最全官能团转换
官能团的转化
有机反应类型与官能团之间的转化一、有机化学反应类型归纳1.取代反应:有机物分子里的某些原子或原子团被其他原子或原子团所代替的反应。
包括:卤代反应、硝化反应、磺化反应、卤代烃的水解反应、酯化反应、酯的水解反应、醇分子间脱水反应等。
2.加成反应:有机物分子中不饱和的碳原子跟其他原子或原子团直接结合生成新的化合物的反应。
包括:与氢气的加成反应 (烯、二烯、炔的催化加氢;苯、苯的同系物、苯乙烯催化加氢;醛、酮催化加氢;油脂的加氢硬化)|、与卤素单质的加成反应、与卤化氢的加成反应、与水的加成反应等。
3.脱水反应:有机物在适当条件下,脱去相当于水的组成的氢氧元素的反应。
包括分子内脱水(消去反应)和分子间脱水(取代反应)。
4.消去反应:有机物在适当条件下,从一个分子脱去一个小分子(如水、HX等),而生成不饱和(双键或三键)化合物的反应。
包括醇的消去反应和卤代烃的消去反应。
5.水解反应:广义的水解反应,指的凡是与水发生的反应,中学有机化学里能够与水发生水解反应的物质,一般指的卤代烃水解、酯的水解、油脂的水解(含皂化)、糖类的水解、肽及蛋白质的水解等。
6.氧化反应:指的是有机物加氧或去氢的反应。
包括:(1)醇被氧化:羟基的O—H键断裂,与羟基相连的碳原子的C—H键断裂,去掉氢原子形成C=O键。
注意:叔醇(羟基所在碳原子上无H)不能被氧化:;(2)醛被氧化:醛基的C—H键断裂,醛基被氧化成羧基:;(3)乙烯氧化:2CH2=CH2+O22CH3CHO;(4)有机物的燃烧、不饱和烃和苯的同系物使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色等。
(5)醛类及含醛基的化合物与新制碱性Cu(OH)2或银氨溶液的反应;(6)苯酚在空气中放置转化成粉红色物质(醌)。
7.还原反应:指的是有机物加氢或去氧的反应。
包括:(1)醛、酮、烯、炔、苯及其同系物、酚、不饱和油脂等的催化加氢。
(2) C6H5-NO2 + 3Fe + 6HCl → C6H5-NH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H2O8.酯化反应:酸和醇作用生成酯和水的反应。
有机物官能团的转化
通过选择合适的金属有机试剂和反应条件,可实现官能团转化的选 择性控制。
其他新兴技术
光催化法
利用光催化剂吸收光能并转化为 化学能,驱动官能团的转化,如 光催化氧化、光催化还原等。
电化学法
通过电化学手段实现官能团的氧 化或还原,具有高效、环保等优 点,如电化学合成、电化学降解 等。
微波辅助法
进展
近年来,动力学研究方法在有机物官能团转化反应机理研究中取得了重要进展。例如,微观动力学模 拟方法的出现,使得研究人员可以在原子水平上模拟反应过程,进而揭示反应的详细机理。此外,一 些新的实验技术,如超快光谱学、飞秒化学等,也为动力学研究提供了有力支持。
计算化学在官能团转化中应用
计算化学方法
计算化学方法在有机物官能团转化反应机理 研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用。常用的计 算化学方法包括量子化学计算、分子动力学 模拟、蒙特卡罗模拟等。这些方法可以模拟 和预测反应的详细过程,揭示反应的微观机 制。
官能团转化优化药物性质
通过官能团的转化可以改善药物的溶解性、稳定 性以及吸收等性质,从而提高药物的生物利用度 。
天然产物全合成中应用
官能团转化构建复杂结构
天然产物往往具有复杂的分子结构,通过官能团的转化可以构建这些复杂结构,如多环体 系、手性中心等。
官能团转化实现立体选择性合成
在天然产物的全合成中,需要实现高立体选择性的合成,官能团的转化可以提供有效的手 段来控制分子的立体构型。
温和条件
酶催化反应通常在温和的条件下进行,如常温常压,有利于节约 能源和保护环境。
生物兼容性
酶作为生物催化剂,具有良好的生物兼容性,可用于生物医药和 食品工业等领域。
金属有机法
金属有机试剂的多样性
有机合成中的新型官能团转化方法
有机合成中的新型官能团转化方法官能团转化是有机合成中的基础步骤之一,它在合成有机化合物时起到至关重要的作用。
传统的官能团转化方法在实践中存在一些限制,例如需要高温、高压条件、使用大量催化剂等。
为了克服这些限制,研究人员一直在不断努力寻找新型官能团转化方法。
本文将介绍一些当前在有机合成领域中广受关注的新型官能团转化方法。
一、C-H键官能团转化传统的官能团转化方法通常需要在分子中存在特定的官能团,才能实现目标反应。
而C-H键官能团转化方法则可以直接将C-H键转化为目标官能团,避免了引入额外的官能团的步骤。
这种方法在有机合成中具有广泛应用潜力。
例如,通过选择性氧化剂可以将烷烃中的C-H键氧化为醇、酮、醛等官能团。
由于烷烃是最常见的有机化合物之一,这种C-H键官能团转化方法为合成化学提供了更为简洁高效的途径。
二、金属催化的官能团转化金属催化的官能团转化方法是有机合成领域中的另一个重要突破。
金属催化剂可以催化反应底物中特定官能团的转化,从而实现特定化学键的形成或断裂。
例如,钯催化的Suzuki偶联反应可以将芳香化合物中的芳基卤素与芳基硼酸酯偶联,生成新的芳基化合物。
这种反应具有高效、可重复性强等优点,在药物合成和材料化学领域得到了广泛应用。
三、可见光催化的官能团转化传统的官能团转化方法中,很多反应需要使用紫外光或高能量光源作为激发源。
然而,这样的条件对于一些化学反应来说并不理想,因为紫外光和高能量光具有一定的危险性,而且也不利于环境保护。
可见光催化的官能团转化方法则可以使用可见光作为激发源,实现特定官能团的转化。
这样的方法具有温和的反应条件、高选择性等优点,在环境友好型合成中具有重要意义。
结论有机合成中的新型官能团转化方法为化学合成领域带来了革命性的变化。
C-H键官能团转化、金属催化的官能团转化和可见光催化的官能团转化等方法都具有独特的优势,为有机化学家提供了更多的选择和可能性。
随着对这些方法的进一步研究和改进,相信官能团转化方法将在有机合成中发挥更加重要的作用,为合成化学的发展做出更大贡献。
化学官能团相互转换大全(part3)
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有机化学官能团转化
有机化学官能团转化有机化学官能团转化是研究有机分子中官能团之间的转化反应的学科。
官能团是有机分子中具有化学特征的功能性团,不同的官能团赋予了有机分子不同的化学性质和反应活性。
有机化学官能团转化研究的目的是通过改变有机分子中的官能团,实现特定的化学转化,从而获得所需要的化合物。
在有机合成、药物研发、材料科学等领域,官能团转化技术被广泛应用。
一、醇的官能团转化醇是有机化合物中一种常见的官能团,它包含了羟基官能团,具有亲电性。
醇的官能团转化可以通过醇的脱水、酯化、醚化等反应实现。
1. 醇的脱水反应:醇可以通过脱水反应生成烯烃、醚等化合物。
一种常见的脱水反应是酸催化下的醇酸脱水反应,其中酸催化剂可以是磷酸、硫酸等。
例如,乙醇可以通过磷酸的作用脱水生成乙烯。
2. 醇的酯化反应:醇可以与酸反应生成酯。
酯是一类广泛应用的化合物,常用于香料、溶剂、润滑剂等领域。
酯化反应可以通过酸催化或酶催化实现。
例如,乙醇可以与乙酸反应生成乙酸乙酯。
3. 醇的醚化反应:醇可以与醚化剂反应生成醚。
醚是一类重要的有机溶剂,常用于化学合成和溶剂提取等领域。
醚化反应可以通过酸催化或碱催化实现。
例如,乙醇可以与乙醚化剂反应生成乙醚。
二、羰基化合物的官能团转化羰基化合物是一类含有羰基官能团的有机化合物,常见的羰基化合物有酮、醛、酸等。
羰基化合物可以通过还原、氧化、羰基加成等反应实现官能团转化。
1. 羰基化合物的还原反应:还原反应是将羰基化合物中的羰基还原为对应的醇。
还原反应常用的还原剂有金属氢化物、亚硫酸盐等。
例如,乙醛可以通过亚硫酸盐的还原反应生成乙醇。
2. 羰基化合物的氧化反应:氧化反应是将羰基化合物中的羰基氧化为对应的酸。
氧化反应常用的氧化剂有过氧化氢、酸性高锰酸钾等。
例如,乙醛可以通过酸性高锰酸钾的氧化反应生成乙酸。
3. 羰基化合物的羰基加成反应:羰基加成反应是在羰基化合物的羰基碳上加入亲核试剂,生成加成产物。
羰基加成反应中常用的亲核试剂有胺、水、醇等。
官能团相互转换大全(part1)
i 5-7-g f e d c b a e d c b a i h g f ed c ba h g f e d cb a h g f e dc b a 6-4-3-1-2-i h g f ed c b a C=C -C(O)-CH 3CH-CH CH-CX F u n c t i o n a l G r o u p I n t e r c o n v e r s i o nC=CC C C=CC C RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CHC C C-NH 2; C-NO 2C-OHC(OR)2; C(SR)2C=C-OR; C=C-SR C C C NC=N-OH, C=N-H C=SC=O C=O C-C(O)Z C=C C=O C-OH C-X C-N C-H C-N C=O C---OH C-OC(O)R C-X C-OCH 2OR C-NH 2C-OR C-H C-OH C=C C-H C(O)OR C-(OR)2C-OH C-ORC-CHO C-CO 2H C-CN C=C C=O C-S C-X C-OH C-H C=C j C(O)XhC Nj kC-HC-Br 8-C-Xi C-OHC-OH C(O)Z d c b a e d c b a f C-NH 2C-Hj CX-CYC CXC=O h g f iC CH RCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3O OOXCRR'=CHXjC O C-NH 2C-CN9-C-CH 3C-Xa e C=O1-adry pyridine: from CaH 2 and distilledtriflatemesylate tosylate S O O O RCH 2CF 3S OO O RCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3OH (2). for 3' alcohol:LiAlH 4(1). for 1', 2' alcohol:1-i h g f e dc b a C-CHO C-CO 2HC-CN C=C C=O C-SC-NH 2C-X C-OH C-H CH 3CH3CH 3H n -Bu SnH C S O PhClRCH 2-HCH 3SOO O RCH 2CH 3S OOCl RCH 2OHpurification textbook~ $ 30 / Kg toluenesulfonyl chloride (s)methanesulfonyy chloride (l)~ $ 30 / Kg jC(O)XPh 2SiHCl / InCl 3PhPhPhPhJOC, 2001, 66, 7741.ii. Ph 2SiHCl / InCl 3i. p -TsCl // LiAlH 4i. ClC(S)OPh // n -Bu 3SnH Cl 2via:a unique Lewis acid catalyst, acceleratedeoxgyenationInCl 3indium trichlorideii. Et 3SiH / Lewis acidJ. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6179JOC, 2000, 65, 6179.CHCl 2rt, 3 hr1-bBu 3SnH: (l), easy to remove Ph 3SnH: (s), hard to remove Me 3SnH: too volatile, toxicunstable in acid, form H 2 gas; stable in weak baseNaBH 3CN: stable at pH 5-6hygroscopic, dried self, suggest: buy small amount each time(Grignard reagent)H OJOC, 1969, 34, 3923.HBrNa / NH 3; Li / NH 3; Na / EtOH Zn; Fe; Sn; Mg(3). metal reduction(2). hydride reduction(1). free radical reductionJACS, 1972, 94, 8905.n -Bu 3SnH HBrNaBH 4 / InCl 3 / CH 3CNradical reagentn -Bu 3SnH / AlBN JA CS, 2002, 124, 906.i iii NaBH 3CNi LiAlH 4i ii ii NaBH 4ii THL, 1969, 3095.JOC, 1976, 41, 3064.iv LiBHEt 3 (super hydride)mechanism uncertain, probably radicalburn filter paper if dryRaney Nickel: Ni - Al alloy, suspensionJCS Perkin Trans I, 1973, 654.(3). L iAlH 4 / CuCl 2NaBH 4 / NiCl 2NaBHEt 3 / FeCl 2 (or CoCl 2, VCl 3)(2). Li / NH 3(1). Raney NiBuLi1-d1-c 4RCH 2-HRCH 2NH 2radical mechanismChemistry:R-SH R-S-R R 2SO R 2SO 2R-SS-Rremove: Hg +; Ni(1).(2).Ar-H2Ar-NH 2RCH 2NH 2RCH 2NMe 3R=CH 2R-CH 3(4).X-RCH 2NMe 3OH -2NaH 2(3).Ar-NH 2Ar-H1-e(2). thioketal:(3). Wolff-Kishner reduction:(6). enol derivatives:SHSH/ BFTf2similar:(4). Pd-C / HCO2NH4(7). Et3SiH / CF3COOH1-fb.p. ~ 230 Chighly toxic, cancer suspected agent?