2007年博士生入学考试题
25套2007年医学博士专业试题
25套2007年医学博士专业试题四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2007年中南大学博士考试神经解剖学试题1:脑屏障构成，功能，意义。
2:脑干内与运动有关的神经核团，位置，功能。
3:大脑联合皮质概念功能。
4:与视器相关的神经的纤维成分组成，分支，支配。
5:突触的可塑性与学习记忆的关系。
2007年中山大学肿瘤医院研究生入学考试<肿瘤学>复试一、名词解释1、肿瘤标志物2、多药耐药性3、广泛切除术4、姑息性放疗5、、、（记不清了）二简答题1、肿瘤外科治疗的原则？2、细胞毒药物的主要毒副反应？3、高能电子束的剂量学特点？4、切取活检的注意事项？5、癌基因激活的方式？三论述题1、叙述良恶性肿瘤的区别？2、试述三级预防？四川大学华西医院２００７年考博病理真题１，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死３，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的？说出３种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出３种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例１个2007首都医科大学考博生理题一、名词解释:1. EPSP2. Decerebrate Rigidity(去大脑强直,大脑切除后僵硬,去大脑僵直)3. Ascending Reticular Activating System(上行网状激活系统)4. REM5. 应激系统6. 腱反射7. 允许作用8. 肺泡通气量9. 波尔效应10. 胃容受性舒张11. 肠－胃反射12. 渗透性利尿13. 血浆清除率14. 泊肃叶定律15. IP3受体16. 局部反应17. 递质的量子释放18. 超射19. 促红细胞生成素20. Rh血型二、简述1．简述皮肤痛、内脏痛、快痛、慢痛、牵涉痛？2．试述突触传递全过程3．肾脏的血液循环有何特点及意义4．简述基本电节律概念、产生机制、生理学意义5．说明NO在调节血管张力方面的作用及机制6．请结合心肌代谢和冠脉解剖特点，论述冠脉血流的影响因素及其血流量的调节西安交通大学医学院2007考博试题（药理专业课）1.抗心衰的药物分类，代表药，β受体阻断药治疗心衰的机制及新进展。
2007年同济大学博士入学考试弹性力学 (2)
2007年同济大学博士入学考试
弹性力学
1、已知应力分量和截面的方向，求截面上的F στn 、、
2、已知应变分量，问其是否为弹性变形可能的情况
3、梁上受力如图所示，用瑞利－里兹法求梁上最大挠度max ω
q
4、告诉应力函数的形式，问是否可以作为薄板的解，并画出板上荷载的情况
x
5、已知开孔板上应力分量，(12cos2)q θσθ=-、0r σ=、0r θτ= 求圆孔边界上最大应力、最小应力
q
q
x
6、推导柱形杆扭转应力解法的公式，并解椭圆受扭
7、已知一点的应力情况为012111210⎡⎤
⎢⎥⎢⎥
⎢⎥⎣⎦
，求主应力、主应变、及相应的方向
8、用瑞利－里兹法解板，（已知挠度ω的表达式） 求挠度ω表达式中的系数11c
9、推导平面应力、平面应变问题的应变能密度并比较大小
10、简述艾里应力函数的涵义。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附绝对权威答案)
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。
2007年同济大学博士研究生入学考试试题
同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。
1． Vocabulary(10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Mark your choices on the answer sheet.1．The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______himself．A．exposed B．revealed C．betrayed D．disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．deprive C. dispatch D．divert3．Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ________.A．credit B．defy C．modify D．define4. I reject absolutely the _____that privatization is now inevitable in our industry．A. perception B．notion C．impression D．concept5. With the economy of the county going strong，the ______mood is one of optimism．A．presiding B，circulating C．floating D. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr．Wilson has been ________serious professional misconduct.A．wary of B．guilty of C．confronted with D．reduced to7. It is a ____of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A．policy B．discipline C．decision D．determination8. He had always been _______ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a complimentA．unaware of B．cautious about C．oblivious to D. subject to9．Since a circle has no beginning or end，the wedding ring is a symbol of _______love．A．constant B．infinite C．prolonged D．eternal10．Dick，who had failed the math test，was sitting．on a bench in the corner, ______over his disappointment．A．brooding B．mediating C．apologizing D．complaining11. Last week the seamen＇s strike led to the _______closure of the whole vast dock area．A．actual B．virtual C．factual D．local12．In the garden bees moved from _________flowers to purple ones．A．colorful B．prosperous C．scarlet D．brilliant13．Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still _____a strong influence on his students.A．perform B．exhibit C．exert D. execute14．When they asked him about it，he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn＇t tell them anything.A．concern B．relation C. connection D．relevance15．The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking the their _______ in the jungle．afterdark．A．victim B．favorite C．prey D．sacrifice16．I have absolutely no ______of ever meeting him before．A．reminiscence B．reminder C．recall D．recollection17. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and ______ by its decisions.abideobserve C.D.precedeA.standB.18. Every weekend when I came back from school, Mother prepared meals ______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and made me eat them up.A. adequateB. deliciousC. proficientD. substantial19. As the fat man sat down, the folding chair ______ under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.sustainedA.distorted D.yielded B.collapsed C.20. Modern artists often need financial support but they have difficulty in finding wealthy ______.millionaires D.patrons C.volunteersA.admirers B.II. Reading Comprehension (50%)Direction: For each of the following passages there are five questions or unfinished is followed by five statements. For each of them there are four choices, choose the best one to answer the question or complete the statement.Passage 1In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.There popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic system. The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations, that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm＇s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization＇s objectives.For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.The medium for information may be selected to satisfy. a need that excite when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computercommunication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.21. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Media Selection in Managing Information Resources.B. The Importance and Necessity of Media ConversionC. Three Categories of Information Media.D. Various Means of Communicating Information22. The first paragraph aims telling the reader ______.A. the importance of information resources managementB. the relationship between the medium and informationC. the great variety of media for holding informationD. the numerous resources of information23. According to the author, ______.A. paper is the best storage deviceB. people have three choices in selecting information mediaC. it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the mediumD. the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media24. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ______.A. convert all paper documents to electronic mediaB. make media conversion when necessaryC. control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organizationD. use one format in processing information25. The main idea of the last paragraph is ______.A. paper record is the most convenient medium for later referenceB. electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memosC. different media for information may be selected for different purposesD. by using different media, a firm can create various in formation for its objectives Passage 2＂digital, digital, digital＂ continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital ofchantThecameras, digital video camcorders, video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals are moving the trend along at a breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every aspect of our lives could be affected by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she＇s trying to sell., She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company＇s Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures and asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolutionand other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don＇t use film. Instead, they store images on either a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital photography is that while you＇ll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you＇ll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren＇t any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you＇d get from a 35mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, may people are finding a use for digital camera.26. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks ____.A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both a and b27. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that _____.A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentumD. house dealing can be made easier28. _____ could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Pros and cons of digital still cameraC. Capturing the world digitallyD. The way to use digital still camera29. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT ______.A. no need of filmB. easy to carryC. the image can be changedD. high resolution30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. New Digital Age of InteractivityB. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello DigitalPassage 3In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra clang adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves rived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in from as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out $1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S, property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than $8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 ( cost: $6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top $10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: ＂It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some (companies) will be buried by it?Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an over flowing Chicago River flooded the city＇s downtown district, costing insurers $300million in claims. A month later, Los Angles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: $1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas. Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined $700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing $ 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record $13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of $7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California＇s Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage. ＂Allstate Insurance＂most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in South Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that ＂stuck with the tab＂most probably means _____.＂caught in the hurricane＂A.＂exposed to natural disasters＂B.＂trapped in financial difficulties＂C.＂extremely vulnerable to further damages＂D.35. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on.Passage 4Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writer, but novels set, andcorrectly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers didnot seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied at university, but hehad not been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledgehe had gained interfere with his writing.Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband's ability as a novelist,had been careful to say when she married him that she was not historically minded.Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in thevillage of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to thecountry, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now havingabout Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would not, before very long, wantto live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekendcottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that she Steve's idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton ashe had in London. On the other had, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London forthe day to see his agent or have lunch with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, andshe thought on the whole she would like that.36. What was Steve＇s attitude towards women who wrote love stories?A. He would have liked to earn as much money as they did.B. He was afraid of being compared unfavorably with themC. He did not think he could write about the same subjectsD. He had a low opinion of the kind of books they wrote37. What did Helen have to be careful to hide?A. Her lack of interest in historyB. Her low opinion of her husband＇s writingC. Her dislike of her husband＇s writingD. Her inability to husband＇s admirers.38. What were Helen＇s feelings about the move from London to Stretton?A. She wanted to remain in the countryB. She had been unwilling to leave LondonC. She thought it was time to return to undon39. Helen thought Steve might not be content in Stretton because ______.A. he would not be able to write so well in the countryB. he would not feel so important in StrettonC. his relationship with Helen was changingD. he would not be lonely without all his London friends40. The passage as a whole suggests that Steve＇s novels were _____.A. popular but unimportantB. serious works of literatureC. admired for their historical truthD. written with women readers in mindPassage 5The sixties have been misunderstood. It was not a radical decade, as the term radical is commonly used in connection with those years. It was not a decade of the left ascendant. Rampant, perhaps but not ascendant. Rather, the decade was radical radicalizing, which, subsequent decades have shown, is different. Politically, the sixties invigorated the right more than the left. But of course politics is not everything. In fact, three decades down the road, the nation＇s political discourse may be driven by conservatives, but they, although by many measures triumphant, seem aggrieved because politics seems peripheral to, and largely impotent against, cultural forces and institutions permeated with what conservatives consider the sixties sensibilities.Treating a decade as a discrete entity obviously makes the assumption that history during that decade had an obliging tidiness, opening with a decisive and tone-setting episode and closing with a suitably climatic event. History rarely accommodates that assumption. Such a treatment of a decade also makes the equally dubious assumption that the decade in question had a clearly dominant tone or profile. So the 1920s was the decade of jazz., flappers, the birth of the sports celebrity (Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Jack Dempsey), the Lost Generation, Sacco and Vanzetti and ...Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.Let us stipulate this, then: A decade, even one as intensely felt at the time and as hotly debated afterward as the sixties was and is, can come to seem, when recollected in tranquility, quite unlike the decade as it was felt at the time, and unlike the decade as it is portrayed by people with an emotional or political investment in portraying it a particular way.It is arguable that we should think of the sixties as beginning in November 1963 and ending in October 1973. That is, the years we connect with the tumultuousness associated with the phrase ＂the sixties＂ began with the assassination of a president and ended with the Yom Kippur War and the energy crisis. The assassination shattered (or at least many people say it did ) the nation＇s sunny postwar disposition; it supposedly ＂ended American innocence.＂ It is unclear how innocent was this nation that had been made possible by Puritans, had been founded by such innocents as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and James Madison, had been born in the bloodshed of what actually was not only the American Revolution but also America＇s first civil war, had been preserved by the worst civil war the world had until then seen...you get the picture. The sixties as a decade of ＂lost innocence＂? Please. The 1973 oil embargo, which produced a sense of national vulnerability and pervasive limits, did seem to bring down a curtain on something. But on what?41. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A radical period in American historyB. Different events in the sixtiesC. The true picture of the sixtiesD. Real radicals in the sixties42. Which of the following features describes the sixties according to the passage?RadicalA.AscendantB.WithdrawingC.RampantD.43. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The sixties should not be judged separatelyB. It is impossible to make assumptions about any decadeC. People tend to misunderstand some events in historyD. History presents many confusing phenomena to people44. It can be inferred from the passage that people regard the sixties asdangerousA.peacefulB.chaoticC.unbearableD.45. It can be most safely concluded from the passage that the 1973 oil embargo _____.A.America＇s weaknessreflectedAmerica＇s great power in the worldB.showeddidn＇t affect America at allC.D.America＇s position in the worldchangedIII． Translation (20%)Direction: Translate the following passage in to Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential.St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the ＂rudder virtue＂ the one that ＂steers＂the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossedin this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the ＂prudent＂person is one who never ＂rocks the boat＂and is especially careful to aroid is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.The word that actually come closest to fulletining as a synonym for prudence is ＂discernment＂. The prudent person is one who can ＂size Up a situation and decide. What is the, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.prudencedoesn＇t answer the question, ＂What is the right thing in principle to Accordingly,do? Rather, ＂What is the right thing for me (or for us) to do in this situation?＂The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others. (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgment is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made.IV. Writing (20%)Directions: Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the answer sheet.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Key to Paper AI. Vocabulary (10%)1-10: C D D B D B A C D A11-20: B C C A C D C D B BII. Reading comprehension (50%)21-30: A B D B C D C C B A31-40: A D C A C D B D B A41-45: C D A C AIII. Translation (20%)只知道什么是对，什么是错，这还不够，还必须能把这一知识运用于实际的具体情况．为此，审慎这一美德便是必不可少的。
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】原文第一段第一句明确指出“the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels”。
因此A、B、C三个选项均不正确。
22．【答案】D【解析】根据第四段最后一句“Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports”可知，D选项正确，其他选项未被提及。
23．【答案】B【解析】本文在第三段明确指出“There are two common means for control”，并一一加以介绍，因此本题答案为B项。
24．【答案】B【解析】根据第四段第三句“More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas”可知，现在越来越多的城镇通过分区条例，计划将噪声污染严重的工厂和机场与居民区分开。
那么未来机场可能会建在离居民区远的地方，即无人居住的地区。
因此正确答案是B。
25．【答案】A【解析】根据第五段最后一句“The new jumbojets...they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers”可知，新式的大型喷气机能量更高，并且能够装载更多的旅客。
这说明，新式飞机噪声污染低而运输效率高。
因此A项正确。
其他选项不是拿喷气机举例的目的。
2007年博士研究生入学考试—专业综合
2007年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：专业综合课材料科学基础（每题20分，选做5题）1.简述有色金属材料退火热处理制度的种类及其在材料加工过程中的应用。
2.简述超塑性变形的基本原理、实现超塑性变形的工艺条件及超塑性成型的应用。
3.简述两种获得纳米材料的制备技术与工艺特点。
4.按增强体形貌金属基复合材料可以分为哪几类？简述它们的制备方法。
5.简述1-2种你熟悉的材料设计与材料组织演变模拟方法。
6.常用的材料连接方法有哪些？它们各有什么工艺特点与使用范围？7.晶体缺陷的种类有哪些？它们对材料的性能有什么影响？8.细化晶粒是提高材料强度与韧性的重要手段，实现晶粒晶粒细化的途径有哪些？试结合一种具体材料加以讨论。
9.快速凝固方法的工艺特点是什么？该方法对合金的组织性能有什么影响？10.试列举1-2种新型电子信息材料，简要介绍其研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
11.谈谈获得非晶态物质的途径（20分）。
2008年材料学综合试题（任选5题每题20分）1.试举1-2例计算机模拟与计算方法在材料科学与工程中的具体应用和基本原理。
2.在不改变金属材料化学组成的前提下，可以通过多种制备技术改变材料的组织与性能，试举两例说明之。
3.简述材料表面科学技术发展对未来材料的影响。
4.简要介绍1-2种新型功能材料的研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
5.从人类社会可持续发展的角度，论述新材料与新技术的发展趋势。
6.金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜都能用来观察和分析材料的微观结构，它们所依据的原理和方法是什么？举例说明。
7.简述1-2种纳米材料的性能特征与应用及其制备技术。
8.结合本人的研究和工作实践，简述一种新型材料的主要性能特点、用途与制备方法。
2009年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：材料计算科学与虚拟工程综合（每题20分，选做5题）a)简述金属塑性变形－组织结构－性能间的相互关系。
b)简述形变热处理提高材料性能的原理，介绍1－2种有色金属材料的具体形变热处理工艺。
2007年博士生入学考试试题-中国科学院研究生院
2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。
3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。
3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。
分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。
科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。
2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。
3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。
2007博士学位研究生入学考试试题-综合解释答案
标准答案（要点）一、1、由于含氢指数低，天然气层中天然气对快中子的减速能力低于骨架，导致中子测井结果明显低于实际的孔隙度的一种物理现象。
2、传统的声速测井往往采用阈值检测法来判断首波的到达。
如果地层对声波的衰减太大，以至于使首波的幅度小于所设置的阈值，则不能检测到首波，而只能检测到后续波，这会使所测量的声波旅行时间变大，这种现象叫“周波跳跃”。
周波跳跃一般都发生在远波，使时差t 变大。
周波跳跃现象的产生导致时间测量误差为首波的若干个周期。
3、淡水泥浆滤液侵入条件下，含高矿化度地层水轻质油气层中的油气相对渗透率大于水相相对渗透率，导致在侵入带前缘形成的以原生高矿化度地层水相对富集的环带。
4、核磁测井三种横向弛豫机制之一。
发生在岩石孔隙中固体与流体界面。
表面弛豫取决于岩石孔隙表面弛豫率和孔隙比表面。
5、在给定的地区地质条件下，为了完成预定的勘探、开发或工程任务而选用的一套经济实用的综合测井方法。
岩性、物性、流体性质。
6、饱和多相流体孔隙介质中一相流体有效渗透率与绝对（空气）渗透率的比值。
二、1、根据岩石物理体积模型，采用反演理论进行解释的一种方法。
以经过环境校正后的测井值（向量）为基础，根据适当的解释模型和测井响应方程，计算理论测井值（向量），并与实际测井值（向量）对比，按非线性加权最小二乘原理建立目标函数，用最优化方法不断调整未知储层参数，使目标函数达到极小值（能结合公式叙述最佳）。
2、是油藏描述和多井评价中的一项技术。
选择有系统连续取心、测试和较全测井系列等资料齐全的井，建立可以应用于整个油藏（田）其他井的测井解释模型、参数。
3、测井资料综合分析的一种直观图形手段。
如中子—密度测井重叠图可以直观反映地层岩性类型以及孔隙度高低；视地层水电阻率曲线与深探测电阻率曲线可以帮助判断储层流体性质等。
三、1、低电阻率油气层指与同等物性、岩性和水性的水层，电阻增大率小于2-3的油气层，主要类型有：具有高—极高地层水矿化度的低电阻率油气层，引起这类油气层呈低电阻率的原因是矿化度极高的地层水在孔隙中形成密布的导电网络，使油气层电阻率明显降低；微孔隙发育的低电阻率油气层，这类油气层低电阻率的原因是岩石的颗粒较细（细粉砂和粘土矿物），导致地层中微孔隙十分发育，微孔隙和渗流孔隙并存，再加上地层水矿化度的影响，其电阻率值可能极低；富含泥质的低电阻率油气层，这类地层往往是淡水泥质砂岩地层，这时泥质的附加导电性表现十分突出，成为引起电阻率下降的原因；粒间孔隙与裂缝并存引起的低电阻率油气层，由于裂缝发育，在钻井过程中有相当的泥浆滤液侵入，驱赶并代替了裂缝中的油气，而使油气层的电阻率明显下降； 表面和骨架导电引起的低电阻率油气层 2、（1）岩石体积模型方法的基本要点是：按物理性质的差别，将岩石分成几个组成部分，而且岩石的总体积等于各部分体积之和；根据测井方法的物理意义，表达出宏观物理量与测量的物理量（单位物理量）的表达式；对表达式简化得到体积模型方程。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part One Listening Comprehension(略)Part Two Structure and Written Expression21．D【解析】语法题，考查虚拟语气。
