英汉翻译 Process of Translation
英汉翻译教程
Questions
• what is the nature of translation? • what are the criteria of translation? • what is a good translation?
Nature and Scope of Translation
Definition定义举例:
Scopes of translation
1. According to languages
1) Intralingual translation (语内翻译): The translation among the language varieties within a language. For example, translation from ancient Chinese prose to modern Chinese.
• 我国最流行的说法:“翻译是运用一种语言把另一 种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出 来的语言活动”。 • 美国翻译理论家E.A.Nida:“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译,是指从语义到语体(风格)在译语中 用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”
We do chicken right!-----我们是烹鸡家!
• • • •
Questions: What did you do just now? What is translation in your opinion? How do you judge the translaБайду номын сангаасion is good or not?
翻译的过程
翻译的过程The Process of Translation翻译的步骤Warming-up Exercises1. They gave the boy the lie.2. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draught.3. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.4. I shall not expect you until I see you.参考译文1. 他们指责男孩说谎。
(他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。
)2. 火是无孔不入的,可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。
3. 循声而去,便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。
4. 你随便什么时候来吧。
翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中,理解是表达的前提,但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程,不能截然分开。
译者在理解原文的同时,也在选择表达方式;在表达的同时,又会进一步加深理解。
Three steps of translation翻译的三个步骤1.理解理解是翻译过程的第一阶段。
它既包括对语言现象、文化现象的理解,又包括逻辑关系的理解,对有可能发生歧义的语句要善于分析,进而做出正确判断。
例1:He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. ( overrule: rule against)译文1:他允许法官驳倒父亲,宣布他自己的儿子有罪。
译文2:法官的责任感战胜了父子私情,他还是宣判(自己的)儿子有罪。
例2:If we try to implement these harebrained ideas (that English should be replaced by Hindi and the 15 recognized state languages), India will become a Tower of Babel. (harebrained: very foolish)译文1:如果我们试图实施这些轻率而愚蠢的主张,以印度语和其他15种官方承认的各邦语言取代英语的话,印度就会成为一座通天巴别塔。
第二章翻译的过程TheProcessofTranslation
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解:1语义方面:1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择:light music轻音乐,light loss小损失,light car轻型汽车,light heart不专一的心,light step轻快的脚步,light manners轻浮的举止,light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。
浙江大学张利 英汉翻译_讲稿_1002
Yan Fu’s Criteria
Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive and elegant. For a translation to be faithful to the original is difficult enough, and yet if it is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should also be required…
Principle of translation
Yan Fu
Fu’s Criteria
Lei’s and Qian Zhongshu’s Criteria
F. Tytler‘ Criteria
Alexander
11
Yan Fu’s Criteria
Yan Fu was the first Chinese who made a penetrating(敏锐的) and relatively systematic(系统的) study of translation standard in modern times. Writing in 1898 in the preface(前言) of his own translation of Thomas Henry‟s Evolution and Ethics(《天演论》), Yan laid down the following criteria( 标准):
3
1. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, cross- cultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 2. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单 地说,它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确 地复述出来的一种艺术。
张平英汉翻译
A Conclusion of the Course in English -Chinese TranslationWe have learned the course in English -Chinese translation for three months so that we can deliver a definition in our own words. As my understanding, translation means translate the source language into target language and has all the ease of the original composition.Translation is a difficult and creative practical activity, which comes from the reality of society, culture and language and gives serve to improve their development. The process of translation not only involve two languages, but also involve two social culture. Meanwhile, translation belong to a comprehensive subject, which has a close relationship with linguistics, rhetoric, notation, psychology, anthropology. In word, translation is a creative activity, which consists theory, skills and arts.1, the principle and standard of translationIt is significant for translation to confirm the principle of translation. There are three principles came up with by Alexander Fraser Tytler. First, a translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. Second, the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. Third, the translation should have all the ease of the original composition. What i have mentioned forced me to point other important standards. In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu established a three character standard in translation: faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance, which has a profound influence in translation circles. Last but not least, Luxun also has a momentous standard about translation. One is “Xin”. The standard of “Xin”requires the translation text to be faithful to the meaning of the original text and text translated has no obvious characteristics of rewriting, omitting and twisting. The other one is “Shun”. The standard of “Shun” requires the translation text to be smooth to the meaning of the original text and no obscure words. For example:1. Jane dose not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译:因为简想赚钱,所以才不下力。
英语翻译的步骤The Procedures for Translation
4. Her bright red hat killed the quiet colour of her dress. 5.That killed him around here. 6. He is killing me. 7. The troops of the two countries are kept at arm‟s length. 8.If I want you I‟ll ask for you.
