翻译常用之八大技negation讲义
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
翻译笔记之八大技巧
Eight translation techniques1．增译法(amplification)；2．重译法(repetition)；3．减译法(omission)；4．词类转移法(conversion)；5．词序调整法(inversion)：6．分译法(division)；7．正说反译，反说正译(negation)；8．语态变换法(the change of the voices)Group competition1．I am looking forward to the holidays．我在等待假日的到来.2．Much of our morality is customary．我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3．Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness，affection weakness，thrift avarice．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
4. Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle；natural philosophy deep；moral grave；logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
5. As an Oriental，I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement．作为一个东方人，我不得不为贵国所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。
Amplification 增译法Three types: Semantic amplification,Grammatical amplification,Rhetoric amplificationSemantic amplification1. The crowds melted away人群渐渐散开了.2. We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深感染.3. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡.loftiness patriot: 英语习惯运用抽象词汇，而汉语习惯运用具体词汇将“抽象概念变为具体概念”，类似词汇如：arrogance, indifference, tension，confusion, solution, remedies, jealousy, fault-finding增补概括性的词1. The advantages of the meeting room are bright, spacious, fashionable, and without echoes.这个会议室有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时髦、无回声。
英语翻译技巧之反译法(negation)
• Not… and … VS Not… or…
E.g. He did not speak clearly and correctly. He did not speak clearly or correctly.
他讲得清楚，但不正确。
他讲得不清楚，也不正确。
(2). Full negation (全部否定)
big audience. • 昨天总统在大庭广众面前即席致辞。 • Aren’t they fine, these three men are going off into nowhere
like that? • 这三人真行，前途茫茫，就这样去了。
(2). Conversion of Negative Sentences into Affirmatives • My overcoat would not wear out. • 我的大衣十分耐穿。 • If that isn’t what I want! • 我所要的就是这个呀！ • Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility. • 谦卑的外表是最易使人上当的。
翻译技巧之反译法 Negation
1. Transfer of the Negative (否定转移)
(1). 把主句的否定转移到that从句
• think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, fancy, reckon 引导的从 句，在英翻中时应使用否定转移 E.g. We don’t believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other
Negative （肯定形式译成否英语句子中既没有否定词，如no, not, never, none, neither, nobody, nothing, nowhere , nowise, 也没有带有否 定前缀或后缀的词，如dis-, im-, in-, ir-, non-, un-, -less.
翻译笔记之八大技巧
翻译笔记之八大技巧Eight translation techniques1．增译法(amplification)；2．重译法(repetition)；3．减译法(omission)；4．词类转移法(conversion)；5．词序调整法(inversion)：6．分译法(division)；7．正说反译，反说正译(negation)；8．语态变换法(the change of the voices)Group competition1．I am looking forward to the holidays．我在等待假日的到来.2．Much of our morality is customary．我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
3．Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness，affection weakness，thrift avarice．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
4. Histories make men wise；poets witty；the mathematics subtle；natural philosophy deep；moral grave；logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
5. As an Oriental，I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement．作为一个东方人，我不得不为贵国所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。
Amplification 增译法Three types: Semantic amplification,Grammatical amplification,Rhetoric amplificationSemantic amplification1. The crowds melted away人群渐渐散开了.2. We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深感染.3. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡.loftiness patriot: 英语习惯运用抽象词汇，而汉语习惯运用具体词汇将“抽象概念变为具体概念”，类似词汇如：arrogance, indifference, tension，confusion, solution, remedies, jealousy, fault-finding增补概括性的词1. The advantages of the meeting room are bright, spacious, fashionable, and without echoes.这个会议室有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时髦、无回声。
P8正反表达
[1] 英汉两种语言习惯不同，有时英 语里正说的句子，译成汉语时不得 不处理成反说，反之亦然。所谓正 译，是指把句子按照与原语相同的 语序或表达方式译入目的语。所谓 反译则是指把句子按照与原语相反 的语序或表达方式译入目的语。正 说反译或反说正译的相互转换，其 目的主要有三个： 1. 明确语义。 2. 加强修辞。 3. 符合目的语习惯。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)
（2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一 信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）
English-Chinese Translation 8 Negation 正反、反正表达法
“英语和汉语均有从正面或反面来表 达一种概念的现象。翻译时，英语 里有些从下面表达的词或句子，译 文中可从反面来表达；英语里有些 从反面表达的词或句子，译文中又 可从正面来表达。”
正反、反正表达法有许多别称，如 反译法、词义反译法、反面着笔法、 语意反述法、正说反译，反说正译 法、肯否翻译法、逆向翻译法等等。
10. The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt. 证据确凿，毋庸置疑。
11. Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country.
