专八人文知识--语言学
专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题
专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求,从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic1C. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A. Symbolic B. Dual2 C. Productive D. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language? A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative3 D. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous45.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence5 B. parole C. performance D. langue6.The function of the sentence A nice day, isn’t it? is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. theproduction of sounds8.The distinction between vowels6 and consonants7 lies in . A. the place of articulation8 B. the obstruction9 of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics10 which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics11.Minimal11 pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive12 features of a language B. find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables14 D. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable13? A. Coda B. Onset15 C. Stem D. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms ofrelationship between expression and content? A. Word B. Morpheme C. Allomorph D. Root 15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is . A. a physically16 definable unit B. the common factor underlying17 a set of forms C. a grammatical unit D. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural18 morpheme ? A. [s] B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a . A. root morpheme B. bound morpheme C. prefix19 D. suffix2019.The relationship between fruit and apple is A. homonymy21 B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexicon22B. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A. gender23 B. number C. case D. voice22.The pair of words lend and borrow are A. gradable opposites B. converse24 opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms2523. Big and Small are a pair of opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse24.According to C. Morris and R. Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics25.There are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 626.In the following conversation: - Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it? - And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. The second person violates the A. Quantity Maxim26 B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim27.The maxim of requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation. A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relationIt is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。
英语专八人文-最全语言学知识点
语言学* 现代语言学理论和学派1. Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913 瑞士):Father of modern linguistics 现代结构主义语言学创始人Course in General Linguistics《普通语言学教程》:由其学生- C. Bally & A. Sechehaye整理,现代语言学开端,19163 lines: linguistics, sociology and psychology 符号任意性理论;语言单位间的关系;语言和言语区分;共时和历时区分。
语言是符号系统。
符号是形式和意义的联合,即能指signifier和所指signified。
2. The Prague School布拉格学派:synchronic linguistics; Function1) 对语言的共时研究由于可得到全面可控的语言材料以供参考而被充分强调,同时,也没有严格理论;界限被竖立起来将之与历时语言研究相分离。
2) 强调语言的系统性这一本质属性。
3) 在某种意义上,把语言看作是一种功能,是一种有某一语言社团使用的,用来完成一系列基本职责和任务的工具。
~ Phonology and Phonological Oppositions(音位对位):Trubetzkoy–Phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. – phoneme~ Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP 句子功能前景):语言学分析理论用信息论原理来分析话语或篇章。
其基本原则就是一句话中各部分的作用取决于它对全局意义的贡献。
捷克语言学家- The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer, which is their rallying point, the Theme.The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer and is called the Rheme.3.The London School伦敦学派–systemic linguistics and functional linguistics Sociological approach1) J.R. Firth(1890-1960 英国):伦敦学派创始人; 学生-Malinowski & Halliday语言学的研究对象是实际使用中的语言。
专八人文知识语言学共30页
42、只有在人群中间,才能认识自 己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话,只需要教育; 而要挑战别人所说的话,则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是:在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
专八人文知识语言学
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法 纳西耶 夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律,就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练,不是通过语言影响 ,而是 让儿童 练习良 好道德 行为, 克服懒 惰、轻 率、不 守纪律 、颓废 等不良 行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸 美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体,养 成儿童 自觉的 纪律性 ,这是 儿童道 德教育 最重要 的部分 。—— 陈鹤琴