= HMPT: h exa m ethyl p hosphoric t riamide (Me 2N)3P=O 1-g (1). K / Al 2O 3 K / HMPA (2). Na / NH 31-h JOC, 1980, 45, 3227HMPA: h exa m ethyl p hosphor a mide (Me 2N)3P=O yes for white mouse, uncertain for humanmodified to: NN O1-i(1). RhCl(PPh 3)3 (Wilkinson's cat)(2). Rh(DPPD)2+ Cl -DPPD = Ph 2P-CH 2CH 2-PPh 21-jHSiEt 3 / B(C 6F 5)3activator / hydride sourceRCH 2OROO RR OROR RCH 2 OCH 2CH 2OH(1). h ν / HSiCl 32-bN NH/ TBDMS-ClTBDPS-ClEt 3N / TMS-Clacid: H 2SO 4H 3PO 4BF 3-Et 2O RC-OCH 2CH=CH2RC-OCPh 3 = RC -OTr RC-O t Bu RC-OCH 3RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 2Ph = RC-OBZl = RC-OBni. Willianson synthesis OK: Si - Cl bond longii. stability of silyl in acid/base: RC-O-TBDPS > RC-O-TBDMS >> RC-O-TBS iii. abbrev.: TBDMS = tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl = TBS =Silyl group:(RO-Tr)Trityl group: (tirphenylmethyl)i. S N 1 reactionii. abbreviation: triphenylmethyl = trityl = -CPh 3 = -Tr iii. advantage: high MW, easy to handle (small amount become large amount)baseBr Willianson synthesis (base, S N 2) not work: elimination side-product with base t -Butyl group:i. abbreviation: benzyl = PhCH 2 = Bzl = Bn ii. deprotecting: H 2 / Pd-CPhCH 2-ClPhCH 2-Br: reactivity goodPhCH 2-I: reactivity better than PhCH 2Br, generated in situ, PhCH 2Br + NaIPhCH 2-X: Benzyl- group:i. Williamson ether synthesis, S N 2 typeii. not a good protecting group, too stable to convert back to alcohol Me group:CH 3-X: CH 3I; CH 3OSO 2R; (CH 3)3O + BF 4-, (CH 3)2SO 4base: NaH, n -BuLi, Ag 2O(4). t -Bu: acid cat /(3). allyl: base /Br (6). silyl: Et 3N / R 3SiCl (5). trityl: py // Ph 3C-Br(2). PhCH 2-: base / PhCH 2-X e d cb a 2-RC=C RC-H RC(O)ORRC-(OR)2RC-OH RC-OR (1). Me: base / CH 3-X2-a (7). acetal / ketal: (see 3e)fRC-CNgenerate H 2, or butane gasJOC, 1988, 53, 2985.trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborateJCS, 1930, 2166.(8). ArF / CsFROHradical mechanism: SiCl 3RaNi with C=S2-c2-d (1). hv / HSiCl 3(2). HCl / tBu-OO-t Bu(4). BF 3 / NaBH 42-eC-OH C-H C-OR C-NH 2C-X 3-a b c d3-a(1). [PhI(OAc)-O]2-Mn(TPP)(2). organic electrochemistry(3). X 2 / hv // OH -3-a.13-a.23-a.3(1) Me 3SiCl // MPCBA//H 3O +(2). O 2, LDA, (EtO)3PJA CS, 1975, 97, 6909.i h g f e C=O C---OH C-OC(O)RC-OCH 2OR C=Cj C O(1). Me: application: deprotecting (2). PhCH 2-(5). trityl:(6). silyl: (3). allyl: (4). t-Bu: RC-OCH 2RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 3RC-OtBuRC-OCPh 3 = RC-OTr RC-OCH 2CH=CH 232Oi. HOAc: weak acid: good leaving groupii. H 2i. F - : HF, Py-H + F -; n -SiMe 3-SiBuMe 2-SiBuPh 2if HOBr: OK for TMDMSJOC, 1987, 52, 4973.OCOCF 3+3-b triphenylmethylorganic base: TMG3-c(1). O H -(2). K O 2 / D M S O 3-d not practically useful: R -O H cheaper than R -XJO C , 1975, 40, 1678.(2). N a 2[F e(C N )5(N O )] / K 2C O 3 / H 2O3-e(1). S ym m etry:ketal: use H 3O +acetal: use H 3O +(2). unsym etry:R O -M O M R O -M E M R O -M T M R O -T H Pi. H 3O +; ii. H C l / M eO H p -T sO H / M eO Hi. H 3O +; ii. Z nB r 2 / C H 2C l 2H gC l 2 / C H 3C N (aq.)actually, a c e t a l e x c h a n g e (3). A g 2O / H 2OT H L , 1975, 3183.JO C , 1986, 51, 3913.R O 2C(C H 2)3H RN H 2R O 2C(C H 2)3H RO H2323-f(1). base: KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, NH 3) / MeOH; NaOH (1 %, or 0.5 N)(3). RED: (2). acid: H 3O +PPh 3 / DEAD / RCO 2H // OH -3-gMitsunobu inversionSynthesis, 1981, 1.JOC, 1987, 52, 4235.common esters:formate = HCO 2R ------------------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH trifluoroacetate = CF 3CO 2R ------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOHacetate = CH 3CO 2R = ROAc --------- KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH benzoate = PhCO 2R = ROBz -------- NaOH (1 %) / MeOH pivalate = t Bu-CO 2R = ROPv ------ NaOH (0.5 N) / EtOH*HOi LiAlH 4ii. NaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)CH 3O 2CCO 2CH 3HOOH3)266hydride:electron:Na / NH 3AGIEE, 2002, 41, 3028.。
有机物常见官能团的变化
★★★★★有机物常见官能团的变化江油一中各类烃及烃的衍生物的相互转化,其实质是官能团之间的互换和变化。
一、 与卤素原子的有关变化:1、 取代反应: ①烷烃与卤素单质光照下反应:CH 4 + Cl 2CH 3Cl + HCl+Br 2 + HBr ③苯酚与溴水反应:+ 3Br 2+ 3HCl④醇与卤化氢反应:R OH + HBr R Br + H 2O ⑤苯同系物侧链与卤素单质反应:Cl 2 + HCl ⑥苯同系物与卤素单质反应: Br 2 + HBr 2:① 烯烃与卤素单质加成:CH 2 CH 2 + Br 2 CH 2Br CH 2Br②烯烃与卤化氢加成:CH 2 CH 2 + HCl CH 3 CH 2Cl ③炔烃与卤化氢、卤素单质加成:CH CH + Br 2 CH CHCH CH + HBr CH 2 CH 2Br光 Fe OH Br -光照Fe催化剂 △Br Br 催化剂 △二、羟基有关的变化:1、卤代烃碱性条件下水解生成醇: R 2O ROH + HX 2、 氯苯水解制苯酚:+ H 2O +HCl 3、烯烃与水加成:CH 2 CH 2 + H 2O CH 3CH 2OH4、醛、酮还原:R CHO + H 2 R CH 2OHR COR ’ + H 2 R CH ’ 5、脂水解:RCOOR ’+ H 2O RCOOH + R ’OH ①CH 3COOCH 2CH 3 + H 2O CH 3COOH + CH 3CH 2OH②+ H 2O + CH 3COOH1735COOCH 2 ③ + 3H 2O + 3C 17H 35COOH 三、与羰基有关的变化:1、 氧化反应:①烯烃氧化:2CH 2 CH 2 + O 2 2CH 3CHO ②醇氧化:2RCH 2OH + O 2 2RCHO + 2H 2O 2R CH R ’ + O 2 2R C R ’ + 2H 2O ③烯烃臭氧分解: RCH ’ RCHO + R ’CHO 2、炔烃水化: CH 2O CH 3CHO 3、羰基合成:CH 2 CH 2 + CO + H 2O CH 3CH 2CHO四、与羰基有关的变化:1、醛的催化氧化:2RCHO + O 2 2RCOOH△碱 3 催化剂 高温、高压催化剂 催化剂 催化剂 催化剂 稀硫酸 △3 催化剂△ C 17H 35COOCH C 17H 35COOCH 2 催化剂 △CH 22OH CHOH 催化剂 △ △催化剂 OH 催化剂 △ O O 3 Zn 、H 2O 催化剂催化剂 催化剂2、苯的同系物侧链氧化:3、脂类水解:RCOOR ’ + H 2O RCOOH + R ’OH4、酰氯水解:CH 3COCl + H 2O CH 3COOH + HCl5、酰氨水解:CH 3CONH 2 + H 2O + HCl CH 3COOH + HCl6、酸酐水解:CH 3 C O C CH 3 + H 2O 2CH 3COOH7、烯烃与HCN 加成水解:CH 2 CH 2 + HCN CH 3CH 2CN CH 3CH 2CN CH 3CH 2COOH8、烷烃直接氧化法: 2CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 + 5O 2 4CH 3COOH + 2H 2O 豆丁致力于构建全球领先的文档发布与销售平台,面向世界范围提供便捷、安全、专业、有效的文档营销服务。
化学官能团相互转换大全(part2)
JA C S, 1972, 94, 7159.L A H ------------ alm ost all: ald, ketone, acie, ester, acyl X, anhydrideN aB H4 --------------- not for acid, ester (but L iB H4 w ork for ester)B2H6 --------------- not for ester, acyl X, anhydride;from top:L iA lH4; N aB H4; N a / N H3A l (O i Pr)3 / i PrO H ----------- M eerw ein-Pondorf-V erley rxnIrC l4 / i P rO H / P(O M e)3 ------ H enbest rxnL iB H(sec Bu)3 ------------------ H. C. B row nfrom bottom:(2). stereoselective:(1). regioselective:3-h(3). H C H O reagent:M e C H O M eO HH C H OJA C S, 1935, 511, 903.C H3C H O C(C H2O H)42O rg.Syn, 1925, 4, 53.H C H O / K O HH C H O / C a(O H)2S ynthesis, 1994, 1007.PhN O2OPhN O2H O HB H / SM eJO C, 2001, 66, 7514.JO C, 2003, 68, 2030.OB H3 / T H F99.5 % transsolvent: T H F, S M e23-iR3B, H O C H2C H2O H // H2O2 // N aO HJO C, 1986, 51, 4925.C O RRR3BRRRRR3C B OH O C H2C H2O HR3C BOOH2O2O HR3HO BOOR3CH2OR3C O Hp ra c tic e3-k OO HHO HO HOO HO HHO HO HJO C , 1967, 32, 3452.H 2O 2: dangerous,skin w hiten, m etal decom poseH g (O A c)2: toxic, hard to rem ove (3). B 2H 6, H 2O 2 / O H -, H 2O(2). H g(O A c)2, H 2O // N aB H 4(1). H 3O +3-j3-j.13-j.2hydration:(1). K M nO 4 / N aO H (2). O sO 4(3). H 2O 2/H C O 2H (4). N a / E tO HH Hcis tran cis +trancisM e 2NNNC H 3HC lH 3N C H 3H H N C H 3CH H+NC H 3C l N H H C H OCO O HA C H 21. L A H R 3C N H 2RCN R 2R C N H R R 3CO HR 2C O H R C O H R C N H 2tertiarysecondary prim ary C om pare nom enclature class:not a very useful reactionC -NC -H C -N C -X C -O H C =OC =C 4-abc d ef g 4-aSO 2N H 2Ph IO A c O A cS O ON H S OON I P h Fe (T PP )C lS O ON H 2(insertion)T P PN NNNP h2. N aN 3N C O1. SO 2C l 2O 2CCO O h iC N C (O )X C -C (O )XN H 2H 2R C N O 2R C N H 2i ii4-b C F 3C O 3H // F e / H O A c1. m an y red u cin g ag en ts4-b.14-b.21.2.3.4.F e 3(C O )12 / C H 3O HJO C , 1972, 37, 930.N aB H 4 / P d -C N a 2S S n / H C l V o g