翻译的八大常用技巧
作用与意义1. 重译法：为了明确、为了强调、为了生动2. 增译法：为了更忠实于原文的意思，而又更合乎译文的表达习惯3. 减译法：源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法4. 词类转移法：语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变，词序有时也随之变化5. 词序调整法：语言之间构成形式并非完全相同，做必不可少的词序改变6. 分译法：主要用于长句的翻译，有时存在于词语语义的分译7. 正反翻译法：由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说，反话正说8. 语态变换法：主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal.一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭，因而处于战争状态时，缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。
We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。
A large family has its difficulties.大（家庭）有大（家庭）的难处。
Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了。
Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown.舟遥遥以轻扬，风飘飘而吹衣。
Ch08 Negation
3. We were watching the fluid situation with concern. 我们关切地注视着动荡不定的局势.
4. The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释是相当不充实的.
(3) 连词
before 决不/还未来得及 unless 如果不… or (else) 要不然/否则 rather than 宁可…也不愿 until 不到…的时候 if anything 如果有什么不同
例: 1,The first bombs missed the target. 第一批炸弹没有击中 没有击中目标. 没有击中 2,Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到 没有得到这样的机会. 没有得到
(2) 形容词
Ignorant 无知的 absent 不在 weak 不强大的 ill 不健康的 不吉祥的 不好的 不健康的/不吉祥的 不吉祥的/不好的 the last 最不适合的 最不可能的 最不适合的/最不可能的 constant 不断的 safe from 不会遭到 的 不会遭到….的 free from 免受….影响的 免受 影响的 short of 不足的
课堂练习
1. The guerrillas would fight to death before they 决不投降.) 决不 surrendered.(游击队员宁愿战斗到死,而决不 2. The tower fell down before many people escaped.
(大楼倒塌时,许多人还未来得及撤离.) 还
3. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的 (将副词译成句子) 这是不足为奇的. 这是不足为奇的