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，进行倒装。
此句是混合虚拟，从句中有the day after tomorrow表将来的状语，因此应用were to形式，所以答案是D选项。
22．B【解析】语法题。
句子中有last year，所以动词应该用过去式，这里的left school指毕业，school不用加冠词，所以正确答案是B选项。
23．A【解析】语法题。
句意是“一些人谨慎地看待这些发现，他们注意到被动吸烟和癌症之间的因果关系有待揭示”。
remain to be done为惯用法，表示“有待于(被做)”。
所以正确答案是A选项。
24．C【解析】此句子是一个强调句，强调了被动句的主语what the committee has decided，句意是“委员会的决定应该优先执行”。
25．D【解析】owe to的意思是“归功于，得益于”。
比如We owe much to Greek culture (我们得益于希腊文化之处甚多)。
句意是“最新颖的新车与其说是得益于当地的自由精神，还不如说是得益于一种简单的智慧，即雇用几个能人，并让他们为之工作”。
26．A【解析】treat．．．with．．．意为“用……招待……”。
这句话的意思是“过去几年，Jimmy Connors曾向观众展现了他的网球球技及其个性特点，在上周的美国公开赛上他再次展现了这两点”。
也就是说“他以精彩的网球表演，博得观众认可”。
所以正确答案是A选项。
27．C【解析】首先hardly否定词应该放as…as…之前，所以先可排除A、B。
华中科技大学生理学2007 + 答案年考博真题试卷
结构基础 轴-轴突触
轴-体突触?轴-树突触
抑制产生部 位
突触前轴突末梢
突触后膜
起作用的递 质
GABA
抑制性递质 ຫໍສະໝຸດ 产生机制 突触前轴突末梢去极化→释放兴奋性递质减少→EPSP降低（不 产生IPSP）
突触后膜超级化，产生IPSP
作用
全面调节感觉传入活动
通过交互抑制作用和负反馈作用使中枢 活动协调
华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 何为静息电位？试述静息电位的产生机制，设计实验证实静息电位是由哪个离子引起的。
第1页 共1页
静息电位（Resting Potential , RP ）是指细胞未受刺激时，存在于细胞膜内外两侧的外正内负的电位差。由于这一电位差存在 于安静细胞膜的两侧，故亦称跨膜静息电位，简称静息电位或膜电位。形成机制：静息电位 产生的基本原因是离子的跨膜扩散，和钠钾泵的特点也有关系。细胞膜内K+浓度高于细胞外。安静状态下膜对K+通透性大， K+顺浓度差向膜外扩散，膜内的蛋白质负离子不能通过膜而被阻止在膜内，结果引起膜外正 电荷增多，电位变正；膜内负电荷相对增多，电位变负，产生膜内外电位差。这个电位差阻 止K+进一步外流，当促使K+外流浓度差和阻止K+外流的电位差这两种相互对抗的力量相等 时，K+外流停止。膜内外电位差便维持在一个稳定的状态，即静息电位。 2 EPSP的产生机制，IPSP的产生机制，二者有何区别？（20分） （1）兴奋性突触后电位（EPSP）在突触前膜释放的兴奋性递质作用下，突触后膜产生的去 极化膜电位，称~，主要与Na+有关。可以扩散和叠加使电位幅度增大，使动作电位容易产生 ，使之容易发生兴奋。 （2）抑制性突触后电位（IPSP）在突触前膜释放的抑制性递质作用下，突触后膜产生的超极 化膜电位，称~，主要与Cl有关。降低突触后神经元的兴奋性，使动作电位难以产生，从而发挥其抑制效应。
中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题
中国社科院2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PART I VocabularySection A (10 point)Directions：Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word．1．The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictly be implied by the”gap-filling”approach，but this is not certain．A．view B．approve C．coerce D．insist2．Petrazzini's main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet，but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet．A．uniformity B．discrepancy C．convention D．distinction．3．The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived：the hundreds of millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases．A．troublesome B．astonishing C．everlasting D．conflicting4．There were not personal goals，no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind．There were only God's decrees to be faithfully carried out．A．orders B．petitions C．prophets D．queries5．Lee Ford and Dan Brooks，a London-based creative and development team，came up with an”edgy”V olkswagen spot for a demo：a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded caf．A．ignite B．stain C．impede D．ascribe6．The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773 as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously as a composer．A．bedlamite B．betrayer C．genius D．jailor7．Kelly fought depression，her sister struggled against violent tendencies，and their only physical touches they'd ever known from their parents were abusive．A．cordial B．fastidious C．sadistic D．absurd8．Browse one of the websites that hosts them，like You Tube or Google Vides，and you'll see drunken karaoke，babies being born，plane crashes，freakish sports accidents and far，far stranger things．A．elegant B．fraternal C．frantic D．bizarre9．There were still a few surprises，as a squeal here and there in the dark announced，but we did learn to “see with our feet”—lessons in trail Braille．A．divergence B．scream C．gradation D．strand10．He hasn't analyzed why he tips so generously，but I think the proclivity stems from his high school years，when he worked as a busboy．A．predilection B．prosperityC．premeditation D．preambleSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．11．In a competitive and fast-paced modern society，busy business executives are so __________ their work that they hardly know what the word leisure means．A．engrossed in B．exempt from C．skeptical of D．extraneous to 12．But the depth of a novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme-either __________ or significant．A．versatile B．trivial C．preliminary D．alternate13．It is always __________ in some ways，because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action，it would obviously be too transparent．A．scrupulous B．clamorous C．intrinsic D．camouflaged 14．She often remains coldly remote from him；probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of __________ in his neighbor．A．discordance B．deliberation C．perversity D．repulsion15．For us it is a big and dark secret；to __________ it would be to jeopardize our future，confessed an avi-aphobe who is currently undergoing therapy．A．divulge B．recall C．retain D．duplicate16．The charitable acts of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people．However，ruthless company downsizing drives and continued layoffs，coupled with rising pay for top managers，have made him look a good deal less __________．A．discourteous B．prudent C．benevolent D．obstinate17．Most of us go through life adding __________ to knowledge，polishing a concept here or there，doing an experiment，contributing a few leaves—or，if we are lucky，a twig—to the tree of knowledge．A．impartially B．impassably C．incrementally D．melodiously 18．The only way he could do it-and by “it” he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin，who is so famous that his infant daughter，Apple，is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined--is by getting into some kind of trouble，and it could only be infamy，which is of course，__________．A．preposterous B．preludial C．precise D．preponderant 19．So the most __________ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message-this manifesto，which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly．A．fastidious B．eminent C．anonymous D．waggish20．The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life，its __________ dialogue，its sheer narrative pull，its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives，its absence of mock heroics，its comic absurdities and irony and，above all else，its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil．A．pungent B．notorious C．anticlimactic D．shakyⅡPART GrammarSection A (10 mints)Directions：Choose the answer that best fills in the blank．21．The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll，and they kepttelling me that I was changing it and tripping me __________．A．for B．on C．up D．in22．The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus--besieged administrators __________ to lure minority applicants，students frantically __________ money to cover fee hikes，department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home．A．to struggle，to seek B．struggled，soughtC．struggle，seek D．struggling，seeking23．If you're a regular reader of blogs，or indeed of any kind of news website，you've probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload：the blogosphere creates __________ material for any human being to comfortably __________．A．too much，digest B．not much，digestC．too little，be digested D．not much，be digested24．When deposits are federally insured，people no longer rush to withdraw their money if they __________ the financial condition of their bank．A．become concerned about B．become concerned withC．become concerned in D．concern25．Over and over in War of the Worlds，he evokes the sensation，more familiar from dreams than movies，__________ an otherworldly entity，glimpsed from a great distance，__________ suddenly，violently clawing its way into your personal space．A．that，is B．is，which C．that，being D．which，being26．As the generations progress，feather length will increase because females do not prefer a specific length tail，but a longer-than-average tall．Eventually tail length will increase to the point __________ the liability survival is matched by the sexual attractiveness of the trait and an equilibrium will be established．A．that B．where C．which D．／27．Never far from positions of influence，wealthier from his broadcasting activities __________ the biggest moguls，he is in many ways on the edge of things．A．than all but B．as all but C．but than all D．but as all28．__________ a rigid，unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral，it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good．A．Modern science not only gradually developsB．Not only did modem science gradually developC．Now that modem science gradually developedD．Only did modem science develop29．One theory is that too much vitamin E __________ bleeding risk，which would __________ the risk of a type of Stroke，while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant，removing harmful molecules in the body，and instead becomes a pro-oxidant，actually promoting the production of harmful molecules．A．decreases，decrease B． increases，increaseC．decreases，increase D．increases，decrease30．Nor，indeed，do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players，since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future--they want precisely __________ society expects of them．A．that which B．that C．which D．what thatSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence．31．The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual'sAdream history．But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other's dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams，which are the equivalent of literary archetypes．D32．The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into accountAthe prospect that “drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price--theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanism for keeping cancer to bay．”D33．The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature inArecent years that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life，but the new paper is far more detailed--and,scientists say,more compelling--that anything published previously．B C D34．For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States，MTV offers a highly-end case study in how to export what seems，at first glance，to be a uniquely American brand．35．The trend to empty a library is being driven，academicians and librarians say，by theA Bdwindling need for undergraduate libraries，many of them were built when leading researchC Dlibraries were reserved for graduate students and faculty．36．Dr．ElBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help theA internationalcommnunity，and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that does not derive from a nuclear weap ons deterrent，would rather based on addressingB C Dthe security concerns of all people．