理解之后--表达
How to give an exact representation after you have acquired accurate comprehension: 表达是理解的继续和升华,表达的好坏与理解 的深度,译文语言的熟练程度,翻译技巧的掌 握程度有关.
2. 2. 1 关键词的表达
The question before the house is one of awful moments to our country. 摆在全体代表面前的是关系到我国危急存亡的 重大问题。 The boys have their respective future dreams. 那几个少年对未来各有梦想。 The nursing of the sick ,said Nightingale, is a vocation as well as a profession. 南丁格尔说:看护患者不仅是一种职业,更是 天职。
准确理解是确切表达的前提,理解的诸多 方面如图所示。词义的选择
固定搭配、成语、短语、惯用词组 理解 歧义 矛盾修辞 逻辑关系 夸张 重复 平行结构 正确理解语言现象, 不仅要了解句子的字面意义,还要 了解句子的内涵意义。必须上下有联系地、全面地理解原 文的词汇含义、语法关系和逻辑修辞。不能孤立地看待一 句一词,因为同一个词或一个词组,在不同的上下文和不 同的语法结构中,往往有不同的含义。有时不同词义的词 却被认为是同义词,而同一词在不同的上下文中又产生了 不同的含义。 篇章 段落 词句
英汉翻译技巧(12.09学生版)
英汉翻译技巧(12.09学生版)英汉翻译技巧第一部分英译汉CHAPTER ONE THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF TRANSLATIONTHE V ARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION1)ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER (1747-1814)I WOULD THEREFORE DESCRIBE A GOOD TRANSLATION TO BE: THAT, IN WHICH THE MERIT OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS SO COMPLETELY TRANSFUSED INTO ANOTHER LANGUAGE, AS TO BE DISTINCTLY APPREHENDED, AND AS STRONGLY FELT, BY A NATIVE OF THE COUNTRY TO WHICH THAT LANGUAGE BELONGS, AS IT IS BY THOSE WHO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处如此完备地移注入另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
THE THREE GENERAL RULES FOR TRANSLATION:FIRST GENERAL RULE: A TRANSLATION SHOULD GIVE A COMPLETE TRANSCRIPT OF THE IDEAS OF THE ORIGINAL WORK.译文完全复写出原作的思想。
SECOND GENERAL RULE: THE STYLE AND MANNER OF WRITING IN A TRANSLATION SHOULD BE OF THE SAME CHARACTER WITH THAT OF THE ORIGINAL.译文的风格与笔调应与原作具有相同的特性。
英汉翻译(一)--翻译概论
翻译的形式
It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation—a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language, so that points of special phrasing , local (e.g. regional) expectations, and so on, can all be taken into account.