Lecture 8 Negation
15. I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task．
16. Before I could say“thank you”，the postman had disappeared around the corner．
3. The beauty of Hangzhou is more than I can describe.
4. We should rely on our own efforts instead of asking help from others.
5. I said hello to her but she ignored me completely
12. He was absent from his own country last year．
13. He failed the final exam just because of his carelessness.
14. He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time．
6. He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children．
7. The book is beyond the knowledge of a five-year-old child.
4. Agreeable sweetness.
5. Freeze!
6. I lay awake almost the whole night.
7. What you said is exactly right.
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧1.增译法、增词法：amplification2.重译法、重复法：repetition3.省译法、减词法：omission4.词性转换法、词类转移法：conversion5.正说反译、反说正译法：negation6.语态变换法：the change of the voices7.分译法、分句法（OPP：合句法）：division8.语序调整法、词序调整法（顺序法与逆序法）inversion增词法译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。
要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。
不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词（或减词）达到语言交际的目的。
如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴！译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety！例2对不起，打扰一下！译文: Excuse me for interrupting you！（增补作宾语的代词you）例3 Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.译文：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
（译文中添补了谓语和宾语：增词法；重译法）例4：We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.译文：我们不后退，我们从来没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。
翻译讲义8
翻译讲义8Topic: Translation Skills (III)·The Passive Voice 被动语态的翻译1.The passive V oice in E-C Translation1)被动语态转为主动语态2)被动语态转为无主句3)被动语态保持不变4)被动语态用其它结构代替2.The passive V oice in C-E Translation1)带有被动标签的汉语句子2)不带被动标签的汉语句子3)汉语主动结构转为英语被动结构4)一些汉语表达法的译法·Affirmative Vs. Negative正说反译，反说正译1.Negation in E-C Translation1)英语为肯定式，汉语为否定式2)英语为否定式，汉语为肯定式3)既可译成肯定，又可译成否定4)强调性的双重否定5)间接的肯定结构6)否定的陷阱2.Negation in C-E Translation1)根据英语的习惯用法译作肯定或否定2)从强调或从修辞角度考虑译作肯定或否定3)为表达出原文的确切意思译作肯定或否定李超·The Passive Voice被动语态的翻译语态有两种，即主动语态和被动语态。
这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的：英语大量使用被动语态，尤其是科技英语中极为广泛。
而汉语则很少使用，即使使用，也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的结构或形式。
譬如说，汉语的被动不只是一个“被”字来表示。
因此在英汉互译中要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习惯用法，显得地道而自然。
在英译汉时主要有两种情况，一是必须译为“被”字结构或相似结构，如：“叫……”，“让……”，“给……”，“受到……”，“遭到……”，“为……所……”，“是……的……”，“加以……”等.在总体比例中这种情况所占分量较小。
二是译成内容含被动意味的主动结构或其它结构，这种情况所占分量较大。
而且许多情况下英语被动结构译成汉语时必须灵活处理，摆脱它原来的结构形式，不能一见被动语态就想到“被”。
第三章 翻译常用的八种技巧(中)
第三章翻译常用的八种技巧（中）第五节词序调整法Inversion词序调整法的英语inversion一词，不能译成“倒译”、“倒译法”或“颠倒词序”之类，否则容易和语法中的“倒装”概念相混淆。
Inversion作为一种翻译技巧，其意思为，翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。
某些语言学家所说的九种倒装，是语法概念，是指同一种语言内的倒装情况，有其各自独特的语言构成方式。
这些情况与方式和它们被译成另一种语言后的语言构成形式并非完全相同。
试对照每种倒装例句的英文及其译文：l．Interrogative inversion (疑问倒装)：What did you do yesterday? (你昨天干什么?)2．Imperative inversion (命令倒装)：“Speak you,” said Mr．Black, “speak you，good fellow!” (布莱克先生命令道：“说，说吧！伙计!”) 3．Exclamatory inversion (惊叹倒装)：How dreadful is this place! (这地方好可怕啊！)4．Hypothetical inversion (假设倒装)：Had you come yesterday，you could have seen him here．(要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。
) 5．Balance inversion (平衡倒装)：Through a gap came an elaborately described ray．(从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。
)6．Link inversion (衔接倒装)：On this depends the whole argument. (整个争论都以此为论据。
)7．Signpost inversion (点题倒装)By strategy is meant some thing wider. (战略的意义比较广。
英译汉技巧之negation
NegationIt is widely acknowledged that English and Chinese are totally different resulting from thousands of years of separation. Hence, a lot of attention must be paid to translating English sentences when we imply translation skills; suspended at the top of the list, as far as I am concerned, is negation. It is my own belief that a man who know little about the negation in English expression is liable to misunderstand the sentence, what is worse, you may get the utterly opposite idea. Therefore, I would like to analyse the negation in translation in the following aspects.To start with, a negative, in translation, may be transferred from one place to another. For example, we prefer to say “I don’t think he will win” rather than say “I think he will not win”. However, in Chinese, “我不认为他会赢” should give way to “我认为他不会赢”. In this sentence, the negative transfers from the main clause to the subordinate that-clause. Besides, the negative can be transfered in two more cases. For one thing, it can transfer from the finite verb to the adverbial, especially in adverbial clause of cause, eg: He did not come because he wanted to see me.