37．DDT，the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known，exposed nature'sAvulnera-bility．Unlike most pesticides，whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types ofB Cinsects，DDT is capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once．D38．For it is “everybody”，a whole society，which，has identified being feminine with caringA B C about how one looks．Given these stereotypes，it is no wonder that beauty enjoys，at best，a ratherDmixed reputation．39．The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancerAwith chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life，a possibility that has never beenB C D rigorously examined．40．We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe，Astars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time．We peer inward to our own genome，Bswiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance，C Dten-dency，advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature．PART Reading comprehensionⅢ：(30 points)Directions：Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below．Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French．This is especially true in politics．Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English，and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory，no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the Constituent Assembly and the Convention in France．At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century，or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory．This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes，but principally in the following one．The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves．The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them．The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government，while their political constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency；whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other．It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before，that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life．A moreattentive-examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition．Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the trouble of studying particulars．This is true，but it is only to be understood of those matters which are not the necessary and habitual subjects of their thoughts．Mercantile men will take up very eagerly，and without any close scrutiny，all the general ideas on philosophy，politics，science，or the arts which may be presented to them；but for such as relate to commerce，they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve．The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics．If，then，there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself，blindly and extravagantly，to general ideas，the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation．They will then be compelled to enter into details，and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory．This remedy may frequently be a painful one，but its effect is certain．Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel every citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in polities which the principle of equality suggests．Comprehension questions41．According to the writer，what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?A．Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government．B．Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful．C．General ideas in political affairs．D．Eighteenth century ideas．42．Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?A．The French constitution did not allow for experiment．B．In America，the constitution provides checks and balances．C．The social conditions in France led to different ideas．D．The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs．43．Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because __________．A．in politics it is easier to study general ideasB．general ideas on different subjects are more interestingC．mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy，politics，science and the artsD．they do not have time to address details44．What does the writer think would inhibit people's preference for general ideas?A．Teaching them the weak points of the theory．B．Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions．C．Trying to make them abandon those ideas．D．Compelling them to study details．45．The writer's conclusion is that __________．A．the principle of equality must be paramountB．general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyC．citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutionsD．people'ｓ taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democratic institutionsPassage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning “marriage for money”，the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money．Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development，but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all．The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection-so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives-does not exist in simpler cultures．The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons．For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive)，in so far as society does not insist upon the couple，s equal social status-a condition，however，that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests．In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom，irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring．This is because where the constitutions，state of health，temperament，internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group，the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society．It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection．Yet personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare．The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due，in part，to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves．Yet we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction．But，happiness is a purely personal matter，decided upon entirely by the couple themselves，and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading--particularly in the higher strata，whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts--no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results，it remains true that，with reference to procreation，love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection．In fact，in this respect，it is the only fight and proper thing．Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia--the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities--a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species．In the case of marriage for money，the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness--just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together--and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important．This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individualrelationships．Comprehension questions46．According to the text，what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability in simpler cultures?A．Personal dignity．B．Economic decline．C．Monetary considerations．D．Financial growth．47．Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in what strata of society?A．Upper middle．B．Middle middle．C．Lower middle．D．Lower lower．48．The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because __________．A．we demand too much of our partnersB．partners don't give complimentsC．people are too differentiated sociallyD．the economic disparity in many regions is growing49．How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?A．They fuel mutual instinctual attraction．B．They inspire individual responsibilities．C．They deflect superficial relationships．D．They prohibit suitable marriages．50．Panmixia is said to __________．A．aid the selection process B．complement individualizationC．inspire positive results D．set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley，the “great codifier of thought in an age of codification．”It deserved quoting at some length：”The first maxim of a free state，”he writes，is，that the laws be made by one set of men，and administered by another；in other words，that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate．When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly，particular laws are made for particular cases，springing often times from partial motives，and directed to private ends：whilst they are kept separate，general laws are made by one body of men，without foreseeing whom they may affect；and，when made，must be applied by the other，let them affect whom they will…When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known，the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other；and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations，nor any superior power to control their proceedings，these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice．The consequence of which must be，that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws，that is，without anyknown pre-established rules of adjudication whatever；or under laws made for particular persons，and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin．“Which dangers，by the division of the legislative and judicial functions，are in this country effectually provided against．Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate；it has no ease or parties before it；no private designs to serve：consequently，its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies，which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations．”With the end of the eighteenth century，England's major contributions to the development ofthe principles of freedom came to a close．Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth，and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh Review and economists in the Smithian tradition，like J．R．MacCulloch and N．W Senior，continued to think of liberty in classical terms，there was little further develop- ment．The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition．Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that England had in part preserved from the Middle Ages，by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution．And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent--the desire to remake the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles．The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England，Dr．Richard Price．As early as 1778 he argued：”Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be a Government of LAWS and not by MEN．