专八翻译及人文知识语言学
TEM-8翻译必备,英语专业的顶起来哦~作者:邱妍(1)把握大局:grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿:put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratch (4)拜年:pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧:teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期:guarantee period(6)报销:apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门:produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光:make public(9)奔小康:strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹:given cold-shoulder(11)比上不足,比下有余:fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山:be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价:dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区:outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人:Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章:Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导:Ph.D supervisor(18)补发拖欠的养脑筋:Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜:white night(20)菜鸟:green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲:Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游:the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低生活保障:a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度:the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设:buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡:rechargeable card(29)春运:pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局:break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲:computer illiter ate(32)点球:penalty kick(33)电视会议:video conference(34)电视直销:TV home shopping(35)定向培训:training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影:multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程:jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌:make no bones about(39)夺冠:take the crown(40)政治多元化:political pluralis m(41)服务行业:catering industry(42)复合型人才:inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训:on-the-job training(44)高等教育自学考试:self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区:high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系:major styles of cooking(47)各行各业:every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人:Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能:let each person do his best(50)公益活动:public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层:state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及:going too far ia as bad asnot going far enough(53)函授大学:correspondence university(54)好莱坞大片:Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心竞争力:core competitiveness(56)虎父无犬子:A wise goose never lays a tam e leg(57)基本国情:fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈竞争:cut-throat competition(59)极限运动:maximal exerci se/X-games(60)集中精力把经济建设搞上去:go all out for econom ic development(61)加班:work extra shifts(62)嘉宾:distingui shed/honored guest(63)加快市场步伐:quicken the pace of mark etization(64)假冒伪劣产品:counterfeit and shoddy products(65)减负:alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水乡:the south o f the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教书育人:impart knowledge and educate people(68)脚踏实地:be down-to-earth(69)解除劳动关系:sever labor relations(70)扩大内需:expan d domestic demand(71)拉拉队:cheering squad(72)论文答辩:(t hesis)oral defence(73)马到成功:achieve immediate victory(7 4)三维电影/动画片:three-dimensional movie/animation(75)森林覆盖率:forest coverage(76)社会保险机构:social security ins titutions(77)社会热点问题:hot spots of society(78)社会治安情况:law-and-order situation(79)申办城市:the bidding citie s(80):身体素质:physical constitution(81)生计问题:bread-and-butter issue(82)生意兴隆:business flourishes(82)市场疲软:sluggish market(83)市政工程:municipal works/engineeri ng(84)事业单位:public institution(85)试用期:probationar y period(86)首创精神:pioneering spirit(87)手机充值:cellul ar phone replenishing(88)台湾同胞:Taiwan compatriots(89)脱贫致富:cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大开发:Development of the West Regions(91)新秀:u p-and-coming star(92)学生处:students' affairs division(9 3)舆论导向:direction of public opinion(94)招生就业指导办公事:enrolment and vocation guidance office(95)支柱产业:pill ar conerstone industry(96)中专生:secondary specialized or t echnical school student(97)专题报道:special coverage(98)《阿Q正传》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and A utumn Annals(100)知识产权:intellectual property rights重要概念梳理CNU 张旭 ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds andmeaning)3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 1. 传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2. 2. 人际功能 Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establishand maintain their identity3. 3. 行事功能 performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 4. 表情功能 Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 5. 寒暄功能 Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!” 等等6. 6. 元语言功能 Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguisticl 语音学 Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
