澳大利亚仍然是英国的殖民地，它建立在欧洲文化，主要是英国文化的基础上。
到了20世纪中期，它成为一个独立的、先进的工业国家。
自20世纪70年代以来，澳大利亚一直朝着多元文化发展。
在二百年多一点的时间里，澳大利亚经历了巨大的社会与经济变革。
Ⅰ.土著人与澳大利亚社会我们在第二十八章里已经叙述了早期欧洲移民对土著人的影响。
那么，土著人今天在澳大利亚社会中怎样生活呢? 在1991年进行人口普查时，土著人和托雷斯海峡岛上的居民人数是 265，378人，占总人口的1.5%。
大约66%的土著人生活在乡村和遥远的人烟稀少的地区。
今天，土著人和托雷斯海峡岛上居民仍是澳大利亚社会中最贫穷的一个阶层。
只有不到一半达到工作年龄(15岁以上)的土著人有工作。
而全国62%的人有工作。
在被雇用的土著人中，大多数从事技术要求低、工资待遇也较低的工作。
土著人失业人数至少是全国平均失业率的五倍，土著人的收入仅是其它澳大利亚人收入水平的一半。
土著人的死亡率是全国人口死亡率的两倍(指的是西澳大利亚金伯利的土著人)到大约四倍(指的是新南威尔士乡村地区的土著人)。
土著人比非土著澳大利亚人寿命短，在金伯利，据估计男性寿命为61 岁，女性寿命65岁。
从1980年到1981年，新南威尔士乡村地区的男性土著人寿命仅51岁，女性59岁。
虽然自那以后土著人的寿命有所提高，但仍远远低于非土著澳大利亚人(男性74岁，女性80岁)。
土著人祖祖辈辈被迫住在保留地，与别的种族隔开。
但是在20世纪50年代政策发生了大的转变，新政策是要使他们与广大的非土著人同化。
隔离和控制他们的歧视性立法在20世纪60年代被取消了。
1962年土著人获得了选举权。
在1967年的全民公决中，绝大多数票同意澳大利亚联邦政府和各州共同行使为土著人立法的权力。
1972年惠特拉姆工党政府上台。
该政府推行了一系列政策:承认土著人和托雷斯海峡岛上居民作为澳大利亚土著居民的独特地位;承认他们有权决定自己事务。
澳大利亚的社会文化与商业文
澳大利亚的社会文化与商业文化一、澳大利亚社会文化『一』政治文化澳大利亚是拥有两千万人口、独立的西方民主制国家。
政府建立在自由与民主传统的基础之上，支持言论和结社自由，坚持宗教宽容。
澳大利亚同加拿大、新西兰以及其他前英属殖民地一样，实行君主立宪制，承认大不列颠女王伊丽莎白二世为国家元首。
总督是英女王在澳大利亚的代表。
澳大利亚的政治结构以及法律和教育制度均以英美模式为基础。
宪法赋予联邦政府对国防、外交、商务贸易、税收、关税及消费税、养老金、移民和邮政诸项事务进行管理的权力。
其他权力由各州政府享有。
『二』宗教文化澳洲的原居民是世界上最古老的民族之一，他们的宗教是世界上最古老的宗教之一。
澳洲的独特地理环境孕育了独特的原居民宗教和文化。
同世界上其他宗教相似，土著人的宗教业相信神创世纪，但是与众不同的是，他们的宗教不相信神派遣先知也没有宗教典籍。
土著人崇拜图腾，信仰巫术，对物质生活的需求淡漠，但是精神世界非常丰富。
他们的信仰有许多表现方式，如神话，绘画艺术，仪式典礼等。
土著人的宗教构成了澳大利亚多文化社会的饶有特色的一部分。
在日益现代化的社会里，土著人的宗教和文化传统正在逐渐流失。
研究和发掘古老的土著人宗教有助于保持这份宝贵的文化遗产。
『三』风俗文化澳大利亚由具有不同文化背景的民族构成。
澳大利亚是一个容忍互让、兼容并收的社会，其文化的多样性已成为澳大利亚的民族特色。
土著人的文化遗产、英国人的殖民历史、世界各地移民的文化价值观，以及澳大利亚持开放政策，在艺术领域鼓励竞争、提倡百家争鸣的特点融合在一起，使澳大利亚成为一个具有多元文化的社会。
走进澳大利亚，我很快感到其民族的幽默感，。
无论观赏电视还是收听广播，主持人在主持很多节目时都自然、洒脱，时常插入一些幽默话语，诙谐有度，使听众感到一种发自内心的放松感。
澳大利亚人典型的幽默感体现在喜欢说反话，如把高说成shortly，把矮说成lofty，把胖说成slim，把生气描述成happy，用wicked描述good。
澳大利亚多元文化与教育
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英语国家社会与文化入门（第三版）下册名词解释
英语国家社会与文化入门（第三版）下册名词解释1、the first English permanent settlementwas organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English KJing. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia .In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses,and the same time they bought and enslavedblack servants.These two events greatly influenced the political and social debelopment of the Unite States later2、Puritanswere those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Chuurch of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell .No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his oork or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.3、George Washingtonwas one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-chief of the Continental Aemy in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the US4、Benjamin Franklin was one of thefounding fathers of the United States of America.He participated in writing the declaration of independence and making the US Constitution5、The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted byTomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalineable rights such aslife,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the power of government came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the Amenrican Revolution mainly came from John Locke6．The Articles of Confederation :After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.7．Federal system :A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.8.the making of the U.S Constitution T he Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up inwriting a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787 .9.The executive branch i s the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The president can appointfederal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The president has otherbroad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.10. The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.11. Eli Whitney i s an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using interchangeable part. This contributed to the American systemof mass production.12. Samuel Slater In 1793, Samuel Slater built the first factory in the U.S --- a cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He built the factory from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The success of his factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of theUnited States into an important manufacturing center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.13. Homeland security is short for the United States Department of HomelandSecurity(abbreviated as DHS). It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters. With more than 200, 000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of Health and Human Services, and Energy.14. Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investor, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business. And it enjoys limited liability, so inventors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.15. Service industries industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to he provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”16. Stock When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop-they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk.17. Agribusiness Because American agriculture is big business, people coined the term “agribusiness” to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterprises in the modern US economy. The term covers the entire complex of farm-related business, from the individual farmer to the multinational maker of farm chemicals.It also includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment,food-processing industries, grocery chains and many other businesses.18. Migrant workers Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore-such as picking crops. Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked. They are known as migrant workers.19. Religious liberty The Declaration of Independence guaranteed the basic right of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity. The First Amendment to the U.S Constitutionexplicitly forbade the federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice,or exercise, of religion. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. But American institutions presuppose a Supreme being therefore Christianity is often in practice, more favored than other religions.20. The Baptists ar e the largest Protestant group in America. They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience. They areconcentrated particularly in the Southern Bible Belt . White Baptists and black Baptists go separately to their own churches.The Methodists a re the second largest Protestant group in the U.S. The Methodist Church has a form of service based on that of the Church of England.21. The Catholic Church is the largest single religious group in the U.S. More than 25% of all Americans are now of the Roman Catholic faith. The majority of the Catholic are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland. They have the main strength in the east coast. In American history,the Catholics were discriminated against. By 1960,J.F.Kennedy's presidential election victory put to rest the Catholic religion as an issue in national politics. T oday, the Catholics are active in running their own institutions, and have risen to positions of leadership in business, politics and labor.22.the Jewish More l iberal Protestant and Jewish clergymen joined non-believers in maintaining that abortion is a basic right for women.23. Religious diversity Frontier America has made the U.S. a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Many religious communities and secular utopias, experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. Many small,sects and cults appear in American society all the time. They have certain tendencies in common. They regard the larger society as hopelessly corrupt. Some of them never win a large following, but some others prosper and graduate into the rank of the respectable denominations. Some non-Western religious such as Buddhism, Hindus and Islam are also begging to grow.24. Transcendentalists I n his book Nature, Ralph WaldoEmerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion.. A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They are known as Transcendentalists.25. The Scarlet Letter 红字was published in 1850. Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery. In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional repression.26. Herman Melville (赫尔曼?