If the laws are made by one man，or a junto of men in a state，and not by common CONSENT，a government by them is not different from slavery．”Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot：”How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country，who has given a just idea of liberty，and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers．‘that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?'“From then onward，the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty，until it could be said that”in Great Britain，which，little more than a century ago，repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based，and led the resistance to Napoleon，those ideas have triumphed．”Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth，we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them．Comprehension Questions51．Concerning William Paley's main vision of the rule of law，which of the following is NOT true?A．The purpose of an independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests．B．Paley's political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances．C．The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity．D．The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional principles．52．According to Paley，what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary and legislative powers aren't kept separate?A．The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed．B．Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests．C．Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest．D．Lawmakers would have adjudication powers．53．Complete the following sentence：”The Whig intelligentsia __________．”A．supported traditional tendencies B．supported reformist tendenciesC．supported Manichean tendencies D．supported aesthetical tendencies54．Which of the following best expresses the author's opinion of the Utilitarians?A．Unbiased．B．Neutral．C．Critical．D．Sympathetic．55．Which of the following is true?A．The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the French revolution．B．The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles of English freedom．C．The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedom and the ideals of the French revolution．D．The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has an economic base．Passage 4There are，two opinions as to the production of light．Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature，and therefore when we read．In the beginning God created heaven and earth，a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven，and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth．And spiritual nature was formed first，as being of higher dignity than corporeal The forming，therefore，of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say，the light inquestion is a spiritual light．For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God．Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses，and give various reasons．Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things；but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over，as having been created beforehand．Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people，to whom material things alone appealed，and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols．It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures；for they would have paid them divine worship，since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun，moon，and stars，which was forbidden them (Deut．iv．19)But Scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness，in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen．i．2)．One is where we read that the earth was void and empty，and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep．Now it was necessary，for two reasons，that the informity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light．In the first place because light is a quality of the first body，as was stated，and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light．The second reason is because light is a common quality．For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies．But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles，so do we in work of every kind．For the living thing is generated before the animal，and the animal before man，as is shown in De Gener Anim．It was fitting，then，as an evidence of the divine wisdom，that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place，since light is a form of the primary body，and because it is a more common quality．Basil，furthermore，adds a third reason：that all other things are made manifest by light．And。
河北大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
河北大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Listening ComprehensionDirections:In this section,you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a line through the center.1.A)On the high way.B)At a managers’conference.C)In a supermarket.D)At a track meet.2.A)The woman should leave the television on.B)The woman should watch the program too.C)The program will be over soon.D)The watch is on the top of the television.3.A)He needs to sleep for three or four hours.B)He wants to buy a set of coffee cups.C)He will need more than one cup of coffee.D)He has been wide awake for some time.4.A)The woman rejected the man’s apology.B)The man had hurt the woman’s feelings.C)The man had forgotten the whole thing.D)The woman appreciated the man s offer.5.A)The man is seeing the woman off.B)They are discussing their plan for Christmas.C)The woman is meeting the man at the airport.D)They are complaining the poor airport service.6.A)She has no desire to teach.B)She will graduate after the man does.C)She likes all her teachers equally.D)She has no idea where graduation will be held.7.A)He needs another job as research assistant.B)He is doing research with Professor Williams.C)He asked Professor Williams for assistance.D)He assists Professor Williams with his teaching.8.A)The show was planned a long time ago.B)She thought there were no tickets left for the show.C)The audience were deeply impressed by the show.D)She thought the seats on the left side were fully occupied.9.A)Julie moved to a new address a week ago.B)Julie misses her family very much.C)They should pay Julie a visit.D)They should stop seeing Julie.10.A)In a school.B)In a barbershop.C)In a clothing store.D)In a bank.Part I Vocabulary and Structure(20points)I.Each of the following sentences has an underlined word or phrase.Below which sentence are four other words or phrases,marked A,B,C,and D.You are to choose the ONE word or phrase which,if substituted for the underlined word or phrase,would best keep the meaning of the original sentence.(10points)1.She was embarrassed by her friend's bad manners.A:ashamed because of B:endangered by C:amazed at D:challenged2.Archaeological discoveries strengthened the hypothesis that Troy existed.A.assumptionB.propositionC.idealD.concept3.The substance of an education is its effect on your life,and is not just the ability to pass the life.A:purport B:nature C:essence D.feature4.The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language.A:exaggerative B:offensive C:boastful D:thrilling5.He found the old house in complete desolation.A:distinction B:devastation C:disposition D:disillusion6.His remark are always succinct.A:witty B:brief C:instructive D:humorous7.I resent his hypocritical posing as a friend for he is interested only in his own advancement.A:selfish B:ugly C:deceptive D:frank.8.He manned to keep an earnest expression on his face even though he wanted to smile.A:a dramatic B:a neutral C:a serious D:an annoyed9.The merit of a sales tax is that it decreases government reliance on income taxes.A:imposition B:surplus C:virtue D:interaction10.Few disputes between neighbors can not be settled outside the courtroom.A:apologies B:bills C:anxieties D:argumentsII.For each of the following incomplete sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You are to choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.(10points)k proteins______for their high nutritional content.A:valued B:is valued C:are valued D:are to be valued12.I insist on______this small present as a token of my appreciationA:you to accept B:your accepting C:you accepting D:you accept13.____a raining day,we gave up our plan to go for an outing.A:With it B:with C:Being D:It being14.______the conclusion of each theatrical production,the cast customarily reappears before the audience to take a bow.A:Out B:Before C:At D:In15.Some areas,______their severe weather conditions are sparsely populated.A:due to B:in spite of C:but for D:with regard to16.I enjoyed the movie very much.I wish I______the book from which it was made.A:have read B:had read C:should have read D:am reading17.There is no rule______has exceptions.A:but B:that C:which D:unless18.It was presumed that he was dead;then one day he______in Italy.A:turned on B:turned up C:turned round D:turned out19.The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as______.A:that of sand B:that sand is C:sand is that D:what of sand20.The phenomena______observed by astronomers throughout the world.Part II Reading Comprehension(15points)Directions:There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions1to5are based on the following passage.One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process.Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens thousands of years,while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years.Various methods have been used to date,but all have revealed weaknesses,forcing scientists to continue their search.The nuclear process involves several stages,with the danger of radioactivity constantly present.Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore,which,when mined,spontaneously produces radioactive substances as by-products.This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time,resulting in the deaths,due to cancer,of hundreds of uranium miners.The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holing a million gallons.For a long time it was believed that the nuclear waste problem had been solved,until some of these tanks leaked,allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into environment.Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks,with the long-term effects largely unknown.However,plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors.These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers,which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields.Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns,or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice,thereby sinking down about a mile.This idea has since been abandoned because of the possible adverse effect on the ice sheets.1.It is implied in the passage that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way to dispose of nuclear waste in caused by______.A.the nuclear process involving the danger of radioactive at its every stageB.fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastesC.the weakness scientists have found in every previous methodsD.the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span2.According to the passage,uranium ore is very dangerous because______.A.it produces radioactive substances after it is dug outB.it has caused deaths of many minersC.the mining of it produces dangerous by-productsD.there is a problem in mining techniques3.According to paragraph two,scientists failed to______.A.discover the characteristic of nuclear processB.discover the nature of uranium oreC.save the life of uranium minersD.store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks4.Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Antarctic region would______.A.remain above ice sheetsB.be safe to environmentC.be highly probableD.remain under sea5.The best title for the passage might be___________.A.Scientific Approach to Dispose Of Nuclear WastesB.Process and It Nuclear Energy and Public SafetyC.Uranium Ore and Its CharacteristicD.Nuclear WastesQuestions6to10are based on the following passage.Professor Kline concludes that competition with research in the university is so detrimental(有害的)to teaching that he recommends that the two functions be physically and financially separated by setting up research institutes.I suggest that the development of a sound program of educational research would be much more beneficial to teaching.Such a program would not only improve teaching theory and technique,it would make clear what competencies are required of a good teacher and help professors attain cational research should be required to meet the same standards as scientific research,but it cannot be raised to those standards without comparable support and petent education research is no more a part-time activity than competent scientific research.The relatively trivial educational research so common in the universities is an inevitable consequence of trivial commitment by the universities.Rather than belittle such research,the professors have an obligation to see that it is upgraded.Let no one think that educational research is easy;it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind.There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion.It is certainly every bit as worthy.6.Professor Kline believes that competition with research in the universities______.A.leads to the establishment of separate research institutesB.should not be encouraged unless separate research institute is set upC.functions well in the universitiesD.is financially unsound7.The author wants to improve______.A.research institutesB.development programscational researchD.part-time activity8.The author believes that scientific research______.A.is not necessarily more difficult than educational researchB.has standards that educational research cannot attainC.is trivial compares to educational researchD.must be relegated to a part-time activity9.According to the author educational research______.A.is relatively easyB.is quite complexC.is often trivialD.should have lower standardscational research in most universities today_____.A.receives adequate supportB.is no longer a part-time activityC.is easy to achieveD.needs more commitmentQuestions11to15are based on the following passage.The characteristics of student-teacher relationships on American campuses vary somewhat,depending on whether the students involved are undergraduate or graduate students,and depending on the size and nature of the school.Graduate students typically have more intense relationships with their professors than undergraduates do;at smaller schools student-teacher relationship are typically even less formal than they are at larger schools.To say that student-teacher relationships are informal is not to say that there are no recognized status differences between the two groups.There are.But students may show their deference only in subtle ways, mainly in the vocabulary and tone of voice they use when speaking to teachers.Much of their behavior around teachers may seem disrespectful.American students will eat in class,read newspapers,and assume quite informal postures.Teachers might not enjoy such behavior,but they tolerate.Students,after all,are individuals who are entailed to decide for themselves how they are going to act.American teachers generally expect students to ask them questions or even challenge what they say.Teachers do not generally assume they know all there is to know about a subject.Nor do they that they invariably explain things clearly.Students who want clarification or additional information are expected to ask for it during the class,just after class ends,or in the teacher’s office at the times the teacher has announced(宣称)as“office hours.”Students who do not ask questions may be considered uninterested.While most teachers welcome students’questions and comments about the material being covered in the course,they do not welcome student efforts to negotiate for high grades.Teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades,and,unless it seems possible that a mistake has been made, teachers respond very negatively to students who try to talk them into raising a grade.11.Why do teachers normally not welcome students to negotiate for higher grades?A.Because teachers don’t like to admit that they have made mistakes in marking.B.Because teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades.C.Because they are afraid of students’protest against them.D.Because they hate students.12.The student-teacher relationships are informal in the US in the following ways except______.A.American students eat in classB.American students read newspapers in classC.American students assume quite informal postures in classD.American students don’t show respect to teachers13.Students who ask questions are considered__________.A.uninterestedB.troubledC.interestedD.intelligent14.What do you think of the main idea of the passage?A.The student—teacher relationship in U.S.B.American students’manners in school.C.Characteristics of American university teachers.D.American education system15.Which is right according to the passage?A.The student-teacher relationship is quite informal across the country.B.American teachers generally like students to challenge them.C.Graduate students seem quite disrespectful to their teachers.D.It is not easy for students to find their teachers.PART III Translation(10points)DIRECTIONS:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers.By the time of Aristotle speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them.But all this was guessing;no real evidence was forthcoming.When,in modern times,the idea of evolution was revived,it appeared in the writings of the philosophers—Bacon,Descartes,Leibniz and Kant.36)Spencer was preaching a fail evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin’s book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it.Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.The first complete theory was that of Lamarck,who thought that modifications due to environment,if constant and lasting,would be inherited and produce a new type.37)Though no evidence for such inheritance was available,the theory gave a plausible hypothesis for naturalists to use.Many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus, sometime curate of Albury in Surrey.38)The English people were increasing rapidly,and Malthus argued that the human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true,but Darwin writes:In October1838,I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population,and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on,from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants.39)It at once struck me that,under these circumstances,favorable variations would tend to be preserved,and unfavorable ones to be destroyed.The result of this would be the formation of new species.Here then I had a theory by which to work.40)The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation,but it led to a greater thing than itself—an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution,which the years have confirmed.Yet at first some naturalists joined the opposition.To the many,who were unable to judge the biological evidence,the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating,to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks.Even educated man,choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species,proclaimed with Disraeli that he was“on the side of the Angels.”Part Four:Composition(15points)Directions:Write a short composition of about250to300words on the Allowing topic.What’s your opinion about the contribution of opportunity to success?。
河北大学2007博士统考英语真题