英语专八人文知识之语言学(详细简化版)
专八加油↖(^ω^)↗语言学(缩略版)1 语言的四个特征:任意性(Arbitrariness),二重性(Duality),创造性(Creativity),移位性(Displacement)2 语言的七个功能:信息功能(Informative),人际功能(Interpersonal Function),施为功能(Performative),感情功能(Emotive Function),寒暄功能(Phatic Communion),娱乐功能(Recreation Function)元语言功能(Metalingual Function)3 语言学的主要分支:语音学(Phonetics),音系学(Phonology)形态学(Morphology),句法学(Syntax),语义学(Semantics),语用学(Pragmatics),4 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics)的分支:心理语言学(Psycholinguistics),社会语言学(Sociolinguistics),人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics,计算机语言学(Computational linguistics)5 规定式(Prescriptive)---描述事情应该是怎样的(describe how things ought to be)描写式(Descriptive)---描述事情本是怎样的(describe how thing are)6 共时研究(Synchronic)---以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象(takes a fixed instant as its point of observation)历时研究(Diachronic)---研究语言各个阶段的发展变化(Study of a language through the course of its history)7 语言(Langue)---说话者的语言能力(the linguistic competence of the speaker)言语(Parole)---语言的实际现象或语料(the actual phenomena or data of linguistic)----索绪尔(Saussure)区分8 语言能力(Competence)---理想语言使用者关于语言的知识储备(underlying knowledge)语言运用(Performance)---真实的语言使用者在实际场景中语言的使用(Actual use ofLanguage)----乔姆斯基(Chomsk)区分9 语音学主要分支:发音语言学(Articulatory Phonetics),声学语言学(Acoustic Phonetics)。
英语专八人文常识 语言学
词义演变(Semantic Change)
1. widening of meaning/generalization(词义扩大) 2. narrowing of meaning/specialization(词义缩小) 3. meaning shift(词义转移):
degradation(词义降格)
creativity(多产性)
displacement(移位性) interchangibility(可交替性)
cultural transmission(文化传输性)
2. prescriptive and descriptive(规定性和描述性研究) synchronic and diachronic(共时与历时研究) 3. competence and performance(语言能力与应用) 4. langue and parole (语言与言语)
语义学(Semantics)
2. semantic triangle(语义三角)
3. synonymy(同义关系) 4. antonymy(反义关系) 5. hyponymy(上下义关系) 6. polysemy(一词多义) 7. homonymy(同形/同音异义关系)
1. Leech’s seven types of meaning(利奇的七种意义)
1. Context(语境) 2. Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论): a) John Austin: Locutionary act(言内行为) Illocutionary act(言外行为) Perlocutionary act(言后行为) indirect speech act b) John Searle: representatives(阐述类) directives(指令类) commissives (承诺类) expressives(表达类) declarations(宣一、对知名的语言学家及其基本理论的重点考查
专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题(附答案)
专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题(附答案)专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求,从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language/doc/5b8851066.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Root15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix19.The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isA. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice22.The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areA. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms23."Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse24.In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates theA. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim25.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relationCACAA, BDBAB, BDDBA, BCABC,DBBBD。
专八考试知识语言学部分
语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语,比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现,不能独立成词,比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义:例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种:1、蕴含entailment 例如:A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法:A真B真,B假A假,A假B不一定,B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如:A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法:其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真,A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点:考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆:涵义关系有5个:同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
专八人文知识语言学