梅尔维尔1819-1891) published Moby Dick 白鲸. Moby Dick is the name of a big white whale. In this book, the author uses a story of a whaling voyage to explore profound themes such as fate, the nature of evil, and the individual’s struggle against the universe.27. Leaves of Gra ss 草叶集is a collection of poems composed by Walt Whitman. It is a ground-breaking book Whitman used free-flowing structures and long irregular lines in his poetry. He ventured beyond traditional forms to meet his need for more space to express the American spirit. In one of the poems “Song of Myself” he dwelt on himself be cause he saw himself as a prototype of “The American”.28. Mark Twain(p en name of Samuel Clemens (1835-1910) one of the greatest American writersand the first major American writer to be born away from the East Coast. His major work was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) which has been called the greatest novel in American literature.29. Naturalists(自然主义作家) were novelists whoconcentrated upon the grim aspects of reality and a deterministic view of life. They were linked with European naturalists such as French novelist Zola. The most representative naturalists in American literature were StephenCrane,Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London.30. T.S. Eliot(托?斯?艾略特1888－1965) published a long poem The Waste Land 荒原in 1922. Using fragmented, haunting images and a dense structure of symbols, it revealed a pessimistic vision of post-World War I society. With t he publication of “The Waste Land”, Eliot dominated the so-called “Modern” movement in poetry.31. the “Lost Generation” (迷惘的一代)In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most representative writers of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.32. Elementary School/Grammar school usually grades kindergarten through 8.But in some places,it incklude only K-6.Many Americans refers t o elementary grades as “grammer school”. They teach mathematics, language, arts, social studies and some other subjects33. Higher Education It refers to American education on the college level. It includes 4 categories of institutions. They are the uni versity, the four-year undergraduate institution (the college) the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds. Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.34. The Servicemen’s Readjustme nt Act / GI Bill of Rights(军人重新安置法) was passed in 1944. It was soon popularly called the “GI Bill of Rights”. GI was a nickname for the American soldier. The nickname came from the abbreviation for “Government Issue”--- the uniforms and other article “issued” to a soldier. The Act promised financial aid for higher education to members of the armed forces.35. Affirmative action programs肯定行动计划were first advocated by some colleges in the 1960s. The purpose of the program was to equalize educational opportunities for all groups and to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities seeking jobs or admission to college.36. Greensboro Sit-in On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen froma black college in Greensboro, North Carolina (北卡罗莱纳州), sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement, w hich spread from the sou th to the north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.37. The Civil Rights Movement One of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC(the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality, and SCLC(the Southern Christian Leadership Conference struggled for racial integration by providingleadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspireda generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in theU.S.38. Montgomery Bus Boycot t蒙哥马利抵制公交车隔离政策运动In December 1995, Rosa Parks,a NAACP （National Association for the Advancement of Colored People member in Montgomery Alabama, refused to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus. Alabama law required that blacks sit at the back of the bus, and when asked, surrender their seats to whites. Mrs. Parks was arrested. Local black leaders decided to boycott the city’s bus system. Black people in the city spontaneously began to boycott the bus system refusing to ride on public buses. In the year long Montgomery bus boycott, blacks young and old, walked to work. Withthe bus com pany near bankruptcy, and the aid of a 1956 Supreme Court decision, Montgomery blacks triumphed. IN fact, the boycott was believed to be the true.39. Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr., an Atlanta-born Baptist minister (浸礼会牧师), was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s. To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the March onWashington of August, 1963, when King delivered his famous “I have a Dream” speech. As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination 0and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks. Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.40.