曼昆微观经济学习题
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案
第三章6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性：一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。
B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。
波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。
C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。
D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。
红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。
7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。
A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。
假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。
答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。
如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。
哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。
答：中国将出口衬衣。
对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。
对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。
因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。
衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。
曼昆微观经济学习题.doc
1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each ofthe following:a. a family deciding whether to buy a new carb. a member of Congress deciding how muchto spend on national parksc. a company president deciding whether toopen a new factoryd. a professor deciding how much to preparefor classe. a recent college graduate deciding whetherto go to graduate school2. You are trying to decide whether to take avacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare,hotel, and forgone wages) are measured indollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefitsto the costs?3. You were planning to spend Saturday workingat your part-time job, but a friend asks you togo skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing?Now suppose you had been planning to spendthe day studying at the library. What is the costof going skiing in this case? Explain.4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You havea choice between spending the money now orputting it away for a year in a bank accountthat pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunitycost of spending the $100 now?5. The company that you manage has invested$5 million in developing a new product, but thedevelopment is not quite finished. At a recentmeeting, your salespeople report that the introductionof competing products has reducedthe expected sales of your new product to$3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, shouldyou go ahead and do so? What is the most thatyou should pay to complete development?6. The Social Security system provides income forpeople over age 65. If a recipient of SocialSecurity decides to work and earn someincome, the amount he or she receives in SocialSecurity benefits is typically reduced.a. How does the provision of Social Securityaffect people’s incentive to save whileworking?b. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect people’sincentive to work past age 65?7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal government’s antipoverty programs limited many welfarerecipients to only two years of benefits.a. How does this change affect the incentivesfor working?b. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency?8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are,but you can clean more quickly than yourroommate can. If your roommate did all thecooking and you did all the cleaning, wouldyour chores take you more or less time than ifyou divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade canmake two countries both better off.9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern aboutequality or a concern about efficiency. In thecase of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involved.a. regulating cable TV pricesb. providing some poor people with vouchersthat can be used to buy foodc. prohibiting smoking in public placesd. breaking up Standard Oil (which onceowned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companiese. imposing higher personal income tax rateson people with higher incomesf. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency.a. “Everyone in society should be guaranteedthe best healthcare possible.”b. “When workers are laid off, they should beable to collect unemployment benefits untilthey find a new job.”11. In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parents or grandparentswhen they were your age? Why have thesechanges occurred?12. Suppose Americans decide to save more oftheir incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growthin productivity? Who do you suppose benefitsfrom the higher productivity? Is society gettinga free lunch?13. In 2010, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to providemore Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financedby taxes on higher-income households) andto reduce the cost of healthcare (via variousreforms in how healthcare is provided).a. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency?b. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States?c. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States?14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenueto fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expendituresis sometimes referred to as an “inflation tax.”Who do you think is being “taxed” when moremoney is printed? Why?15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation.To make an intelligent decision, what wouldyou need to know about inflation, unemployment,and the trade-off between them?16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can eitherpay for it by increasing citizens’ taxes or by printing more money. What are some of theshort-run and long-run consequences of eachoption?1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify theparts of the model that correspond to the flowof goods and services and the flow of dollarsfor each of the following activities.a. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk.b. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant.c. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut.d. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownershipof Acme Industrial.2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which we’ll call “guns”and “butter.”a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has abowed-out shape.b. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show a point that is feasiblebut inefficient.c. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want astrong military) and the Doves (who want asmaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawksmight choose and a point the Doves mightchoose.d. Imagine that an aggressive neighboringcountry reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reducetheir desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger“peace dividend,” measured by the increasein butter production? Explain.3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Usea production possibilities frontier to illustrate society’s trade-off between two “goods”—aclean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determinesthe shape and position of the frontier? Showwhat happens to the frontier if engineersdevelop a new way of producing electricitythat emits fewer pollutants.4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a dayand can produce two services: mowing lawnsand washing cars. In an hour, Larry can eithermow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can eithermow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curlycan either mow two lawns or wash one car.a. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances,which we label A, B, C, and D:• All three spend all their time mowinglawns. (A)• All three spend all their time washingcars. (B)• All three spend half their time on eachactivity. (C)• Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curlyonly mows lawns. (D)b. Graph the production possibilities frontierfor this economy. Using your answers topart (a), identify points A, B, C, and D onyour graph.c. Explain why the production possibilitiesfrontier has the shape it does.d. Are any of the allocations calculated in part(a) inefficient? Explain.5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics.a. a family’s decision about how much incometo saveb. the effect of government regulations on auto emissionsc. the impact of higher national saving on economic growthd. a firm’s decision about how many workersto hiree. the relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the quantity of money6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain.a. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.b. A reduction in the rate of money growth will reduce the rate of inflation.c. The Federal Reserve should reduce the rateof money growth.d. Society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs.e. Lower tax rates encourage more work andmore saving.7. If you were president, would you be more interested in your economic advisers’ positive views or their normative views? Why?1. Maria can read 20 pages of economics in an hour. She can also read 50 pages of sociology in an hour. She spends 5 hours per day studying.a. Draw Maria’s production possibilities frontier for reading economics and sociology.b. What is Maria’s opportunity cost of reading 100 pages of sociology?2. American and Japanese workers can each produce 4 cars a year. An American worker canproduce 10 tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things simple, assume that each country has 100 million workers.a. For this situation, construct a table analogous to the table in Figure 1.b. Graph the production possibilities frontier of the American and Japanese economies.c. For the United States, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? For Japan, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? Put this information in a table analogous to Table 1.d. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?e. Which country has a comparative advantagein producing cars? In producing grain?f. Without trade, half of each country’s workers produce cars and half produce grain. What quantities of cars and grain does each country produce?g. Starting from a position without trade, givean example in which trade makes each countrybetter off.3. Pat and Kris are roommates. They spend mostof their time studying (of course), but they leave some time for their favorite activities: making pizza and brewing root beer. Pat takes 4 hoursto brew a gallon of root beer and 2 hours tomake a pizza. Kris takes 6 hours to brew a gallonof root beer and 4 hours to make a pizza.a. What is each roommate’s opportunity costof making a pizza? Who has the absoluteadvantage in making pizza? Who has thecomparative advantage in making pizza?b. If Pat and Kris trade foods with each other,who will trade away pizza in exchange forroot beer?c. The price of pizza can be expressed in termsof gallons of root beer. What is the highestprice at which pizza can be traded thatwould make both roommates better off?What is the lowest price? Explain.4. Suppose that there are 10 million workers in Canada and that each of these workers can produce either 2 cars or 30 bushels of wheat in a year.a. What is the opportunity cost of producing acar in Canada? What is the opportunity costof producing a bushel of wheat in Canada?Explain the relationship between the opportunity costs of the two goods.b. Draw Canada’s production possibilities frontier. If Canada chooses to consume 10 millioncars, how much wheat can it consume withouttrade? Label this point on the production possibilities frontier.c. Now suppose that the United States offers tobuy 10 million cars from Canada in exchangefor 20 bushels of wheat per car. If Canadacontinues to consume 10 million cars, howmuch wheat does this deal allow Canada to consume? Label this point on your diagram.Should Canada accept the deal?5. England and Scotland both produce scones and sweaters. Suppose that an English worker can produce 50 scones per hour or 1 sweater perhour. Suppose that a Scottish worker can produce40 scones per hour or 2 sweaters per hour.a. Which country has the absolute advantage inthe production of each good? Which countryhas the comparative advantage?b. If England and Scotland decide to trade,which commodity will Scotland trade toEngland? Explain.c. If a Scottish worker could produce only 1sweater per hour, would Scotland still gainfrom trade? Would England still gain fromtrade? Explain.6. The following table describes the production possibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:Pairs of Red Socks Pairs of White Socksper Worker per Hour per Worker per HourBoston 3 3Chicago 2 1a. Without trade, what is the price of whitesocks (in terms of red socks) in Boston? Whatis the price in Chicago?b. Which city has an absolute advantage in theproduction of each color sock? Which city hasa comparative advantage in the production ofeach color sock?c. If the cities trade with each other, which colorsock will each export?d. What is the range of prices at which trade canoccur?7. Suppose that in a year an American workercan produce 100 shirts or 20 computers, whilea Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or10 computers.a. Graph the production possibilities curve forthe two countries. Suppose that without tradethe workers in each country spend half theirtime producing each good. Identify this pointin your graph.b. If these countries were open to trade, whichcountry would export shirts? Give a specificnumerical example and show it on yourgraph. Which country would benefit fromtrade? Explain.c. Explain at what price of computers (in termsof shirts) the two countries might trade.d. Suppose that China catches up withAmerican productivity so that a Chineseworker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers.What pattern of trade would youpredict now? How does this advancein Chinese productivity affect the economicwell-being of the citizens of the twocountries?8. An average worker in Brazil can produce anounce of soybeans in 20 minutes and an ounceof coffee in 60 minutes, while an average workerin Peru can produce an ounce of soybeans in50 minutes and an ounce of coffee in 75 minutes.a. Who has the absolute advantage in coffee?Explain.b. Who has the comparative advantage in coffee? Explain.c. If the two countries specialize and tradewith each other, who will import coffee?Explain.d. Assume that the two countries trade and thatthe country importing coffee trades 2 ouncesof soybeans for 1 ounce of coffee. Explain whyboth countries will benefit from this trade.9. Are the following statements true or false?Explain in each case.a. “Two countries can achieve gains from tradeeven if one of the countries has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.”b. “Certain very talented people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.”c. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it can’t be good for the other one.”d. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it is always good for the other one.”e. “If trade is good for a country, it must begood for everyone in the country.”10. The United States exports corn and aircraft to the rest of the world, and it imports oil and clothing from the rest of the world. Do you think this pattern of trade is consistent with the principle of comparative advantage? Why or why not?11. Bill and Hillary produce food and clothing. Inan hour, Bill can produce 1 unit of food or 1 unitof clothing, while Hillary can produce 2 unitsof food or 3 units of clothing. They each work10 hours a day.a. Who has an absolute advantage in producingfood? Who has an absolute advantage in producing clothing? Explain.b. Who has a comparative advantage in producing food? Who has a comparative advantagein producing clothing? Explain.c. Draw the production possibilities frontierfor the household (that is, Bill and Hillary together) assuming that each spends thesame number of hours each day as the otherproducing food and clothing.d. Hillary suggests, instead, that she specializein making clothing. That is, she will do all the clothing production for the family; however, ifall her time is devoted to clothing and they still want more, then Bill can help with clothing production. What does the household production possibilities frontier look like now?e. Bill suggests that Hillary specialize in producing food. That is, Hillary will do all the food production for the family; however, if all hertime is devoted to food and they still wantmore, then Bill can help with food production.What does the household production possibilities frontier look like under Bill’s proposal?f. Comparing your answers to parts c, d, and e,which allocation of time makes the mostsense? Relate your answer to the theory of comparative advantage.1. Explain each of the following statements using supply-and-demand diagrams.a. “When a cold snap hits Florida, the price of orange juice rises in supermarkets throughoutthe country.”b. “When the weather turns warm in NewEngland every summer, the price of hotelrooms in Caribbean resorts plummets.”c. “When a war breaks out in the Middle East,the price of gasoline rises, and the price of aused Cadillac falls.”2. “An increase in the demand for notebooksraisesthe quantity of notebooks demanded butnot the quantity supplied.” Is this statement true or false? Explain.3. Consider the market for minivans. For eachof the events listed here, identify which of the determinants of demand or supply are affected. Also indicate whether demand or supplyincreases or decreases. Then draw a diagramto show the effect on the price and quantity of minivans.a. People decide to have more children.b. A strike by steelworkers raises steel prices.c. Engineers develop new automated machineryfor the production of minivans.d. The price of sports utility vehicles rises.e. A stock-market crash lowers people’s wealth.4. Consider the markets for DVDs, TV screens,and tickets at movie theaters.a. For each pair, identify whether they are complementsor substitutes:• DVDs and TV screens• DVDs and movie tickets• TV screens and movie ticketsb. Suppose a technological advance reduces the cost of manufacturing TV screens. Draw adiagram to show what happens in the marketfor TV screens.c. Draw two more diagrams to show how thechange in the market for TV screens affectsthe markets for DVDs and movie tickets.5. Over the past 30 years, technological advances have reduced the cost of computer chips. Howdo you think this has affected the marketfor computers? For computer software? For typewriters?6. Using supply-and-demand diagrams, show the effect of the following events on the market for sweatshirts.a. A hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop.b. The price of leather jackets falls.c. All colleges require morning exercise inappropriate attire.d. New knitting machines are invented.7. A survey shows an increase in drug use byyoung people. In the ensuing debate, twohypotheses are proposed:• Reduced police efforts have increased the availability of drugs on the street.• Cutbacks in education efforts havedecreased awareness of the dangers of drug addiction.a Use supply-and-demand diagrams to showhow each of these hypotheses could lead toan increase in quantity of drugs consumed.b How could information on what has happenedto the price of drugs help us to distinguish between these explanations?8. Suppose that in the year 2015 the number ofbirths is temporarily high. How does this babyboom affect the price of babysitting services in 2020 and 2030? (Hint: 5-year-olds need babysitters, whereas 15-year-olds can be babysitters.)9. Ketchup is a complement (as well as a condiment) for hot dogs. If the price of hot dogs rises,what happens to the market for ketchup? For tomatoes? For tomato juice? For orange juice?10. The market for pizza has the following demand and supply schedules:Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$4 135 pizzas 26 pizzas5 104 536 81 817 68 988 53 1109 39 121a. Graph the demand and supply curves. Whatis the equilibrium price and quantity in this market?b. If the actual price in this market were abovethe equilibrium price, what would drive themarket toward the equilibrium?c. If the actual price in this market were belowthe equilibrium price, what would drive themarket toward the equilibrium?11. Consider the following events: Scientists revealthat consumption of oranges decreases the riskof diabetes, and at the same time, farmers usea new fertilizer that makes orange trees more productive. Illustrate and explain what effect these changes have on the equilibrium price and quantity of oranges.12. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements.a. We observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity ofbagels have risen. What could be responsiblefor this pattern—a fall in the price of flouror a fall in the price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.b. Suppose instead that the equilibriumprice of cream cheese has risen but theequilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen.What could be responsible for this pattern—a rise in the price of flour or a rise in theprice of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.13. Suppose that the price of basketball tickets at your college is determined by market forces. Currently, the demand and supply schedulesare as follows:Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$ 4 10,000 tickets 8,000 tickets8 8,000 8,00012 6,000 8,00016 4,000 8,00020 2,000 8,000a. Draw the demand and supply curves. Whatis unusual about this supply curve? Whymight this be true?b. What are the equilibrium price and quantityof tickets?c. Your college plans to increase total enrollment next year by 5,000 students. Theadditional students will have the following demand schedule:Price Quantity Demanded$ 4 4,000 tickets8 3,00012 2,00016 1,00020 0Now add the old demand schedule and thedemand schedule for the new students tocalculate the new demand schedule for theentire college. What will be the new equilibrium price and quantity?14. Market research has revealed the following information about the market for chocolate bars:The demand schedule can be represented bythe equation Q D = 1,600 – 300P, where Q D is the quantity demanded and P is the price. The supply schedule can be represented by the equationQ S = 1,400 + 700P, where Q S is the quantity supplied. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantityin the market for chocolate bars.1. For each of the following pairs of goods, which good would you expect to have more elasticdemand and why?a. required textbooks or mystery novelsb. Beethoven recordings or classical musicrecordings in generalc. subway rides during the next six months orsubway rides during the next five yearsd. root beer or water2. Suppose that business travelers and vacationers have the following demand for airline ticketsfrom New York to Boston:Quantity Demanded Quantity DemandedPrice (business travelers) (vacationers)$150 2,100 tickets 1,000 tickets200 2,000 800250 1,900 600300 1,800 400a. As the price of tickets rises from $200 to$250, what is the price elasticity of demandfor (i) business travelers and (ii) vacationers? (Use the midpoint method in yourcalculations.)b. Why might vacationers have a differentelasticity from business travelers?3. Suppose the price elasticity of demand forheating oil is 0.2 in the short run and 0.7 in the long run.a. if the price of heating oil rises from $1.80to $2.20 per gallon, what happens to thequantity of heating oil demanded in the shortrun? In the long run? (Use the midpointmethod in your calculations.)b. Why might this elasticity depend on the time horizon?4. A price change causes the quantity demandedof a good to decrease by 30 percent, whilethe total revenue of that good increases by15 percent. Is the demand curve elastic or inelastic? Explain.5. The equilibrium price of coffee mugs rose sharply last month, but the equilibrium quantity wasthe same as ever. Three people tried to explainthe situation. Which explanations could beright? Explain your logic.Billy: Demand increased, but supply wastotally inelastic.Marian: Supply increased, but so diddemand.Valerie: Supply decreased, but demand wastotally inelastic.6. Suppose that your demand schedule for DVDsis as follows:Quantity Demanded Quantity DemandedPrice (income = $10,000) (income = $12,000)$ 8 40 DVDs 50 DVDs10 32 4512 24 3014 16 2016 8 12a. Use the midpoint method to calculate yourprice elasticity of demand as the price ofDVDs increases from $8 to $10 if (i) yourincome is $10,000 and (ii) your income is$12,000.b. Calculate your income elasticity of demandas your income increases from $10,000 to$12,000 if (i) the price is $12 and (ii) the price is $16.7. You have the following information about goodX and good Y:• Income elasticity of demand for good X: –3• Cross-price elasticity of demand for good Xwith respect to the price of good Y: 2Would an increase in income and a decrease inthe price of good Y unambiguously decreasethe demand for good X? Why or why not?8. Maria has decided always to spend one-third of her income on clothing.a. What is her income elasticity of clothing demand?b. What is her price elasticity of clothing demand?c. If Maria’s tastes change and she decidesto spend only one-fourth of her incomeon clothing, how does her demand curvechange? What is her income elasticity andprice elasticity now?9. The New York Times reported (Feb. 17, 1996) that subway ridership declined after a fare increase: “There were nearly four million fewer ridersin December 1995, the first full month after the price of a token increased 25 cents to $1.50, than in the previous December, a 4.3 percent decline.”a. Use these data to estimate the price elasticity of demand for subway rides.b. According to your estimate, what happensto the Transit Authority’s revenue when thefare rises?c. Why might your estimate of the elasticity be unreliable?10. Two drivers—Tom and Jerry—each drive up toa gas station. Before looking at the price, each places an order. Tom says, “I’d like 10 gallonsof gas.” Jerry says, “I’d like $10 worth of gas.”What is each driver’s price elasticity of demand?11. Consider public policy aimed at smoking.a. Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. If a packof cigarettes currently costs $2 and thegovernmentwants to reduce smoking by20 percent, by how much should it increasethe price?b. If the government permanently increasesthe price of cigarettes, will the policy have a。
微观经济学练习题答案(曼昆)
微观经济学部分练习题参考答案第一单元：经济学概述、供求与局部均衡练习题一、单选题1。
说“资源是稀缺的”是指BA世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B。
相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的C。
资源必须保留给下一代 D.世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光2.经济物品是指DA。
有用的物品 B.稀缺的物品 C。
要用钱购买的物品 D。
有用且稀缺的物品3。
经济学可定义为CA。
政府对市场制度的干预 B。
企业取得利润的活动C.研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多用途 D。
人们靠收入生活4.从经济学的观点看,资源配置问题说明的是CA.人们的需要是多方面的且是无止境的 B。
资源的供给是有限的C。
一种资源有许多可供选择的用途，但有一种利用效果最佳 D.以上说法都对5.下列命题中那一个不是实证经济学命题 CA.昨日中国人民银行宣布把存款基准利率降低0。
25％ B。
2011年失业率超过8％C。
个人所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D。
个人所得税的起征点提高了6。
某人有10万元资金，可供选择的用途及各种用途能获得的收入是:开饭店获利3万元，炒股票获利3.5万元，进行期货投机获利4万元。
该人选择期货投机的机会成本为AA.13.5万元B.20。
5万元C.14万元D.13万元7.保持所有其他因素不变，某种商品的价格下降，将导致CA.需求增加 B。
需求减少 C。
需求量增加 D.需求量减少8。
在某种物品价格上升的百分比既定时,引起需求量减少最大的情况是CA.价格上升后时间长B.这种物品的支出在收入中占的比例大C。
很容易得到替代品 D。
以上全对9。
如果某种物品小幅度降价会引起需求量大幅度变动，那么，该物品BA。
需求缺乏弹性 B.需求富有弹性 C。
需求单位弹性 D.需求价格弹性接近于零10.一条垂直的需求曲线所表示的是DA。
单位弹性 B.无限弹性 C。
富有弹性 D.需求的价格弹性为零11.下面哪一种物品的需求价格弹性最大BA。
大米 B。
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第7篇）【圣才出品】
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第7篇）【圣才出品】第7篇深⼊研究的论题第21章消费者选择理论⼀、概念题1．预算约束线（budget constraint ）答：预算约束线⼜称消费可能线和价格线，指对消费者可以承受（在消费者收⼊和消费者希望购买的物品价格既定时）的消费组合的限制。