语言学概论导论1. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Designed feature of languageArbitrariness ---the widely accepted meaning of this feature, which was first discussed by Saussure, refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.Duality--- it means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.Productivity/creativity --- by this we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its excursiveness.One of the reasons why lanuage is actually a far more complicated entity is that we can use it to create new meanings.Displacement--- it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present at the moment of communication.2. Functions of languageInformative function信息功能, interpersonal function人际功能, performative function施为功能, emotive function 情感功能, phatic communion寒暄语, recreational function娱乐功能, metalingual function元语言功能. Recommendation of the course3. F. de Saussure and his theories--- Sign, signification (signified), signal (signifier)4. basic concerns of modern linguistics--- langue & parole (Saussure)--- prescriptive & descriptive(Saussure)--- synchronic & diachronic(Saussure)--- competence & performance( Chomsky)--- systematic ¶digmatic relation (Saussure )5. Introduce the scope of linguistics.Phonetics: the study of sounds.Phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.Morphology: the study of the way in which the symbols(morphemes) are arranged to form words.Syntax: the study on the rules governing the combination of words to form permissible sentences.Semantics: the study of meaning.Pragmatics: the study on language in the context of use.Historical Linguistics: the study of language change over various period of time.Sociolinguistics: the study of social aspects of language and its relation with society.Psycholinguistics: the study on language in a psychological point of view.Applied Linguistics: the study of language acquisition (the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages).Phonetics1.major branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)acoustic phonetics(声学语音学), auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)2.phonology(音韵学/音系学).A phone is a speech unit or segment that possesses distinct physical or perceptual properties.A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. (Phoneme is an abstract unit that is ofdistinctive value… is not a sound that is pronounced, but a collection of distinctive phonetic features.An allophone is one of several similar speech sounds (phones) that belong to the same phoneme. It is different from free variation, which is a substitute of a phone in a word without changing the meaning.A minimal pair contains two different forms which are identical in every way except for one sound that occurs inthe same position.Suprasegmental features: stress, tone, intonation3. Phonological rules: The sequential rule (is a sound-patterning rule that determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other”.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequentialphoneme, thus making the two phones similar.Feature addition rule/aspiration ruleThe deletion rule tells “when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented”.Insertion ruleFlapping rule4. Jacobson and phonologyRoman Jacobson is the chief representative of The Linguistic Circle of Prague established in 1926. He argues the synchronic study on system of sound and function. Then the phonological opposition and linguistic function are presented by the School of Linguistics.The following diagram of linguistic communication, devised by Roman Jacobson, helps to distinguish some possible starting-points:CONTEXTADDRESSER > MESSAGE > ADDRESSEECONTACTCODE6 Functions: expressive, reference, poetic, communicative, multilingual, .Morphology1. Classification of morpheme:b. Free Morpheme g. Prefixd. Derivational Morphemea. Morpheme c. Bound Morpheme h.Suffixe. Inflectional Morpheme --- (containing 8 suffixes)f. Bound Stema. a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.b. a free morpheme is an independent unit of meaning that can be used alone.c. a bound morpheme is a morpheme used dependently with other morphemes, either free or bound, to supply a newmeaning or grammatical function to an existing form.d. a derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that supply a new meaning to an existing form.e. an inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme that manifests various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The following are the 8 inflectional affixes:-s, indicating pl.