Part ΙV ocabulary and Structure1.She was embarrassed by her friend’s bad manners.A ashamed because ofB endangered byC amazed atD challenged2.Archaeological discoveries strengthened the hypothesis that Troy existed.A assumptionB propositionC idealD concept3.The substance of an education is its effect on your life, and is not just the ability to pass the life.A purportB natureC essenceD feature4.The people in the room were shocked by his blasphemous language.A exaggerativeB offensiveC boastfulD thrilling5.He found the old house in complete desolation.A distinctionB devastationC dispositionD disillusion6.His remark are always succinct.A wittyB briefC instructiveD humourous7.I resent his hypocritical posing as a friend for he is interested only in his own advancement.A selfishB uglyC deceptiveD frank8.He managed to keep an earnest expression on his face even though he wanted to smile.A a dramaticB a neutralC a seriousD an annoyed9.The merit of a sales tax is that it decreases government reliance on income taxes.A impositionB surplusC virtueD interaction10. Few disputes between neighbours can not be settled outside the courtroom.A apologiesB billsC anxicticsD argumentsⅡFor each of the following incomplete sentences there are four choices marked A BC and D.Y ou are to choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.11. Milk proteins________ for their high nutritional content.A valuedB is valuedC are valuedD are to be valued12. I insist on _________ this small present as a token of my appreciation.A you to acceptB your acceptingC you acceptingD you accept13. _________ a raining day ,we gave up our plan to go for an outing.A WithB WithC BeingD It being14.__________ the conclusion of each theatrical production, the east customarily reappears before the audience to take a bow.A OutB BeforeC AtD In15. Some areas,_________ their severe weather conditions are sparsely populated.A due toB in spite ofC but forD with regard to16. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _______ the book from which it was made.A have readB had readC should have readD am reading17.There is no rule _________ has exceptions.A butB thatC whichD unless18. It was presumed that he was dead; then one day he ______ in Italy.A turned onB turned upC turned roundD turned out19. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as _________A that of sandB that sand isC sand is thatD what if sand20.The phenomena __________ observed by astronomers throughout the world.APart ⅡReading ComprehensionQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.One of the major problems of nuclear energy is the inability of scientists to discover a safe way to dispose of the radioactive wastes which occur throughout the nuclear process. Many of these wastes remain dangerously active for tens thousands of years, while others have a life span closer to a quarter of a million years. V arious methods have been used to date, but all have revealed weaknesses, forcing scientists to continue their search.The nuclear process involves several stages, with the danger of radioactivity constantly present. Fuel for nuclear reactors comes from uranium ore, which, when mined, spontaneously produces radioactive substances as by products. This characteristic of uranium ore went undetected for a long time, resulting in the deaths, due to cancer, of hundreds of uranium miners.The United States attempted to bury much of its radioactive waste material in containers made of steel covered in concrete and capable of holing a million gallons. For a long time it was believed that the radioactive wastes problem had been solved, until some of these tanks leaked, allowing the radioactive wastes to seep into environment. Canada presently stores its nuclear waste in underwater tanks, with the long-term effects largely unknown.However, plans are under consideration for above-ground storage of spent fuel from reactors. These plans include the building of three vast concrete containers, which would be two stories high and approximately the length and width of two football fields. Other suggestions include enclosing the waste in glass blocks and storing them in underground caverns, or placing hot containers in the Antarctic region, where they would melt the ice, thereby sinking down about a mile. This idea has since been abandoned because of the possible adverse effect on the ice sheets.1.It is implied in the passage that the primary difficulty in seeking a safe way todispose of nuclear waste in caused by __________A the nuclear process involving the danger of radioactive at its every stageB fuel for nuclear reactors producing dangerous wastesC the weakness scientists have found in every previous methodsD the nature of nuclear wastes together with their lengthy life span2. According to the passage, uranium ore is very dangerous because_______A it produces radioactive substances after it is dug outB it has caused deaths of many minersC the mining of it produces dangerous by productsD there is a problem in mining techniques3. According to paragraph two, scientists failed to ________A discover the characteristic of nuclear processB discover the nature of uranium oreC save the life of uranium minersD store nuclear wastes in underwater tanks4. Hot containers of nuclear wastes to be put in Antarctic region would _______A remain above ice sheetsB be safe to environmentC be highly probableD remain under sea5. The best title for the passage might be __________A Scientific Approach to Dispose Of Nuclear WastesB Process and It Nuclear Energy and Public SafetyC Uranium Ore and Its CharacteristicD Nuclear WastesQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Professor Kline concludes that competition with research in the university is so detrimental(有害的) to teaching that he recommends that the two functions be physically and financially separated by setting up research institutes. I suggest that the development of a sound program of educational research would be much more beneficial to teaching. Such a program would not only improve teaching teaching theory and technique, it would make clear what competencies are required of a good teacher and help professors attain them. Educational research should be required to meet the same standards as scientific research, but it cannot be raised to those standards without comparable support and commitment. Competent education research is no more a part-time activity than competent scientific research. The relatively trivial educational research so common in the universities is an inevitable consequence of trivial commitment by the universities. Rather than be little such research, the professors have an obligation to see that it is upgraded. Let no one think that educational research is easy; it is concerned with no less than unraveling the complexities of the human mind. There is no reason to believe that an effective theory and technology of instruction is any easier to achieve than controlled nuclear fusion. It is certainly every bit as worthy.6. Professor Kline believes that competition with research in the universities________A leads to the establishment of separate research institutesB should not be encouraged unless separate research institute is set upC functions well in the universitiesD is financially unsound7. The author wants to improve__________A research institutesB development programsC educational researchD part-time activity8. The author believes that scientific research__________A is not necessarily more difficult than educational researchB has standards that educational research cannot attainC is trivial compares to educational researchD must be relegated to a part-time activity9. According to the author educational research ___________A is relatively easyB is quite complexC is often trivialD should have lower standards10. Educational research in most universities today___________A receives adequate supportB is no longer a part-time activityC is easy to achieveD needs more commitment Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passageThe characteristics of student-teacher relationships on American campuses vary somewhat, depending on whether the students involved are undergraduate or graduate students, and depending on the size and nature of the school. Graduate students typically have more intense relationships with their professors than undergraduates do; at smaller schools student-teacher relationship are typically even less formal than they are at larger schools.To say that student-teacher relationships are informal is not to say that there are no recognized status differences between the two groups. There are. But students may show their deference only in subtle ways, mainly in the vocabulary and tone of voice they use when speaking to teachers. Much of their behavior around teachers may seem disrespectful. American students will eat in class, read newspapers, and assume quite informal postures. Teachers might not enjoy such behavior, but they tolerate. Students , after all, are individuals who are entailed to decide for themselves how they are going to act. American teachers generally expect students to ask them questions or even challenge what they say. Teachers do not generally assume they know all there is to know about a subject. Nor do they that they invariably explain things clearly. Students who want clarification or additional information are expected to ask for it during the class, just after class ends, or in the teacher’s office at the times the teacher has announced as “office hours.”Students who do not ask questions may be considered uninterested.While most teachers welcome students’questions and comments about the material being covered in the course, they do not welcome student efforts to negotiate for high grades. Teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining grades, and, unless it seems possible that a mistake has been made, teachers respond very negatively to students who try to talk them into raising a grade.11. Why do teachers normally not welcome students to negotiate for higher grades?A Because teachers don’t like to admit that they have made mistakes in marking.B Because teachers normally believe they have an acceptable system for determining gradesC Because they are afraid of students’ protest against themD Because they hate students12. The student-teacher relationships are informal in the U S in the following ways except________A American students eat in classB American students read newspapers in classC American students assume quite informal postures in classD American students don’t show respect to teachers13. Students who ask questions are considered ___________A uninterestedB troubledC interestedD intelligent14. What do you think of the main idea of the passage?A The student-teacher relationship in U.S.B American students’ manners in schoolC Characteristics of American university teachersD American education system15. Which is right according to the passage?A The student-teacher relationship is quite informal across the countryB American teachers generally like students to challenge themC Graduate students seem quite disrespectful to their teachersD It is not easy for students to find their teacher.PartⅢTranslation(只翻译划线部分)The idea of evolution was known to some of the Greek philosophers. By the time of Aristotle, speculation had suggested that more perfect types had not only followed less perfect ones but actually had developed from them. But all this was guessing: no real evidence was forthcoming. When, in modern times, the idea of evolution was revived, it appeared in the writings of the philosophers----Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz and Kant.36) Spencer was preaching a full evolutionary doctrine in the years just before Darwin’s book was published, while most naturalists would have none of it. Nevertheless a few biologists ran counter to the prevailing view, and pointed to such facts as the essential unity of structure in all warm-blooded animals.The first complete theory was that of Limerick, who thought that modifications due to environment, if constant and lasting, would be inherited and produce a new type.37) Though no evidence for such inheritance was available ,the theory gave a plausible hypothesis for naturalists to use. Many of the social and philanthropic efforts of the nineteenth century were framed on the tacit assumption that acquired improvements would be inherited.But the man whose book gave both Darwin and Wallace the clue was the Reverend Robert Malthus, sometime curate of Albury in Surrey.38) The English people were increasing rapidly, and Malthus argued that human race tends to outrun its means of subsistence unless the redundant individuals are eliminated. This may not always be true, but Darwin writes:In October 1838, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on, from long continued observation of the habits of animals and plants. 39) It at once struck me that, under these circumstances, favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here then I had a theory by which to work.40) The hypothesis of natural selection may not be a complete explanation, but it led to a greater thing than itself-----an acceptance of the theory of organic evolution, which the years have confirmed. Y et at first some naturalists joined the opposition. To the many, who were unable to judge the biological evidence, the effect of the theory of evolution seemed incredible as well as devastating, to run counter to common sense and to overwhelm all philosophic and religious landmarks. Even educated man, choosing between the Book of Genesis and the Origin of Species, proclaimed with Disraeli that he was “on the side of Angels”。
