剑桥城市经济学教学课件

Reasons for Agglomerations
There are many reasons why people cluster together: • Sociological – you like to interact with other people • Psychological – you are afraid to be alone • Historical – your grandfather already lived where you live now • Cultural – the atmosphere here is unlike anywhere else in the world • Geographical – the scenery is breathtaking
Internal Structure of Cities
• Agglomerations are also found at smaller scales, forming the internal structure of cities. • We see commercial districts where shops and restaurants cluster in neighbourhoods or even in a single street. • In the extreme case we can think of a shopping mall as a small agglomeration.
• The spatial distribution of population and economic activities is extremely unequal. • At any geographical scale it is the case that agglomerations are pervasive. • At a global scale it is easy to see that income and GDP are concentrated in a small number of countries. • However, the spatial concentration within countries is equally important, with economic landscapes reflecting the variety of cities and urban systems.
Reasons for Agglomerations
• Although we recognise that these different dimensions are also very important, in this course we are going to focus on the economic rationale behind clustering and agglomerations
Office Hours / Email
by appointment (email) dci21 Office: house 20, ground floor, room1
Lecture Plan
• • • • • • • • • • • Lectures 1 and 2: Tue (23/1) – 3 to 5 Lectures 3 and 4: Tue (30/1) – 3 to 5 Lecture 5 : Wed (31/1) – 1 to 2 Lecture 6 : Thu (01/2) – 1 to 2 Lectures 7 and 8: Tue (06/2) – 3 to 5 Lecture 9 : Wed (07/2) – 1 to 2 Lecture 10 : Thu (08/2) – 1 to 2 Lectures 11 and 12: Tue (13/2) – 3 to 5 Lecture 13 : Wed (14/2) – 1 to 2 Lecture 14 : Thu (15/2) – 1 to 2 Lectures 15 and 16: Tue (20/2) – 3 to 5
Population
According to the UN: • In 1999 the world population reached 6 billion people • The world population has been growing rapidly since the second half of the 20th Century. • Population growth rates have recently started to slow down
Readings
Advanced • Fujita, M. and J-F. Thisse (2002), Economics of Agglomerations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Thisse J-F and J-M Huriot (2000) Economics of Cities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Fujita, M. et al (1999), The Spatial Economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
15.9 23.8 20.1 11.0 4.8 31.0 23.6 130.2
1,751 474 494 280 1,281 927 612 5,820
109 20 24 25 263 30 25 44
33.0 67.0 74.2 58.4 27.0 76.4 32.3 46.0
Agglomerations
Readings
Other Useful Textbooks • Brakman, S. et al (2001) An Introduction to Geographical Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press • Capello, R. (2007) Regional Economics, London and New York: Routledge. • O’Flaherty, B. (2005) City Economics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Some Figures
Regions Land
million km2
Pop
millions 1997
Den
p/km2
Urban%
1997
East Asia Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia High-income Countries Sub-Saharan Africa World
Readings
Core Reading • McCann, P. (2001) Urban & Regional Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Introductory Textbooks • McDonald, J. and McMillen, D. (2007) Urban Economics and Real Estate, Oxford: Blackwell. • Harvey, J. and E. Jowsey (2004), Urban Land Economics, 6th edition. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Concentration and Dispersion
• In general, the spatial configuration of economic activity is the outcome of processes combining two groups of opposite forces: agglomeration forces and dispersion forces. • The recent literature of spatial economics emphasizes the fundamental link between these forces and the existence of transport costs, increasing returns to scale, externalities and imperfect market structures.
Densities
• Given the average population density in the world (about 44 persons per km2), if you are part of a family with 2 children, your family could have about 9 hectares at its disposal. • How many of you are in this situation?
Urban Economics
Dr Danilo Igliori Lectures 1 and 2 Lent Term 2007
UNIVERSITY OF
Biblioteka Baidu
CAMBRIDGE
Department of Land Economy
Introduction
• This course aims to provide an introduction to the subject of urban economics, placing particular emphasis on issues pertaining to the location decisions of firms and the spatial structure of urban economies. • It is concerned with the economic forces that help to explain the rise and decline of cities, as well as the economic forces that account for a city’s place in the overall settlement hierarchy. • It is further concerned with both the operation and failures of key markets characterising cities and their resulting urban problems.
Requirements
• Some prior knowledge of microeconomics is essential. • Familiarity with the concept of externalities is also helpful. • The course will involve some use of diagrams and simple equations.
Large Cities, Clusters and Industrial Districts
• On the one hand we see large metropolises such as New York, London, Paris and Tokyo (or Sao Paulo, Mexico City and New Delhi). • On the other, there are specialised cities or regions forming industrial districts and economic clusters such as the Silicon Valley or the Third Italy.