英语国家文化与社会文化入门Unit3 The Governm
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 美国政治制度、教育与经济)【圣
2.1复习笔记ernment1.The Constitution2.Parliament3.Election4.The Cabinet5.Public servants6.Reform7.The Ombudsman8.Local governmentⅡ.Education1.Early childhood education2.Primary schools and secondary schools3.The Correspondence School4.State schools and private schools5.Special needs education6.Universities and polytechnicsⅢ.Economy1.Agriculture2.Forestry and fishing3.Energy4.Overseas tradeernment（政府）1.The Constitution（宪法）(1)New Zealand has no written constitution.(2)The Constitution Act1986defines the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial roles of government.(1)新西兰没有成文宪法。
(2)宪法法案1986规定了立法、行政以及司法三者政府职能之间的关系。
2.Parliament（议会）(1)The Head of State is the British monarch,represented in New Zealand by a Governor-General.The Governor-General’s agreement is required for an Act of Parliament to become law.(2)New Zealand is governed by an elected parliament,which has had a single chamber—the House of Representatives—since1950.(3)The functions of Parliament include passing laws,supervising the government’s administration and receiving petitions from citizens.(1)新西兰的国家元首是英国女王，总督是她在新西兰的代表。
英语国家社会文化复习
Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom1.女王的职责？/女王的作用？○1To represent Britain at home and abroad.○2To set standards of good citizenship and family life.2.女王的角色？○1Legally head of the executive(行政部门)○2An integral part of the legislature○3Head of the judiciary(司法部)○4Commander in chief of the armed forces○5“Supreme governor” of the Church of England○6Confidante to the Prime Minister3. 公众对女王的态度？4. 议会的职能？○1Pass laws○2Provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting fortaxation○3Scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure○4Debate the major issues of the day5.上、下议院？Lords are below the Crown, and are usually called peersDifference: ○1sources ○2term ○3salaryUnit4 Politics, Class and Race1.选举的时间？Every 5 years2.选举的过程？(1) Delivering voting card(2) The electoral campaigns(3)“Opinion polls”(4) Election day: voting and counting3.什么时候可以提前？○1The government loses a “vote of no confidence” in the H ouse ofCommons ○2The Prime Minister decides that the government is currently very popular4.什么人有资格参加选举？○1Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit○2Joining one of the big parties and applying to be chosen as theircandidate in one of the constituencies provide a greater chance towin.5.选举中什么过程对候选人关键？6.政党主张？(1) The Labour party: ○1a socialist party○2believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms○3government should play a redistribute role: transferring wealth fromricher to poorer○4government should provide a range of public services available to all,such as health, education and public transport(2) The Conservative party: ○1a party of individual○2protect the individual’s right to acquire wealth an d to spendit how they choose○3Hold a fatherly sense of obligation to the less fortunate○4The difference with The Lobour party is one of degree, notabsolute.(3) The Liberal party: ○1a party of the “middle”○2Comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance ofthe individual and the social○3Emphas ize the need for change in Britain’s constitutionalarrangements to make government more democraticand accountable7.阶级有什么？判定标准？(1) working-class: manual workers (blue workers)(2) middle-class: office workers (white workers)○1Lower middle-class: unskilled office workers or skilled well paidmanual workers○2upper middle-class: having relatively high incomes and high statusprofessions (lawyer/doctor)8.移民问题对英国的影响？Positive: Increase the variety and interest within British cultureE.g. Restaurant food、TV programs、books、musicNegative: ○1Ethnic relations are tensed: the local people view thenew comers as a threat to their way of living.○2Despite much official action to minimize racism, bothsubtle and overt oppression remains○3The situation of the immigrant population isunpleasant:They face problems of unemployment，under-representation in politics and unfair treatmentby police and justice system.Unit 5 The UK Economy1.英国经济从二战后衰退的原因？○1Britain has gone heavily into debt in order to financethe war ○2As the era of empire was over, Britain lost its colonies which used to be raw material bases and big markets for British people○3Still maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas location○4As Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected in the German bombing duri ng the war, Britain lacked the investment in modern equipment and new products2.… … 生产的情况？□1Primary industry: (1) Agriculture (2) Fishing(3) Mining: ○1Oil and gas ○2Coal○3New renewable energy sources□2Secondary industries: (1) Manufacturing industry: Pharmaceuticals、Chemicals、high-technology engineeringindustry、Aerospace、Food and drink(2) Electronics industry□3Tertiary industriesUnit 7 British Education System1.英国教育？公立，私立？(1) State sector: ○1They are founded by local and centralgovernment ○2They provide free education for students(2)Private sector: ○1They receive the money through the privatesector、tuition rates with some government assistance2.教育阶段？（1）Pre-primary schooling(2) Primary school: 5-11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools（3）Secondary school: ○111-19, include comprehensive schools (综合学校) andgrammar schools（文法学校）○2Comprehensive schools: the most popular secondaryschools in Britain today; admit children withoutreference to their academic abilities; provide ageneral education○3Grammar schools: select children through“the11-plus”; lay emphasis advanced academicsubjectsUnit 4 The political System in the United States1.