考研英语阅读解答中请勿盲目限时
考研英语经济类阅读理解及原文翻译
考研英语经济类阅读理解及原文翻译考研英语经济类阅读理解及原文翻译：OPTIONS AHOYWhy investors like Korean blue chipsDESPITE the world economic downturn, South Koreas stockmarket has this year outperformed those of all other countries bar Russia. Its composite stock price index (Kospi) has risen by more than 25% since January 1st. The rally, which has been driven by foreign buying, is expected to continue next year, for two reasons: encouraging economic fundamentals, and the introduction of derivatives so beloved of the worlds hedge funds.On January 28th next year the Korea Stock Exchange is due to introduce option contracts on the shares of seven listed companies: SK Telecom, Korea Electric Power, Korea Telecom, Samsung Electronics, Hyundai Motor, Pohang Iron Steel and Kookmin Bank. And as early as July, the Financial Supervisory Commission is expected to allow investment banks to sell over-the-counter derivatives, such as equity or interest-rate swaps. Trading volume on the exchange will increase accordingly, says Lee Wonki at Merrill Lynch. Foreigners hold nearly 90 trillion won ($70 billion) of Korean shares, 37% of the market. Their slice of the trading of Kospi 200 index futures and options rose to 10% this year, from about 5% a year ago. But the Kospi index, covering 200 companies, is not the best way to hedge foreign portfolios, which are invested mainly in the seven blue-chipshares. Yet derivatives alone will not sustain Korean equities unless the economy turns around. There are signs that it has reached bottom, with real GDP estimated to have grown by at least 2.8% this year (slower than last year but higher than earlier forecasts of 2% or less). Jin Nyum, the finance minister, predicts that, although exports may suffer next year if the Japanese yen continues to fall, domestic demand and public spending will help real GDP to grow near to the countrys full potential of 5%.Some analysts argue that the recent market rise has been caused by investors blind faith in bank and technology shares. The latter rallied last month, but then hesitated as Micron, an American memory-chip maker, blew hot and cold on taking a stake in or allying with Hynix, Koreas debt-laden maker of memory chips.Nevertheless, the rally is likely to continue, says Koh Wonjong, of SG Securities in Seoul. That is because South Koreas industries are more diversified--into information technology, cars, shipbuilding, steel and services--than those of other Asian countries. In Taiwan, telecoms, media and technology shares account for 80% of the market.The restructuring of some big companies, such as Hynix and Daewoo Motor, remains incomplete, as does bank reform. But the past four years of financial and corporate change may soon pay off. For many companies, balance-sheet problems have turned into the need to measure profits, a far more welcome task.Economist; 12/22/2001, Vol. 361 Issue 8253, p86, 1/2p, 1 graph词汇注释bar prep. 除…之外rally n. 重整;(市场价格) 回升，跌后复升;恢复健康; 振作精神;集会, 大会;汽车赛会over-the-counter【证券】 (不通过交易所)买卖双方直接交易的，场外交易的(每位买者或卖者都是经过协议与议价来达成股票的买卖)option n. 选择权, [经]买卖的特权interest-rate swap 利率掉期;利率调期won [wCn] n. [sing., pl. ]圆(南北朝鲜的货币单位)index futures 指数期货hedge n. [经]对冲blow hot and cold (on, about) 出尔反尔;三心二意; 反复无常; 拿不定主意stake [steIk] n. (木头或金属的)柱，桩;股份;利害关系have [take] a stake in sth. 与某事有利害关系，与…休戚相关debt-laden 债台高筑的pay off 还清;偿清;报复;偿还;结清工资解雇(某人);成功参考译文选择权在招手为什么投资者对韩国蓝筹股情有独钟?尽管世界经济不景气, 但今年南韩的股市行情却比除俄国以外其他国家的股市都好。
18考研英语一真题阅读理解红绿蓝答案解析
18考研英语一真题阅读理解红绿蓝答案解析Among the annoying challenges facing the middleclass is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidentialcampaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. Abouthalf of U.S. jobs are at highrisk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-incomejobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-classoccupations—trucking, financial advice, software engineering—have aroused theirinterest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.21. Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B] Low-wage laborers.（与下划线句矛盾）[C] Robot owners.（与加粗矛盾）[D] Middle-class workers.This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point outthat technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The IndustrialRevolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced bymechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created morejobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boostproductivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers fromhard, boring work. But in themedium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.22 . Which of the following best represents theauthor’sview?[A] Worries about automation are in factgroundless.[B] Optimists’ opinions on new tech find littlesuppo rt.[C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.[D] Negative consequences of new tech can beavoided.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and AndrewMcAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and jobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammar school to college—shouldevolve to focus less onmemorizing facts and more on creativity and complexcommunication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fosteringproblem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Onlineeducation can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training andinstruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be ableto do so without going into debt.23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on _____.[A] creative potential[B] job-hunting skills[C] individual needs[D] cooperative spiritThe challenge of coping with automationunderlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastictechnological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up waysto combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual realityhaven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will inventthem.Finally, because automation threatens to widenthe gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net willhave to be rethought. Taxeson low-wage labor need tobe cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should beexpanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for jobcreation, and reduceinequality.