Etymologically, “translate” is derived from the Latin word translatus, “ carried over.” Translatus is the past participle of transferre. If divided into trans and ferre, we can see the proximity of the word to dia and peherein. The Latin term ferre means “to carry” or “ to transport” as in carrying a shield, and was often used to mean to bear or convey with the notion of motion (Homer), as in ships borne by the forces of wind. If also meant to endure, to suffer, as in to bear a mental burden… (Gentzler, 2001:166)
英汉翻译智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年湖北工程学院
第一章测试1.Translation is defined in China like in the west.()A:错B:对答案:A2.Literal translation is word-for –word translation. ()A:对B:错答案:B3.The Chinese equivalent of “spiritual conformity” is “神似”. ()A:对B:错答案:A4.Interlingual translation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of someother language. ()A:错B:对答案:B5.Translation in China has a long history of some years. ()A:8000B:2000答案:B6.Yan Fu’s “3-Character Guide” refers to faithfulness, ____and elega nce. ()A:expressivenessB:smoothness答案:A7.The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are .()A:Faithfulness and smoothnessB:faithfulness and expressiveness答案:A8.他总算把记者招待会对付过去了。
()A:After all, he dealt with the press conference.B:After all, he survived the press conference.答案:B9.He read the words of the poem. ()A:他朗读起这首诗来。
B:他朗读起这首诗中的词来。
英汉互译课后复习资料 L1
1 Definition of Translation (P1)In a broad sense:interlingual translation 语际翻译the process of transferring information from one language into anotherlanguage.(不同种语言之间的转换)intralingual translation 语内翻译the process of transferring information between different varieties withina language(同种语言的不同变体之间的转换)varieties指语言的不同变体:比如历史变体(historical variety)、社会变体(social variety)、地域变体(regional variety)等intersemiotic translation 符际翻译the process of transferring information between linguistic symbols andnon-linguistic symbols(语言和非语言符号之间的转换)In a narrow sense:translation just refers to interlingual translation2 History of Translation2.1 History of Translation Research in China (P1-3)in the Xia Dynasty,material and spiritual exchanges based on translation began to emerge and developthe Zhou & Qin Dynasty,borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation.the Eastern Han Dynasty,translation began to serve as an independent course or profession2.1.1 The First Climax(the Eastern Han Dynasty –the Northern Song or Earlier Song Dynasty ): Translation of the Buddhist Scriptures2.2.2 The Second Climax(the late Ming Dynasty –the Opium War): Translation of Bible, Science & Technology, Philosophy, Literature, etc.2.2.3 The Third Climax (the May 4th Movement –the foundation of the People’s Republic of China): Translation of Western Politics, Economy, trends of thought, Culture, etc.the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc2.2.4 The Fourth Climax (the foundation of the People’s Republic of China – the present): Translation of Overall Development and Rapid Progress2.2 History of Translation Research in the West (P3-6)2.2.1 Translation in the Ancient TimesThe First Climax (In the middle of the 3rd Century BC)The Second Climax (the 4th Century, AD - the 6th Century, AD)2.2.2 Translation in the Medieval TimesThe Third Climax (the 11th Century, AD - the 12th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the RenaissanceThe Fourth Climax (the 14th Century, AD - the 16th Century, AD)The Fifth Climax (the late 17th Century, AD - the early 20th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the Modern TimesThe Sixth Climax (the Second World War – the present):3 Criteria of Translation3.1 Criteria of Translation in China (6-7)3.1.1 Controversy between “Form” and “Content”3.1.2 Focus on Accuracy as well as Easiness3.1.3 Faithfulness, fluency and Elegance3.1.4 Pursuit of Easiness and Consistency in Style3.2 Criteria of Translation in the West (7-9)3.2.1 Brief Introduction of the Western Theories●P7: Marcus Tullius Cicero (马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗) (106 BC –43BC), a famouspolitician, speechmaker (演说家), rhetorician (雄辩家), legist (雄辩家) and philosopher (哲学家) during the period of ancient Rome, proposed the theory of “Literal Translation (直译) VS Free Translation (意译)”.