(他来并不是因为想见我) For another, it can transfer to the verb from the other parts of the sentence.In addition, partial negation is another thing we should pay attention to. There are several patterns of partial negation, such as partial affirmative + not, not + full negative, not for nothing, etc. Take a sentence for example, “all men are not born to reign” means “not all men are born to reign”, in other words, some men are born to reign. While full negation is the traditional nagation which we are not likely to misconceive the meaning.When this kinds of sentences are confronted, what is needed is a realization that “no” is much stronger and consequently more emphatic than “not”.What is more, double negation amounts to affirmation. Double negation has two distinct forms: one indicating euphemism and the other emphasis. In the former, we weaken the statement; while in the latter, we strengthen it. Both of them can be translated in an affirmative tone. “Nothing is impossible to a willing mind(有志者，事竟成)” can illustrate this point very well.Furthermore, there are several invisible negative patterns. For example,“If only I met you”means “I haven’t met you”, “This is more than I can say” means “I cann’t say it in words”. Some euphemistic affirmation is equivalent to negation, eg: All music is alike to Tom, in other words, Tom is incapable of appreciating music. Some affirmative idioms also express negative meaning, for instance, “I will buy it” means “I have no idea”.Last but not least, we should take great caution in translating sentences which have negative phrases but express affirmative meaning. Eg. (1)The family were nothing if not happy(the family were fairly happy). (2)We can’t recommend this book strongly enough(we should recommend this book strongly).。
8 negation
10）If he had kept his temper，the negotiation would probably have been a success 假如他不发脾气，谈判很可能已经成功了 11）I know you hate me and I hate you. We’d better part right now 我知道你嫌我，我也恨你，我们马上分手吧
Reference Answers
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
我没能说服他，是他相信自己的错误 她简单地说，“他们全都不是好东西”。 要是不更努力些，你是不会成功的 不出所料，敌人果然自投罗网 小心！别碰到我的右臂 把鞋带系上，卢比 欲速则不达
8.
到年底再下结论吧 9. 汤姆对音乐一窍不通 10. 我们对今后的计划一无所知 11. 他的工资总是不够花 12. 祖国不解放，她就不能袖手旁观 13. 格林小姐终日足不出户 14. 间谍们一直在监视我的行踪
7. 短语的反译 1）The islands found themselves far from ready to fight the war 岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备 2）We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust 我们相信年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任
正反译法Negation
翻译技巧第六讲正说反译，反说正译法正说反译，反说正译法(Negation)Negation is an important composition of any language,but different languages have various ways to express negation, which are reflected not only in the use of negative words but also in different structures of negation.英语的否定形式多种多样——全部否定,部分否定,双重否定,形式否定,意义否定汉语的否定形式单一——negative words are always put before the part to be negated.1.否定转移(1)一般否定——〉特殊否定例1.I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.我并不是因为教书容易才教书的。
例2.We don’t read novels for amusement.我们读小说不是为了消遣。
例3.The planets do not go around the sun at a uniform speed我们读小说不是为了消遣。
(2)特殊否定——〉一般否定例1.No sound was heard.没有听到声音。
例2.So far we know of no effective way to store solar energy.到目前为止，我们还不知道储存太阳能的有效办法。
2.意义否定的译法所谓意义否定，就是英语中某些形式上是肯定的，但意义上却是否定的句式。
此类句式中，既没有否定词(no,not,none,nothing,nobody,neither,hardly,seldom,rarely,little等)，也没有带否定的前缀(dis-,ir-,im-,non-,un-等)的词。
第十二讲翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧一、常用的翻译技巧1. 重复法(repetition)2. 增译法(amplification)3. 减译法(omission)4. 词类转移法(conversion)5. 词序调整法(inversion)6. 分译法(division)7. 正说反译, 反说正译法(negation)8. 语态变换法(the change of the voices)1. 重复法汉语重复,英译时也重复;根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性.We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。
Let’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace.先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。
Nels had it all written out neatly.纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。
青青河边草, 郁郁园中柳。
Green grows the grass upon the bank,The willow shoots are long and lank.2. 增译法为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法.增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。
英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。
从增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。
I am looking forward to the holidays.我们等待假日的到来。
Much of our morality is customary.我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。
正反译法-negation(课件)
• 不是两种物质都溶于水。
4. 形式否定
否定词与其他词连用形成一种固定结构，其形式上是 否定的，但语义上表示对事物的否定达到极端程度， 接近于否定的否定，实际上是肯定的意思。常见的 有”nothing like（没有什么比得上…）， cannot…too（越……越好,再...也不过分）”，。 “cannot…too”的结构可以有变体，如 cannot可 改为 be impossible, not可用 scarcely, hardly, never等代替。
along with the scheme.