制约关系？怎样发挥作用？The three branches of the federal government(1) It is a way of restricting government power and preventing its abuse(2) In the three-part national government, this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another2. 政党？政党主张？（1）The Democratic Party: donkey; more liberal; In the 1930s, PresidentFranklin Roosevelt started the New Deal in order to solve theDepression. Provided paid employment for people building dams androads and public building and Social Security.(2) The Republican Party ：elephant; more conservative; Republicans placemore emphasis on private enterprise and often accuse the Democrats ofmaking the government too expensive and of creating too many laws thatharm individual initiativeUnit 5 American Economy当前经济状况做分析？成功之处：American farmers are virtually unrivaled in producing crops cheaply and in quantity. America ag ricultural produce’s output is huge. Bountiful resources、the geographical size of the country, population trends and strong domestic demand are responsible for the successes of American business and industry. More and more people are employed in service industries in the US.危机：The problems are deep-seated, revealing defects in the free market and US government financial policies.Unit 8 Education in the United States(1)Gradu ate schools in America award master’s and doctor’s degrees(2)An undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of credits(120) in order to receive adegree at the end of four years of college(3)About 25% of all schools of higher education in the US are privately operated by religiousorganizations.(4)Income sources: student tuition endowments and government funding(5)Flourishing reason: ○1They offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research○2Access to “mainframe” c omputer and to modern labs attracts leading scientists○3Students enroll to study with the expertsUnit 9 Social problems in the United States1.当前美国移民？(1)Housing(2)Busing and other programs(3)education(4) family income2.贫困问题？Lots of Americans are living at or below the official poverty line. Their incomesaren’t insufficient to meet basic requirement of food, clothing and shelter. The unequal distribution of wealth and income.3.吸毒带来的影响？（1）crime (2) automobile accidents (3) effects on individuals(4) economic losses4. 犯罪的原因？Young people:(1) less skillful than older adults in avoiding being arrested(2) They tend to commit crimes, they are highly visible to the policeBlack population:(3) most of them are poor or unemployed(4) racial discrimination。
英语国家社会文化入门下次 第三单元 (人工翻译)
Unit3:美国的开始什么是美国？这已经变成了一个经典的问题，这个问题不仅是外国人参观美国时会发出的，连美国人自己也在问这个问题。
当美国人感到困惑的时候，当他们处在危机当中时，他们会问他们到底是谁，并且尝试去查明作为一个美国人的意义在哪里。
实际上，这个著名的问题是出自一位名叫赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫科尔的法国人所提出来了，他在18世纪定居于宾夕法尼亚州。
在1782年，这位法国农夫在伦敦出版了一本名为《一封来自美国农民的信》，在这本书中，他提出了这个问题，并且反问他自己：“那美国人呢，他们是新的种族吗？他既不是欧洲人，也不是欧洲人的后裔，他们是一种在任何国家都看不到的强大的血缘融合。
我可以向你例证在一个家庭中，爷爷可能是英国人，他的妻子是荷兰人，他的儿子嫁给了一个法国人，而且他们的儿子娶了4个不同国家的老婆。
美国人是这样的人：他们把所有过去的偏见和习俗抛在脑后，而从他们所热爱的新生活方式、他们所依附的新政府、他享有的新地位中接受新的一套。
来自各个民族的人，在此熔成为一个新的名族，他们的劳动及他们的后代必将给世界带来大的变化......美国人是一种新人，他按新的原则办事，他们因此必须吸取新的思想，形成新的见解......这就是美国人。
”按照德克雷夫科尔所说的，如今的美国人和他们的后裔都是欧洲人混种，但是却没有把美洲印第安人和黑种人考虑在内。
如今，对于美国人的描述越来越复杂。
在美国的家庭中，女婿和儿媳可能是欧洲人的后裔，也可能是非洲美国人或是亚洲移民，尽管这种家庭是由白人黑人亚洲人混血而成，但这毕竟只是少数。
想要去了解美国的话，让我们先回到美国的过去。
新大陆美洲大陆居住的是两次长期人口迁移运动所带来的人民，第一次是从亚洲来的，第二次是从欧洲和非洲。
向美洲的第一次人口迁移运动大约始于25000年之前，当时在西伯利亚的部族为了寻找新的猎场或逃避追赶的敌人越过白令海峡，到达阿拉斯加。
到1492年，大约1000～2000万土生土长的美洲人生活在美洲，他们被哥伦布错认为印度人。
英语国家社会与文化入门
英语国家社会与文化入门（上）Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IThe full name of the country of UK is the Untied Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.UK includes 4 parts: the island of Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.Different people who belong to different class will tend to read different newspaper, watch different television programmes, speak with a different accent, do different things in their free-time, and have different expectations for their children.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.In 43 AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.After Roman time, Britain was under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur, drove the Saxons back. This is the story of King Arthur. According to legend Arthur gathered a company of knights to him and conflict between his knights led to Arthur creating the famous “round table” at which all would have equal precedence.Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English, the founders of “Angle-land” or “England” as it has become know.From the late 8th century on raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.The next invaders were the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William took the English throne, and became William the First of England.Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans, who became an outlaw, and with his band of “merry men” hid in the forest of Sherwood in the north midlands of England and they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor.Charles the First’ attempt to overrule parliament in the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentary forces were victorious, and the king was executed. And then England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell.The largest city of Scotland is Glasgow and the capital city is Edinburgh.Scotland was not conquered either by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons.Like England Scotland began to experience Viking raid in the 9th century.Under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, the Scots were victorious at the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.In 1603, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, uniting the two thrones.In 1707 by agreement of English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.The Scotland Act 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive.Scottish writes have given the world such well-known work as Walter Scott’s romances of highland Scotland and “Auld Lang Syne” (by Robert Burns)The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IIThe capital city of Northern Ireland is Belfast.The most famous landmark of Northern Ireland is the “Giant’s causeway”, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns.From the time of Queen Elizabeth I the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Protestant in religious persuasion, were granted land, position, and privileges which had been systematically take away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population.“Great hatred, little room” was the way the modern poet W. B. Yeats described the situation. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, not only “Northern Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain.The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.In 1919 a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.In the end the conflict became too great to ignore, and as the Sinn Fein party, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists, gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.In 1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north-eastern counties remained a part the UK.In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets.The official IRA thought enough progress had been made that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for elections, but a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials, calling themselves the “Provisional IRA”.In 1971 the Northern Irish government took the desperate step of imprisoning terrorist suspects from both sides without trial, a policy known as “internment”, which targeted primarily Catholic men in the North.In 1972 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland and that day has now been mythologiesed as “Bloody Sunday”, an important symbol of British oppression.In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish governments, which led to a new form for the Northern Irish Parliament, with a Power-Sharing mechanism.The Sinn Fein party spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of “The Bullet and the Ballot Box”.As a result of multi-party negotiations, aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also the Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998.Unit 3 The Government of the United KingdomBritain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years.The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy.The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of kings”The opposition was so powerful the king finally granted a gang of feudal barons and the Church a charter of liberty and political rights, still know by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta, which is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.The civil war which brought the Roundheads to power in the 17th century was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-à-vis Parliament.In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.In 1832, when a system for choosing the House of Commons by popular election replaced the monarch’s job of appointing representatives, the modern political system was born.The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and by tradition, the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.British governance today is based upon the terms and conditions of the constitution.Israel and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, that is, laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts, not because Parliament has written them; and conventions, which are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.There are 724 Lords and 646 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.Unit 4 Politics, Class and RaceIn 1928 it reached the current level of about 99% can vote (those excluded are Lords, certain categories of convicted criminals, the legally insane, and resident foreign citizens – except UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic)After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which all British adults are given the chance to vote again for their constituency’s MP.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movementat the end of the nineteenth century.The Conservative party is the party that spend most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Margaret Thatcher is the UK’s first woman Prime Minister.The car-worker probably reads a paper like The Sun: a newspaper with little heard news and more about TV soap operas, the Royal family, and sport. The university teacher might read The Guardian: a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international news, “high” culture such as theatre and literature, and so on.Unit 5 The UK EconomyThe UK is now the world’s sixth largest economy.The UK is not only a member of the G7, G8, G20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization.Firstly, the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada.Secondly, the ear of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain has still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed.Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy.National economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce.Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell, British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas.The World’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.The British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector.London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in “The City”—the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors.Unit 6 British LiteratureThe major literature competition is the annual Booker Prize.Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the Book of Kells. One of the oldest of these early “Old English” litrary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.One work from Norman Conquest times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was the first court poet to write in English.There was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th century which is known as “The Renaissance”.Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the story of a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for power.William Shakespeare is probably the best-known literary figure in the world.The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest.A permanent monument of English literature style commemorates James’s name. He ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures known as the King James Bible(1611).The Essays of Frances Bacon made popular in English a literary form widely practiced afterward.The literary giant of the 17th century, John Milton was much bound up in Puritan Revolution. The most famous pamphlets is Areopagitica. During his retirement from public life he produced his masterpieces: Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained, and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.Johnthan Swift’s name is linked with the fanciful account of four voyages known to us as Guliver’s Travels.Scotland produced a much-loved poet, Robert Burns, who wrote in Scottish dialect.Daniel Defoe ‘s first and greatest novel appeared in 1719, which was Robinson Crusoe, the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature.Two poets offered what had been called romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” This was a volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads, written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.George Gordon, Lord Byron’s large body of work includes the partly autobiographical Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Don Juan owed its title.John Keats’s art is nowhere greater than in the two pomes “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and ”Ode to a Nightingale.”Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing has a wide range. The lovely musical quality of his work appears in the fine verses of “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark”The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel, notably in Mary Shelley’s (the poet Shelly’s wife) Frankenstein, the story of science gone wrong through the disastrous consequences of an arrogant scientist’s attempts to create life.Most of Sir Walter Scott’s themes came from medieval and Scottish history and he wrote a number of romantic novels.Jane Austen, who excelled at this form of writing, is indeed one of the greatest of all Englishnovelists. A delightful, almost flawless stylist, she has devoted admirers of her Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma, among other works.Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, and they too were influenced by the Romantic movement. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights are the most successful.Charles Dickens produced Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations.Later in the 19th century Robert Louis Stevenson also wrote Scottish historical romances, The Adventures in Treasure Island and Kidnapped thrill readers young and old. His most famous short novel was The strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Among Thomas Hardy’s better-known novels are The Return of the Native, Tess of the D’urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure.20th century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.One of the most famous of English modernist writers is Joseph Conrad, whose most famous novel is The Heart of Darkness.Virginia Woolf is another writer associated with Modernism, and one of the most famous writers of the century. Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Orlando are among her best-known books.D.H. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers.Unit 7 British Education SystemMany people think school is just about teaching children what are often called “the three Rs” – “reading, riting and rithmetic”. But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialize children.The school (or college) tie is a clear marker of social class.Education in the UK is compulsory. Children are legally obliged to attend school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) to 16.State schools are funded by local and central government. The government also sometimes assists schools established by religious groups.In the private sector there are independent schools which are commonly, but confusingly, called public schools. Independent schools receive their funding through the private sector and through tuition rates, with some government assistance.Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools.From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools.General Certificate of Secondary Education are the main means of assessing pupils’ progress in their final 2 years of compulsory education.Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training.So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13 centuries.The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.Unit 8 British Foreign RelationsBritain was active in setting up the United Nations and, in recognition of its continuingimportance to world politics it was awarded a seat on the UN Security Council.The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.The Ministry of Defence, although it is considered less important than the FCO, is an important play.The Department of Trade and Industry is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.A less obvious, but extremely influential play in Britain’s foreign poly is the Treasury. Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the US and France.In 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, now EU.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defence cooperation Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more commonly known as NATO.Unit 9 The British MediaThe observer, which is still published every Sunday, first appeared in 1791, making it the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper, while The Times, which began publishing in 1785, is the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper.This watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government, is one of the reasons why a free press is considered so important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy.The British media all must follow the Advertising Code which ensure that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition.Until the 1980s, almost all the national newspapers had their headquarters on or around Fleet Street in London, and sometimes you will hear newspaper culture referred to still as “Fleet Street”, or even, sometimes, the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.While officially speaking the British press is “free” from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.The oldest and most popular soap, which began in the 1960s, is Coronation Street.The British Broadcasting Corporation – more familiarly known as the BBC or even “the Beeb” – us Britain’s main public service broadcaster.The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set. Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain“Football hooligans”, supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up.Wimbledon, actually a London suburb, is where the world’s best players gather to compete ongrass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.The true sport of British Kings and Queens is not skiing or golfing, but horse racing.There are two kinds of horse racing: flat racing, where horses and riders compete on a flat, oval track; and steeplechasing, which is racing either across the countryside, or around a course designed to represent the obstacles you might encounter in the countryside. Christmas, December 25th, is the biggest and best loved British holiday.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.For church goers it is Easter, not Christmas, which is the most important Christian festival. One of Britain’s most impressive and colourful festival happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen’s Birthday is officially celebrated by “Trooping the Colour” around Buckingham Palace in London.The UK, unlike most countries, does not have a “national day”.One truly English holiday is Bonfire Night – sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night – celebrated in the early autumn.The Twelfth is the high point of what is known as the Marching Season, when Protestant “Orangemen” take to the streets wearing their traditional unifors of bowler hats, black suits and orange sashes, marching through the streets sing, banging durms and playing in marching bands.Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practiced is “first footing”.Each year Scottish people all over the world celebrate their most beloved national poet, Robert Burns, by holding a Burns Supper on the evening of his birthday.Halloween is a Scottish festival that comes from the great feast of the pagan Celts which marked the arrival of the winter half of the year.Wales has some of the oldest and richest literary, musical and poetic traditions in Europe. Unit 11 Land, People and HistorySeen from the air, the visitor’s first impression of Ireland is an intense green or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter.Emigration did take place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland, known as the province of Ulster.The event that triggered the Great Famine was a blight on the potato crop.The stereotype of the Irish in the British popular press of this period is of a people who were, at best, lazy, impractical, and dreamy; at worse, dirty, untrustworthy, and close to animals.Thus the Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history.And yet Ireland’s history has been one of invasions of vastly different peoples – Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans, English – each of which has made a distinctive contribution to its present population.But for all the legacies of the Celts, it is their language that has proved the most lasting.With the language, the Celts brought an instrument of social and cultural unity to the island, which transcended political and social divisions.Along with their language, the Celts also brought a legal system.From around 800 onwards Viking marauders attacked Ireland, as well as England.During the course of the 13th