预算约束线表⽰消费者⽀付得起的消费组合。
假定以I 表⽰消费者的既定收⼊，以P 1和P 2分别表⽰商品1和商品2的价格，以X 1和X 2分别表⽰商品1和商品2的数量，那么，相应的预算等式为：P 1X 1＋P 2X 2＝I 。
上式表⽰：消费者的全部收⼊等于他购买商品1和商品2的总⽀出。
⽽且，可以⽤1I P 和2I P 来分别表⽰全部收⼊仅购买商品1或商品2的数量，它们分别表⽰预算约束线的横截距和纵截距。
此外，上式还可以改写成如下形式：12122P I X X P P =?+。
式中的预算约束线⽅程表明，预算约束线的斜率为12P P ?，纵截距为2I P 。
2．⽆差异曲线（indifference curve ）答：⽆差异曲线指带给消费者相同满⾜程度的消费组合的⼀条曲线。
它表⽰消费者在⼀定偏好、⼀定技术条件和⼀定资源条件下选择商品时，对不同组合商品的满⾜程度是没有区别的。
与⽆差异曲线相对应的效⽤函数为：U ＝f （X 1，X 2）。
其中，X 1、X 2分别为商品1和商品2的消费数量；U 是常数，表⽰某个效⽤⽔平。
由于⽆差异曲线表⽰的是序数效⽤，所以，这⾥的U 只需表⽰某⼀个效⽤⽔平，⽽不在乎其具体数值的⼤⼩。
有的西⽅经济学者称这种效⽤⽔平为效⽤指数。
⽆差异曲线可以表⽰为图21-1所⽰。
在⼀个坐标系内，⽆差异曲线有⽆数条，图21-2中显⽰的只是其中的三条。
图中的横轴表⽰商品1的数量X1，纵轴表⽰商品2的数量X2，I、I′、I″分别代表三条⽆差异曲线。
图中的每⼀条⽆差异曲线上的任何⼀点，如⽆差异曲线I″上的A、B、C、D、E 和F点所代表的商品组合给消费者带来的效⽤⽔平都是相等的。
曼昆《微观经济学原理》课后习题答案
第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。
如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。
5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。
通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。
因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。
在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。
因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。
从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。
7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。
答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。
曼昆经济学原理微观经济学分册第8版全部答案
1章答案一、单项选择题1经济学最好的定义是对（）的研究。
a．社会如何管理其稀缺资源b．如何以最盈利的方式经营企业c．如何预测通货膨胀、失业和股票价格d．政府如何可以制止不受约束的利己所带来的危害【答案】a【解析】社会拥有的资源是有限的，因此不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品与服务。
由于资源是稀缺的，社会资源的管理就尤为重要。
经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源，经济学家还研究人们如何相互影响，分析影响整个经济的力量和趋势。
2你去看一场电影的机会成本是（）。
a．门票的价格b．门票的价格加上你在电影院购买汽水和爆米花的费用c．去看电影所需要的所有现金支出加上你的时间的价值d．零，只要你享受了电影并认为你为它付出的时间和金钱是值得的【答案】c【解析】机会成本是为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
看电影的机会成本包括：①去看电影所需要的所有现金支出，即门票的价格、购买汽水和爆米花的费用；②看电影的时间价值，即当把时间用于看电影时，就不能把这段时间用于工作，为此而不得不放弃的工作收入。
3边际变动（）。
a．对公共政策并不重要b．是逐步地改变现有计划c．使结果无效率d．并不影响激励【答案】b【解析】经济学家用边际变动这个术语来描述对现有行动计划的微小增量改变。
边际指边缘，边际变动是围绕所做的事的边缘的调整，即逐步地改变现有行动计划。
理性人通常通过比较边际收益与边际成本来做决策。
4亚当·斯密的看不见的手是指（）。
a．企业家以牺牲消费者为代价而获利的不易察觉而隐蔽的方法b．自由市场达到合意结果的能力（尽管市场参与者是利己的）c．政府通过管制使消费者获益的能力（即使消费者没有意识到这种管制）d．生产者或消费者在不受管制的市场上把成本加到无关旁观者身上的方法【答案】b【解析】经济学家亚当·斯密在其著作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》中提出了全部经济学中最著名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合意的市场结果。
曼昆微观经济学习题
曼昆微观经济学习题1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following:a. a family deciding whether to buy a new carb. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parksc. a company president deciding whether to open a new factoryd. a professor deciding how much to prepare for classe. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured indollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs?3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, buta friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. Whatis the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain.4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now?5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development?6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced. a. How does the provision of Social Securityaffect people‘s incentive to save while working?b. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect people‘s incentive to work past age 65?7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal government‘s antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of benefits. a. How doesthis change affect the incentives for working?b. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency?8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all the cooking and you did all the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off.9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involved.a. regulating cable TV pricesb. providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy foodc. prohibiting smoking in public placesd. breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companiese. imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomesf. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency. a. �DEveryone in society should be guaranteed the best healthcare possible.‖b. �DWhen workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new job.‖11. In what ways is your standard of living differentfrom that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred?12. Suppose Americans decide to save more of their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growth in productivity? Who do you suppose benefits from the higher productivity? Is society getting a free lunch?13. In 2021, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to provide more Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financed by taxes on higher-income households) and to reduce the cost of healthcare (via various reforms in how healthcare is provided). a. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency?b. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States?c. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States?14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an �Dinflation tax.‖ Who do you think is being �Dtaxed‖ when more money is printed? Why?15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation. To make an intelligent decision, what would you need to know about inflation, unemployment, and the trade-off between them?16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can either pay for it by increasing citizens‘ taxes or byprinting more money. What are some of the short-run and long-run consequences of each option?1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities. a. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk.b. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant.c. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut.d. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownership of Acme Industrial.2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which we‘ll call �Dguns‖ and �Dbutter.‖a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has a bowed-out shape.b. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show apoint that is feasible but inefficient.c. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want a strong military) and the Doves (who want a smaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawks might choose and a point the Doves might choose.d. Imagine that an aggressive neighboring country reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reduce their desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger�Dpeace dividend,‖ measured by the increase in butter production? Explain.3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Use a production possibilities frontier to illustratesociety‘s trade-off between two �Dgoods‖―a clean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determines the shape and position of the frontier? Show what happens to the frontier if engineersdevelop a new way of producing electricity that emits fewer pollutants.4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a day and can produce two services: mowing lawns and washing cars.In an hour, Larry can either mow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can either mow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curly can either mow two lawns or wash one car.a. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances, which we label A, B, C, and D: ? All three spend all their time mowing lawns. (A)All three spend all their time washing cars. (B)All three spend half their time on each activity. (C)Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curly only mows lawns. (D)b. Graph the production possibilities frontier for this economy. Usingyour answers to part (a), identify points A, B, C, and D on your graph.c. Explain why the production possibilities frontier has the shape it does.d. Are any of the allocations calculated in part (a) inefficient? Explain.5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics. a. a family‘s decision about how much income to saveb. the effect of government regulations on auto emissionsc. the impact of higher national saving on economic growthd. a firm‘s decision about how many workers to hiree. the relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money 6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain.a. Society faces a short-run trade-off between感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
曼昆《经济学原理微观经济学分册》课后习题详解第1篇
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第1篇）第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、看法题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物件都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供应老是不足的，也就是资源的实用性与有限性。
人类花费各样物件的欲念是无穷的，知足这类欲念的物件，有的能够不付出任何代价而任意获得，称之为自由物件，如阳光和空气；但绝大部分物件是不可以自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包含物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这类有限的、为获取它一定付出某种代价的物件，称为“经济物件”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲念与需求的无穷性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们怎样进行决断，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各样商品，并把它们分派给不一样的社会成员进行花费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、怎样生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究怎样将稀缺的资源有效地配置给互相竞争的用途，以令人类的欲望获取最大限度知足的科学。
时下常常有诸国内报刊文件的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和钱币通论》于1936年发布以后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为花费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或公司，以及单个产品或生产因素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主风光对既定的资源拘束时怎样进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个公民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或许是效益与成本之比值，假如比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或许利润的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，假如想提升效率，一定降低成本或投入，提升利润或产出。
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案
第三章6．下表描述了Baseballia 国两个城市的生产可能性：一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量A ．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少？芝加哥11 双白袜子价格是多少? 答：没有贸易时，波士顿 1 双白袜子价格是 1 双红袜子，芝加哥 1 双白袜子价格是 2 双红袜子。
B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势？哪个城市有比较优势??答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。
波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。
C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子?答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。
D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少?答：白袜子的最高价格是 2 双红袜子，最低价格是 1 双红袜子。
红袜子的最高价格是 1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。
7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100 件衬衣或20 台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100 件衬衣或10 台电脑。
A ．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。
假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。
答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图 3 一4 所示。
如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣？举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。
哪一个国家将从贸易中获益？解释原因。
答：中国将出口衬衣。
对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是 5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。
对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。
因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。
曼昆微观经济学习题
曼昆微观经济学习题第六章、第七章练习题一、判断1．某厂商产量达到5万时的MR=65元，MC=55元，（其它条件一定）该厂商应继续扩大产量.2. 完全竞争厂商只能被动地接受既定的市场价格。
3. 完全竞争条件下，行业所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线。
4. 完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线上等于和高于停止营业点的部分。
5. 完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线和边际收益曲线与需求曲线是相同的。
6. 完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，定可获得大于零的经济利润。
7. 当一个完全竞争行业实现长期均衡时，每个企业都实现了正常利润，且经济利润都为零。
8. 在厂商短期均衡产量上，当AR＜SAC 且AR＞AVC时，厂商亏损，但应继续生产。
9. 在完全竞争市场上，SMC曲线和SAC 曲线的交点，被称为停止营业点。
10.垄断行业由于有规模经济可以比竞争行业产量更高，价格更低11.完全竞争市场与垄断竞争市场的差别是后者可以影响产品的价格.12.在完全竞争产品市场，厂商的短期反供给函数为P = SMC =f(Q)。
二、选择题1、在完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是（）A、P=ARB、P=MRC、P=MCD、P=AC2、在垄断竞争中（）A、为数很少的厂商，有差异的产品B、许多厂商，同质的产品；C、为数很少几个厂商，同质产品D、许多厂商，有差异的产品3、在一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于下述哪种成本，他将停止营业？（）A、平均可变成本 B、平均成本C、平均不变成本D、边际成本4、在短期，完全垄断厂商（）A、无盈亏B、取得最大利润C、发生亏损D、以上情况都可能出现5、下列描述中，不属于完全垄断厂商实行差别定价的条件是（）A、市场存在不完全性B、各个市场的需求弹性不同；C、市场未达到均衡状态D、市场必须能有效地分离开来。
6、寡头垄断厂商的产品是（）A、同质的B、有差异的C、既可以是同质的，也可以是有差异的D、以上都不对7、P=MC的最大利润原则（）A．适用于任何条件下的厂商。
曼昆微观经济学试题(卷)库
第一章经济学十大原理1.1人们如何做出决策【题型】：名词解释1、【试题正文】经济学【参考答案及评分标准】：研究社会如何管理其稀缺资源（2分）。
2、【试题正文】机会成本【参考答案及评分标准】：得到某种东西所放弃的东西（2分）。
【题型】：简答题3、【试题正文】空气是稀缺的吗?清新的空气是稀缺的吗?【参考答案及评分标准】：不,为了得到它，你不必放弃任何东西。
（３分）是的，在得到它(汽车排污设备等)而不放弃什么东西的情况下，你想要多少就可以有多少。
（2分）4、【试题正文】把你工资的一部分储蓄起来的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：你可以享受你为之支付了的东西(现期消费)。
（５分）5、【试题正文】水是生命所必需的。
钻石并不是。
增加一杯水的边际利益大于还是小于增加一克拉钻石的边际利益?为什么？【参考答案及评分标准】：一杯水的边际利益通常很低，因为我们所拥有的水是如此之多，以至于增加一杯水的价值很少（３分）。
钻石的情况正好相反。
（2分）6、【试题正文】你的汽车需要修理。
你已经为修理变速器花了500美元，但它仍然不能正常运行。
你“似乎”能以2000美元的价格出卖你的汽车。
如果你的汽车可以修理好，你可以卖2500美元。
再花300美元保证可以修好你的汽车。
你应该修理你的汽车吗?为什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：是的（１分），因为修理汽车的边际利益是2500美元一2000美元=500美元（2分），而边际成本是300美元（１分）。
原来修理付的钱是无关的（１分）。
7、【试题正文】为什么你认为气囊所减少的汽车车祸的死亡小于你所希望的?【参考答案及评分标准】：一次车祸的成本是低的。
这改变了激励，使人们开车更快，而且车祸更多。
（５分）8、【试题正文】如果我们更多地储蓄，并用储蓄构建更多的物质资本，生产率就会提高，而且，我们将提高未来的生活水平。
未来增长的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：我们必须放弃今天的消费。
（2分）【题型】：判断正误题9、【试题正文】当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及到权衡取舍。
曼昆《微观经济学》期末复习题
曼昆《微观经济学》复习题库第1章：经济学十大原理；第2章：像经济学家一样思考；第3章：相互依存性与贸易的好处；第4章供给与需求的市场力量；第5章弹性及其应用；第6章供给、需求与政府政策；第7章消费者、生产者与市场效率；第10章外部性；第11章公共物品与公有资源；第13章生产成本；第14章竞争市场上的企业；第15章垄断；第16章寡头；第17章垄断竞争；第18 生产要素市场；第19-20收入与贫困；第21章消费者选择理论此次考试试题题型如下：一、名词解释（5个名词，每个3分，共15分）二、选择题（15题，每题2分，共30分）三、判断题（15题，每题1分，共15分）四、简答题（4题，每题5分，共20分）五、作图和计算题（2题，每题10分，共20分）作图和计算题以书后作业题为主，主要集中在供给与需求，弹性、生产成本或完全竞争企业这几章。
其它的就从下面的题库里选取。
第一篇导言一、名词解释1、经济学2、稀缺性3、机会成本4、理性人5、市场经济6、市场失灵7、外部性8、生产可能性边界 9、微观经济学 10、宏观经济学 11、实证表述 12、规范表述13、绝对优势 14、比较优势二、判断题1、当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及到权衡取舍2、只有当一种行为的边际利益大于边际成本时，理性人才行动。