●P8: Irish scholar Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒) proposed three elements in Essay onthe Principles of Translation:⏹The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译文应与原文的思想完全相符)⏹The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of theoriginal. (译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同)⏹The translation should have all the ease of original composition. (译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然)●P8: Eugene Nida (尤金·奈达), a major founder of the modern translation theories aswell as an excellent representative of translation practice, proposed “functional equivalence” (功能对等) based on “dynamic equivalence” (灵活对等) .One way of defining a D-E translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message. This type of definition contains three essential terms 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language, 2) natural, which points toward the receptor language, and 3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.”He animadverted on the traditional translation criteria focusing on the objective passage, and boldly raised a criterion that emphasizes on rea ders’ mental reaction ---- if the translated version can lead to the same mental reaction among its readers as that of the original readers’, then such translation is a success.3.2.2 Main Themes of the Western Translation (P9)●Theme One: Translation based on Literature and Art●Theme Two: Translation based on Linguistic Theories (Structural Linguistics 结构语言学)3.3 Translation Criteria for English Teaching (P9-10)●Accuracy●Fluency●Style Consistency4 Approaches of Translation (P10)●Literal Translation VS Free Translation●Form VS Content●Functional Equivalence VS Formal Correspondence●Source Language Oriented VS Target Language Oriented●Author Centered VS Reader Centered●The Purpose of the Writer VS The Purpose of the Translator⏹Exercise 1 (P30)1.There are many different understandings about translation. In a broad sense, translationincludes , and .2.refers to the process of transferring information from onelanguage into another language.3.refers to the process of transferring information betweendifferent varieties within a language.4.refers to the process of transferring information betweenlinguistic symbols and non-linguistic symbols.5.In a narrow sense, translation just refers to .6.In terms of translation, the western society has undergone the following fourstages: , , and .1. interlingual translation, intralingual translation, intersemiotic translation2. interlingual translation3. intralingual translation4. intersemiotic translation5. interlingual translation6. the Ancient Times, the Medieval Times, the Renaissance, the Modern Times⏹Exercise 2 (P30-31)⏹According to some historical literature, material and spiritual exchanges based ontranslation began to emerge and develop in .During , borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation. It is universally acknowledged that translation didn’t serve as an independent course or profession until .⏹A) the Xia Dynasty B) the Shang Dynasty⏹C) the Zhou & Qin Dynasty D) the Eastern Han DynastyACD⏹Generally speaking, there are four climaxes in the Chinese history of translation. The firstclimax refers to from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. The second climax refers to from the late Ming Dynasty to the First and Second Opium Wars. The third climax refers tofrom the May 4th Movement to the foundation of People’s Republic of China. The fourth climax refers to from the establishment of China till now.⏹A) the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc.⏹B) the translation of the Buddhist Scriptures⏹C) the overall development and thriving advance of translation⏹D) the translation of Bible, science and technology, philosophy, literature, etc.B, D, A, C⏹Translation criterion is the focus of all translation theories. The translation criterionof , proposed by Yan Fu (严复), the greatest translator in the modern history of China, has captured a unique and significant position in both theory studies and practices. This translation criterion can be translated into “fidelity”, “expressiveness” and “elegance” in English.⏹A) 忠、通、雅B) 信、达、美⏹C) 信、达、雅D) 忠、顺、美C。
2.翻译过程解析
我们上车时,我看见司机和卖票员正冲车站酒 吧里出来。 改译:我们上车时,我看见司机兼列车长正冲车 站酒吧里出来。
1) 句子的理解
句子是表达一个完整思想的、具有一定语法特征 的最基本的语言单位。翻译是不能只看半句话或开头 几个词就动笔去译,要读完整个一句话,搞清句子结 构,分析句子成分,句子传达的是什么意思,肯定什 么,否定什么,提出什么问题,表达什么愿望或情感, 是否隐含什么,是否话中有话;还要看语言环境,根
注: George Steiner (乔治· 斯坦纳) , 英国剑桥大学教授, 英国翻译理论家,语言学家 。 代表作:《通天塔之后:语言与翻译面面观》 (After Babel: Aspects of Language And Translation)
3. 中国传统方法:理解、表达、审校
Comprehension, Expression & Check(revision)
今年10月19日,正好也是星期五。那是个秋日的下 午,日色朦胧,埃德加• 斯诺骨灰的一部分运回到了 北京大学校园并永远地安放在这里;他年轻时曾在这 里的新闻系任教,当时叫“燕京大学”。
II、表达(Expression)/Restructuring
所谓表达则是把自己所理解的内容,忠实而通顺地传达给
据一定的背景知识等。
对词语意义、语法结构、逻辑关系、上下文关系、 文化背景和专业知识等方面的理解。
(1)词语意义
词语意义应根据原句的主题内容、词汇的词性、搭配 关系以及词义的引申或褒贬等来确定。
Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it. 他们发现了一个无名小岛后,便住了下来,在那里过冬。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
新编英汉翻译教程
4. The Criteria of Translation
语际的意义转换不能是任意的,它必须遵循一定 的规范,才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻 译的标准,就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。 刘宓庆: 1990 《现代翻译理论》
4.1 Tytler’s Translation Principles:
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
对该定义我们可以作如下理解: A, 再现原文信息,而不是保留原文的结构形式; B, 原文与译文之间是对等,而非同一关系; C, 对等是贴切,自然的; D, 意义是优先考虑的因素; E, 文体成分也很重要。 Equivalence : Formal Equivalence: 偏重于原语的表达形式 Dynamic Equivalence: 最贴近原语信息的自然对等。 Functional Equivalence: 译文的功能于原文的功能基本 一致。
1.
What is translation? (The Definition of Translation)
The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成 本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
文学翻译unit 1《概论》
Literary Translation陈水平helen.csp@Lecture One1.Definition of TranslationBy translation here I specrifically mean translating, the process of translation, in which something is translated, instead of the work translated.翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。
(吴献书,1949)翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
(张培基,1980)翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
(刘宓庆,1990)翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
(王克非,1997)翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。
(萧立明,2001)A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is socompletely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
(泰特勒,1790)翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。
【最新】英汉翻译教程
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Ex. Improve the following translation
• 2. She is a valuable acquisition of the company.
• 原译:她是这家公司有价值的收获。
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eg. “You have left the door open.” has different utterance meaning:
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“You have left the door open.”
• 原译文:因为,毕竟所有活着的生物, 不论是植物还是动物,死的还是活的都 靠吃某种别的东西生存。
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❖ 4. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive.
Job: for some people, it is a job
Subject: to learn translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science.
Translation is also a good way to develop
The translation of Buddhist scripture from East Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.
The translation of science and technology works from late Ming Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty.
英汉翻译技巧week 3
• C. Expression: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese; • D. Revision: (proofread) check again and again to polish the language.
• • • •
He is employed in watering the garden. 他被雇来浇花。 他忙于浇花。 He is not a majestic personal figure like Roosevelt, and he doesn’t inspire fear like Jonson. • 和罗斯福一样,他不是一个代表威严的人物,和约翰 逊一样他也不会让人望而生畏。 • 他并不像罗斯福是一个代表威严的人物,也不像约翰 逊那样让人望而生畏。
• 例5.The bear rounded and faced the hunters. • 那熊转过身来对着猎人们。 • When you pronounce the vowel [u:], round your lips. • 发元音[u:]时,要双唇收圆。
★ To determine the meaning of words
according to the fields of the study
• Power can be transmitted over a long distance. • 电力可以输送到很远的地方。 • Energy is the power to do work. • 能是做工的能力。 • Friction causes a loss of power in every machine. • 摩擦能引起每台机器的功率损耗。
words according to parts of speech
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③Function: Determining meaning of
words [Each word when used in a new context is a new word.( Firth)] Ex. It’s a difficult operation.
1.2.2Significance of contextual analysis for translation
参考译文
6.There are storms with thunder, lightning and hail. 暴雨来了,还夹着雷鸣、电闪和冰雹。
7.The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers. 雪在不停的下着,鹅毛似的雪片随风飘舞。
①Definition: Context is the situation in which language occurs. ②Classification: Linguistic context (word, sentence, paragraph, passage, book); Non-linguistic context (actual speech situation, whole cultural background) .