century, the Normans were the first to attempt to impose on Ireland a centralized administration which mimicked the parliament and legal system and administrative practices of their native England.Following its slogans of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the Society of the United Irishmen was founded in 1791 to press for radical reform.After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence.The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; later known as the Irish Republican Army of IRA) was founded in 1858 to promote, by violence if necessary, Irish independence from Great Britain.To counter just such bloody and futile rebellions, a constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up by Issac Butt.The Home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but its implementation was shelved upon the outbreak of World War I.In 1916 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged another, and final, rebellion against British rule, which is called The Easter Rising.In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State.Unit 12 Politics and EconomyIn structure, like most former colonies of Great Britain, the Irish Republic has a Prime Minister or Taoiseach and a Deputy Prime Minister or Tanaiste.Once elected, it is the Taoiseach who appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of government.The Parliament or Dail frames and enacts all legislation for the country.Finally, the laws are enforced by an unarmed police force, called the Garda Siochana.Being a republic, rather than a monarchy, the government is headed by a President, who is elected directly by the people.Every citizen of 35 years of age or over usually is eligible to run for President.The President’s term of office is seven years. A President can be reelected once only.The executive powers of the State are exercised by, or on the authority of, the Government. The Government consists of the Taoiseach and the ministers that he or she appoints to the cabinet.The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Dail and the Seanad or the Senate. The elected system used in Ireland is called “proportional representation”.The civil service is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Ministerappointed by the Taoiseach.The legal courts in Ireland are arranged in a hierarchy, while the District Court is at the bottom of the ladder, and then Circuit Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.Ireland’s entrance into the EU in 1973 has transformed labour practice and given Ireland access to the Single Market.Mimicking the boom in Asia, the media called Ireland’s sudden wealth “The Celtic Tiger” economy.Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowOn the one hand, the English political domination of Ireland has left the Republic with a secure and workable administrative, educational, and judicial system.On the other hand, the Irish are proud they do not have a monarchy: they think of themselves as citizens, not as subjects.In Ireland, the Catholic Church also exercised a firm hold over educational structure, over hospitals, over the media, and over the way people thought about themselves and their lives. What has changed dramatically in the last forty years has been the structure of Irish family life.The primary agent in effecting change in traditional family life has been the movement for women’s liberation.The communal facility in both city and countryside that is most widely patronized is the public house or “pub”.One of the reasons why these informal work practices are congenial is that there is little division in an Irish person’s life between his work and his social life.In Ireland, trade unions are an important part of job security.Traditionally, Irish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman Catholic, with the result that forty years ago, almost three quarters of existing schools were “denominational” — that is, associated with one religious denomination or another.In 1996-1997 the Irish government extended free education to cover all public universities, as is common in most of European countries.In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged six to fifteen years.The vast majority of children receive their primary education in “national schools”; i.e., state-aided schools.Most secondary schools are privately owned, many by Catholic religious communities — and are hence sectarian or denominational.Like the Chinese gao kao, the Leaving Certificate exams set by the Department of Education which are uniform for all Irish students.There are five public universities in the State.The University of Dublin comprises one college, Trinity College. This is the oldest university in the State, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I for the education of Protestants.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and ArtsThe language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard。
英语国家文化与社会文化入门Unit3
16th century BC
settled in north Egypt. entered Canaan Saul became the first king of Israel
12th century BC
1040 BC – 1012 BC
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
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formal documents as classics, such as the Old Testament, the Torah, the Mishna and Talmud, etc. Therefore, Jewish culture could be well preserved and widely disseminated all over the world. Meanwhile, through its historical development, the Jewish culture has significantly influenced other cultures, from the ancient Babylonian and Egyptian down to Western Christendom and modern European society.