3、即使增加的汽车产量的成本大于所得到的价格，只要企业有利可图，汽车制造商就应该继续生产增加的汽车。
4、对一个学生来说，看一场篮球赛的机会成本应该包括门票的价格和可以用于用于学习的时间的价值。
5、当一架喷气式飞机从头上飞过时，噪音引起外部性6、李文更擅长打扫卫生，姜飞更擅长做饭。
如果姜飞专门做饭而李文专门打扫卫生，这将比他们平等地分摊家务所需要的时间少。
7、一个农民在小麦市场上更可能有市场势力。
8、美国工人有较高的生活水平是因为美国有较高的最低工资9、在短期中，降低通货膨胀往往会引起失业减少。
第一篇 导言 第1、2、3章(曼昆微观经济学习题集答案)
一.选择题1. 经济学可定义为( )。
A. 政府对市场制度的干预；B. 消费者如何获取收入；C. 研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多用途；D. 企业取得利润的活动。
2.“资源是稀缺的”是指( )。
A. 世界上大多数人生活在贫困中；B. 相对于资源的需求而言，资源总是不足的；C. 资源必须保留给下一代；D. 世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光。
3. 经济物品是指( )。
A. 有用的物品；B. 稀缺的物品；C. 用钱购买的物品；D. 有用且稀缺的物品。
4. 一国的生产可能性曲线上的点表示( )。
A. 通货膨胀；B. 失业或者资源没有被充分利用；C. 该国可利用的资源减少及技术水平降低；D. 社会使用既定的生产资源所能生产商品的最大组合。
5. 一国生产可能性曲线以内的点表示( )。
A. 通货膨胀；B. 该国资源未被充分利用；C. 该国可被利用的资源减少；D. 该国生产处于最适度的水平。
6. 下列各项中哪一项会导致一国生产可能性曲线向外移动？( )A. 失业；B. 通货膨胀；C. 有用性资源增加或技术进步；D. 消费品生产增加，资本物品生产下降。
7. 经济学研究的基本问题包括( )。
A. 生产什么，生产多少；B. 怎样生产；C. 为谁生产；D. 以上问题均包括。
8. 花10元钱理发的机会成本是( )。
A. 10元钱的其他最好的用途；B. 用来理发的时间的其他最好的用途；C. 给理发师10元钱的价值；D. 10元钱和用来理发的时间的其他最好的用途。
9. 微观经济学解决的问题是：( )A. 资源配置问题；B. 资源利用问题；C. 单个经济单位的经济行为；D. 价格理论。
10.微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别是( )。
A. 研究方法不同；B. 研究对象不同；C. 研究范围不同；D. 上述都是。
二.判断题1．如果社会不存在稀缺性，也就不会产生经济学。
( )2．稀缺性仅仅是市场经济中所存在的问题。
( )3．资源的稀缺性决定了资源可以得到充分利用，不会出现资源浪费的现象。
曼昆微观经济学复习题
………………………………………………………………………………………………………一、名词解释（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）1.供求定理2.消费者剩余3.公共物品4.边际产量递减规律5.价格歧视二、单选题（在以下每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项的字母填在题后的括号内，多选、不选、错选不得分；本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）1.经济学是研究（）A．社会如何管理其无限的资源。
B．社会如何管理其稀缺资源。
C．如何把我们的欲望减少到我们得到满足时为止。
D．如何避免进行权衡取舍。
2.一种物品供给减少将会引起( )A. 均衡价格和数量增加。
B．均衡价格和数量减少。
C．均衡价格上升，而均衡数量减少。
D．均衡价格下降，而均衡数量增加。
3.一般说来，需求曲线越平坦，越可能的情况是( )A．富有价格弹性。
B．缺乏价格弹性。
C．单位弹性。
D．以上各项都不对。
4.如果两种物品之间的交叉价格弹性是负的，那么，这两种物品很可能是( )A. 奢侈品。
B．必需品。
C．互补品。
D．替代品。
5. 对一种消费者必需的物品征收税收，很可能使税收负担( )A．更多地落在买者身上。
B．更多地落在卖者身上。
C．买者与卖者平等地分摊。
D．完全落在卖者身上。
6.负外部性导致资源配置（）A.市场最优量大于社会最优量。
B.市场最优量小于社会最优量。
C.市场最优量等于社会最优量。
D.市场主体得不到收益上的补偿。
7.共有资源容易产生的一个问题是（）A.过度使用。
B.成本太高。
C.政府不能提供。
D.利用不足。
8.经济学上所谈的成本，是指（）A.显性成本。
B.隐性成本。
C.显性成本与隐性成本。
D.企业的花费。
9.生产的有效规模是使以下哪一项最小的产量？（）A.平均总成本。
B.边际成本。
C.平均固定成本。
D.平均可变成本。
10．以下哪一项不是完全竞争市场的特征? （）A．市场上有许多买者与卖者。
B．用于销售的物品大多是相同的。
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题及详解（微观经济学前沿）【圣才出品】
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题及详解（微观经济学前沿）【圣才出品】第22章微观经济学前沿⼀、概念题1．道德风险（moral hazard）答：道德风险指⼀个没有受到完全监督的⼈从事不忠诚或不合意⾏为的倾向。
换句话说，道德风险是在双⽅信息⾮对称的情况下，⼈们享有⾃⼰⾏为的收益，⽽将成本转嫁给别⼈，从⽽造成他⼈损失的可能性。
道德风险的存在不仅使得处于信息劣势的⼀⽅受到损失，⽽且会破坏原有的市场均衡，导致资源配置的低效率。
在信息不对称的情况下，当代理⼈为委托⼈⼯作⽽其⼯作成果同时取决于代理⼈所做的主观努⼒和不由主观意志决定的各种客观因素，并且主观原因对委托⼈来说难以区别时，就会产⽣代理⼈隐瞒⾏动⽽导致对委托⼈利益损害的“道德风险”。
道德风险发⽣的⼀个典型领域是保险市场。
解决道德风险的主要⽅法是风险分担。
2．代理⼈（agent）答：代理⼈指⼀个为委托⼈完成某种⾏为的⼈。
这⾥的“⼈”，可以是⾃然⼈或法⼈。
在现实经济⽣活中，代理⼈的种类很多，如销售代理商、企业代理商、专利代理⼈、⼴告代理⼈、保险代理⼈、税务代理⼈等。
在现代微观经济学中，企业的管理者可以被看成是所有者的代理⼈。
随着分⼯和专业化的发展，交易和契约活动中的委托—代理关系成为现代经济中的重要问题。
在公司制度中，由于所有权和控制权、经营权的分离，导致了所有者和管理者之间潜在的利益⽭盾。
特别是在⼀些⼤型股份公司⾥，如果股权极其分散，对管理者的控制和影响就更弱了。
管理者是为了⾃⼰的利益最⼤化⽽⼯作，⽽不是为了股东利益最⼤化。
⽽委托—代理问题的重要之处在于，由于代理⼈的某些信息或某些⾏动是不可观察的，或者虽然可观察但不可确证，委托⼈难以通过⼀个直接的强制性契约来实现⾃⼰的利益最⼤化，⽽只能通过⼀个间接的激励⽅案，使代理⼈在追求⾃我利益的最⼤化实现的同时，也使委托⼈的利益尽可能地得到实现。
3．委托⼈（principal）答：委托⼈指让代理⼈完成某种⾏为的⼈。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》课后习题详解(第1篇)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》课后习题详解（第1篇）第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
曼昆-微观经济学-案例分析练习题
微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表：a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。
b．自行车的均衡价格是多少?c．自行车的均衡数量是多少?d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降？e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降?f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。
此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。
在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。
自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少?【参考答案】：a．b ．300美元。
c ．50辆自行车。
d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。
e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。
f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。
2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订户数就将从5万下降到4万。
a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少?b ．使用中点法的好处是什么?c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗?为什么该提价或不该提价? 【参考答案】：a ．(10000／45000)／(0.50美元/1.25美元)=0.56。
b ．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到1.5美元，还是从1.5美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。
c ．应该提价。
因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。
3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性?为什么?a ．电视；海滩的地产b ．下一周的原油；明年的原油c．凡·高的油画；凡·高同一张油画的印刷品【参考答案】：a．电视，因为电视价格上升可以引起电视生产增加，而海滩地产是固定的。
曼昆经济学练习题
曼昆经济学练习题一、微观经济学基础1. 需求与供给如果某种商品的价格上升，其需求量会如何变化？描述一下正常商品和低档商品的供给曲线特征。
假设某商品的市场需求曲线为Qd = 100 2P，市场供给曲线为Qs = 20 + 3P，求该商品的市场均衡价格和均衡数量。
2. 弹性理论解释需求价格弹性和需求收入弹性的概念。
如果一种商品的需求价格弹性为2，价格上升10%时，需求量如何变化？讨论为什么生活必需品的需求价格弹性通常较低。
3. 消费者行为简述边际效用递减规律。
假设某消费者的效用函数为U = X^0.5 Y^0.5，预算约束为M = 100，P_X = 10，P_Y = 20，求消费者的最优消费组合。
解释消费者剩余的概念及其意义。
二、市场结构与竞争策略1. 完全竞争市场简述完全竞争市场的特征。
在长期均衡状态下，完全竞争市场的企业为何无法获得超额利润？计算一个完全竞争企业的长期平均成本曲线。
2. 垄断市场描述垄断市场的特征。
假设一个垄断企业的成本函数为C = 100 + 10Q，市场需求曲线为P = 100 5Q，求该企业的最优产量和价格。
讨论垄断企业定价策略与完全竞争企业的区别。
3. 寡头垄断市场解释Cournot模型和Stackelberg模型的基本原理。
假设有两个寡头企业，市场需求曲线为P = 100 Q，企业的成本函数分别为C_1 = 20 + 2Q_1和C_2 = 30 + 3Q_2，求Cournot均衡下的产量和价格。
讨论价格领导模型在寡头垄断市场中的应用。
三、宏观经济政策与分析1. 国民收入决定理论简述凯恩斯消费理论的核心观点。
假设一个封闭经济体的消费函数为C = 100 + 0.8(Y T)，投资函数为I = 200 10r，政府购买为G = 200，税收为T = 100，求均衡的国民收入。
解释乘数效应及其在财政政策中的作用。
2. 通货膨胀与失业描述菲利普斯曲线的基本内容。
假设短期内菲利普斯曲线为π = π_e 0.5(u u_n)，其中π_e为预期通货膨胀率，u_n为自然失业率，求当预期通货膨胀率为5%时，实际通货膨胀率为8%时的失业率。
微观经济学曼昆案例分析练习题
微观经济学曼昆案例分析练习题IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表：a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。
b．自行车的均衡价格是多少?c．自行车的均衡数量是多少?d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺有多少单位过剩或短缺这将引起价格上升还是下降e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺有多少单位过剩或短缺这将引起价格上升还是下降f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。
此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。
在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。
自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少?【参考答案】：a．b ．300美元。
c ．50辆自行车。
d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。
e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。
f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。
2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订户数就将从5万下降到4万。
a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少?b ．使用中点法的好处是什么?c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗为什么该提价或不该提价【参考答案】：a ．(10000／45000)／美元/美元)=。
b．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到美元，还是从美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。
c．应该提价。
因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。
3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性为什么a．电视；海滩的地产b．下一周的原油；明年的原油c．凡·高的油画；凡·高同一张油画的印刷品【参考答案】：a．电视，因为电视价格上升可以引起电视生产增加，而海滩地产是固定的。
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第六章、第七章练习题
一、判断
1．某厂商产量达到5万时的MR=65元，MC=55元，（其它条件一定）该厂商应继续扩大产量.