el's 12.57V o g el's 12.58V o g el's 12.595.H 2 / P t (S )-CJA C S , 1965, 87, 2767.su lfid ed p latiu mn o t affect: aro m atic rin g s, k eto n es, h alid es, n itriles, am id e, eastersJA CS, 1933, 55, 4579.2H CH O N M e 2CO 2EtN H 2CO 2EtRC N CC NRCCRC N H 2iC N R N N+-C N R R'ii 1. H CH O / H CO 2H 1. RBCl 2 / base1. H C(O Et)3 // N aBH 4;2. R 2CO // N aBH 3CN N H 2NCH 3CH 3H CH O H CO O HN 3N HBCl 2N H 2C O O HN CO O HHCH 3H C(O Et)N aBH 4b.3 2. H CH O // H 2 / Pd-CN 3N O 2M eO 2CN aBH 4CoCl 26H 2O (cat)rtN H 2N O 2M eO 2CSynthesis, 1979,537.m ild conditionhigh yieldnot affect:: N O 2, C=C, CN , CO O R, CO O H2. N aBH 4 / CoCl 2-6H 2Ono t g o od , u su ally co n tain p o lyalk ylatio n p ro d u cts2. D elep in e3. N aN 3 / R E D4-d4-c 5. U n p o lu n g4. N aN 3 / R E D3. D elep in e2. G ab riel:1. N H 3N OK N 2H 42Oi. L A H , N aB H 4ii. H 2 / catiii Z n / H C l; A l (H g )i. M g // N H 2C lii. M g // P h S C H 2-N 3co m m ercial av ailab le, tetram er o f M e 3N24. C B r 4, P P h 3, N aN 3, D M F // P P h 3 / T H FJO C , 2000, 65, 7110.u ro tro p in e (乌洛托品)m eth en am in e (六甲烯胺)h ex am eth ylen etetram in e (环六亚甲基四胺)内服后遇酸分解出 H C H O ,可做尿道消毒剂, 治膀胱炎B 2H 6 / H 2N O SO 3HB 2H 6 / H 2N OC H 3C N / H 3O +B 2H 6 / N H 2C l C =CC -C -N H C O C H 3C =C C -C -N H 24-f4-e5. P 4S 10 // R aN i4. E t 3O + B F 4- // N aB H 43. B 2H 62. N aB H 3(O C O R )1. L iA lH 46. L aw esson's reagent // R 4-h4-g4-g.a4-g.b RC N H 2R C N H 2R 'formformA lH 3 / T H FB rCNB r N H 2JO C , 2000, 65, 8152.A lH T H FT H , 1989, 30, 5137.JO C , 1987, 52, 3901.R 'L i // N aB H 4R 'M gX // N aB H 4R 'M gX // L i/N H 3(l)R '2C uL i // N aB H 4T H , 1989, 30, 5139.JO C , 1993, 58, 4313.RCNR CN H 2R 'R 'M // H4-iN H 2ON HO C H 3O PhI(O A c)23JO C , 1993, 58, 2478.RCON H 2RCONIPhO A c RNCOR N HCOO C H 3C H 3O HPhI, O A ccPhI(O A c)4-i.2CN H 2R C H 2PhI(O A c)2 // K O H / C H 3O HC(O R)2C(S R)2hC-N H2C-N O2C NC C5-agfdcba5-C=C-O RC=C-S RC-O HC=N-O HC=N-HC=SC=OC=Ov. via: epox ysilan eR COC RR COC H2R242H3O+C O2H3OOO2-4OO3H3O+Z nT sN H N H2M eL i T M S C l M C P B A L A H24C H2ORRC H2ORRaq C H3C N/C H2CORRi. via:α-C O2Hii. via: α-haloketon eiii. via: ald ol p ro cessiv. via: thioen ol etherROC H2Rd raw back: req uire sim ple stru cture, use m an y p ow erful ag ents: M eL i, L A H, M C P B Aeij C-B rk C-Hii. M C P B Ai. h yd ro lysis 5-b5-c C =N -O HC =N -Hi. R aN i ii. T iC l 3iii. K M n O 4 / A l 2O 3H 3O+5-dH g 2+ / H 2OJO C , 1972, 37, 2138.JO C , 1970, 35, 858.H g S O 4 / H 2O / H 2O5-c.15-c.2T H L , 2001, 42, 4775.1. D IB A L / H 3O +5-eS tenphen reductionm ostly forJ.O rg.S yn , 1925, 3, 1874.2. H C l./ S nC l 2 / E t 2O 5-e.1R -CH 2-CN5-e.25-e.3-C H 2-C OHR -C H -C OH R 'R -C H -C OR "R 'R 'X / n -B uL i C H 3I R ''M gB r H 3O+3.O HO HH 3O +O HO H5-fH 3O +H g 2+ / C H 3C N (aq)C =C -O RC =C -SRO C H 3OH 3O +SC H 3OH g 2+3H 3O H g2+3H 3O+OO O SSS S SR SR O O O R O R 5-gH g 2+/ H 3O+H 3O + / solv (aq)H 3O + / solv (aq)H g 2+ / H 3O +O R O RO H O HH 3O +/ solv (aq)acid catalysta very com m on protecting group, deprotect back to ketoneHCO E t O E tO E tR M gX / H 3O +HCO E t O E tO E tR M gXRCHO。
有机官能团的转换-127页文档资料
实际上,纯粹SN2与SNl反应仅仅是亲核取代的两种 极限情况。大多数情况下,两种机理并存.并表现为竞
争反应。作用物结构、试剂以及反应条件将对反应产生 很大的影响。
作用物中心碳原子的空间效应对SN2反应影响很大。 中心碳上取代基增多,试剂进攻中心碳受阻,SN2反应
的相对速度便减小。不同结构的作用物进行SN2反应的 活性顺序是:
当取代芳烃再度发生取代时,环上巳存在的基团将
对新基进入芳坏的难易和位置产生很大的影响。这一现 象称为取代基的定位效应。一些基团使取代反应比苯更 易进行,而且将新基主要引入原有取代基的邻、对位, 这类基团称为邻对位定位基;另一类基团使芳环上的取 代比苯难于进行,新基主要进入其间位,称为间位定位 基。一般邻对位定位基对芳环的亲电取代起活化作用, 间位定位基起钝化作用。但卤原子例外,卤原子是吸电 子基因,它们的存在使苯环比较难于取代,但它们所具 有的未共用电于对与苯环组成P—共轭体系,使取代基 的邻、对位电子云密度比间位大一些,因而起邻、对定 位作用。
如果苯环上含有一个以上的取代基时,新基进入的
位置往往受定位效应最强的取代基支配。取代基定位效 应的相对强度同反应类型和反应条件有关,相同的基团
在不同的反应或不同的反应条件下,其相对活性往往有 所不同。根据单取代苯溴代的相对反应速度一些常见邻 对位定位基的定位效应的相对活性顺序为:
根据单取代苯硝化时,问硝基衍生物的产率,一些间位 定位基的相对强度如下顺序:
SN2 机理包括一个由作用物与试剂分子形成的过渡 态,反应按协同方式进行。即试剂从离去基团相反的方 向上进攻中心碳原于,试剂同中心碳之间键的形成,与
离去基团与中心碳之间键的断裂是同时进行的。在过渡 态中,进攻试剂、中心碳原子和离去基团大约处于同一 直线位置。而中心碳上的其余三个原子或基团则位于同 该直线垂直的平面上。这时,进攻试剂与离去基团分别 处于平面的两边。随着新键的逐渐形成,离去基团与中 心碳之间的键逐渐削弱,最后完全脱离中心碳,而完成 反应。
有机化学的官能团转化和合成路线选择
实验数据记录要准确、完 整、清晰
数据分析要及时、准确、 科学
实验数据要与理论结果进 行对比分析
实验数据要定期整理、归 档和备份
实验结果:详细记录实验过程 中的各项数据和现象
结果分析:对实验结果进行深 入分析,探究原因和规律
讨论:针对实验结果展开讨论, 提出改进措施和未来研究方向
结论:总结实验结果和讨论, 得出结论并给出建议
汇报人:XX
XX,a click to unlimited possibilities
汇报人:XX
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常见官能团:醇、 酚、醚、醛、酮、 羧酸、酯等
官能团性质:决 定有机化合物的 化学性质
官能团转化:通过 化学反应实现官能 团之间的相互转化
合成路线选择:根 据目标化合物选择 合适的官能团和合 成路线
官能团定义:有机化学中具有特定 结构和性质的原子或原子团
转化方式:氧化、还原、水解、酯 化、加成等
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转化原理:通过化学反应将一个官 能团转变为另一个官能团
转化条件:催化剂、反应温度、压 力等
烯烃转化为醇:通过加成反应, 如氢气加成
醇转化为醚:通过取代反应, 如与卤素反应
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合成路线的选择原则:根据目标分 子的结构特点,选择合适的合成路 线,以实现官能团的定向转化
合成路线的绿色化:选择环保、经 济的合成路线,降低对环境的负面 影响,实现绿色化学
官能团转化是合成路线选择的基础,通过 了解官能团的性质和转化规律,可以设计 合理的合成路线。
合成路线的选择应考虑官能团的转化效率 和成本,选择高效、低成本的转化路径可 以提高合成效率。
有机官能团转化规律
NO2
1
官能团转化与引入关系图
1. CH3—CH2 OH ( 消去反应
浓硫酸 170℃
) CH2=CH2
(加成反应)
CH2—CH2 Cl Cl
(水解或取代)
CH2—CH2 OH OH
(氧化反应 )
酯化
H—C—C—OH O O
(氧化 )
缩聚
HO—C—C—OH O O
生物发酵
葡萄糖 2. CH3—CH2 Cl
光合作用
[CH2—CH2—O]n CO2+H2O ) CH2=CH2 (加成反应 )
(加聚反应)
CH2—O—C=O
CH2—CH2 O ) CH2=CH Cl
OO HOCH2CH2-O-C-C-OH [OCH2CH2OCOCO]n
CH2—O—C=O
(消去反应
CH2—CH2 Cl Cl
(消去反应
(加成反应 )
CH2—CH—Cl Cl Cl
(加成反应 ) (水解或取代) CH2—CH—Br Br Cl 3. CH2=CH2 5. CH≡CH
3 分子成环 硝化取代 —NO2 加成 HCN
(水解或取代) CH2—CH OH O
加成 HCN
氧化
CH2—C—OH OH O CH2 = CH COOH
4. CH3—CH2 CN
CH3—COOH
CH2=CH—Cl
[CH2—CHCl]n
油 脂
动 植 物
蛋 白 质
CH3
H2 Ni 浓 H2SO4 HNO3 Cl —OH OH 浓 H2SO4 HNO3 CH3 浓 H2SO4 HNO3 O2N— —NO2 NO2 O2N— —NO2 —NO2 Fe 稀盐酸 —NH2
有机化学中的官能团和官能团转化反应
有机化学中的官能团和官能团转化反应有机化学是研究碳元素化合物的科学,它研究的对象是有机化合物的结构、性质和反应。
官能团是有机化合物中具有一定化学性质和反应特点的基团,它们决定了有机化合物的性质和反应途径。
在有机化学中,官能团转化反应是一种重要的反应类型,它可以将一个官能团转化为另一个官能团,从而改变有机化合物的性质和用途。
一、官能团的定义和分类官能团是有机化合物中具有一定化学性质和反应特点的基团。
它们通常由原子团组成,可以通过化学反应转化为其他官能团。
常见的官能团包括羟基、羧基、醇基、酮基、醛基、氨基等。
根据官能团的特点和性质,可以将它们分为不同的类别。
例如,羟基和醇基都是含有氧原子的官能团,它们可以通过氧化反应转化为羧基;酮基和醛基都是含有碳氧双键的官能团,它们可以通过还原反应转化为醇基。
不同的官能团转化反应有着不同的机理和条件,研究和应用这些反应可以为有机化学的发展提供重要的基础。
二、官能团转化反应的机理和条件官能团转化反应的机理和条件取决于具体的反应类型和官能团结构。
以羟基转化为羧基为例,它可以通过氧化反应实现。
一种常用的氧化剂是酸性高锰酸钾溶液,它可以将羟基氧化为羧基。
在反应中,高锰酸钾被还原为二价锰离子,羟基被氧化为羧基。
这种反应常用于醇的氧化反应,可以将醇转化为醛或酮。
官能团转化反应的条件也取决于具体的反应类型和官能团结构。
以氨基转化为酯基为例,它可以通过酯化反应实现。
酯化反应需要酸催化剂和醇作为反应物,通过酸催化剂的作用,氨基可以与醇发生酯化反应,生成酯基。
酯化反应常用于合成酯类化合物,广泛应用于食品、药品和香料等领域。
三、官能团转化反应的应用官能团转化反应在有机化学中有着广泛的应用。
它可以用于有机合成、药物合成、材料合成等领域。
通过官能团转化反应,可以将一个官能团转化为另一个官能团,从而改变有机化合物的性质和用途。
例如,氨基转化为酯基的酯化反应可以用于合成酯类化合物。
酯类化合物在食品、药品和香料等领域有着广泛的应用。
官能团化和官能团转换的基本反应
烃基的异构化:烃化剂碳原子数多于两个时,出现烃基异构化产物。 产物结构 反应温度高,催化剂活性大,异构化产物多。 烃基的定位:苯环上原有烃基时,一般新上烃基到其邻或对位;当 反应条件强烈(升高温度,使用高活性催化剂,延长时间) 出现间位产物。
第二章 官能团化和官能团转换的基本反 应
20
n Pr
例:
CH2Cl CH3CHCH3 64%
CH3 + CH3CCH3 Cl 36%
目前,许多学者在探索用副族金属催化剂活化烷烃
C-H键,以获得有用精细化学品合成原料,如,甲烷 直接氧化成甲醇。
第二章 官能团化和官能团转换的基本反 应 3
2.1.2 烯烃的官能团化
烯烃的官能团是双键,其邻位α -位也是可官能团化的部位。
H3C CH3
C
C
CH3 H
SeO2
H3C O C
C H
C
CH3 H
O C6H5C OOC(CH3)3/CuBr 1) Refl.