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at _____.[A] encouraging the development of automation[B] increasing the return on capital investment[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor[D] preventing the income gap from wideningTechnology will improve society in ways big andsmall over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who findtheir lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for ourjobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.The first step…The challenge of coping with automationunder…Finally, because automation threat…25. In this text, the author presents a problemwith _____.[A] opposing views on it[B] possible solutions to it[C] its alarming impacts[D] its major variationsText 2A new survey by Harvard University finds morethan two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use ofTwitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White Houseto be filtered through other source, not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to checkdaily headlines. Yet as distrusthas risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their medialiteracy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidentialcampaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in thepolitically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted by BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust newsfrom the media giant.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubtson _____.[A] the justification of the news-filteringpractice[B] people’s preference for social mediaplatforms[C] the administrations’ ability to handleinformation[D] social media was a reliable source of newsMost Americans rely on social media to checkdaily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacyskills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politicallycritical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University ofOxford. And a survey conducted by BuzzFeed News found 44 percent ofFacebookusers rarely or never trust news from the media giant.27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) i s closest in meaning to_____.[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] shareYoung people who are digital natives are indeedbecoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group surveyof young people between age s 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” toverify stories. They cross-checksources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about anybias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility foreducating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the surveyconcluded.28. According to the Knight Foundation survey, young people _____.[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources[C] have a strong sense of responsibility[D] like to exchange views on “distributedtrust”Such active research can have another effect. A2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by theUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on socialmedia led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience newsevents moreintimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-sharenews as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to bemore conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna researchgroup found the top reasongiven by Americans for thefake news phenomenon is “readererror,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actualnews” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on socialmedia may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personalresponsibility in count eracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor inchief at Barna Group.29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is _____.[A] readers’ outdated values[B] journalists’ biased reporting[C] readers’ misinterpretation[D] jo urnalists’ made-up storiesSo when young people are critical of anover-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—andin their choices on when to share on social media.30. Which of the following would be the besttitle for the text?[A] A Risein Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweetingTrend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on SocialMedia[D] The Platforms for Projection of PersonalInterestsText 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers ofthe dealbetween Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind muststart by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of theleading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential ofthis work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead tofurther concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against thatbackground that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued herdamning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, whichhanded over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on thebasis of a vague agreementwhich took far too littleaccount of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.31.What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations.[D] It put both sides into a dangeroussituation.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements—andthere may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that allnecessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data hasbeen cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. Butprivacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. MsDenham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existinglaw it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” i t. But thisdistinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, notthemere possession of bits, that gives the data value.32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with _____.[A] empty promises[B] tough resistance[C] necessary adjustments[D] sincere apologiesDeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trusthas mended its ways. Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHSand DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessarypermissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has beencleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacyis not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denhamchose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since un der existing law it“controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinctionmisses the point that it isprocessing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that_____.[A] privacy protection must be secured at allcosts（无中生有）[B] leaking patients’ data is worse thanselling it（无中生有）[C] making profits from patients’ data isillegal（曲解原文）[D] the value of data comes from the processing of itThe great question is who should benefit fromthe analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds onthe concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individualthere gains its value only when it iscompared with the data of countlessmillions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giantsin this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address thereal worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops willbenefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them usingpublic resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugsnow can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We arestill at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out tohave gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid afuture of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is_____.[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law[C] the uncontrolled use of new software[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giantsThe use of privacy law to curb the tech giantsin this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address thereal worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops willbenefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a privatemonopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises tosave lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behaveas a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution andsmall choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed toavoid afuture of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcomestart.35.The author’s attitude toward the applicationof AI to healthcare is _____.[A] ambiguous[B] cautious[C] appreciative[D] contemptuousText 4The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological changethat has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust itsoperations to the new reality.36. The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by _____.[A] its unbalanced budget[B] its rigid management[C] the cost for technical upgrading[D] the withdrawal of bank supportAnd interestgroups ranging from postal unionsto greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressureon the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever elsehappens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo theydepend on getprotected. This is why repeated attempts at reformlegislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Serviceunable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.37. According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to _____.[A] the interference from interest groups[B] the inadequate funding from Congress[C] the shrinking demand for postal service[D] the incompetence of postal unionsNow comes word that everyoneinvolved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system’sheaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation ismoving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion overfive years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survivalmeasures. Most of the moneywould come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shiftingpostal retirees into Medicare. The latter step would largely offset thefinancial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPSand its union.38. The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by _____.[A] removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] making more investment in new vehicles.[C] adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] attracting more first-class mail users.If it clears the House, this measure wouldstill have to getthrough the Senate—where someone is bound to point out thatit amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Serviceafloat, not comprehensive reform. There’s no change to collective bargaining atthe USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percentof the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturdayletter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and wouldsave the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem tohave killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the billis a sign that legislatorsare getting frightenedabout a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not,however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postalsystem for the 21st century.39. In the last paragraph, the author seems toview legislators with_____.[A] respect[B] tolerance[C] discontent[D] gratitude40. Which of the following would be the besttitle for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Service: Keep Away from MyCheese[C] The USPS: Chronic Illness Requires a QuickCure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid。
考研英语精读的方法与技巧
考研英语精读的方法与技巧1.阅读速度调整：精读时，不能盲目追求阅读速度，要适当提高阅读速度，但又不能超过自己的阅读理解能力。
可以通过不断练习来提高阅读速度，但要确保在不影响理解的情况下。
2.主题句把握：在阅读文章时，要先抓住主题句，主题句通常出现在开头或者结尾，或者是段落中的第一句话。
了解主题句有助于理解整篇文章的中心思想。
3.关键词标记：阅读时，将重要的关键词标记出来，可以用下划线、圈圈等方式进行标注。
这样做有助于快速回忆文章内容，也方便后续做题时快速定位。
4.理解段落结构：文章通常由多个段落组成，每个段落包含一个中心思想。
了解段落结构，可以从宏观上掌握文章的发展和构思。
为了更好地理解段落结构，可以在读完一段后，简要概括它的内容。
5.掌握词汇的句法功能：在阅读理解中，了解词汇的句法功能对理解句子的意思至关重要。
熟悉常见的词汇用法和搭配，能更准确地理解句子的含义。
6.利用上下文推测词义：阅读过程中，会遇到一些生词或不认识的词汇。
此时可以通过上下文的线索去推测词义，尤其是判断其正面还是否定的含义，或者判断其具体指代的对象。
7.注意细节和逻辑关系：考研英语精读中的阅读理解题目通常需要考生对文章的细节和逻辑关系有较好的理解。
所以在阅读过程中，要时刻关注文章的细节，同时注意段落之间的逻辑连接和转折关系。
8.增加阅读量：阅读量的多少直接关系到阅读理解的能力。
可以通过坚持每天阅读英文材料，增加阅读量，并逐渐提高自己的阅读能力。
9.做题巩固：阅读理解的练习是提高考研英语精读能力的重要手段。
在做题过程中，可以通过分析解题思路和答案选项，逐步加深对文章内容的理解。