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to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world. However, with approximately five millennia of historical development, the Jewish people and their culture have embodied both an extraordinary temperament of firmness, adaptability to hardship as with a strong sense of religious belief and spiritual support which pervaded all stages of their history and which has continued generations upon generations. In encountering other great cultures, the Jews have actively assimilated the beneficial elements and integrated them into their own, as an unbroken part of cultural tradition. During the long persistence of Diaspora in their history, they collected and preserved the scattered pieces of material and stories of their national and religious histories before composing or writing them into some
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章 英国政府【圣才出品】
第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪至1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊人。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统一了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，而不是来源于国王的支持者。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit3
I The General Elections
• Procedure of the general elections: -- Every one on the “electoral register” gets a voting card in mail with details of when and where to vote. -- The political parties get their electoral campaigns, including advertising in newspapers, on TV, door-do-door campaigning and postal deliveries of leaflets. -- People go to their stations and take a card with the candidates’ names listed on it. Then they put an “X” beside the name of the candidate of their choice and insert it into the sealed box through a slit in the top.
I The General Elections
• Importance of the general elections -- The citizen’s right to vote for the candidate of their choice to represent them in parliament -- The election seen as an opportunity to influence future government policy
英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3
Unit3一、判断题1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.（F）毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。
2、In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of evolution rather revoution,in contrast to France and the US.（T）在英国,国家建设一直是进化的过程,而次大革命,相比之下,法国和美国。
3、The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.（T）最古老的政府机构在英国是君主制。
4、The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects.（F）国王的神圣权利意味着主权权威来自他的臣民。
5、As the king in theory had God on his side,it was tought that he should exercise absolute power.（F）国王在理论上有上帝在他的身边,想,他应该行使绝对权力。
6、The term"parliament"was first offcially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns.（F）“议会”这个词第一次被据1066年用来描述封建贵族的聚会和代表县和城镇。
7、Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.（T）英国是议会民主和君主立宪制国家。
英语国家社会与文化入门Unit3
Unit3
1、It is no doubt Britain is the oldest representive democracy in the world.（F）
毫无疑问英国是世界上最古老的表现性的民主。
2、 In Britain,the Process of state-building has been one of
它代表着贵族以及社区。 6、 Which of the following is NOT related to the Constitution? A
下列哪个不是与宪法有关吗? A、 It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for government.
它包括大亨和代表县和小镇。 B、 It was sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money.
这是有时国王召见了捐款。 C、It later developed into what we now as the Cabinet.
后来发展成我们现在的内阁。 D、It represented the aristocrats what as well as the communities.
这是一个书面文件列出了政府的基本原则。 B、 It is the foundation of Britain government today.
今天是英国政府的基础。
C、 Conventions and Laws are part of the Parliament and part of
the Constitution. 约定和法律的议会和宪法的一部分。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案!!!
英国Unit 3第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。
②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit53.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary”industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.(3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and ‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。
英语国家社会与文化入门——The_government_of_the_united_kingdom
Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。
其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。
虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。
这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。
The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。
这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。
本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。
君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。
有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。
由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。
对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。
在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。
在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。
相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。
国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。
这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。
这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。
大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。
这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。
The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。
这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪⾄1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊⼈。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统⼀了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，⽽不是来源于国王的⽀持者。
西方国家社会与文化入门Unit Three
The Birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
1. the Cabinet ※ How: To ensure good relations between Crown and Parliament ※ Who: a group of important Parliamentarians the king or queen met regularly. (Cabinet minister were appointed by the sovereorced by some feudal barons and the Church, Signed by King John ※ Function: place some limits on the King's power ; It's regarded as Britain's key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.