O OC C6H5
(50%~77%) o (71~80%) 2) 80~82 C 官能团化和官能团转换的基本反 第二章
应 13
2.1.2 炔烃的官能团化
炔烃中,三键是反应中心,典型反应为亲电加成反应。与烯烃 相比,还有亲核加成。 1. 亲电加成:
AlCl3(0.3mol) 80~100 C
o
CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
(1mol)
CHOH + CH3 70 oC (1mol) 第二章 官能团化和官能团转换的基本反
应
80%H2SO4(12mol)
CH(CH3)2
21
◆ F-C 酰基化反应
化学反应官能团转化速查
i 5-7-g f e d c b a e d c b a i h g f ed c ba h g f e d cb a h g f e dc b a 6-4-3-1-2-i h g f ed c b a C=C -C(O)-CH 3CH-CH CH-CX Functional Group InterconversionC=CC C C=CC C RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CH C C C-NH 2; C-NO 2C-OHC(OR)2; C(SR)2C=C-OR; C=C-SR C C C NC=N-OH, C=N-H C=SC=O C=O C-C(O)Z C=C C=O C-OH C-X C-N C-H C-N C=O C---OH C-OC(O)R C-X C-OCH 2OR C-NH 2C-OR C-H C-OH C=C C-H C(O)OR C-(OR)2C-OH C-ORC-CHO C-CO 2H C-CN C=C C=O C-S C-X C-OH C-H C=C j C(O)XhC Nj kC-HC-Br 8-C-Xi C-OHC-OH C(O)Z dc b a ed c b a f C-NH 2C-Hj CX-CYC CXC=O h g f iC CH RCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3O OOXCRR'=CHXjC O C-NH 2C-CN9-C-CH 3C-Xa e C=O1-adry pyridine: from CaH 2 and distilledtriflatemesylate tosylate S O O O RCH 2CF 3S OO O RCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3OH (2). for 3' alcohol:(1). for 1', 2' alcohol:1-i h g f e dc b a C-CHO C-CO 2HC-CN C=C C=O C-SC-NH 2C-X C-OH C-H CH 3CH3CH 3H S RCH 2-HCH 3SOO O RCH 2CH 3S OOCl RCH 2OHpurification textbook~ $ 30 / Kg toluenesulfonyl chloride (s)methanesulfonyy chloride (l)~ $ 30 / Kg jC(O)XPh 2SiHCl / InCl 3PhPhPhPhJOC, 2001, 66, 7741.ii. Ph 2SiHCl / InCl 3i. p -TsCl // LiAlH 4i. ClC(S)OPh // n -Bu 3SnH Cl 2via:a unique Lewis acid catalyst, acceleratedeoxgyenationInCl 3indium trichlorideii. Et 3SiH / Lewis acidJ. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6179JOC, 2000, 65, 6179.CHCl 2rt, 3 hr1-bBu 3SnH: (l), easy to remove Ph 3SnH: (s), hard to remove Me 3SnH: too volatile, toxicunstable in acid, form H 2 gas; stable in weak baseNaBH 3CN: stable at pH 5-6hygroscopic, dried self, suggest: buy small amount each time(Grignard reagent)JOC, 1969, 34, 3923.HBrNa / NH 3; Li / NH 3; Na / EtOH Zn; Fe; Sn; Mg(3). metal reduction(2). hydride reduction(1). free radical reductionJACS, 1972, 94, 8905.n -Bu SnH HBrNaBH 4 / InCl 3 / CH 3CNradical reagentn -Bu 3SnH / AlBN JA CS, 2002, 124, 906.i iii NaBH 3CNi LiAlH 4i ii ii NaBH 4ii THL, 1969, 3095.JOC, 1976, 41, 3064.iv LiBHEt 3 (super hydride)mechanism uncertain, probably radicalburn filter paper if dryRaney Nickel: Ni - Al alloy, suspensionJCS Perkin Trans I, 1973, 654.(3). L iAlH 4 / CuCl 2NaBH 4 / NiCl 2NaBHEt 3 / FeCl 2 (or CoCl 2, VCl 3)(2). Li / NH 3(1). Raney Ni1-d1-c RCH 2-HRCH 2NH 2radical mechanismChemistry:R-SH R-S-R R 2SO R 2SO 2R-SS-Rremove: Hg +; Ni(1).(2).Ar-H2H PO Ar-NH 2RCH 2NH 2RCH 2NMe 3R=CH 2R-CH 3(4).X-RCH 2NMe 3OH -p-TsClNaH p-TsCl2(3).Ar-NH 2Ar-Hbasicneutral acidic1-e(2). thioketal:(3). Wolff-Kishner reduction:(5). Tosylhydrazone reduction (Shapiro reaction):(modified Wolff-Kishner reduction):)(6). enol derivatives: SHSH / BF 3, CH 2Cl 2 // RaNiN 2H 4, OH -, heatTsNHNH 2Tf 2O /N// H 2 / PtO 2preparation: HgCl 2 into Znsimilar: Sn / HCl(4). Pd-C / HCO 2NH 4: mild, efficient(7). Et 3SiH / CF 3COOHPhONO 21-fb.p. ~ 230 Chighly toxic, cancer suspected agent?= HMPT: h exa m ethyl p hosphoric t riamide (Me 2N)3P=O 1-g (1). K / Al 2O 3 K / HMPA (2). Na / NH 31-h JOC, 1980, 45, 3227HMPA: h exa m ethyl p hosphor a mide (Me 2N)3P=Oyes for white mouse, uncertain for humanmodified to: N N O1-i(1). RhCl(PPh 3)3 (Wilkinson's cat)(2). Rh(DPPD)2+ Cl -DPPD = Ph 2P-CH 2CH 2-PPh 21-jHSiEt 3 / B(C 6F 5)3activator / hydride sourceRCH 2OROORR OROR RCH 2 OCH 2CH 2OH(3). AlCl 3 / LiAlH 4(2). HCl / NaBH 3(CN)(1). h ν / HSiCl 32-bN NH/ TBDMS-ClTBDPS-ClEt 3N / TMS-Clacid: H 2SO 4H 3PO 4BF 3-Et 2ORC-OCH 2CH=CH2RC-OCPh 3 = RC -OTr RC-O t BuRC-OCH 3RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 2Ph = RC-OBZl = RC-OBni. Willianson synthesis OK: Si - Cl bond longii. stability of silyl in acid/base: RC-O-TBDPS > RC-O-TBDMS >> RC-O-TBS iii. abbrev.: TBDMS = tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl = TBS =Silyl group:(RO-Tr)Trityl group: (tirphenylmethyl)i. S N 1 reactionii. abbreviation: triphenylmethyl = trityl = -CPh 3 = -Tr iii. advantage: high MW, easy to handle (small amount become large amount)baseBr Willianson synthesis (base, S N 2) not work: elimination side-product with baset -Butyl group:i. abbreviation: benzyl = PhCH 2 = Bzl = Bn ii. deprotecting: H 2 / Pd-CPhCH 2-ClPhCH 2-Br: reactivity goodPhCH 2-I: reactivity better than PhCH 2Br, generated in situ, PhCH 2Br + NaIPhCH 2-X: Benzyl- group:i. Williamson ether synthesis, S N 2 typeii. not a good protecting group, too stable to convert back to alcohol Me group:CH 3-X: CH 3I; CH 3OSO 2R; (CH 3)3O + BF 4-, (CH 3)2SO 4base: NaH, n -BuLi, Ag 2O(4). t -Bu: acid cat /(3). allyl: base /Br (6). silyl: Et 3N / R 3SiCl(5). trityl: py // Ph 3C-Br(2). PhCH 2-: base / PhCH 2-X e d cb a 2-RC=C RC-H RC(O)ORRC-(OR)2RC-OH RC-OR (1). Me: base / CH 3-X2-a (7). acetal / ketal: (see 3e)fRC-CNgenerate H 2, or butane gasJOC, 1988, 53, 2985.trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborateJCS, 1930, 2166.(8). ArF / CsFROHradical mechanism: SiCl 3t-BuORaNi with C=S2-c2-d (1). hv / HSiCl 3(2). HCl / tBu-OO-t Bu(4). BF 3 / NaBH 42-e2-e.vi. H 2O 2, t -BuOH, MnSO 4 // NaHCO 3, pH 8JA CS, 2001, 123, 2933.HO 22COnew, cheap,, simple, green chemistryconvenient, inexpensive, powerful.JOC, 1980, 45, 4758.JOC, 1982, 47, 2670.OOHOOBr via:Br 2 / ROH2-f ROH / HClEtCNEt C OEt OEtOEtJA CS, 1942, 64, 1825.JOC, 2001, 66, 521.C-OH C-H C-OR C-NH 2C-X 3-a b c d3-a(1). [PhI(OAc)-O]2-Mn(TPP)(2). organic electrochemistry(3). X 2 / hv // OH -3-a.13-a.23-a.3(1) Me 3SiCl // MPCBA//H 3O +(2). O 2, LDA, (EtO)3PJA CS, 1975, 97, 6909.i h g f e C=O C---OH C-OC(O)RC-OCH 2OR C=Cj C O(1). Me: application: deprotecting (2). PhCH 2-(5). trityl:(6). silyl: (3). allyl: (4). t-Bu: RC-OCH 2RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 3RC-OtBuRC-OCPh 3 = RC-OTr RC-OCH 2CH=CH 2OH - Me i. HOAc: weak acid: good leaving groupii. H 2i. F - : HF, Py-H + F -; n +--SiMe 3-SiBuMe 2-SiBuPh 2if HOBr: OK for TMDMSJOC, 1987, 52, 4973.OCOCF 3+3-b triphenylmethylorganic base: TMG3-c(1). OH -(2). KO 2 / DMSO 3-d not practically useful: R-OH cheaper than R-XJOC, 1975, 40, 1678.(2). Na 2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] / K 2CO 3 / H 2O3-e(1). Symmetry:ketal: use H 3O +acetal: use H 3O +(2). unsymetry:RO-MOM RO-MEM RO-MTM RO-THPi. H 3O +p -TsOH / MeOHi. H 3O +; ii. ZnBr 2 / CH 2Cl 2HgCl 2 / CH 3CN (aq.)actually, acetal exchange (3). Ag 2O / H 2OTHL, 1975, 3183.JOC, 1986, 51, 3913.RO 2C (CH 2)3CHRNH 2RO 2C (CH 2)3OHNa 2[Fe(CN)5(NO)]2323-f(1). base: KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, NH 3) / MeOH; NaOH (1 %, or 0.5 N)(3). RED: (2). acid: H 3O +PPh 3 / DEAD / RCO 2H // OH -3-gMitsunobu inversionSynthesis, 1981, 1.JOC, 1987, 52, 4235.common esters:formate = HCO 2R ------------------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH trifluoroacetate = CF 3CO 2R ------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH acetate = CH 3CO 2R = ROAc --------- KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH benzoate = PhCO 2R = ROBz -------- NaOH (1 %) / MeOH pivalate = t Bu-CO 2R = ROPv ------ NaOH (0.5 N) / EtOH*HOi LiAlH 4ii. NaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)CH 3O 2CCO 2CH 3HOOHNaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)266hydride:electron:Na / NH 3AGIEE, 2002, 41, 3028.JACS, 1972, 94, 7159.LAH ------------ almost all: ald, ketone, acie, ester, acyl X, anhydrideNaBH4 --------------- not for acid, ester (but LiBH4 work for ester)B2H6 --------------- not for ester, acyl X, anhydride;from top:LiAlH4; NaBH4; Na / NH3Al (O i Pr)3 / i PrOH ----------- Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley rxnIrCl4 / i PrOH / P(OMe)3 ------ Henbest rxnLiBH(sec Bu)3 ------------------ H. C. Brownfrom bottom:(2). stereoselective:(1). regioselective:3-h(3). HCHO reagent:Me CHO MeOHHCHOJACS, 1935, 511, 903.CH3CHO C(CH2OH)42Org.Syn, 1925, 4, 53.HCHO / KOHHCHO / Ca(OH)2Synthesis, 1994, 1007.PhNO2OPhNO2H OHBH / SMeJOC, 2001, 66, 7514.JOC, 2003, 68, 2030.OBH3 / THF99.5 % transsolvent: THF, SMe23-iR3B, HOCH2CH2OH // H2O2 // NaOHJOC, 1986, 51, 4925.C O R BRR3BRRRRR3C B OHOCH2CH2OHR3C BOO H2O2OHR3BOOO HO BOR3CH2OR3C OHpractice3-k OOHOHOHOHOOHOH OHOHOHJOC, 1967, 32, 3452.H 2O 2: dangerous,skin whiten, metal decomposeHg (OAc)2: toxic, hard to remove (3). B 2H 6, H 2O 2 / OH -, H 2O(2). Hg(OAc)2, H 2O // NaBH 4(1). H 3O +3-j3-j.13-j.2hydration:(1). KMnO 4 / NaOH (2). OsO 4(3). H 2O 2/HCO 2H (4). Na / EtOHcistran cis +trancis3Me2NNN CH3HCl3hνN CH3HHN CH3HH+N CH3ClNHCHC2R3C NH2R C NR2R C NHRR3C OHR2C OHRC OHR C NH2tertiarysecondaryprimaryCompare nomenclature class:not a very useful reactionC-NC-HC-NC-XC-OHC=OC=C4-abcdefg4-a2NH2Ph I OAcOAc SOONHSOON I Ph Fe(TPP)Cl SOONH2(insertion)TPPNNNNPh2. NaN3N