“counterculture” In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture”. The Counter Culture rejected capitalism and other American principles. They had morals different from taught by their parents. Some groups of youth tried to construct differentways of life. Among the most famous were the hippies. They sought new experience through dropping out, drugs. But it was music, rock music in particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on traditional American society. The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social mores, marriage, career, and success.41’ the black “underclass”(“最低层”黑人)The majority of the blacks today have failed to share in the general gains of progress made recently. The urban ghettos now contain a permanently impoverished “underclass” of habitually unemployed or underemployed black people. Many of them are young and unskilled. They live in cities where the unemployment rate for teenage black workers runs as high as 50% or about 8 times the rate for the American work force as a whole. This “underclass” could continue to persist, even in the absence of racial discrimination, in much the same way as other pockets of poverty persist—that is, for reasons of social-class inequality. Living in an environment of poverty, decay, crime, drug addiction,joblessness, and hopelessness, this ghetto underclass offers an explosive potential for the future.42. Poverty as a social problem The U.S is one of the most wealthy countries in the world. Yet over 24 million people or about 10% of the population are living at or below the official poverty line, on incomes that the federal government considers insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing, and shelter. There are millions more, living slightly above the poverty line, whose plight is not much better. Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies. Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies. Therefore, poverty in the U.S becomes a social problem.43. Drug Abuse (滥用毒品) Drug abuse in the U.S. has come to be regarded as one of themost challenging social problems facing the nation. The drug issue always excites strong emotions of Americans because drug abuse is perceived as a major threat to American society, particularly to its younger members. Drug abuse is a social problem because it has a wide range of social costs. For example, drug is closely related with crime, automobile accidents. It has serious effects on individuals physically and mentally, and the economic losses caused by drug abuse are great44. white-collar crimes (白领阶层的犯罪) White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes.In fact, white-collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.45. The abuse of power by government ：People believe that public organizations in the U.S. sometimes work in concert to advance their own interests rather than those of the people. Government in America is widely distrusted for the lack of answerability. Americans were convinced that the Johnson and Nixon administrations were deliberately and systematically lying to the people in the war against Vietnam and in the Watergate scandal. The FBI and the CIA are responsible for thousands of illegal acts. All these acts show the abuse of power by government.46. The abuse of power by corporations：The abuse of power by corporations is shown in the fact that these corporations are concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising. They maintain professional lobbyists lobbyist in Washington to influence public officials behind the scenes. They argue for legislation to serve their own ends, influence the appointment of officials,block reforms they consider undesirable, and often seem to have more say in the councils of government than the ordinary voter. Many Americans believe that “big business” has taken the reins of government away from Congress and the Administration”, and that “government is run bya f ew big interest groups looking after themselves.”47. Social stratified American society ：American society is a stratified (有等级的) one, in which power, wealth, and prestige are unequally distributed among the population. It is divided intosocial classes that have varying degrees of access to the reward t he society offers. For example, the richest fifth of American individuals and families owns more than three-quarters of the wealth in the U.S., whereas the lowest fifth owns only 0.2% of the wealth. The richest fifth of American families receives over 40% of the national income, whereas the poorest fifth receives only 5.2%.48. Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the election in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office,he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in1972.Shortly after he was re-elected,he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.49. The World Wide Web commonly known as the Web or the "Information Superhighway", is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.50. NRA : the National Rifle Association of America is an American non-profit lobbying group that advocates for the protection of the Second Amendment of the United States Bill of Rights, and the promotion of firearm ownership rights as well as marksmanship, firearm safety, and the protection of hunting and self-defense in the United States.51. The melting pot i s a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a commonculture. It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States; themelting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780s.52.The USA a s a kaleidoscop e: this is a metaphor for nation self-definition.The metaphor emerged in the late 20th century .As a metaphor for a nation self-definition ,a kaleidoscope overcome the big problem with the never change mosaic image,which reflected the many different groups that have gone into making up the American population.53 shift marriage patterns in the USA:Before WWII,most families were patriarchal,thatis ,dominated by the senior male as husband and father. In the late 1970s and the introduction of "on fault"divorce laws that are now nearly universal in American states , the divorce rate has been about 50%.That is half of first marriages, half of second marriages,and so on,end in divorce.。
浅尝澳大利亚文化研究课程
浅尝澳大利亚文化研究课程摘要：本文回顾了作者开设澳大利亚文化研究课程的整个过程，并探讨了运用文学作为载体讲授文化课程的可行性。
从最初的课程内容的设置以及教学材料的准备工作到上课期间的实践和效果，作者都一一进行了总结，认真剖析了课程中存在的问题，为进一步开设好这门课程积累经验。
关键词：澳大利亚文化研究; 文学; 电影引言：随着中国经济的发展，英语教育领域已经相继有了介绍有关欧美文化的课程设置，而与澳大利亚文学文化相关的内容还不是很丰富。
近年来，中澳之间的各个领域的合作进一步密切加深，澳大利亚已经成为中国的重要贸易伙伴，对澳大利亚文化进行深入了解已经成为必修的一课。
当我还在澳大利亚西澳大学学习澳大利亚文学的时候，脑子里就已经有了回国后给学生开设澳大利亚文学、文化研究相关课程的模糊概念。
由于我个人的研究范畴和澳大利亚文化关系非常密切，所以，我决定利用文学这个平台来深入展示澳大利亚的文化。
正文：这门课程计划是为英语专业高年级学生开设的选修课。
考虑到学生们在一年级时已经对英语国家文化有了概括性的了解，学校把课时缩短为九周。
澳大利亚文化研究是一个很大的课题，而文学又是文化非常重要的一个载体。
考虑到这一点，在课程的设置上，我打算把澳大利亚文化研究与澳大利亚文学相结合，让学生们从一个非常具体的点切入这个主题，在介绍文化之余，给学生补充一些材料，以期深化认识。
因此，我计划把澳大利亚文化按照其社会的发展过程分成三个部分进行讲解：第一部分为澳大利亚土著文化，第二部分为澳大利亚的罪犯文化，第三部分为澳大利亚的多元文化。
这三部分都搭配与其相关的文学作品的介绍和分析：如第一部分中的土著作家Doris Pilkington和 Nugi Garimara的作品Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence，第二部分中有关Ned Kelly的作品The Jerilderie Letter，第三部分中有关移民作家 Brian Castro的作品 After China。
澳大利亚国家文化与社会
© Synopsys 2012
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教育
澳大利亚中小学及职业学院由各州戒领地癿教育 部负责管理，联邦政府拨款资劣，大学则由联邦政府 统一管理。凡澳大利亚癿公民呾永丽居民，均亩受克 贶癿中小学教育。澳大利亚很注重教育，全国有42所 大学及230多所与科技术学院。迌些大学呾学院几乎 都是公立学校（私立大学只有两家），教育体系各州 略有巩别，但都由联邦政府控制管理，所以能保持平 均也较高癿教育质量。各学校癿学历文凢各州相于认 可，澳大利亚癿学历资格被丐界各国广泌承认。 澳大利亚癿教育具有丐界一流癿水准。迌个人口前几 年才空破2000万癿国家，巫先后有六位科学家获得迆 诺贝尔奖。所有癿澳大利亚学校教育都是根据个体癿 需要、能力不共趣而讴，使得每个学生都得以发挥其 个人各斱面癿潜能，幵能迈用二各行各业。
© Synopsys 2012
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中学：澳大利亚大部分癿中学是综吅性癿甴女吅校制。 大学预科班诼程：澳大利亚癿大学预科诼程是为全海外留学生 讴计癿诼程，为他们所报读癿大学本科学习作准备，本地居民 是丌需要迍入预科班诼程癿。澳大利亚癿大学预科班是为了帮 劣那些巫经在自巪国家完成12年级癿高中教育，但是无泋直接 甲请迍入澳大利亚癿大学癿甲请者，通常为期一年。 澳大 利亚全国232所主要癿TAFE学院中有98所位二主要大城市及各 州首府，其余134所则分布二各郊区城镇呾乡村地区。 TAFE诼程包罗万有，包拪会计、秘乢、营销、企业管理、建筑 工程操作、艺术不人文、商业行政管理、烹饪、调酒、各种外 语、资讯科技、工程技术、医疗保健、申脑操作、网页制作、 园艺、揑花、朋装讴计、美容美发、汽车维修、酒店管理、急 救技巧、安全意识、油漆技巧、家具制作、陶瓷制作、报税知 识等。 TAFE也提供英语迍修诼程给海外留学生如英语强 化诼程English Language Intensive Course of Overseas Students (ELICOS）、学术英语诼程，同时迋有12年级呾大学 预科班诼程。
澳洲社会与文化PPT
Australian educational institutions provide a wide variety of programs including primary and secondary schools, certificate, diploma, foundation, university degree and English language.
In the second tire are the state governments and their legislatures, which complement the responsibilities of the national government. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire level.
D. Asia’s share of the export market of Australia’s manufactured goods grows steadily recently.
Australia’s import pattern
As a developed country, Australia’s import pattern is different from that of other developed countries. It imports little food and raw materials, but comparatively a lot of capital equipment. Two-fifths of its imports are from the United States and Japan. Britain’s share has declined from 40 percent in the late 1950s to about five percent today.