10.模拟考试训练：最后阶段，可以进行一些模拟考试的练习，模拟考试能够帮助考生熟悉考试的节奏和氛围，同时检验自己的考试成果。
总之，考研英语精读需要考生具备良好的阅读理解能力和英语基础，并且需要通过大量的练习来提高自己的阅读能力和解题技巧。
同时，需要注重平时的积累和阅读习惯的养成，不断增加自己的阅读量，才能在考研英语精读中取得好成绩。
2024考研英语一阅读
2024考研英语一阅读In the pursuit of academic excellence, the year 2024 marks a significant milestone for many aspiring postgraduate students in China as they prepare for the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, commonly referred to as the "Kao Yan." The English section, particularly the English I, is a critical component of this examination, testing the candidates' language proficiency and their ability to comprehend complex texts.The English I section is designed to assess a variety of skills, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and translation. It is widely acknowledged that the reading component is one of the most challenging and time-consuming parts of the test. It requires not only a strong vocabulary but also the ability to understand nuanced meanings, infer implications, and analyze the structure of the text.To excel in the 2024 Kao Yan English I reading section, students must engage in rigorous preparation. This includes a consistent study schedule, extensive reading of diverse materials, and practice with past examination papers. It is essential to familiarize oneself with the types of questions that are commonly asked and to develop strategies fortackling them effectively.Moreover, the ability to read quickly and accurately is crucial. This skill can be honed through timed practicesessions where students are encouraged to read passageswithin a set time limit and answer questions based on the content. Additionally, understanding the context and the author's perspective is vital for answering comprehension questions correctly.Another aspect that cannot be overlooked is the importance of vocabulary. A robust vocabulary base is indispensable for interpreting the meaning of sentences and paragraphs. Students are advised to memorize a wide range of words, including both common and specialized terms that are frequently used in academic texts.Lastly, the translation part of the English I section tests the candidate's ability to convert complex English sentences into Chinese and vice versa. This requires a deep understanding of both languages' grammar and the ability to convey the same meaning in a different linguistic context.In conclusion, the 2024 Kao Yan English I reading section is a comprehensive test of a student's English language skills. With the right approach, including strategic study methods, extensive practice, and a focus on building a strong foundation in vocabulary and grammar, candidates can enhance their chances of achieving a high score in this competitive examination.。
考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案
考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案考研英语阅读是考试中的重要部分，通过阅读理解题目，考生可以提升英语语言能力和考试答题能力。
下面将为大家整理一些历年考研英语阅读真题及答案，供各位考生参考。
一、真题一阅读理解题目：Passage 1Questions 1-3 are based on the following passage.Vasily Grossman, a journalist and writer, was recognized only belatedly in the Soviet Union. But by the time of his death in 1964 his works could no longer be ignored or suppressed completely.Grossman was born in a Jewish family in 1905 in Berdichev (Ukraine) and after training for a career in civil engineering became a writer and journalist, first in Ukraine, then in Moscow. His first literary success was a volume of short stories (1934) and his first novel, Stalingrad (1952), established his reputation as a writer of remarkable talents. It is a fine example of the "Bread and Battles" type of fiction-- novels with a Central Russian war theme.Between the wars Grossman established himself as a newspaper reporter of the first rank. At the outbreak of the German invasion in 1941 he became a war reporter. His articles in the army newspaper Red Star had considerable effect. After the war he continued to write--describing, for example, the1943 Battle of Kursk in which a German advance was halted. These articles lead directly to the writing of Stalingrad.In 1959 his novel Life and Fate was finished, and when it became apparent that the manuscript would be suppressed by the authorities, Grossman gave copies to friends. A "textbook example of containment," the manuscript switched across the Iron Curtain and was first published in the West in 1980; in the Soviet Union only an abridged version was eventually published in 1988.Grossman's major themes are war and totalitarianism. He writes with great authority and humanity. In his later years he suffered from cruel persecution at the hands of the authorities and died a broken man.1. Vasily Grossman was initially recognized as a writer(A) during his lifetime(B) after his death(C) when his works were published in the West(D) after his works had been highly evaluated2. Grossman's first novel, Stalingrad, established his reputation by(A) describing a battle of the Second World War(B) criticizing the authorities' persecution(C) relating his post-war experience(D) criticizing totalitarianism3. Grossman's Life and Fate(A) was not praised as much as Stalingrad(B) was first published in the Soviet Union(C) was taken out of the Soviet Union in its entirety(D) was intended to show the effects of containment参考答案：1. A2. A3. C二、真题二阅读理解题目：Passage 2It is a common belief that emotions interfere with our reasoning abilities and lead to irrational decisions. However, recent studies have shown that emotions can actually be beneficial to the decision-making process.One study conducted by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio revealed that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain had difficulty making decisions, even though their intelligence was not affected. This study suggests that emotions play a crucial role in our ability to make choices.Another study conducted by psychologists Loewenstein and Lerner found that individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral. This suggests that emotions can provide valuable information that can aid in decision-making.Furthermore, research has shown that individuals who are able to understand and regulate their