2. 完全竞争厂商只能被动地接受既定的市场价格。
3. 完全竞争条件下，行业所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线。
4. 完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线上等于和高于停止营业点的部分。
5. 完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线和边际收益曲线与需求曲线是相同的。
6. 完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，定可获得大于零的经济利润。
7. 当一个完全竞争行业实现长期均衡时，每个企业都实现了正常利润，且经济利润都为零。
8. 在厂商短期均衡产量上，当AR＜SAC 且AR＞AVC时，厂商亏损，但应继续生产。
9. 在完全竞争市场上，SMC曲线和SAC 曲线的交点，被称为停止营业点。
10.垄断行业由于有规模经济可以比竞争行业产量更高，价格更低
11.完全竞争市场与垄断竞争市场的差别是后者可以影响产品的价格.
12.在完全竞争产品市场，厂商的短期反供给函数为P = SMC =f(Q)。
二、选择题
1、在完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是（）
A、P=AR
B、P=MR
C、P=MC
D、P=AC
2、在垄断竞争中（）
A、为数很少的厂商，有差异的产品
B、许多厂商，同质的产品；
C、为数很少几个厂商，同质产品
D、许多厂商，有差异的产品
3、在一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于下述哪种成本，他将停止营业？（）A、平均可变成本 B、平均成本
C、平均不变成本
D、边际成本
4、在短期，完全垄断厂商（）
A、无盈亏
B、取得最大利润
C、发生亏损
D、以上情况都可能出现
5、下列描述中，不属于完全垄断厂商实行差别定价的条件是（）
A、市场存在不完全性
B、各个市场的需求弹性不同；
C、市场未达到均衡状态
D、市场必须能有效地分离开来。
6、寡头垄断厂商的产品是（）
A、同质的
B、有差异的
C、既可以是同质的，也可以是有差异的
D、以上都不对
7、P=MC的最大利润原则（）
A．适用于任何条件下的厂商。
B、仅适用于完全竞争条件下的厂商。
C．仅适用于非完全竞争的厂商。
D．所有的市场结构都不能适用。
8、在完全竞争市场上（）
A、产品不同质
B、要素不能自由流动
C、信息不畅通
D、价格既定
9、在完全竞争市场的收支相抵点上（）
A、P=SAC
B、 P=LAC
C、P=AVC
D、MR=AVC
10、如果某厂商的平均收益曲线从水平线变为向右下方倾斜的曲线，说明（）。
A、既有厂商进入也有厂商退出该行业 B、完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代 C、新的厂商进入了该行业 D、原有的厂商退出了该行业11、对一个垄断竞争企业来说，平均收益曲线（）。
A、和企业的需求曲线一样，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。
B、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。
C、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线与企业的需求曲线相同。
D、和边际收益曲线一样都与企业的需求曲线相同。
12、以下都是完全竞争的特征，其中哪一种不是垄断竞争的特征（）。
A、有许多企业
B、企业生产无差别产品
C、企业以利润最大化为目标
D、市场可自由进出
13、完全垄断厂商长期均衡的条件是（）。
A．MR=MC B. MR=SMC=LMC
C. MR=SMC=LMC=SAC
D. MR=SMC=LMC=LAC
14、根据完全竞争市场的条件，以下哪些行业最接近完全竞争行业
A 家电行业
B 汽车行
C 蔬菜行业
D 玉米行业
15. 完全竞争厂商达到短期均衡时
A P＞SAC
B P=SAC
C P＜SAC
D 以上都有可能
16 作为市场价格接受者的厂商是
A 完全竞争厂商
B 完全垄断厂商
C 垄断竞争厂商
D 寡头垄断厂商17．完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线应该是
A SMC曲线上超过停止营业点的部分
B SMC曲线上超过收支相抵点的部分
C SMC曲线上的停止营业点和超过停止营业点以上的部分
D SMC曲线上的收支相抵点和超过收支相抵点以上的部分
18 完全竞争行业内某一厂商在目前的产量水平上MC=AC=AR=2元，则该厂商
A 肯定没有获得最大利润
B 肯定只获取正常利润
C 肯定获得了最少利润
D 获取利润的情况不能确定
19. 假如一个完全竞争厂商的收益不能弥补可变成本，为了减少损失，它应该（）
A、减少生产；
B、增加生产；
C、提高价格；
D、停止生产
20．在完全竞争的条件下，市场价格处于厂商的平均成本的最低点，则厂商将（）Ａ.获得最大利润
Ｂ.不能获得最大利润
Ｃ.亏损
Ｄ.获得正常利润Ｅ.无法确定厂商的利润状况
三、计算题
1．已知完全竞争厂商的长期成本函数为
Q
Q
Q
LTC40
122
3+
-
=，计算当市场价格P=100时，厂商实现最大利润的产量、利润为多少？平均成本是多少？
2．完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为
40
Q
30
Q
6
Q
STC2
3+
+
-
=，成本以元计算，假设产品价格为66元。
（1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额；（2）如果价格降为30元，厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少？
（3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业？3．设垄断厂商的产品的成本函数
2
3
6.02+
+
=Q
Q
TC求：反需求函数为
Q
P4.0
8-
=，
（1）Q为多少时总利润最大，价格、总收益及总利润各为多少。
（2）Q为多少时使总收益最大，与此相应的价格、总收益及总利润各为多少。
（3）比较（1）和（2）的结果，结论是？
四、作图分析题
1. 结合图形分析完全竞争市场下厂商获
得超额利润时的短期均衡。
2. 结合图形分析在完全竞争下，为什么企
业会在一定亏损时仍要进行生产。
3. 为什么完全竞争的企业不能收取高于
市场价格或低于市场价格的价格？4. 结合长期均衡图来分析：与完全垄断市
场相比较，完全竞争市场是有效率的市
场。
5. 根据完全竞争厂商短期均衡的分析说
明完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线。