C O1. SO2Cl2CO2CCO OhiC NC(O)XC-C(O)XNH 22RC NO 2RC NH 2iiiiii4-b CF 3CO 3H // Fe / HOAc1. many reducing agents4-b.14-b.21.2.3.4.Fe 3(CO)12 / CH 3OH JOC, 1972, 37, 930.NaBH 4 / Pd-C Na 2S Sn / HCl Vogel's 12.57Vogel's 12.58Vogel's 12.595.H 2 / Pt (S)-CJACS, 1965, 87, 2767.sulfided platium not affect: aromatic rings, ketones, halides, nitriles, amide, eastersJACS, 1933, 55, 4579.2HCHO NMe 2CO 2EtNH 2CO 2EtRC NCC NR C CRC NH 2iC N R N N+-C NR R'ii1. HCHO / HCO 2H 1. RBCl 2 / base1. HC(OEt)3 // NaBH 4;2. R 2CO // NaBH 3CN NH 2N CH 3CH 3HCHO N 3NHBCl 2NH 2COOHN COOHHCH 3NaBH 4b.3 2. HCHO // H 2 / Pd-CN 3NO 2MeO 2CNaBH 422rt NH 2NO 2MeO 2CSynthesis, 1979, 537.mild conditionhigh yieldnot affect:: NO 2, C=C, CN, COOR, COOH2. NaBH 4 / CoCl 2-6H 2Onot good, usually contain polyalkylation products2. Delepine3. NaN 3/ RED4-d4-c 5. Unpolung4. NaN 3 / RED3. Delepine2. Gabriel:1. NH 3N OO K N 2H 42Oi. LAH, NaBH 4ii. H 2 / catiii Zn / HCl; Al (Hg)i. Mg // NH 2Clii. Mg // PhSCH 2-N 3commercial available, tetramer of Me 3N24. CBr 4, PPh 3, NaN 3, DMF // PPh 3 / THFJOC, 2000, 65, 7110.urotropine (乌洛托品)methenamine (六甲烯胺)hexamethylenetetramine (环六亚甲基四胺)内服后遇酸分解出 HCHO,可做尿道消毒剂, 治膀胱炎B 2H 6 / H 2NOSO 3HB 2H 6 / H 2NO CH 3CN / H 3O +B 2H 6 / NH 2Cl C-C-NHCOCH 3C=CC-C-NH 24-freductive amination!Leuckart reactionmost generalvia: hydrazone4. PhNHNH 2 // Al (Hg)2. Me 3SiN 3 // LiAlH 43. NH 3 (excess) // RaNi / H 21. RNH 2 // NaBH 3CN5. NH 4+HCO 2-4-e6. RNH 2 / n -Bu 2SnClH / HMPASynthesis, 2000, 789.5. P 4S 10 // RaNi4. Et 3O + BF 4- // NaBH 43. B 2H 62. NaBH 3(OCOR)1. LiAlH 44-h4-g4-g.a 4-g.b R C NH 2R C NH 2R'formform AlH 3 / THF BrC NBr NH 2JOC, 2000, 65, 8152.AlH 3TH, 1989, 30, 5137.JOC, 1987, 52, 3901.R'Li // NaBH 4R'MgX // NaBH 4R'MgX // Li/NH 3(l)R'2CuLi // NaBH 4TH, 1989, 30, 5139.JOC, 1993, 58, 4313.R C NR C NH 2R'4-iNH 2ONHOCH 3O PhI(OAc)23JOC, 1993, 58, 2478.RCO NH 2RCO NIPh OAcKOHRN C OR NH COOCH 3CH 3OHPhI, OAcPhI(OAc)4-i.2C ONH 2RCH 2PhI(OAc)2 // KOH / CH 3OHC(OR)2C(SR)2h C-NH 2C-NO 2C N C C 5-ag f d c b a 5-C=C-OR C=C-SR C-OH C=N-OH C=N-H C=S C=O C=Ov. via: epoxysilaneRCO CRRCO CH 2R42SOCl H 3O +23OO2-HBrCrO 4OONaBH 3H 3O +3ZnTsNHNH 2MeLiTMSCl MCPBA LAH324CH 2CORRCH 2CORR3SSCH 2CORRPhCHOi. via: α-CO 2Hii. via: α-haloketoneiii. via: aldol processiv. via: thioenol etherRCO CH 2Rdrawback: require simple structure, use many powerful agents: MeLi, LAH, MCPBAe i j C-Br k C-Hii. MCPBAi. hydrolysis5-b5-c C=N-OHC=N-Hi. RaNi ii. TiCl 3iii. KMnO 4 / Al 2O 3H 3O +5-dHg 2+ / H 2O JOC, 1972, 37, 2138.JOC, 1970, 35, 858.HgSO 4 / H 2O / H 2O5-c.15-c.2THL, 2001, 42, 4775.1. DIBAL / H 3O +5-eStenphen reductionmostly for.Syn, 1925, 3, 1874.2. HCl./ SnCl 2 / Et 2O 5-e.1R -CH 2-C N5-e.25-e.3-CH 2-C OHR -CH -C OH R -CH -C O R"R'X / n -BuLiCH 3I R''MgBr H 3O +3.H 3O +5-fH 3O +Hg 2+ / CH3CN (aq)C=C-OR C=C-SROCH 3O+SCH 3O2+O2++O O O SSS SSR SR O O OR OR 5-gHg 2+ / H 3O +H 3O + / solv (aq)H 3O + / solv (aq)Hg 2+ / H 3O +OR OROH OHH 3O + / solv (aq)a very common protecting group, deprotect back to ketoneHC OEt OEt OEtRMgX / H 3O +HC OEt OEt OEtRCHON H+2Cr 2O 7-2N HCl.CrO 3Ag 2O:1. a mild oxidizing agent2. must be freshly prepared: NaOH into AgNO 3 (aq)3. may involve surface change, react with CO 2, lightSwern oxidation: (DMSO, oxalyl chloride, Et 3N)drawback: react at low T Collins reagent: (CrO 3 - 2 Py)1. drawback: use 6 equivalent, a messy reaction 2. must be very dry, fire easily; purify by CaH 23. an old oxidizing material, isolated by Collin.i. PCCii. PDCix. K 2R C OHO aldehyde1st alcohol2nd alcohol1st alcoholR C OHOR C ROR C HO 5-h i. PCC ii. PDCJOC, 1985, 50, 1332.N OCH 3PDC (pyridinium dichormate)(H 2Cr 2O 7 + 2 Py)PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) (Py-HCl-CrO 3)most widely used use 1 - 1.2 eq.Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidationOO BrDMSOO OOH360 %Synth. Commun., 1986, 16, 1343.JOC, 1977, 42, 1991.Synthesis, 1981, 165.O I OOAcAcOpH 6: weak acid buffer, avoid interfere with ketal groupMcMurray reactioni. Corey approach: subtituted-quinone // H 3O +ii. Watt approacha. PhCHO // MCPBA // H 3O +b. ArPhO // MCPBA // H 3O +c. NBS // KOH // H 3O +PhOPh PhOPhNH 2Ph PhNH 2NC O H // H 3O +O O5-i.15-i.2i. Et 3N // H 3O +Nef reactionii. TiCl 3 / pH 1 or 6iii. SiO 2 / NaOH // H 3O +JACS, 1977, 99, 3861.iv. LDA / MoO 5-Py -v. NaOH // CH 3O OH 3O +vi. KMnO 4 / KOHChem. Rev. 1955, 55, 137.5-k IOOOH O(3 eq.)JACS, 2001, 123, 3183.CH 3CHO2. DDQ / TFA.Synthesis, 1979, 537.JCS, 1932, 1875.Ph-F / DMSO 3.1. SeO 2a select oxidantindrect: change to RC-OH followed by oxidation direct:1. DMAPO / DBU / CH 3CN i. DMSO / AgBF 4RBrDMSO / AgBF 42Bull Soc. Jpn., 1981, 54, 2221.THL, 1974, 917.2. NaIO 4 / DMFO Br84 %oNaIO 4 / DMF a new method 3. DMSO reagents:ii. DMSO / ZnSRCHBrMeRC(O)MeDMSO BrOH OOH JACS, 2003, 68, 2480.ROAgBFTHL, 1975, 4467.C C R CHOHRR C C HC C R R'R C C HR C C ArR C C HC C R PhR C C Hsteric base, prevent Nu attack n -BuLi: not MeLi, or t -BuLi, fire easily RX: R-Br, R-TOS, RCHO, RC(O)Rn -BuLi / R'CHO // Ac 2O // KO t BuClOMeN Liiii.ii. (Ph 3P)2PdCl 2, CuI, Et 2NH / PhIi. n-BuLi / RX6-b6-a b c d e g 6-aC CC CC Csulfonic acid: PhSO 3H; sulfinic acid: PhSO 2H; sulfenic acid: PhSOHiv. CuI, NaI, Na 2CO 3, RC C CH 2ClR C C HCl CH 2C C R'RCCCH 2CCR'Synthesis, 2000, 691.RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CHh f iRCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3O OOXCRR'=CHXin fact: convert to C=C firstlyii. protect - deprotecti. move to terminal 6-cNH 2NHKuse: KAPAuse: Co (CO)8 // Fe(NO 3)3, EtOHJACS, 1975, 97, 891.6-duse: i. Br 2 / CCl 4 // KO t Bu6-euse: Pb(OAc)4, LiCl // KO t Bu // Br 2/CCl 4 // KO t Fe(NO 3)3: weak oxidizing agentii. Br 2 // KOHJA CS, 1941, 63, 1180.PhPhPh6-fi. NaBH 4, H 3O +, Br 2, KOtBuii. NH 2OH, NaNO 2 / H 2SO 4 // Ac 2O / DMAPiii. LDA, ClPO(OEt)2ON NODMAP:4-N,N-D i m ethyl a minop y ridinemixture ofAc 2O / DMAP:N NC CH 3O6-guse: TsNHNH 2 / EtOH, heatTHL, 1967, 3943.OHO3(l)OCH 3CH CH 2German invention, as acylating agentLDA: Li N(iPr)2, ignored a long time, re-introduced by Michigan State U. became famous, appeared every weekHORLiNH 2 / NH 3 (l)RXuse: LiNH 2 / NH 3 (l) / R-XO Cl6-h6-i.JA CS, 1958, 80, 4599.JA CS, 1955, 77, 3293.Me PhHOSO 2CF 3Me C C Phvia:Me CPhJOC, 1978, 43, 364.ArAr'H Br Ar C C Ar'NaOEtvia:Ar Ar'Br i. NaOEt (when X = Br)ii. BuLi (when X = -OSO 2CF 3)?2minorapplied for reactions: without rearrangement;no regiosiomerCC H OH(CO H) / benzeneOH PhOO Cl ClClClOCl Cl NC NCO iii. Pd-C; or Ni; Pt, Rhii. chloronaili. DDQ use base: DBNi. CH 3I / Ag 2ii. HCHO / HCO 222use: heatuse: heatb 7-i. p-TSOH.H 2O or CSA ii. weak acid: HOAc; HCO 2H; H 2C 2O 4use:C C HIC C H NH 2C C H OC(S)SMe C C H OAc C C H OMs C C H OH a7-i h gCCX C C C CC CHC O C Cf e dc b a 7--C(O)-CH 3CH-CH CH-CX C-OHjCX-CYNaI / Zn (Cu)i. Zn / acetonei. CSCl 2/C COMs OMs C C BrBrCCOH OHc7-CCOH Iii. CSCl 2 / P(OMe)3P NNPhPOCl 3 / py // Snvia:C C IIapplication: i. protect alkene: via Br 2 // ZnCCCCC 36 o C CCCC=C 31 o C CCCC C Cl Cl148 o CC C BrOAcZn / HOAcOAcO AcOAcOOAcOOAc OAcOAcJOC, 1978, 43, 364., 1998, 2113.ii. In / MeOH ii. purify compoundd7-e7-i. WCl 6 / RLi ii. LiPPh 2 / CH 3I product retention product inversionR C HC HCH 2CH 2CH 2OH OClRiii. Na(special structure):7-d.7-d.S R 1R R R 2use: (EtO)3PSynthesis , 1977, 1134.via : betaine, oxaphosphetane (NMR)Onot good for Ph 3P=CH 2function as base:expensivedifficult to prepareOEtCNPPh 3CN3H OPPh 3O CO 2Me+notPh 3P CH EtH C OCO 2Me notPh 3P CH CO 2MeEtH O++++stable ylid gives trans (E)unstable ylid gives cis (Z)water soluble, removed by extraction(comparison: O=PPh 3 highly soluble in organic solvent)use:LiPh SON MeCH 2// Al (Hg)Me 3SiCHR -Li +Ph 3SiCH 2-Li + === Ph 3SiCH 2Br + n-BuLi (exchange)Me 3SiC -H-MgBr === Me 3SiCH 2Cl + Mg (metal reduction)Ph 3SiC -HCH 2Ph === Ph 3SiCH=CH 2 + PhLi (addition to vinylsilane)Me 3SiC -HCO 2Et === Me 3SiCH 2CO 2Et + Li (metalation)Me 3SiCH=PPh 3 === Me 3SiCH 2PPh 3+ X - + KHRO = MeO-, EtO-use: (RO)2PO-CHR'use: Ph 3P-CHR'vi. Sulfoximide (Johnson C.)iii. Silyl Wittig Reaction (Peterson Reaction)ii. Phosphonate Wittig Reaction (Horner-Emmons Modification)i. Wittig Reaction 7-f7-f.Synthesis, 1984, 384.THL, 1981, 2751.JOC, 1968, 33, 780.iv. CH 2(ZnI)2Chem. Lett, 1995, 259.Synlett, 1988, 12, 1369.2CH 2(ZnI)2v. CH 2CHBr 2, Sm, SnI 2 / CrCl 3, THFRO Rvii. Grignard reagent:1. TMSCH MgCluse: TMSCH 2MgClTHL, 1973, 3497.THL, 1988, 4339. 