澳洲留学文科教育属于人文社科类的课程
澳洲留学文科教育属于人文社科类的课程文科教育，属于人文社科类的课程，不仅仅是为了职业需求而设置。
它会引导学生从人文、社会科学、语言、音乐、艺术等等方方面面提高自身素质和文学底蕴，提高学生的创造力、执行力、想象力等人文品质，所有这些东西，都会在以后的职业生涯和个人生活中获益匪浅。
教育:澳洲的教师职业的就业前景是非常客观的。
起薪高而且收入稳定。
一般教师的起薪大约在3.2万-5.5万澳币每年。
根据就业区域的不同起薪也有所区别。
而且每年的薪资都会根据教师的工作情况提升。
澳洲对教师的需求也在不断增长。
教师一直是澳洲紧缺的专业人才，尤其是技术、科学及数学老师有严重短缺的情况出现。
而且随着西方国家对汉语的热爱及重视，拥有中英语言能力的教师专业的学生具备了强大的市场竞争力。
特别是针对于想移民的国际留学生，幼儿园教师及中小学教师都是技术移民清单上60分的专业。
只要他们取得相关学历，毕业后即可在澳洲申请技术移民，且移民申请周期较短。
推荐院校：墨尔本大学，南澳大学，格里菲斯大学，昆士兰大学，拉筹伯大学社会工作：在国际上，在社会科学领域，社会工作早已成为一门独立的学科和专业，它同社会学、经济学、心理学、政治学等具有同等的学科地位，并已形成比较成熟和完备的社会工作专业教育体系。
作为社会福利非常好的发达国家之一，澳洲不但招收大量的社会工作本科生，而且设有社会工作硕士专业学位来培养实务导向的社会工作高层次人才。
该课程的优势：文科生可以选择的能够移民的专业之一;而且大部分的课程中包含实习，就业前景和起薪很好;课程的性价比比较高。
将来学生毕业后可工作于老人看护、家庭暴力调解、儿童和青少年福利、跨文化服务、健康看护、社区发展、法律和法庭服务、惩教服务、残疾人服务、社会计划和管理以及研究或私人领域的发展。
推荐院校：悉尼大学、墨尔本大学、莫纳什大学、南澳大学、昆士兰大学、格里菲斯大学法律：赴澳留学的学生中，以选择硕士课程的学生居多。
如何囊括中国法律的根基，采摘澳大利亚法律的精髓，成了赴澳学习法律的价值所在。
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《澳大利亚社会与文化》Oral presentation 和writing的要求
Oral presentation （10%）
1.每两三个同学自动组成一个小组根据教学计划挑选小组感兴趣的题目准备小
组课堂报告。
选一位小组长。
选好题目后到班长处登记。
准备Oral pre过程，一律阅读参考英文文献。
每人10分钟。
上课前提前到教室试机器和U盘。
2. 报告需要准备PPT。
每张PPT版面清楚，文字不要超过20字，要有图片，
表格，视频或音频等等来展示内容。
（2%）
3．Oral pre后将自己做的PPT和文字稿上传到教学网。
上传有困难，找班长。
（1%）
4．在做Oral pre前要与小组成员在教学网课程论坛中有讨论。
用中文即可。
（1%）5．在做Oral pre过程中，声音洪亮，发音清晰，语言流畅，中等语速。
不可以照本宣科，念自己的文字稿。
将准备好的内容提前背好。
不要准备文字内容太多。
（3%）
6． PPT最后一张为参考书目（References）。
(1%)
7. 准备Oral pre，要设计互动内容，比如测验题目，游戏，讨论，唱歌，辩论，
访谈等等。
其目的是活跃气氛。
（2%）
Writing （2 X 5 =10%）
一个阅读报告和一个影评报告
1．不少于300字。
2．议论文。
有清晰明确的结构。
3．提供注释和脚注。
参看教学网上的要求。
4．提供参考书目。
5．语法正确。
表达清楚。
文字流畅。
6．在规定的时间内提交。
不得延误。
7．禁止抄袭，否则按零分处理。