The Parliament
1. The term was first used offically in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money. ※"parliament" comes from the verb "to parley"-------to discuss or talk
3. The civil war ※ Time: in the 17th century ※ Root: a dispute over the power of the king and Parliament; the effort to reassert the rights of Parliament ※ Both sides: republican "Roundheads" led by Oliver Cromwell VS royalists; Parliament VS the King
“英语国家社会与文化入门”课程教学大纲 (2)
“英语国家社会与文化入门”课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息开课单位：翻译学院课程名称：英语国家社会与文化入门课程编号：210019-210020、211017-211018、222007-222008英文名称：THE SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF MAJORENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES AN INTRODUCTION课程类型：专业基础课总学时：68 理论学时：68 实验学时：0学分：4开设专业：英语（师范）专业、翻译专业、商务英语专业先修课程：综合英语1二、课程任务目标（一）课程任务本课程是一门英语专业、翻译专业、商务英语专业学生的专业基础课之一，是一门基础理论课程。
本课程任务是通过中外文化各方面的学习、比较，培养学生对文化的兴趣，增强跨文化交际的能力。
（二）课程目标在学完本课程之后，学生能够：1. 了解英语国家社会与文化2. 具备一定的跨文化交际能力3. 熟悉并掌握英语国家政治、经济、历史、文化、教育、外交、军事、文娱等领域的英语专有词汇和用语4.提高英语阅读以及英汉翻译能力三、教学内容和要求本课程以英语为授课语言，全面、系统概要地介绍英语国家的历史、政治、经济、地理、文化、教育、外交以及文娱等内容。
BOOK1The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅰ（掌握）Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅱ（了解）Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom（掌握）Unit 4 Politics, Class and Race（难点）Unit 5 The UK Economy （了解）Unit 6 British Literature（了解）Unit 7 British Education System（掌握）Unit 8 British Foreign Relations（了解）Unit 9 The British Media（理解）Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain（掌握）IrelandUnit 11 Land, People and History（理解）Unit 12 Politics and Economy（难点）Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live Now（了解）Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and Arts （了解）AustraliaUnit 15 The Land and the Peoples of the Dreaming（掌握）Unit 16 Australian Cultural Life（了解）Unit 17 Work and Family Life（了解）Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society（了解）Unit 19 Australia in the World Today（了解）Unit 20 From Racism to Multiculturalism（了解）BOOK2New ZealandUnit 1 Land, People and History（了解）Unit 2 Political System, Education and Economy（掌握）The United States of AmericaUnit 3 American Beginnings （掌握）Unit 4 The Political System in the United States （难点）Unit 5 American Economy （了解）Unit 6 Religion in the United States （难点）Unit 7 American Literature （了解）Unit 8 Education in the United States （掌握）Unit 9 Social Movements of the 1960s （掌握）Unit 10 Social Problems in the United States（掌握）Unit 11 American Way of Life: A Search for Credible Generalizations（掌握）Unit 12 The Women's Liberation Movement in America （了解）Unit 13 Technology in America （了解）Unit 14 Post-WWll American Foreign Policy （了解）Unit 15 Sports and Scenic Spots in America （掌握）Unit 16 Early American Jazz（了解）CanadaUnit 17 The Country and Its People （掌握）Unit 18 The Government and Politics of Canada （了解）Unit 19 The Canadian Mosaic （了解）Unit 20 The Canadian Economy （了解）Unit 21 Canadian Literature （了解）Unit 22 Canada's International Relations（了解）四、学时分配章次各教学环节学时分配小计讲授实验上机习题讨论课外备注Unit 1321 Unit 2321 Unit 3321 Unit 4321 Unit 5321 Unit 6321 Unit 7321 Unit 8321 Unit 9321Unit 10321Unit 11321Unit 12321Unit 13321Unit 14321Unit 15321Unit 16321Unit 17321Unit 18321Unit 19321Unit 20321Unit 21321Unit 22321Revision22合计684622五、考核说明本课程考核方法使用闭卷考试+平时成绩的方式进行评定。