2. NaOAc, AcOHmethylenationOC RR'3H advantages over the Wittig:1. by-products are more easily removed,2. reaction suffers less from steric effects.via:(olefination reaction)1953 discover7-f.2not for Wittig, ylid unstableJOC, 1978, 43, 3253.JACS, 1974, 96, 4706.Chem. Lett, 1973, 1041.TiCl 3-LiAlH 4 / THF TiCl 3 / Mg TiCl 4 / Zn TiCl 4 / K ii. McMurry Couplingi. use: N 2H 4 / H 2S / Pb(OAc)4BASF, 1973, 2147.via:P(OEt)1. H 2S4+1. H 2S4OON SN N N OSN NSON ON NNSN NON NO OSO ON OO OO Og7-form trans alkene:form cis alkene:i. Li / NH 3; or other IA metals ii. Li / EtNH 2iii. LiAlH 4 / THFi. H 2 / Ni 2B (P-2 catalyst)ii. H 2 / Pd-CaCO 3 (Lindlar catalyst)iii. H 2 / Pd-BaSO 4iv. B 2H 6 / HOAc (Diborane)v. N 2H 2vi. HCHO / Pd-C / Et 3Nnot use H 2 / Pt: might convert to alkaneh7-all form trans alkene:i. R 2BH / Br-CN (hydroboration)C CHR HHii. DIBAL / n-BuLi / CH 3I (hydroalumination)iii. Cp 2ZrClH / RX (hydrozirconation)application: protecting groupvia dihalidevia halohydrinvia epoxidevia diene-olefin additionC=C C CX XC CH XC=CC COC=CC=CC=C C=CC=CC CC Cnot for double bond might moveMnO2 / Ph3P CH3 Br- / MTBDNNNCH3MTBD via diradicalJA CS, 1998, 100, 877.Ph Ph7-i7-j8-a 8-a.28-a.38-a.41. HI 3. TsCl / C 62. PI 3JCS, 1905, 87, 1592.CH 3OH CH 3I PI 38-a.12. F 3S-NEt 21.(DAST)(Ishikawa reagent)SN SF O OOO Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 1737.2FCH SO O OH ONCHCl 2CH 3$ 65 / 500 g $ 80 / 50 gPBr 3PI 3$ 35 / 1000 g PBr 3$ 500 / 125 gJOC, 1993, 58, 3800.8-C-XC-OH C(O)Z d c b a C-NH 2C=O 2. PPh 3 / I 2e C-H8-d8-d.RC O OHR Br Ber.1942, 75, 296.8-d.2ClOCl8-b NaNO 2 / HCl / HBF 4 /Chem Rev., 1956, 56, 219.8-c CF 2Br 2 / ZnFF JCS.PT I, 1993, 335.8-e8-e.1I86 %I 2 / HNO 3JACS, 1917, 39,437.8-e.3I / HNO PhCH 2C(O)CH 3PhCHC(O)CH 3FN SF OOF +Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 1737.F-TEDA-BF 4, 1994, 149.F 2-N 2 / CFCl 3-CHCl 3JOC, 1988, 53, 2803.90 %adamantane1. regioselective fluorination at the more substituted positions2. electrophilic in natureF -N CFCl 3-CHCl 3ON XR 1R 3OOR 2H Mg(ClO 4)2R 1R 3O OR 2X NBX / Mg(ClO 4)2JOC, 2002, 67, 7429.8-e.2X = Cl, Br, IX = Cl, Br, INBXNBX:i.ii.iii.iv.RRFR = CH 3CO, COCF 3, CCl 3, NO 2 HF / electrolysis1.4-1.6 V already industrilizedNF 3O / TBAH / CH 3CNv.TBHA: TetrabutylammoniumhydroxideTHL, 2003, 44, 2799.9-a9-C-CH 3C-X a (CH 3)3AlMe 3Al98 %Organomet. Chem. Rev., 1996, 4, 47.CH 2Cl 2bridgehead methylation。
官能团转化全现用图解
i 5-7-g f e d c b a e d c b a i h g f ed c ba h g f e d cb a h g f e dc b a 6-4-3-1-2-i h g f ed c b a C=C -C(O)-CH 3CH-CH CH-CX Functional Group InterconversionC=CC C C=CC C RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CHC C C-NH 2; C-NO 2C-OHC(OR)2; C(SR)2C=C-OR; C=C-SR C C C NC=N-OH, C=N-H C=SC=O C=O C-C(O)Z C=C C=O C-OH C-X C-N C-H C-N C=O C---OH C-OC(O)R C-X C-OCH 2OR C-NH 2C-OR C-H C-OH C=C C-H C(O)OR C-(OR)2C-OH C-ORC-CHO C-CO 2H C-CN C=C C=O C-S C-X C-OH C-H C=C j C(O)XhC Nj kC-HC-Br 8-C-Xi C-OHC-OH C(O)Zd c b ae d c b af C-NH 2C-Hj CX-CYC CXC=O h g f iC CH RCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3OOOXCRR'=CHXjC O C-NH 2C-CN9-C-CH 3C-Xa e C=O1-adry pyridine: from CaH 2 and distilledtriflatemesylate tosylate S O O O RCH 2CF 3S OO O RCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3OH (2). for 3' alcohol:LiAlH 4(1). for 1', 2' alcohol:1-i h g f e d c b a C-CHO C-CO 2HC-CN C=C C=O C-S C-NH 2C-X C-OH C-HCH 3CH3CH 3H n -Bu 3SnH C S O PhCl RCH 2-HCH 3SOO O RCH 2CH 3S OOCl RCH 2OHpurification textbook~ $ 30 / Kg toluenesulfonyl chloride (s)methanesulfonyy chloride (l)~ $ 30 / Kg jC(O)XPh 2SiHCl / InCl 3Ph PhPhPhJOC, 2001, 66, 7741.ii. Ph 2SiHCl / InCl 3i. p -TsCl // LiAlH 4i. ClC(S)OPh // n -Bu 3SnH Cl 22via:a unique Lewis acid catalyst, acceleratedeoxgyenationInCl 3indium trichlorideii. Et 3SiH / Lewis acidJ. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6179JOC, 2000, 65, 6179.CHCl 2rt, 3 hr1-b Bu 3SnH: (l), easy to remove Ph 3SnH: (s), hard to remove Me 3SnH: too volatile, toxicunstable in acid, form H 2 gas; stable in weak baseNaBH 3CN: stable at pH 5-6hygroscopic, dried self, suggest: buy small amount each time(Grignard reagent)H 2OMg / Et O JOC, 1969, 34, 3923.HBrNa / NH 3; Li / NH 3; Na / EtOHZn; Fe; Sn; Mg(3). metal reduction (2). hydride reduction(1). free radical reductionJACS, 1972, 94, 8905.n -Bu 3SnH HBrNaBH 4 / InCl 3 / CH 3CNradical reagentn -Bu 3SnH / AlBN JA CS, 2002, 124, 906.i iii NaBH 3CNi LiAlH 4i ii ii NaBH 4ii THL, 1969, 3095.JOC, 1976, 41, 3064.iv LiBHEt 3 (super hydride)mechanism uncertain, probably radicalburn filter paper if dryRaney Nickel: Ni - Al alloy, suspensionJCS Perkin Trans I, 1973,654.(3). L iAlH 4 / CuCl 2NaBH 4 / NiCl 2NaBHEt 3 / FeCl 2 (or CoCl 2, VCl 3)(2). Li / NH 3(1). Raney NiBuLi1-d1-c RCH 2-HRCH 2NH 2radical mechanismChemistry:R-SH R-S-R R 2SO R 2SO 2R-SS-Rremove: Hg +; Ni(1).(2).Ar-H2H PO Ar-NH 2RCH 2NH 2RCH 2NMe 3R=CH 2R-CH 3(4).X-RCH 2NMe 3OH -2p-TsClp-TsCl2(3).Ar-NH 2Ar-H1-e(2). thioketal:(3). Wolff-Kishner reduction:(6). enol derivatives:SHSH/ BFTf2similar:(4). Pd-C / HCO2NH4(7). Et3SiH / CF3COOH1-fb.p. ~ 230 Chighly toxic, cancer suspected agent?= HMPT: h exa m ethyl p hosphoric t riamide (Me2N)3P=O(3). organic electrochemistryβ-CO(1). particular structure:1-g(1). K / Al2O3K / HMPA(2). Na / NH31-h(2). normal structure: SOCl2JOC, 1980, 45, 3227HMPA: h exa m ethyl p hosphor a mide (Me2N)3P=Oyes for white mouse, uncertain for humanmodified to: N NO1-i(1). RhCl(PPh 3)3 (Wilkinson's cat)(2). Rh(DPPD)2+ Cl -DPPD = Ph 2P-CH 2CH 2-PPh 21-jHSiEt 3 / B(C 6F 5)3activator / hydride sourceRCH 2OROORR OROR RCH 2 OCH 2CH 2OH(3). AlCl 3 / LiAlH 4(2). HCl / NaBH 3(CN)(1). h / HSiCl 32-bN NH/ TBDMS-ClTBDPS-ClEt 3N / TMS-Clacid: H 2SO 4H 3PO 4BF 3-Et 2ORC-OCH 2CH=CH2RC-OCPh 3 = RC -OTr RC-O t BuRC-OCH 3RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 2Ph = RC-OBZl = RC-OBni. Willianson synthesis OK: Si - Cl bond longii. stability of silyl in acid/base: RC-O-TBDPS > RC-O-TBDMS >> RC-O-TBS iii. abbrev.: TBDMS = tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl = TBS =Silyl group:(RO-Tr)Trityl group: (tirphenylmethyl)i. S N 1 reactionii. abbreviation: triphenylmethyl = trityl = -CPh 3 = -Tr iii. advantage: high MW, easy to handle (small amount become large amount)baseBr Willianson synthesis (base, S N 2) not work: elimination side-product with baset -Butyl group:i. abbreviation: benzyl = PhCH 2 = Bzl = Bn ii. deprotecting: H 2 / Pd-CPhCH 2-ClPhCH 2-Br: reactivity goodPhCH 2-I: reactivity better than PhCH 2Br, generated in situ, PhCH 2Br + NaIPhCH 2-X: Benzyl- group:i. Williamson ether synthesis, S N 2 typeii. not a good protecting group, too stable to convert back to alcohol Me group:CH 3-X: CH 3I; CH 3OSO 2R; (CH 3)3O + BF 4-, (CH 3)2SO 4base: NaH, n -BuLi, Ag 2O(4). t -Bu: acid cat /(3). allyl: base /Br (6). silyl: Et 3N / R 3SiCl(5). trityl: py // Ph 3C-Br(2). PhCH 2-: base / PhCH 2-X application: for protecting groupe d cb a 2-RC=C RC-H RC(O)ORRC-(OR)2RC-OH RC-OR (1). Me: base / CH 3-X2-a (7). acetal / ketal: (see 3e)fRC-CNgenerate H 2, or butane gasJOC, 1988, 53, 2985.trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborateJCS, 1930, 2166.(8). ArF / CsFROHradical mechanism: SiCl 3t-BuORaNi with C=S2-c2-d (1). hv / HSiCl 3(2). HCl / tBu-OO-t Bu(4). BF 3 / NaBH 42-e 2-e.vi. H 2O 2, t -BuOH, MnSO 4 // NaHCO 3, pH 8JA CS, 2001, 123, 2933.HO 22COnew, cheap,, simple, green chemistryconvenient, inexpensive, powerful.JOC, 1980, 45, 4758.JOC, 1982, 47, 2670.OOHOOBr via:Br 2 / ROH2-f ROH / HClEtCNEt C OEtOEtOEtHClJA CS, 1942, 64, 1825.JOC, 2001, 66, 521.C-OHC-H C-OR C-NH 2C-X 3-a b c d3-a(1). [PhI(OAc)-O]2-Mn(TPP)(2). organic electrochemistry(3). X 2 / hv // OH -3-a.13-a.23-a.3(1) Me 3SiCl // MPCBA//H 3O +(2). O 2, LDA, (EtO)3PJA CS, 1975, 97, 6909.i h g f e C=O C---OH C-OC(O)RC-OCH 2OR C=Cj C O(1). Me: application: deprotecting (2). PhCH 2-(5). trityl:(6). silyl: (3). allyl: (4). t-Bu: RC-OCH 2Ph = RC-OBZl = RC-OBnRC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 3RC-OtBuRC-OCPh 3 = RC-OTr RC-OCH 2CH=CH2Ni. TMSIii. BF 3-Et 2O // R-SH (or HS-CH 2CH 2-SH)iii. BBr 3 / CH 2Cl 2, 0-10 C / LiI, heatvi.OCH 3OH+- CH 3Cl i. H 2 / Pd-C ii.CN CN Cl ClO, OH-OH-O COCH 3O O CH 2OCH 3RhCl(PPh 3)3, H 3O +OH - Me 32Oi. TFA (CF 3CO 2H)ii. HBr / HOAc iii. TMS-Ii. HOAc: weak acid: good leaving groupii. H 2need stronger acidi. F - : HF, Py-H + F -; n +--SiMe 3-SiBuMe 2-SiBuPh 2if HOBr: OK for TMDMSJOC, 1987, 52, 4973.OCOCF 3+JOC, 1973, 38, 3224.iv. AlCl 3 / RSH THL, 2001, 42, 9207.MeOCO 2Me HOCO 2MeCH 3(CH 2)11SHodorless3v./ heatCl -N H3-b NH Cl -triphenylmethylorganic base: TMG3-c(1). OH -(2). KO 2 / DMSO 3-d not practically useful: R-OH cheaper than R-XJOC, 1975,40, 1678.