-s, indicating third person singular -ed, indicating past tense-ing, indicating progressive aspect -en, indicating past participle-er, indicating comparative degree -est, indicating superlative degree -…s, indicating the possessive casef. a bound stem is a morpheme used with other derivational morphemes to form a word.g. a prefix is a derivational morpheme used at the beginning of an existing form to modify the meaning of the stemwithout changing the part of speech of the original word.h. a suffix is a derivational morpheme used at the end of an existing form to modify the meaning of the original wordand in many cases change its part of speech.2. Morphological rules of word formation:Derivation is an addition of affixes to stems to form new words. (antiestablishmentalism)Compounding is a combination of two, or more words sometimes, to create new words.Abbreviation, back-formation, conversion, onomato′poeia.Syntax1. 美国语言学家Chomsky 在1957年提出转换生成语法transformational-generative grammar; 英国语言学家Halliday提出系统功能语法system-functional grammar。
英语专八人文知识之语言学部分
复习专八的同志们注意啦,个人潜心整理--人文知识之语言学部分,希望能帮上点儿忙,一起加油!作者:張旭BEYONDTEM-8 语言学知识复习总结重要概念梳理CNU 张旭ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1任意性Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds and meaning)3多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)4移位性Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5文化传播性Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)6 1. 传达信息功能Informative:最主要功能The main function7 2. 人际功能Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity8 3. 行事功能performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses9 4. 表情功能Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatoryexpressions10 5. 寒暄功能Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等11 6. 元语言功能Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
专八考试知识语言学部分
语言学部分一、语言与语言学1, which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005) A. arbitrariness. B. productivity. C. cultural transmission. D. finiteness.考点: 语言的区别性特征(design features)记忆:CD PAD. Cultural transmission. Displacement. Productivity (creativity). Arbitrariness. Duality.2. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _____. (2006)A. Halliday.B. Chomsky.C. BloomfieldD. Saussure.考点:语言流派的主要代表人物、四对儿概念的区分。
记忆:四对概念分别是:descriptive & prescriptive. Synchronic & diachronic. Langue & Parole. Competence & performance.代表人物:Saussure对应parole & Langue。
Chomsky对应Competence & performance3. language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010)A. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.考点:语言的基本功能。
专八人文知识材料-语言学
人文知识部分的考察一共有10道题目,包括四道文化题目、三道文学题目、三道语言学题目。
纵观历年真题,英语语言学部分主要考察语言学的概念,并根据概念进行实例分析。
对于语言学,英语专业的学生要掌握以下知识点:1.语言的基本概念及特征:任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性和文化传递性。
2.语言学的基本概念:口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、语言潜势与语言行为。
3.语音学:发音器官的英文名称、英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法、语音学的定义,发音语音学、听觉语音学、声学语音学、元音及辅音的分类、严式与宽式音标。
4.音位学:音位理论、最小对立体,自由变异、互补分布、语音的相似性、区别性特征、超音段音位学、音节、重音等。
5.词法学:词法的定义、曲折词与派生词、构词法、词素的定义、词素变体、自由词素、粘着词素等。
6.句法:句法的定义、范畴、短语规则、句子规则,表层结构和深层结构、转换与生成。
7.语义学:语义的定义、语义的有关理论、意义种类、词汇意义关系、句子语义关系。
8.语用学:语用学的定义、语义学与语用学的区别、语境与意义、言语行为理论、合作原则语言变化。
9.语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化)10.语言与社会:社会语言学的概念、语言变体、语域、双语现象与双言制。
11.语言思维与文化:语言与文化的定义、萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说、语言与思维的关系、语言与文化的关系、中西文化的异同。
12.语言习得:语言习得的基本理论、语言习得的认知因素、语言环境与关键期假设,语言习得的过程、语言习得过程中的非典型性发展。
13.二语习得:母语习得与二语习得之间的关系、对比分析、错误分析、中介语、输入假说。
个体差异等。
14.语言与大脑:神经语言学与心理语言学的基本概念15.现代语言学理论与流派语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征:Design of features of language任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能信息功能 informative人际功能 interpersonal施为功能 performative感情功能 emotive function寒暄功能 phatic communication娱乐功能 recreational function元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程,考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学 syntax 研究句子结构,词、短语组合的规则语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义,还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。
英语专八人文知识 语言学必背第3讲-音位学