• 她可能是最不同意这项计划的人。 • 2）That’s the last thing I’d expect
you to do.
• 那是我最不愿意你去做的事情。
• 7. 表示否定的特殊表达结构 • More than • １）The beauty of this city is more
创造，也没有能量能被消灭。
• （正）能量转换的实验说明能量既不能
创造，也不能消灭。
3. 部分否定
• 部分否定主要由all, every, both, always等含
全体意义的词与否定词构成，这类否定句中的否 定词not有时与谓语在一起，构成谓语否定。形 式上很像全部否定，但实际上是部分否定。在这 种部分否定句中，因词序与汉语很不相同，汉译 时稍一不慎就会造成差错，这类句子中不论 not 在什么地方，通常都译为“不全是”、“不总 是”、“并非都”、“未必都”等。
• 再困难的任务，我们也能完成。
• 6. 含蓄否定
• 英语里有些词或词组形式上是肯定的，但意义往往 是否定的，由这类词或词组表达的否定称为含蓄否 定或意义否定。汉译时，一定要把否定的意义明确 译出。
翻译常用之八大技negation
基努•里维斯性格文静内向，几乎不在好莱坞聚会中露面。他大部分的业余时间 不是用来推销自己的影片，而是和他的酒吧乐队“天狼星”一起弹奏低音吉他。 “我不想当超级名人，”他说，“那太吓人了。”
Praise helps to rub off the sharp edges of daily contact. Nowhere is thus truer than in marriage. Yet it is perhaps in the home that the value of praise is less appreciated than elsewhere.
严禁吸烟！ 非请莫入！ 少儿不宜。 请勿倒置！ 甜而不腻。 无霜冰箱 请勿践踏草地！ 油漆未干！ 市区通道，严禁停车。 易燃物品，切勿近火。
Some of the English words or phrases are negative in meaning, but they have no negative words within. These words or phrases belong to covert negation. I dare him to jump. You are telling me! Keep it dark! She bears her age well. For all I care! It’s anyone’s guess. Your question beats me. 我量他也不敢跳。 这事还用你说？ 这事不可泄露出去！ 她一点也不显老。 这事我才不管呢。 这事谁也不清楚。 你这个问题令我迷惑不解。
Formal: 毋庸置疑/ it is beyond doubt that (negation) Oral: 的的确确/ indeed (affirmation)
翻译常用之八大技inversion
等我们真的找到一些空闲的时候，大多数人会把它们用来看 电视、聊天，要不就是盯着天花板憧憬美好的未来。其实， 我们完全可以挤出足够的时间来做一些很有效的健身运动， 同时也不会耽误我们做着上面说的这些好事情。
昆塔觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。(inversion of parenthesis)
But before she went to join her husband in the Belgic capital, Mrs. Crawley made an expedition into England, leaving behind her her little son upon the continent, under the care of her French maid. (W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair)
克劳莱太太到比利时首都去找丈夫以前，先到英国去走了一趟，叫那法国女 佣带着儿子留在欧洲大陆。(inversion of adverbial)
From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
大约在1840年，一条运河被建在横穿马什农场的草地上。→ 大约在1840年，横穿马什农场的草地上开凿了一条运河。(inversion of sb.)
Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley, Roots) 即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些家伙有更多的尊严。 →
考研英语翻译常用八大技巧
考研英语翻译常用八大技巧1.重译法(Repetition)在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。
重译法有如下三大作用：一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.译文：___________________________________________________2.增译法(Amplification)为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯，必须增加一些词语。
A new kind aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention.译文：_______________________________________________3.减译法(Omission)和其他一切事物一样，翻译也是有增必有减。
理解了增译法之后也就明白了减译法，它是增译法的反面。
These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.译文：___________________________________________________4.词类转译法(Conversion)在翻译时，因为两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这就是词类转译法，这种方法不但指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。
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我量他也不敢跳。 这事还用你说？ 这事不可泄露出去！ 她一点也不显老。 这事我才不管呢。 这事谁也不清楚。 你这个问题令我迷惑不解。
后果不堪设想。
Pay attention to the variety of the style of writings:
Formal: 禁止张贴/ Posters Forbidden (affirmation) Oral: 不许张贴/ No Posters, Please (negation)
We are quite ignorant of what he has in mind. 我们一点也不知道他心里在想什么。
No smoking!
Hale Waihona Puke 严禁吸烟！Admission by Invitation Only. 非请莫入！
Adults only.
少儿不宜。
Keep Upright!
请勿倒置！
Agreeable Sweetness.
基努•里维斯性格文静内向，几乎不在好莱坞聚会中露面。他大部分的业余时间 不是用来推销自己的影片，而是和他的酒吧乐队“天狼星”一起弹奏低音吉他。 “我不想当超级名人，”他说，“那太吓人了。”
Praise helps to rub off the sharp edges of daily contact. Nowhere is thus truer than in marriage. Yet it is perhaps in the home that the value of praise is less appreciated than elsewhere.
中国占星师一直叫我不要搭理那些属猪的、属鸡的、属龙的和属鼠的。
Keanu Reeves is quiet and introverted. He attends almost no Hollywood parties and spends much of his free time playing base guitar with his bar band Dogstar when he might be promoting his movies. “I don’t want to be superfamous,” he said. “That would be awful.”
I dare him to jump. You are telling me! Keep it dark! She bears her age well. For all I care! It’s anyone’s guess. Your question beats me. There will be hell to pay.
French: C’est une valeur déjá ancienne. →
Affirmation: It is an already old value.
Negation: It is by no means a new value.
Self-service bookstand (affirmation, subjective action)
不让孩子们喝酒是不现实的，不过我们可以教给他们理智的方法，让他们在喝 酒时尽量不要伤害到自己和他人。
Homework
Animals’ Rights
1) The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 2) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all. 3) This is a false choice. 4) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 5) Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake – a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. 6) But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weight others’ interests against one’s own. 7) To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 8) When that happens, it is not a mistake, it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
甜而不腻。
A frost-free refrigerator
无霜冰箱
Keep off the lawn!
请勿践踏草地！
Wet paint!
油漆未干！
Urban clearway.
市区通道，严禁停车。
inflammables– keep away 易燃物品，切勿近火。
from fire.
Some of the English words or phrases are negative in meaning, but they have no negative words within. These words or phrases belong to covert negation.
无人售书处
（negation, objective situation)
And that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 一定要让民有、民治、民享的政治制度永世长存。
赞美之辞能够化解日常交往中的种种摩擦。这一点在婚姻生活中表现得最为真 切。可惜的是，家庭也许恰恰是最不重视赞美的价值的地方。
Realistically kids are going to drink, but we can teach them responsible ways to drink and teach them ways to minimize harm on themselves and others.
Formal: 毋庸置疑/ it is beyond doubt that (negation)
Oral: 的的确确/ indeed
(affirmation)
The Chinese astrologers have been saying that I should stay away from those Boars, Cocks, Dragons, and Rats.
翻译常用之八大技巧
六 正说反译、反说正译法 Antonymic Translation
Purpose: to adapt to the aesthetic interest, habit and value of the target language so as to make it more natural and fluent.