emotions have better decision-making skills. This is because emotional intelligence allows individuals to consider both their rational thoughts and emotional responses when making decisions.In conclusion, emotions are not always detrimental to decision-making. They can provide valuable information and aid in the decision-making process. Additionally, individuals who possess emotional intelligence have better decision-making skills overall.4. According to the passage, recent studies have shown that emotions(A) interfere with our reasoning abilities(B) lead to irrational decisions(C) play a crucial role in decision-making(D) have no impact on decision-making5. The study conducted by Antonio Damasio suggests that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain(A) have difficulty making decisions due to a lack of intelligence(B) have no emotional responses to aid in decision-making(C) are more likely to make irrational decisions(D) experience interference from their emotions when making decisions6. According to Loewenstein and Lerner's study, individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process(A) made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral(B) were more likely to make irrational decisions(C) had difficulty making decisions due to a lack of emotional responses(D) had no impact on their decision-making abilities参考答案：4. C5. A6. A根据上述两道真题及其答案，我们可以看到考研英语阅读理解题目通常包括一篇或多篇文章，每篇文章后面配有若干问题，考生需要根据文章内容选择正确的答案。
2021考研《英语一》阅读理解答案
2021考研《英语一》阅读理解答案21.The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.21【A】这是一道例证，按照常规套路文中的例子，所要证明的主题应该在例子之前，所以定位例子的前一句，Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. 关键信息是tolerate time-consuming security美国人愿意忍耐耗时的安检，对应A选项的内容，同义替换。
22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.【C】题干问哪个能够解释为什么美国机场排队很长。
定位到第三段第二句Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports. 原因出现在result in之前。
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析
考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析考研英语真题阅读理解试题及答案分析Being a man hasalways been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal ofmale mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girlsdo. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys inthose crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, anotherchance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of ababy surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram toolight or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost nodifference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent ofevolution has gone。
There is another way to commit evolutionary : stay alive,but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except insome religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays thenumber of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us haveroughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and theopportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the greatcities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity oftoday―everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring meansthat natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class Indiacompared to the tribes。
考研英语阅读经验：从错一半到38分
考研英语阅读经验：从错一半到38分考研英语分客观题60分(包括10分完型、40分阅读、10分新题型)和主观题40分(包括10分翻译、10分小作文、20分大作文)。
主观题，视水区旱区而定，不同地区没有可比性。
而客观题，答案是唯一的，不管英语想过线的还是英语想拿高分的，客观题都不能有失。
完型20题每题0.5分，性价比较低，我当时没花太多时间复习，最后错了5个，还能接受;新题型的难度远小于阅读理解。
所以客观题里最拉分的还是阅读，阅读看似很难，实际上是有规律可循的，只要掌握了正确的方法，会有较大的提高。
我能从最初的错一大片到最后顶多错一个，靠得就是得当的方法。
方法如下：1、词汇：词汇是基础，大纲词汇必须掌握。
阅读中如果一句话中有一两个单词不认识，很可能导致这句话的意思搞错，甚至把整篇文章的主导思想搞错;如果问题选项中有单词不认识就更麻烦了。
说一下自己的体会，一开始做阅读练习的时候，错一大片，有时候甚至错一半，当时真是怕英语不过线，然后我痛定思痛，认真总结了阅读错的原因，我发现，是因为词汇关没过，文中一些单词不认识导致对文章关键句甚至作者的主体思想理解错误。
所以我下决心一定要攻克单词关，从论坛上学习了不少前辈的经验，受益匪浅，有一个学长说的很好，不要指望在一个地方将单词记住，关键是要在不同的地方去记忆或者练习同一个单词，我很以为然，于是去寻找快速记忆的捷径，最终搜了一款背单词软件将单词过了一遍，说实话，我不推荐每个人都用软件记单词，因为不方便携带，我在电脑旁足足坚忍了20多天，每天将近2个小时，有时候眼睛都有点酸，终于将单词搞完了一轮，才长出一口气。
一轮下来(其实不止一轮，因为软件有循环记忆，不熟练的单词从不同程度上重复记忆了很多次)，虽然有些单词还是没有完全记住，但大致都留了一个印象，在做阅读的时候明显有了感觉，结合上下文和脑海中残留的模糊的印象，基本能猜出单词的意思，这样阅读难度就降低了许多，而且这样过后，这个单词我也基本上掌握了，可以说是一举两得。
2021年考研英语一阅读理解B部分解析
2021年考研英语一阅读理解B部分解析In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involvedoom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,”says Pédro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science 41_____________ One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. 42_________These are “tools that help peo ple usedata, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. “Before, they might not i nsure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much,” says Domingos, 43____________Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,”says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.”44___________Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failureor leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,”says Domingos. 45_______[A] I replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost [the company] money.[F] We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.参考答案：41-45 ：GCEBD【解析】41. 根据本段的小标题“Better hiring practices”可知，本段内容是想要讲AI在招聘中的使用。
2020年考研《英语一》答案：阅读理解(文字版)
2020年考研《英语一》答案：阅读理解（文字版）Section II Reading Comprehension参考答案：ADBCA ADCDD ACDBA DABCD BGDEFPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that" incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban onultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters oftheir beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even betterwould be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase "impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models' character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever". It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air". Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likelyto endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sideswith those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struckterror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure,George Osborne favours rural new-build against urbanrenovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowed country. Half acentury of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn't start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes's preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today's BritainText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of business" wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist "That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSRspending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect"whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking atbribery prosecutions under American's Foreign CorruptPractices Act(FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency： Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower thanthe typical punishment for bribing foreign officials." says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression "more lenient"(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2020.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. Theinfrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive;it's excessive at a time when online - only competitors don'thave the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said "I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So ifyou're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting theprint edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year - more than twice as much as a digital - only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations,it's better to be more aggressive that less aggressive."36. The New York Times is considering ending it's print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a " legacy product"[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury Good。
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解真题及答案解析
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解真题及答案解析阅读AFinancial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this "clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much largerbenefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, tobuild a stronger economy for future generations."Short-termism," or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly trades companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience asacting like rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years toseven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce "short-termism" In its latest survey of CEO pay. The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism" such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of al stakeholders. Britain' s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.【题干】According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the _____.【选项】A.enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives【答案】A【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的细节题。
2002年考研英语二阅读text3精翻
2002年考研英语二阅读text3精翻
一、了解2002年考研英语二阅读text3的文章背景和主题
2002年考研英语二阅读text3的文章是一篇关于心理学研究的报道。
文章讨论了人们在不同情境下如何做出决策，以及决策过程中的心理因素。
通过介绍一项实验研究，文章揭示了人们在面对不确定性时，如何受到自身心理因素的影响，从而做出不同的决策。
二、总结文章的主要观点和论述
1.文章开篇指出，人们在面对不确定性时，决策过程受到心理因素的影响。
2.文章介绍了心理学研究中关于决策过程的两种理论：直觉主义和理性主义。
3.文章通过一项实验研究，揭示了人们在面对不确定性时，如何受到自身心理因素的影响，从而做出不同的决策。
4.文章分析了实验结果中的各种心理现象，如代表性启发、锚定效应和确认偏误等。
5.文章结尾提到，了解这些心理因素有助于人们在决策过程中更加理性，避免盲目跟从直觉。
三、提炼文章的核心知识点和实用建议
1.了解决策过程中的心理因素：代表性启发、锚定效应、确认偏误等。
2.认识到在面对不确定性时，人们容易受到心理因素的影响，导致非理性决策。
3.学会在决策过程中，更加理性地分析问题，避免盲目跟从直觉。
四、给出针对文章的拓展思考和练习建议
1.对比阅读其他关于决策过程和心理因素的学术论文，分析不同研究方法的优缺点。
2.思考在日常生活中，如何运用文章中所提到的心理现象，提高自己的决策能力。
3.参与有关决策过程和心理因素的讨论，分享自己的观点和经验。
2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 4部分
2023年考研英语二真题答案之阅读理解Text 4部分Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 4Teenagers are paradoxical. That' s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.A new study published in the journal Child Development by Eveline Crone of the University of London and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.The researchers studied "prosocial" and rebellious traits in more than 200 child and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questions about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increased as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like selfishly help a friend.Most significantly ,there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenager behavior is related to what researchers call" reward sensitivity ."Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs " Reward sensitivity" 'measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards -winning the game,impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn' t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the conch.36.According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to____.A. develop opposite personality traitsB. see the world in an unreasonable wayC. have fond memories of their pastD. show affection for their parents【答案】：A37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 that Crone's study_▁.__A. explores teenagers' social responsibilitiesB. examines teenagers' emotional problemsC. provides a new insight into adolescenceD. highlights negative adolescence behavior【答案】：C38. What does Crone's study find about prosocial behavior?A. It results from the wish to cooperate.B. It is cultivated through education.C. It is subject to family influence.D. It tends to peak in adolescence.【答案】：D39. It can be learned from last two paragraph that teenagers__ _.A. overstress their influence on othersB. care a lot about social recognitionC. become anxious about their futureD. endeavor to live a joyful life【答案】：B40. What is the text mainly about?A. Why teenagers are self-contradictoryB. Why teenagers are risk-sensitiveC. How teenagers become independentD. How teenagers develop prosociality【答案】：A。
2023考研英语一阅读理解Text4部分试题及答案解析