1.1 Linguistic analysis
FUNCTION / \
OBJECTS EVENTS
/
PERSONS
\
THINGS/ACTIONS\STATES
(人称)
(物称)
(行为) (状态) (时间点) (完成)
1.1.1Determining the meaning of phrases in a cognitivefunctional perspective
1.1.2Making clear the grammatical structure in a cog-func respective
1. A slop of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over. 失足,可以弥补;失言,却无法挽回 2. Great lorries with a double deck cargo of cars for export lumber past the university church. a.双层都装有出口汽车的巨型卡车隆隆驶过大学教 堂. b.装着出口双层货箱的巨型卡车隆隆驶过大学教堂. The tanker began to spill its cargo of oil. 油轮开始漏油。
15. Every living person has problems. 人活着,都有困处。 16.She made her way through the crowd. 他从人群中挤了过去。
17.He smiled his way into the meeting. 他笑着走进会场。
18.The boy sneezed the napkin off the table 小孩一个喷嚏把餐巾纸吹到桌下。
7. Sedentary habit often interferes with health. 久坐不动的习惯,往往有害于身体健康。 8.The accumulation of new data during the past decade has brought about a refinement of some earlier views and concepts. 最近十年来,由于不断地积累资料,才使以 前的观点和概念得以完善。
Practice
1.Telemetry ground system of space flight has become highly refined as a result of several years of space shuttle instrumentation. 2.For many years stainless steel has been used only for making small things and its use had been limited, largely because of its tendency to corrode at welds. 3.For these reasons many airline companies are questioning whether the new jets can be operated profitably.
9.Misfortunes test the sincerity of friends. 不经灾难,不知友情。
10. Next to acquiring good friends, the best acquisitions are good books. 最好的收获是好书,其次是好友。
11.His slip of the tongue cost him a friend. 他说漏了嘴,失去了一个朋友。
① Helping the translator to determine
the meaning of the original 1. Robin Hood and his merry men hate the rich and help the poor. 罗宾汉和他的伙伴们憎恨富人,帮助穷人。
He hate anyone parking in his space. She would have hated him to see her hands shook. I hate to think what would have happened if you hadn’t been there. 2. He was regarded by all the good wives far and near as a hero . 远近的家庭主妇们把他看作英雄。 3. Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 语法可能是他的致命弱点。
Translating means translating meaning. Translating is a cognitive process. 1. He was up to his neck in debt. 他负债累累。 2. That’s all Greek to me 我对此一窍不通。
Chapter 2 Process of Translation
1. Understanding 2. Expression
3. Checking
1. Understanding
Understanding is the starting point of translation as well as the most important stage of translation. At this stage, the translator is required to understand accurately the meaning of the original. Three types of analysis are vital for correct understanding.
② Helping the translator to determine the emotional color of the original 1.Tom is ambitious to finish the college course in three years. 2. Hitler is ambitious to conquer the world. 3.They incited him to go into further investigation. 4.The second industrial Revolution of the late 1800 and early 1900s saw the U.S. suplant Britain as the major industrial power, in part because the U.S. adopted new innovations faster. 5.The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.
参考译文
1.几年来对航天飞机的测量经验,使得航天 遥测地面技术高度完善了。 2.不锈钢主要由于焊缝易于腐蚀,多年来, 其用途一直受到限制,只用来制造小件物 品。 3.由于这些原因,许多航空公司对这种新式 喷气机经营下去是否有利可图都表示怀疑。
1.2Contextual analysis
1.2.1Brief introduction of context
衣
6.The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此对于一个从事社会活动的人来说,培养一种爱好和新 的情趣方式,乃是至关重要的。
Complex phrases
12. Evening red and morning gray, are the signs of a fine day. 晚出红霞早起雾,标志天气会晴朗。 13. Storms always give way to the sun. 暴风雨过后一定是阳光灿烂。 14. Coming events cast shadows before them. 发生事情,一定有预兆。
4.We assure you of our best attention to any inquiries from you. 我们向你保证,对于贵公司任何询问,我们 将给以充分的关注。 (He assured himself of her safety. We were assured that everything possible was being done. But I assured you that I did not .) 5.Sometimes the skies are overcast with heavy clouds. 有时天空乌云密布。