英语专八人文知识语言学必背第3讲:音位学第三节音位学Phonology一、基本概念及区分1.广义音位学指对自然语言声音系统的一般性特征研究,可以包括语音学;狭义的音位学主要研究言语语音组合方式模式及变化,普通语言学取其狭义2.音位学与语音学的区别:Phonetics 着重语言的自然属性physical properties,关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音,是音位学研究的基础;Phonology着重强调语音的社会功能social functions,对象是某种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音二、重要概念1.音位Phoneme:在语言中具有区别表义单位作用的最小语音单位the smallest unit that is capable of distinguishing or contrasting wordsE.g: pig 和big中的/p/和/b/就是独立的音位。
2.音位变体Allophones:没有区分表义单位作用的音段E.g:同样/s/音,在shoe和she中读音却有差别,若把两个有差别的/s/音调换位置,并不会改变单词意义,只是有点别扭。
所以,这两音就叫做/s/的音位变体。
注Phoneme和Allophone的区别:音位具有区别性,是抽象、理想化的单位,具有系统性;音位变体都属于同一个音位,他们共同代表或者源于音位,是音位在实际环境中的体现。
3.最小语音对Minimal Pairs:两个词互相之间的差别只是一个音段,就是最小语音对;可以确定某个音段是否为音位E.g:pen 和pin就是M-p,可以确定/e/和/i/4.两种分布关系对比性分布Contrastive Distribution若两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中而产生了两个不同的单词,则处于对比性分布关系。
最小语音对中的不同音段就是这种关系。
3.中的例子互补性分布Complementary distribution若两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中,则它们之间就是互补性分布的关系。
专八人文知识语言学
专八人文知识语言学人文知识是培养人类综合素质的重要组成部分,其中语言学作为一门重要的学科,研究语言的起源、结构、发展和使用规律,对于深入了解人类智慧和文化有着重要作用。
在专八考试中,人文知识语言学是一个重要的考点,下面将从语言学的定义、分类、发展历程以及重要派别等方面进行论述。
一、语言学的定义语言学是一门研究语言的科学,它研究语言的各个层面,包括语音学、语法学、语义学、词汇学、语用学等。
语言学通过对语言的研究,揭示了人类语言能力的本质,推动了语言教学和翻译等相关领域的发展。
二、语言学的分类根据研究对象的不同,语言学可以分为比较语言学、历史语言学、发音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等多个分支学科。
比较语言学主要比较不同语言之间的相似性和差异性,历史语言学则研究语言的演变和变化规律。
三、语言学的发展历程语言学作为一门学科具有悠久的历史。
早在古代,人们对语言的产生和结构就有了简单的了解,但正式的语言学研究始于18世纪的欧洲,当时的人们开始对语音、语法和词汇等进行系统的研究。
到了19世纪,语言学发展迅猛,出现了历史语言学、比较语言学等分支学科。
20世纪,随着语言学方法的不断发展,语义学、语用学等学科逐渐兴起,丰富了语言学的研究内容。
四、重要派别在语言学发展过程中,涌现出了多个重要的研究派别和学派。
例如,结构主义语言学强调语言结构的分析和规律的发现,以及对语言学理论的系统建设;生成语法学关注语言的生成规律和生成过程,提出了许多重要的理论和模型;功能语言学则强调语言的功能和使用效果,注重语言与社会、文化、认知的关系。
五、语言学的应用语言学的研究成果在实际生活中有着广泛的应用价值。
首先,在语言教学领域,语言学的理论和方法为语言教学提供了科学依据,促进了语言教学的有效实施。
其次,在翻译和口译领域,语言学的知识可以帮助翻译人员准确理解和转换语言的含义,提高翻译质量。
此外,语言学还在语音识别、自然语言处理、人机交互等领域有广泛的应用。
专业八级人文知识之语言学
专业八级人文知识之语言学200538. Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures.C. textual organization.D. word formation.注:Definition of Syntax:a. The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.b. A publication, such as a book, that presents such rules.c. The pattern of formation of sentences or phrases in a language.d. Such a pattern in a particular sentence or discourse.39. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness. 任意性B. Productivity. 丰硕性C. Cultural transmission. 文化传播性D. Finiteness. 局限性注:design feature: features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.相关内容请点击查看:胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案40. The speech act theory was first put forward byA. John Searle.B. John Austin.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Halliday.注:John Langshaw Austin (March 28, 1911 - February 8, 1960) was a philosopher of language, who developed much of the current theory of speech acts. He was born in Lancaster and educated at Balliol College, Oxford. After serving in MI6 during World War II, Austin became White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford. He occupies a place in the British philosophy oflanguage alongside Wittgenstein in staunchly advocating the examination of the way words are used in order to elucidate meaning.38. B 39. D 40. B2006essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion ofwords"kid,child,offspring" are examples ofsynonymssynonymssynonymssynonymsdistinction between parole and langue was made byDBD200738. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.A. PhonologyB. Morphology √C. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholingui stic √40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaning √B. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning200838. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. Arbitrariness.B. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above. C40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is calledA. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy. D200938. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production isA. corpus linguistics.B. sociolinguistics.C. theoretical linguistics.D. psycholinguistics.39. A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is calledA. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performingA. an illocutionary act.B. a perlocutionary act.C. a locutionary act.D. none of the above.DCA2010-4-4。
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第一章概述一、什么是语言?1.Definition of language (语言的定义)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类用来交流的一套具有任意性的声音符号系统。