2023考研英语一阅读理解Text4部分试题及答案解析Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns, including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual—acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36. According to Paragraph l, the careers of scientists can be determined by ______.[A] how many citations their works contain[B] how many times their papers are cited[C] the prestige of the people they work with[D] the status they have in scientific circles37. The support service consultancies tend to ______.[A] recommend journals to their clients[B] list citation patterns for their clients[C] ask authors to include extra citations[D] advise contributors to cite each other38. The function of the “milk cow” journals is to ______.[A] boost citation counts for certain authors[B] help scholars publish articles at low cost[C] instruct first-time contributors in citation[D] increase the readership of new journals39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?[A] It fosters competition among citation providers.[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.[C] It hinders the growth of “international” journals.[D]It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?[A] Take legal action[B] Demand an apology[C] Seek professional advice[D] Reveal their misconduct【答案】36. [B] how many times their papers are cited37. [C] ask authors to include extra citations38. [A] boost citation counts for certain authors39. [B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citations40. [D] Reveal their misconduct。
2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析（二）
2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析（二）考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(二)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(二)At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homeworkis_____.[A] it should be eliminated[B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers[D] it is important for grades题目的解析：1.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.词汇突破：thorny questions 棘手的问题参考译文：与此同时，这个政策没有解决关于家庭作业的棘手的问题。
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案
2021年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.The parliament also agreed to ban websites that "incite excessive thinness" by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal itsends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women(and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severs punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows ti has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashionindustry has on body ideals, especially on young people." The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21.【题干】According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?【选项】A.Physical beauty would be redefined.B.New runways would be constructed.C.Websites about dieting would thrive.D.The fashion industry would decline.【答案】A22.【题干】The phrase "impinging on" (Line 2, Para 2) is closest in meaning to【选项】A.heightening the value of.B.indicating the state of.C.losing faith in.D.doing harm to.【答案】D23.【题干】Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?【选项】A.The French measures have already failed.B.New standards are being set in Denmark.C.Model are no longer under peer pressure.D.Its inherent problems are getting worse.【答案】B24.【题干】A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for【选项】A.setting a high age threshold for models.B.caring too much about models' character.C.showing little concern for health factors.D.pursuing perfect physical conditions.【答案】C25.【题干】Which of the following may be the best title of the text?【选项】A.The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryB.Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyC.A Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceD.A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals【答案】DText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) ad what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever." It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air." Hill's pressure later led to thecreation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more housesbut, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26.【题干】Britain's public sentiment about the countryside【选项】A.didn't start till the Shakespearean age.B.has brought much benefit to the NHS.C.is fully backed by the royal family.D.is not well reflected in politics.27.【题干】According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being【选项】A.gradually destroyed.B.effectively reinforced.rgely overshadowed.D.properly protected.【答案】A28.【题干】Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?【选项】bour is under attack for opposing development.B.The Conservatives may abandon "off-plan" building.C.The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.ip may gain from its support for rural conservation.【答案】C29.【题干】The author holds that George Osborne's preference_____A.highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.B.shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.C.stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.D.reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.【答案】A30.【题干】In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of_____【选项】A.the size of population in Britain.B.the political life in today's Britain.C.the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.D.the town-and-country planning in Britain.【答案】DText 3"There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses," wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, "That is, to use its resources and engage inactivities designed to increase its profits." But even if you accept Firedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders' money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a "signal" that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse "halo effect," whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three.A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they couldbe influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials," says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31.【题干】The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR with_____.【选项】A.toleranceB.skepticismC.uncertaintyD.approval【答案】C32.【题干】According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by_____.【选项】A.winning trust from consumersB.guarding it against malpracticesC.protecting it from being defamedD.raising the quality of its products【答案】A33.【题干】The expression "more lenient"(Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to_____.【选项】A.more effectiveB.less controversialC.less severeD.more lasting【答案】C34.【题干】When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record_____.