(2). Na 2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] / K 2CO 3 / H 2O3-e(1). Symmetry:ketal: use H 3O +acetal: use H 3O +(2). unsymetry:RO-MOM RO-MEM RO-MTM RO-THPi. H 3O +p -TsOH / MeOHi. H 3O +; ii. ZnBr 2 / CH 2Cl 2HgCl 2 / CH 3CN (aq.)actually, acetal exchange (3). Ag 2O / H 2OTHL, 1975, 3183.JOC, 1986, 51, 3913.RO 2C (CH 2)3NH 2RO 2C (CH 2)3OHNa [Fe(CN)(NO)]2323-f(1). base: KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, NH 3) / MeOH; NaOH (1 %, or 0.5 N)(3). RED: (2). acid: H 3O +PPh 3 / DEAD / RCO 2H // OH -3-gMitsunobu inversion Synthesis, 1981, 1.JOC, 1987, 52, 4235.common esters:formate = HCO 2R ------------------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH trifluoroacetate = CF 3CO 2R ------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH acetate = CH 3CO 2R = ROAc --------- KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH benzoate = PhCO 2R = ROBz -------- NaOH (1 %) / MeOH pivalate = t Bu-CO 2R = ROPv ------ NaOH (0.5 N) / EtOH*HOi LiAlH 4ii. NaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)CH 3O 2CCO 2CH 3HOOHNaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)2C 6H 6, r.t.hydride:electron:Na / NH 3AGIEE, 2002, 41, 3028.JACS, 1972, 94, 7159.LAH ------------ almost all: ald, ketone, acie, ester, acyl X, anhydrideNaBH4 --------------- not for acid, ester (but LiBH4 work for ester)B2H6 --------------- not for ester, acyl X, anhydride;from top:LiAlH4; NaBH4; Na / NH3Al (O i Pr)3 / i PrOH ----------- Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley rxnIrCl4 / i PrOH / P(OMe)3 ------ Henbest rxnLiBH(sec Bu)3 ------------------ H. C. Brownfrom bottom:(2). stereoselective:(1). regioselective:3-h(3). HCHO reagent:Me CHO MeOHHCHOKOHJACS, 1935, 511, 903.CH3CHO C(CH2OH)42Org.Syn, 1925, 4, 53.HCHO / KOHHCHO / Ca(OH)2Synthesis, 1994, 1007.PhNO2OPhNO2H OHBH / SMeJOC, 2001, 66, 7514.JOC, 2003, 68, 2030.OBH3 / THF99.5 % transsolvent: THF, SMe23-iR3B, HOCH2CH2OH // H2O2 // NaOHJOC, 1986, 51, 4925.C O RRR3BRRRRR3C B OHOCH2CH2OHR3C BOO H2O2R3BOOO HO BOOR3CH2OR3C OHpractice3-k OOHOHOHOHOOHOHOHOHOHJOC, 1967, 32, 3452.H 2O2: dangerous,skin whiten, metal decomposeHg (OAc)2: toxic, hard to remove (3). B 2H 6, H 2O 2 / OH -, H 2O(2). Hg(OAc)2, H 2O // NaBH 4(1). H 3O +3-j3-j.13-j.2hydration:(1). KMnO 4 / NaOH (2). OsO 4(3). H 2O 2/HCO 2H (4). Na / EtOHcis tran cis +trancis3Me2NNN CH3HCl3hνN CH3HHN CH3HH+NCSN CH3ClNHCHC2R3C NH2R C NR2R C NHRR3C OHR2C OHRC OHR C NH2tertiarysecondaryprimaryCompare nomenclature class:not a very useful reactionC-NC-HC-NC-XC-OHC=OC=C4-abcdefg4-a SO2NH2Ph I OAcOAc SOONHSOON I Ph Fe(TPP)Cl SOONH2(insertion)TPPNNNNPh2. NaN3CON N N N C O1. SO2Cl2CO2CCO OhiC NC(O)XC-C(O)XNH 22RC NO 2RC N 3RC N Me RC N CPh RC N CPh 3RC NH 2RC NH 2RC NH 2RC NH 2RC NH 2iiiiiiRC N C O OtBu RC NC O OPhRC NH 2RC NH 24-b CF 3CO 3H // Fe / HOAc1. many reducing agents1. NaBH 4;2. Al (Hg)H 2O 2 // Ac 2O, heat / H 3O +H 2 / Pd-C1. HOAc;2. H 2 / Pd-C1. TFA;2. HCl H 2 / Pd-C4-b.14-b.22. organic electrochemistry1.2.3.4.Fe 3(CO)12 / CH 3OH JOC, 1972, 37, 930.NaBH 4 / Pd-C Na 2S Sn / HCl Vogel's 12.57Vogel's 12.58Vogel's 12.59NO 2OCH 3NH 2OCH 3Eg-Ni rt. 15 hrJOC, 1999, 64, 2301.Eg-Ni: electrogenerated nickel5.H 2 / Pt (S)-CJACS, 1965, 87, 2767.sulfided platium not affect: aromatic rings, ketones, halides, nitriles, amide, eastersJACS, 1933, 55, 4579.2HCHO NMe 2CO 2EtNH 2CO 2EtRC NCC NR C C RC NH 2iC N R N N+-C N R R'ii 1. HCHO / HCO 2H 1. RBCl 2 / base1. HC(OEt)3 // NaBH 4;2. R 2CO // NaBH 3CN NH 2N CH 3CH 3HCHO N 3NHBCl 2NH 2COOHN COOHH CH 3HC(OEt)NaBH 4b.3 2. HCHO // H 2 / Pd-CN 3NO 2MeO 2CNaBH 422rt NH 2NO 2MeO 2CSynthesis, 1979, 537.mild conditionhigh yieldnot affect:: NO 2, C=C, CN, COOR, COOH2. NaBH 4 / CoCl 2-6H 2Onot good, usually contain polyalkylation products2. Delepine3. NaN 3 / RED4-d4-c 5. Unpolung4. NaN 3 / RED3. Delepine2. Gabriel:1. NH 3N OO K N 2H 42Oi. LAH, NaBH 4ii. H 2 / catiii Zn / HCl; Al (Hg)i. Mg // NH 2Clii. Mg // PhSCH 2-N 3commercial available, tetramer of Me 3N24. CBr 4, PPh 3, NaN 3, DMF // PPh 3 / THFJOC, 2000, 65, 7110.乌洛托品)methenamine (六甲烯胺)hexamethylenetetramine (环六亚甲基四胺)内服后遇酸分解出 HCHO,可做尿道消毒剂, 治膀胱炎B 2H 6 / H 2NOSO 3HB 2H 6 / H 2NO CH 3CN / H 3O +B 2H 6 / NH 2Cl C-C-NHCOCH 3C=CC-C-NH 24-freductive amination!Leuckart reactionmost generalvia: hydrazone4. PhNHNH 2 // Al (Hg)2. Me 3SiN 3 // LiAlH 43. NH 3 (excess) // RaNi / H 21. RNH 2 // NaBH 3CN5. NH 4+HCO 2-4-e6. RNH 2 / n -Bu 2SnClH / HMPASynthesis, 2000, 789.5. P 4S 10 // RaNi4. Et 3O + BF 4- // NaBH 43. B 2H 62. NaBH 3(OCOR)1. LiAlH 46. Lawesson's reagent // RaNi4-h4-g4-g.a 4-g.b R C NH 2R C NH 2R'formform AlH 3 / THF BrC NBr NH 2JOC, 2000, 65, 8152.AlH TH, 1989, 30, 5137.JOC, 1987, 52, 3901.R'Li // NaBH 4R'MgX // NaBH 4R'MgX // Li/NH 3(l)R'2CuLi // NaBH 4TH, 1989, 30, 5139.JOC, 1993, 58, 4313.R C NR C NH 2R'4-iNH 2ONHOCH 3O PhI(OAc)23JOC, 1993, 58, 2478.R C O NH 2R C O NIPh OAcR N C OR NH C OOCH 3CH 3OHPhI, OAcPhI(OAc)24-i.2C O NH 2RCH 2PhI(OAc)2 // KOH / CH 3OHC(OR)2C(SR)2hC-NH2C-NO2C NC C5-agfdcba5-C=C-ORC=C-SRC-OHC=N-OHC=N-HC=SC=OC=Ov. via: epoxysilaneR COCRR COCH2R242H3O+CO23OOBr2-HBr4OONaBH3H3O+ZnTsNHNH2MeLi TMSCl MCPBA LAH24CH2CORRCH2CORR3SCH2CORRPhCHOi. via:α-CO2Hii. via: α-haloketoneiii. via: aldol processiv. via: thioenol etherR COCH2Rdrawback: require simple structure, use many powerful agents: MeLi, LAH, MCPBAeij C-Brk C-Hii. MCPBAi. hydrolysis5-b5-c C=N-OHC=N-Hi. RaNi ii. TiCl 3iii. KMnO 4 / Al 2O 3H 3O +5-dHg 2+ / H 2O JOC, 1972, 37, 2138.JOC, 1970, 35, 858.HgSO 4 / H 2O / H 2O5-c.15-c.2THL, 2001, 42, 4775.1. DIBAL / H 3O +5-eStenphen reductionmostly for.Syn, 1925, 3, 1874.2. HCl./ SnCl 2 / Et 2O 5-e.1R -CH 2-C N5-e.25-e.3-CH 2-C O HR -CH -C O HR -CH -C OR"R'X / n -BuLiCH 3I R''MgBr H 3O +3.H 3O +5-fH 3O +Hg 2+ / CH 3CN (aq)C=C-OR C=C-SROCH 3OH 3O+SCH 3OHg 2+3OH 3O Hg 2+3H 3O+OO O SSS SSRSR O O OR OR 5-gHg 2+ / H 3O +H 3O + / solv (aq)H 3O + / solv (aq)Hg 2+ / H 3O +OR OROH OHH 3O + / solv (aq)a very common protecting group, deprotect back to ketoneHC OEt OEt OEtRMgX / H 3O +HC OEt OEt OEtRMgXRCHON H+2Cr 2O 7-2N HCl.CrO 3Ag 2O:1. a mild oxidizing agent2. must be freshly prepared: NaOH into AgNO 3 (aq)3. may involve surface change, react with CO 2, lightSwern oxidation: (DMSO, oxalyl chloride, Et 3N)drawback: react at low T Collins reagent: (CrO 3 - 2 Py)1. drawback: use 6 equivalent, a messy reaction 2. must be very dry, fire easily; purify by CaH 23. an old oxidizing material, isolated by Collin.i. PCCii. PDCix. K 2R C OHO aldehyde1st alcohol2nd alcohol1st alcoholR C OHOR C ROR C HO 5-h i. PCC ii. PDCJOC, 1985, 50, 1332.N OCH 3PDC (pyridinium dichormate)(H 2Cr 2O 7 + 2 Py)PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) (Py-HCl-CrO 3)most widely used use 1 - 1.2 eq.Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidationOO BrDMSOO OOH360 %Synth. Commun., 1986, 16, 1343.JOC, 1977, 42, 1991.Synthesis, 1981, 165.O I OOAcAcOpH 6: weak acid buffer, avoid interfere with ketal groupMcMurray reactioni. Corey approach: subtituted-quinone // H 3O +ii. Watt approacha. PhCHO // MCPBA // H 3O +b. ArPhO // MCPBA // H 3O +c. NBS // KOH // H 3O +5-iPh OPh PhOPhNH 2Ph PhNH 2NC O H // H 3O +OO5-i.15-i.2i. Et 3N // H 3O +Nef reactionii. TiCl 3 / pH 1 or 6iii. SiO 2 / NaOH // H 3O +JACS, 1977, 99, 3861.iv. LDA / MoO 5-Py -v. NaOH // CH 3O OH 3O +vi. KMnO 4 / KOHChem. Rev. 1955, 55, 137.5-j 5-k IOOOH O(3 eq.)JACS, 2001, 123, 3183.CH 3CHO2. DDQ / TFA.Synthesis, 1979, 537.JCS, 1932, 1875.Ph-F / DMSO 3.1. SeO 2a select oxidantindrect: change to RC-OH followed by oxidation direct:1. DMAPO / DBU / CH 3CN i. DMSO / AgBF 4RBr DMSO / AgBF 4- Me 2SBull Soc. Jpn., 1981, 54, 2221.THL, 1974, 917.2. NaIO 4 / DMFO Br84 %oNaIO 4 / DMF a new method 3. DMSO reagents:ii. DMSO / ZnSRCHBrMeRC(O)MeDMSO BrOH OOH JACS, 2003, 68, 2480.ROAgBFTHL, 1975, 4467.C C R CHOHRR C C HC C R R'R C C HR C C ArR C C HC C R PhR C C Hsteric base, prevent Nu attack n -BuLi: not MeLi, or t -BuLi, fire easily RX: R-Br, R-TOS, RCHO, RC(O)Rn -BuLi / R'CHO // Ac 2O // KO t BuClOMeN Liiii.ii. (Ph 3P)2PdCl 2, CuI, Et 2NH / PhIi. n-BuLi / RX6-b6-a b c d e g 6-aC CC CC Csulfonic acid: PhSO 3H; sulfinic acid: PhSO 2H; sulfenic acid: PhSOHiv. CuI, NaI, Na 2CO 3, RC C CH 2ClR C C HCl CH 2CC R'RCCCH 2CCR'Synthesis, 2000, 691.RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CHhf i RCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3O OOXCRR'=CHXin fact: convert to C=C firstlyii. protect - deprotecti. move to terminal 6-cNH 2NHKuse: KAPAuse: Co (CO)8 // Fe(NO 3)3, EtOHJACS, 1975, 97, 891.6-duse: i. Br 2 / CCl 4 // KO t Bu6-euse: Pb(OAc)4, LiCl // KO t Bu // Br 2/CCl 4 // KO t Fe(NO 3)3: weak oxidizing agentii. Br 2 // KOHJA CS, 1941, 63, 1180.PhPhPhPh6-fi. NaBH 4, H 3O +, Br 2, KOtBuii. NH 2OH, NaNO 2 / H 2SO 4 // Ac 2O / DMAPiii. LDA, ClPO(OEt)2ON NODMAP:4-N,N-D i m ethyl a minop y ridinemixture ofAc 2O / DMAP:N NC CH 3O6-guse: TsNHNH 2 / EtOH, heatTHL, 1967, 3943.OHO3(l)O(MVK)CH 3CH CH 2German invention, as acylating agentLDA: Li N(iPr)2, ignored a long time, re-introduced by Michigan State U. became famous, appeared every weekHORLiNH 2 / NH 3 (l)RXuse: LiNH 2 / NH 3 (l) / R-XO Cl6-h6-i.JA CS, 1958, 80, 4599.JA CS, 1955, 77, 3293.Me PhHOSO 2CF 3Me C C Phvia:MeCPhJOC, 1978, 43, 364.ArAr'HBr Ar C C Ar'NaOEtvia:Ar Ar'Bri. NaOEt (when X = Br)ii. BuLi (when X = -OSO 2CF 3)?heatRCH=CH 2:PBu RCH 2CH 2-O-PBu 3RCH 2CH 2-OHPh-Se-PBu 3Ph-Se-CNmechanism:MCPBA OAc CO 2MeOAcMeO MeO 2CNO 2SeNOAcCO 2MeOAc MeOMeO 2Cminorapplied for reactions: without rearrangement;no regiosiomerCC (CO 2H)2 / benzeneOH PhPhOO Cl ClClClOCl Cl NC NCO iii. Pd-C; or Ni; Pt, Rhii. chloronaili. DDQ use base: DBNi. CH 3I / Ag 2ii. HCHO / HCO 222use: heatuse: heatb7-i. p-TSOH.H 2O or CSAii. weak acid: HOAc; HCO 2H; H 2C 2O 4use:C C HIC C H NH 2C CH OC(S)SMe C C H OAc C C H OMs C C H OH a7-i h gCCX C CCC CCHC O C Cf e dc b a 7--C(O)-CH 3CH-CHCH-CX C-OHjCX-CYNaI / Zn (Cu)i. Zn / acetonei. CSCl 2/C COMs OMs C C BrBrC C OH OHc 7-CCOH Iii. CSCl 2 / P(OMe)3P NNPhPOCl 3 / py // Snvia:C C I Iapplication: i. protect alkene: via Br 2 // ZnCCCCC 36 o C CCCC=C 31 o C CCCC C Cl Cl148 o CS OR ORC C BrOAcZn / HOAcOAcOAcOAcOBrOAcZn OOAc OAcOAc JOC, 1978, 43, 364.HOAc, 1998, 2113.ii. In / MeOH ii. purify compoundd7-e7-i. WCl 6 / RLi ii. LiPPh 2 / CH 3I product retention product inversionNa R C HC HCH 2CH 2CH 2OH OClRiii. Na(special structure):7-d.7-d.SR 1R 2R 1R 2(EtO)3Puse: (EtO)3PSynthesis , 1977, 1134.via : betaine, oxaphosphetane (NMR)Onot good for Ph 3P=CH 2function as base:expensivedifficult to prepareOEtCNPPh 3CN3H OPPh 3O CO 2Me+notPh 3P CH EtH C OCO 2Me notPh 3P CH CO 2MeEtH O++++stable ylid gives trans (E)unstable ylid gives cis (Z)water soluble, removed by extraction(comparison: O=PPh 3 highly soluble in organic solvent)use:LiPh SON MeCH 2// Al (Hg)Me 3SiCHR -Li +Ph 3SiCH 2-Li + === Ph 3SiCH 2Br + n-BuLi (exchange)Me 3SiC -H-MgBr === Me 3SiCH 2Cl + Mg (metal reduction)Ph 3SiC -HCH 2Ph === Ph 3SiCH=CH 2 + PhLi (addition to vinylsilane)Me 3SiC -HCO 2Et === Me 3SiCH 2CO 2Et + Li (metalation)Me 3SiCH=PPh 3 === Me 3SiCH 2PPh 3+ X - + KHRO = MeO-, EtO-use: (RO)2PO-CHR'use: Ph 3P-CHR'vi. Sulfoximide (Johnson C.)iii. Silyl Wittig Reaction (Peterson Reaction)ii. Phosphonate Wittig Reaction (Horner-Emmons Modification)i. Wittig Reaction 7-f7-f.Synthesis, 1984, 384.THL, 1981, 2751.JOC, 1968, 33, 780.iv. CH 2(ZnI)2Chem. Lett, 1995, 259.Synlett, 1988, 12, 1369.2CH 2(ZnI)2v. CH 2CHBr 2, Sm, SnI 2 / CrCl 3, THFRO Rvii. Grignard reagent:1. TMSCH 2MgCluse: TMSCH 2MgClTHL, 1973, 3497.THL, 1988, 4339. 2. NaOAc, AcOHmethylenationOC RR'3H advantages over the Wittig:1. by-products are more easily removed,2. reaction suffers less from steric effects.via:(olefination reaction)1953 discover7-f.2not for Wittig, ylid unstableJOC, 1978, 43, 3253.JACS, 1974, 96, 4706.Chem. Lett, 1973, 1041.TiCl 3-LiAlH 4 / THF TiCl 3 / Mg TiCl 4 / Zn TiCl 4 / K ii. McMurry Couplingi. use: N 2H 4 / H 2S / Pb(OAc)4BASF, 1973, 2147.via:Zn-CuP(OEt)31. H 2S 2. Pb(OAc)431. H 2S 2. Pb(OAc)4OON SN N N OSN NSON ON NNSN NON NO OSO ON NOO OO OTiCl 3N 2H 4g7-form trans alkene:form cis alkene:i. Li / NH 3; or other IA metalsii. Li / EtNH 2iii. LiAlH 4 / THFi. H 2 / Ni 2B (P-2 catalyst)ii. H 2 / Pd-CaCO 3 (Lindlar catalyst)iii. H 2 / Pd-BaSO 4iv. B 2H 6 / HOAc (Diborane)v. N 2H 2vi. HCHO / Pd-C / Et 3Nnot use H 2 / Pt: might convert to alkaneh 7-all form trans alkene:i. R 2BH / Br-CN (hydroboration)C CHR HHii. DIBAL / n-BuLi / CH 3I (hydroalumination)iii. Cp 2ZrClH / RX (hydrozirconation)application: protecting groupvia dihalidevia halohydrinvia epoxidevia diene-olefin additionC=C C CX XC CH XC=CC COC=CC=CC=C C=CC=CC CC Cnot for double bond might moveMnO2 / Ph3P CH3 Br- / MTBDNNN3MTBD via diradicalJA CS, 1998, 100, 877.Ph Ph7-i7-j8-a8-a.28-a.38-a.41. HI 3. TsCl / C 62. PI 3JCS, 1905, 87, 1592.CH OH CH I PI 38-a.12. F 3S-NEt 21.(DAST)S N S F O OOOChem. Rev., 1996, 96, 1737.2FCH 3SOO OH ONCHCl 2CH 3 1. CF 3CHFCF 2NEt 2$ 65 / 500 g $ 80 / 50 gPBr 3PI 3$ 35 / 1000 g PBr 3$ 500 / 125 gJOC, 1993, 58, 3800.8-C-XC-OH C(O)Z d c b a C-NH 2C=O 2. PPh 3 / I 2e C-H8-d8-d.RC O OH1. AgNO 3/KOH 2R Br Ber. 1942, 75, 296.8-d.2ClOClRhCl(PPh 3)38-b NaNO 2 / HCl / HBF 4 /Chem Rev., 1956, 56, 219.8-cCF 2Br 2 / ZnFF JCS.PT I, 1993, 335.8-e8-e.1I86 %I 2 / HNO 3JACS, 1917, 39, 437.8-e.3I / HNO PhCH 2C(O)CH 3PhCHC(O)CH 3FN SF OOF +Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 1737.F-TEDA-BF 4, 1994, 149.F 2-N 2 / CFCl 3-CHCl 3JOC, 1988, 53, 2803.90 %adamantane1. regioselective fluorination at the more substituted positions2. electrophilic in natureF -N CFCl 3-CHCl 3ON XR 1R 3OOR 2H Mg(ClO 4)2R 1R 3O OR 2X NBX / Mg(ClO 4)2JOC, 2002, 67, 7429.8-e.2X = Cl, Br, IX = Cl, Br, INBXNBX:i.ii.iii.iv.RRFHFR = CH 3CO, COCF 3, CCl 3, NO 2 HF / electrolysis1.4-1.6 V already industrilizedNF 3O / TBAH / CH 3CNv.TBHA: TetrabutylammoniumhydroxideTHL, 2003, 44, 2799.。
化学官能团相互转换大全(part3)
iii. SiO2 / NaOH // H3O+
JACS, 19 77 , 99, 3861. THL, 1 98 1, 5235.
NO2
iv. LDA / MoO5-Py- / HMPT // H3O+ v. NaOH // CH3OH / H2SO4 // H3O+ vi. KMnO4 / KOH
S CH3 H
O
R
Sw er n ox idation MeO D DQ diox an e HO
O 1 st alc ohol R C O alde hyde R C OH Ag 2 O HO PC C (pyr id in iu m c hloroc hr om ate ) (P y-H C l- C rO 3) m ost w id ely used PD C ( pyridinium dicho rm a te ) ( H 2 C r2 O 7 + 2 P y) use 1 - 1. 2 eq.
5-h
C- O H
1s t alco hol R
C=O
O C H i. P C C ii. PD C iii. C ollins r ea gen t C r O 3 - 2 P y iv. N- ox ide v. DM SO / DC C vi. D M S O / H C l vii. D M SO / NH C O 3 / Na I viii. D e ss-M a rtin R ea gen t O
Br R
DMSO / AgBF4 - AgBr R
O
S H - Me2S R
O
DMSO ZnS
5-k C-H
1. SeO2
C =O
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1-a C-OH
(1). for 1', 2' alcohol:
C-H
O CH3 S Cl O
O RCH2 O S O O CH3 tosylate mesylate triflate toluenesulfonyl chloride (s) ~ $ 30 / Kg methanesulfonyy chloride (l) ~ $ 30 / Kg purification textbook dry pyridine: from CaH2 and distilled
Functional Group Interconversion
C-H 1- a b c d e f g h i j C C 6- a b c d e f g h i RC CH RCH2-SO2Ph C C C=C RCH(CO2H)-CH3 -C(O)-CH3
O X O O
C-OR C-OH C-X C-NH2 C-S C=O C=C C-CN C-CO2H C-CHO C(O)X C=C 7- a CH-CX b CH-CH c CX-CY
(4). RCH2NH2
RCH2NMe3 X
-
Ag2O
RCH2NMe3 OH-
R=CH2
R-CH3
1-d
C-S
C-H
radical mechanism
EtO2C HN MeO2C S N O
JOC, 1985, 50, 427.
EtO2C CH2Ph
Raney Nickel: Ni - Al alloy, suspension
iii NaBH3CN
NaBH3CN: stable at pH 5-6 JOC, 1976, 41, 3064. Br
iv LiBHEt3 (super hydride)
(3). metal reduction
i Na / NH3; Li / NH3; Na / EtOH ii Zn; Fe; Sn; Mg
NaH
p-TsCl Ar-H
CH3
S Cl O
LiAlH4 RCH2-H SO2Ar tosylimide weaker C-N bond N NH Ar N N Ar-H
(3). Ar-NH2
NaNO2 H3PO2 HCl
via:
Ar-H
Ar
N
NaH NH2 - ArSO H 2
SO2Ar
Ar
JOC, 2001, 66, 8293.
H
CO2Me RhCl(PPh3)3 benzene 12 hr O O
CO2Me
O
JACS, 1979, 101, 7020.
via:
H
CH3CO2D
B R R
D prepare isotope
N2H2: unstable; generated in situ from "DEAD" (diethyl azodicarboxylate) or from: N2H4 + H2O2; N2H4 + Cu(II) + O2; NH2OH + NH2OSO3 EtO2C N N CO2Et OH-
O N2H4
N NH2
OH-
NN H
H
OHN N H - N2
H
H
N N
(4). Pd-C / HCO2NH4: mild, efficient
major side-product: drawback of the reaction
Ph
(5). Tosylhydrazone reduction (Shapiro reaction): (modified Wolff-Kishner reduction):) TsNHNH2 // RED
S C O Ph n-Bu3SnH CH 3
CH3 H CH3
via:
S O C O Ph
SnBu3 S O C O Ph
thiocarbonate
(an ester) steriBr n-Bu3SnH AIBN H Bu3SnH: (l), easy to remove Ph3SnH: (s), hard to remove Me3SnH: too volatile, toxic
acidic
C6H13
thioketal: inert to LAH; react with RaNi; smell terrible and stay long; discard shoses
neutral basic O Pd-C Ph HCO2NH4 Ph Ph
(3). Wolff-Kishner reduction:
(1). free radical reduction
i n-Bu3SnH / AlBN ii NaBH4 / InCl3 / CH 3CN
JACS, 2002, 124, 906.
radical reagent
i LiAlH4 (2). hydride reduction ii NaBH4
JACS, 1972, 94, 8905. JOC, 1969, 34, 3923. THL, 1969, 3095. hygroscopic, dried self, suggest: buy small amount each time unstable in acid, form H2 gas; stable in weak base
(1). H2 / cat
catalyst: Pd-C PtO2 Rh-C; Rh-Al2O3; RhCl(PPh3)3 Ni
R
R N R = NHAc , NH2
(2). HN=NH (diimide) JOC, 1993, 58, 4979. (3). B2H6 // RCO2H, heat (4). n-Bu2SnI / MgBr2-Et2O // H3O+ O RhCl(PPh3)3 O O Wilkinson's catalyst: regioselective, prefer isolated double bond soluble in org solvent, 9 Ph group $ 50 / 25 g
JCS, PT1, 1986, 546.
R
R C C R
HO2C N N CO2H O H H O N N O O
H N N H - 2 CO2
R
R R C C H H
R R
- N2
syn-addition
OEt O
OEt n-Bu2SnI MgBr2-Et2O JOC, 2001, 66, 8690. H3O+ O OEt via: I Sn H R O R
O
SH S H S thioketal
Ra(Ni)
H H
BF3, CH2Cl2
H
(1). Clemmensen reduction: Zn-Hg / HCl similar: Sn / HCl (2). thioketal: SH SH / BF3, CH2Cl2 // RaNi N2H4, OH-, heat
ii. Ph2SiHCl / InCl3
Ph
OH
indium trichloride a unique Lewis acid catalyst, acceleratedeoxgyenation
(2). for 3' alcohol: CH3 i. ClC(S)OPh // n-Bu3SnH ii. Et3SiH / Lewis acid CH3 OH CH3 JOC, 2000, 65, 6179. Cl
LiAlH4 RCH2-H Ph via: H Cl2In Cl O
RCH2 O S CH3 O O RCH2 O S CF3 O Ph H SiPh2 InCl3
i. p-TsCl // LiAlH4
RCH2OH
dry Py Ph Ph2SiHCl / InCl3 CHCl2 rt, 3 hr JOC, 2001, 66, 7741. Ph Ph
Chemistry:
R-SH R-S-R R-SS-R remove: Hg+; Ni
R2SO R2SO2
1-e
C=O
C-H
HS best suitable for aryl ketone (ArCOR); not good for conjugate ketone OH O preparation: HgCl2 into Zn
(1). RCH2NH2
C-H
p-TsCl BuLi LiAlH4 RCH2-H
ArSO2Cl RCH2NH2 Hinsberg's test
O
RCH2NH
SO2Ar
BuLi - BuH N SO2Ar
RCH2N SO2Ar
tosylamide RCH2
(2).
Ar-NH2
p-TsCl
NaH NH2Cl
I
OEt not radical mech. O Sn R
H R
1-g C C N
C-H
CN: ~ X (pseudo halogen), form KCN, NaCN with IA elements
(1). K / Al2O3 JOC, 1980, 45, 3227 K / HMPA (2). Na / NH3
Synthesis, 2001, 16, 2370. N N Ts H-
H H for acyclic, may C=C side product
O
(6). enol derivatives:
Tf2O /
N
// H2 / PtO2