)2.Design/distinctive feature of language(语言的定义/本质特征)1)2)3)4)(移位性指语言可以让使用者谈论不在说话之时、说话之地存在的物体、事件和观点)例如:我们在中国可以谈论美国的物体和事件。
5)Cultural transmission(文化传播/文化传递性)Language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.(文化传播指语言是靠文化传播的,而不是靠父母遗传。
虽然人类的语言能力是天生的,但是语言系统的细节不是靠遗传传递,而是靠学习掌握的。
)二、什么是语言学?Linguistics is a scientific study of language.(语言学是对语言的科学研究)语言学的研究对象不是某特定的语种,而是人类所有的语言,在考察分析大量语言现象的基础上总结语言规律。
语言学家想要回答的基本问题是:什么是语言?语言的机制是什么?人们是如何使用语言实现各种目的的。
三、语言学的重要概念1.descriptive vs. prescriptive(描述性与规定性)描述性研究是现代语言学家采取的基本立场,注重观察分析语言中的事实,目的通常是描述人们一般是怎么说话、写作的。
规定性研究注意总结语言中的标准,目的通常是规定人们应该如何说话、写作。
例如:规定只能用单数、复数2.synchronic vs. diachronic(共时性与历时性)synchronic: the study of a language through the course of its history(共时研究以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象)例如:莎士比亚时代语言研究diachronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation(历时研究则研究语言各个阶段的发展变化,研究语言的历史发展规律)ngue vs. parole(语言与言语)该区分是现代语言学鼻祖Saussure提出的。
着重从社会的角度来研究语言。
langue: abstract linguistic system(语言指某个语言区域所有成员共享的抽象的语言体系,是一个相对比较稳定的整体)parole: actual realization of langue(言语指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语,是随时间、地点变化的、偶然性很大的实体)petence vs. performance(语言能力与语言运用)这个是由转换生成语法的创始人Chomsky提出的一对概念。
着重从语言使用者的知识构成来看待语言。
competence: user’s knowledge of rules about the linguistic system(语言能力指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备)performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations(语言运用指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用)四、语言学的研究范围按研究范围分为microlinguistics(微观语言学)和macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)微观语言学:研究语言内部的问题宏观语言学:研究语言与外部世界的关系五、语言学的分支语言学家通常从语音、词汇、句法、意义等层面研究,于是就有了普通语言学的各个主要分支。
1.phonetics(语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted and received.(语音学是研究语言语音的学科,包括语言的产生,也就是研究语言语音实际上是如何发出、传播与接收的。
)2.phonology(音系学)Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(音位学研究语音如何排列并在交际中使用,研究支配语音结构、分布的规则,以及语音序列和音节形成的规则,是语言学研究语音系统的分支。
)phonetics与phonology的区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音)3.morphology(形态学)1)定义:Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies theminimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes.简单定义:a study of word-formation(构词)(形态学是研究词素以及构词过程的学科。
它研究识别意义的最小单位—词素,并研究词素组合成词的方式。
)2)基本概念:词素morpheme: the most basic element of meaning in language3)词素的分类:free morphemes vs. bound morphemes(自由语素和粘附语素)Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves.(可以独立成词的)例如:boy,girl,table,nationBound morphemes: those that can’t occur alone例如:dis-,un-,-s粘附语素的分类:Derivational morpheme vs. Inflectional morpheme(派生语素和屈折语素)Derivational morpheme: change the lexical meaning(改变词汇的意义)例如:改变词义:dis- /un-/multi-/micro-改变词性:en-/-full/-mentInflectional morpheme: change the grammatical meaning(改变语法的意义)例如:改变名词的性,数,格:-ess/-s改变动词的时,态,体:-ing/-ed改变形容词的级:-re/-est4)词的构成方法compounding(合成)deviation(派生)conversion(转化)合成词就是由两个自由语素组成的词例如:landlady greenhouse uplift等5)词的分类按功能分:语法词和词汇词按开放与否分:open class words(开放词类)和closed class words(封闭词类)按重要性:主要词类和次要词类4.syntax(句法学)1)定义:Syntax is about the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. (astudy of sentence-formation)(句法学是研究词语如何组成句子及支配句子结构的规则的学科[句法学研究句子的构成]。
)2)句子分类simple sentence(简单句)coordinate sentence/compound sentence(并列句)complex sentence(复杂句)区分三种句子的方法:看连词并列句(and, or ,but)复杂句(if, when, because, though)5.semantics(语义学)1)定义:Semantics studies how meaning is encoded in a language.(语义学是研究语言的意义的学科。
)2)基本概念:reference(指称):how language refers to the real physical word(语言指代外部物质世界)sense(涵义):inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and themeaning dictionary compliers are interested in.(语言形式的内在意义)例如:狗的sense就是犬类的哺乳动物;reference就是白、黑、花狗3)五种语义关系:sense relationa)Synonymy(同义):sameness or similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning arecalled synonyms.dialectical synonym(地域同义):秋天,美国称之为fall,英国称之为autumnstylistic synonym(风格同义):警察有很多说法,例如:police, copcollocational synonym(搭配同义词):accuse of; charge with; rebuke foremotive synonym(情感同义):accomplice和collaborator; statesman和politiciansemantically different synonym(语义稍有不同的同义):surprise和astonish;blame和rebukeb)hyponymy(上下义)上义词hypernym(animal)下义词hyponym(dog)c)antonymy(反义)等级反义gradable antonymy(young, old)互补反义complementary antonymy (live, dead)反向反义converse antonymy (buy, sell)d)polysemy(一次多义)e)homonymy(同音/同形词)例如:ball—球;ball—舞会*如何区分同音同形和一词多义如果一个词有多重意义,看这些意义之间有无关系。
有关系的是一词多义,无关系的是同音/同形异义词。