【选项】A.has an impact on their decisiones across as reliable evidenceC.increases the chance of being penalizedD.constitutes part of the investigation【答案】A35.【题干】Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?【选项】A.Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.B.The necessary amount of companies' spending on it is unknown.panies' financial capacity for it has been overestimated.D.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.【答案】DText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. "Sometime in the future," the paper's publisher said back in 2021.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper-printing presses, delivery trucks-isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out ofthe print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. "Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them," he said, "but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you."Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder," he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? "I wouldn't pick a year to end print," he said. "I would raise pieces and make it into more of a legacy product."The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they'd feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," Peretti said. "Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. which way be what the time is doing already .Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year-more than twice as much as adigital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."36.【题干】The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to_____【选项】A.the high cost of operation.B.the pressure from its investors.C.the complaints from its readers.D.the increasing online ad sales.【答案】A37.【题干】Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation, the Times should_____【选项】A.seek new sources of readership.B.end the print edition for good.C.aim for efficient management.D.make strategic adjustments.【答案】D38.【题干】It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5and 6 thata "legacy product"_____【选项】A.helps restore the glory of former times.B.is meant for the most loyal customers.C.will have the cost of printing reduced.D.expands the popularity of the paper.【答案】B39.【题干】Peretti believes that,in a changing world,_____【选项】A.legacy businesses are becoming outdated.B.cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.C.aggressiveness better meets challenges.D.traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.【答案】C40.【题干】which of the following would be the best title of the text?【选项】A.Shift Online Newspapers All at Once.B.Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.C.Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.D.Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion. 【答案】B。
考研英语阅读,这样做才有效 25 Warning labels
考研英语阅读，这样做才有效25 Warning labels1)It is a rough world out here. Step outside and you could breaka leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.2)Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might --surprise!--fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”3)While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by sate or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufactures and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufactures and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.4)Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In may, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “we’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute --a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” say a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.Questions:1 According the paragraph 1 , what would happen if one broke his leg on his doormat in 1980s?2 What measures did the manufacturers take to avoid compensating for the customers’ troubles?3 Why do you interpret “it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufactures and sellers from liability if a customer is injured”？4 What does the case of Schutt helmet indicate?For your references:1 He would possibly gain some compensation for the injury?文中第一段提出“a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles”（成功的诉讼可以赔偿你的损失）；“Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.”（这种想法出现于20世纪80年代初，当时陪审团开始让更多的公司对顾客所遭受的不幸担负起责任。
2024考研英语阅读题
2024考研英语阅读题阅读理解题一：The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.A. widespreadB. inevitableC. excessiveD. excessive正确答案是：A. widespread。
pervasive普遍的，无所不在的。
从上文中的关键词“widespread use of the Internet”可知答案为A。
阅读理解题二：According to the author, which of the following is the most important factor in making the Internet a “virtual goldmine”?A. The development of the World Wide Web.B. The widespread use of the Internet.C. The introduction of new search engines.D. The improvement of online security measures.正确答案是：B. The widespread use of the Internet。
作者在文中提到，互联网的广泛应用是使互联网成为“虚拟金矿”的最重要因素，因此选项B正确。
阅读理解题三：The author mentions “virtual goldmine” in the second paragraph to ____.A. describe the potential of the Internet in detailB. show the impact of the Internet on the global economyC. emphasize the importance of online advertising revenueD. illustrate the negative impact of the Internet on traditional businesses正确答案是：B. show the impact of the Internet on the global economy。
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考研英语阅读解答中请勿盲目限时
近段时间很多朋友已经开始了阅读的练习，不管是真题还是模拟。
大家反映最多的问题要么就是无法在有限的时间内完成阅读的解答，要么就是虽然解答出来了，非但时间花得多，正确率也只有一半左右。
为什么会出现这些状况呢？我认为这与大家在做阅读时的盲目限时是有很大关系的。
几乎每个考生都知道，考研英语的考试时间虽然有3个小时，但是能在这3个小时内轻松完成所有题目的考生并不多。
有很多辅导班的老师也在帮大家计算每个题型的耗时量，每篇文章的阅读时间、解答时间、甚至是解答步骤。
通俗的说，就是要限时，要在有限的时间完成规定的任务。
这样的计划和安排从其本质上说是好的，但是在具体的应用中，我认为不宜盲目。
第一：考场上可以限时，平时练习时不宜限时。
所谓练习，训练也。
它就是一个查漏补缺，不断发现不足、总结经验、吸取教训的过程，就是培养、锻炼自己阅读能力，提高解答技能的过程。
在这个过程中我们最需要的是时间，有了足够的时间我们才能去不断总结经验、吸取教训，才有可能得到提高，才能达到“练习”的目的。
再说，只有经验丰富，技能提高后，才能从源头上节约时间，提高效率。
所以要说，解答的速度不是“限制”出来的，而是能力提高后节约出来的。
第二：解答意识里可以有限时，实际解答时不宜限时。
也就是说，大家在着手开始解答时，可以告戒自己要注意抓紧时间。
但是在实际的解答过程中，不要总是看时间。
有同学就喜欢读完文章看下表、甚至每做一个题目也看下表，计算下自己花了多少时间。
这样以来，总搞得自己紧张兮兮，慌手慌脚。
结果能理解到位的文章也变模糊了，能选对的答案也出错了。
当然也不是说不能看时间，时间是需要把握的，我建议最好是在每完成一个题型就看下时间，然后根据时间调整下一步的节奏。
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