浙江大学博士生入学考试分子生物学试题
一、名称解释:（5个）1、蛋白组和蛋白组学2、家系遗传研究3、基因表达单核苷酸多态性4、5、忘了问答题：1、你对分子生物学进展的认识？2、基因组学的进展？3、环境与基因的相互作用？4、如果某蛋白对细胞内信号传递有作用，你如何来研究该蛋白与其他蛋白的相关作用？补充：名词解释里有：基因与基因组，蛋白质与蛋白质组家系遗传分析表观遗传学：表观遗传学是研究基因的核苷酸序列不发生改变的情况下，基因表达了可遗传的变化的一门遗传学分支学科。
表观遗传的现象很多，已知的有DNA甲基化（DNA methylation），基因组印记（genomic impriting），母体效应（maternal effects），基因沉默（gene silencing），核仁显性，休眠转座子激活和RNA编辑（RNA editing）等。
简答：1、举例说明蛋白质构象与疾病的关系。
帕金森和蛋白质构象朊病毒病巴塞罗那自治大学(UAB)的研究人员发现，某些蛋白质即使折叠正确，但仍然能够导致多种蛋白质构象病，如肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)，家族性淀粉样心肌病(familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy)等。
研究人员对这些蛋白质各个亚基的三维结构进行分析，最终发现了答案所在——这些蛋白质通常是由两个或两个以上的亚基构成，即使蛋白质折叠正确，如果各亚基在组合过程中发生突变，同样能使该蛋白质成为毒性大分子淀粉体纤维(amyloid fibrils)。
这项研究发表在近期的PLoS Computational Biology。
2、设计一个实验，说明DNA是遗传物质。
3、基因表达的主要调控的位点4、基因工程中所用的工具5、蛋白质翻译后的修饰加工6、蛋白质相互作用的系统问答题二、 1.基因工程常用工具酶。
2.人类基因组计划下一步研究方向。
3.蛋白质加工。
浙江大学2008年博士生入学分子生物学（甲）试题一、名词解释核糖开关核糖开关（ribosw ic hes）指的是mRNA一些非编码区的序列折叠成一定的构象，这些构象的改变应答于体内的一些代谢分子，从而通过这些构象的改变达到调节ｍＲＮＡ转录的目的。
2007年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案
2007年社科院博士生入学考试英语真题及答案Section A (10 points)Directions : Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1.The public might well sanction a wider range of programming than would strictlybe implied by the ―gap-filling‖ approach, but this is not certain.a. viewb. approvec. coerced. insist2. Petrazzini‘s main concern is not so much cultural homogenization associated with the spread of the Internet, but an exacerbation of the gap between young and old and between spread of the Internet.a. uniformityb. discrepancyc. conventiond. distinction3. The history helps explain the vexing dispute between the European Union and the United States over the greatest threat to privacy yet conceived: the hundreds o f millions of personal dossiers in computerized and networked databases.a. troublesomeb. astonishingc. everlastingd. conflicting4. There were not personal goals, no desire to get ahead or to leave something behind. There were only God‘s decrees to be faithfully carried out.a. ordersb. petitionsc. prophetsd. queries5. Lee Ford and Dan Brooks, a London-based creative and development team, came up with an ―edgy‖V olkswagen spot for a demo: a terrorist tries to detonate a car bomb outside a crowded café.a. igniteb. stainc. impeded. ascribe6. The music indicates the way in which Mozart was developing his ideas in 1773as he attempted to shake off his reputation as a child prodigy and be taken seriously ad a computer.a. bedlamiteb. betrayerc. geniusd. jailor7. Kelly fought depression, her sister struggled against violent tendencies, and their only physical touches they‘d ever known from their parents were abusive.a. cordialb. fastidiousc. sadisticd. absurd8. Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like Y ouTube or Google Vides, and you‘ll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, plane crashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.a. elegantb. fraternalc. franticd. bizarre9. There were still a few surprises, as a squeal here and there in the dark announced, but we didlearn to ―see with our feet‖– lessons in trail Braille.a. divergenceb. screamc. gradationd. strand10. He hasn‘t analyzed why he tips so generously, but I think the proclivity stems from his highschool years, when he worked as a busboy.a. predilectionb. prosperityc. premeditationd. preambleSection B (10pionts)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.11. In a competitive and fast-paced modern society, busy business executives are so _____ theirwork that they hardly know what the word leisure means.a. engrossed inb. exempt fromc. skeptical ofd. extraneous to12. But the depth of novel and the value of its artistic and ideological feature do not depend on the theme ----- either _____ or significant.a. versatileb. trivialc. preliminaryd. alternate13. It is always _____ in some ways, because if it were performed as a primitive fending-off or covering-up action, it would obviously be too transparent.a. scrupulousb. clamorousc. intrinsicd. camouflaged14. She often remains coldly remote from him; probably his badly scarred face produced an involuntary feeling of _____ in his neighbor.a. discordanceb. deliberationc. perversityd. repulsion15. ―For us it is a big and dark secret; to _____ it would be to jeopardize our future,‖ confessed an aviaphobe who is currently undergoing therapy.a. divulgeb. recallc. retaind. duplicate16. The charitable aces of their boss used to be greatly praised by the people. However, ruthless company-downsizing drives and continued layoffs, coupled with rising pay for top managers, have made him look a good deal less _____.a. discourteousb. prudentc. benevolentd. obstinate17. Most of us go through life adding _____ to knowledge, polishing a concept here or there, doing an experiment, contributing a few leaves –or, if we are lucky, a twig –to the tree of knowledge.a. impartiallyb. impassablyc. incrementallyd. melodiously18. The only way he could do it – and by ―it‖ he means achieving the level of fame enjoyed by Martin, who is so famous that his infant daughter, Apple, is better known than the rest of Coldplay combined – is by getting into some kind of trouble, and it could only be infamy, which is of course, _____.a. preposterousb. preludialc. precised. preponderant19. So the most _____ scientist alive at that time who symbolized the height of human intellect adopted what became his last message –this manifesto, which implored governments and the public not to allow our civilization to be destroyed by human folly.a. fastidiousb. eminentc. anonymousd. waggish20. The novel will be read a long time for its minute and almost uncanny insight into army life, its _____ dialogue, its sheer narrative pull, its portrayal of the tenderness that sometimes is found beneath the crudest animal drives, its absence of mock heroics, its comic absurdities and irony and, above all else, its revelation of the perversity of human nature in the face of evil.a. pungentb. notoriousc. anticlimacticd. shakyPART II: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best gills in the blank.21. The police kept asking me to repeat the story of how I found the scroll, and they kept tellingme that I was changing it and tripping me _____.a. forb. onc. upd. in22. The budget crunch has put extra pressure on nearly everyone at this storied campus ----- besieged administrators _____ to lure minority applicants, students frantically _____ money to cover fee hikes, department heads trying to staunch a faculty brain drain and office staffers worried that a stalemate in Sacramento means no money for the mortgage at home.a. to struggle, to seekb. struggled, soughtc. struggle, seekd. struggling, seeking23. If you‘re a regular reader of blogs, or indeed of any kind of news website, you‘ve probably been frustrated from time to time by information overload: the blogosphere creates _____ material for any human being to comfortably _____.a. too much, digestb. not much, digestc. too little, be digestedd. not much, be digested24. When deposits are federally insured, people no longer rush to withdraw their money it they _____ the financial condition of their bank.a. become concerned aboutb. become concerned withc. become concerned ind. concern25. Over and over in War of the worlds, he evokes the sensation, more familiar from dreams than movies, _____ an other worldly entity, glimpsed from a great distance, _____ suddenly, violently clawing its way into your personal space.a. that, isb. is, thatc. that, beingd. which, being27. Never far from position of influence, wealthier from his broadcasting activities _____ the biggest moguls, he is in many ways on the edge of things.a. than all butb. as all butc. but than alld. but as all28. _____ a rigid, unidirectional mode of demystification which saw all such other modes as subsidiary and peripheral, it began to see all alternatives to its mode of demystification as conspiracies against human good.a. Modern science not only gradually developsb. Not only did modern science gradually developc. Now that modern science gradually developedd. Only did modern science develop29. One theory is that too much vitamin E _____ bleeding risk, which would _____ the risk of a type of stroke, while another theory suggests that at high doses vitamin E stops working like an antioxidant, removing harmful molecules in the body, and instead becomes a pro-oxidant, actually promoting the production of harmful molecules.a. decreases, decreaseb. increases, increasec. decreases, increased. increases, decrease30. Nor, indeed, do all these guardians of tradition have to exert much pressure on the principal players, since the expectations of their social world have long ago been built into their own projections of the future – they want precisely _____ society expects of them.a. that, whichb. thatc. whichd. what thatSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. The repetitions that concern Domhoff pertains largely to repetitions within an individual‘sAdream history. But there is a sense in which all dreamers dream each other‘s dreams in the form ofB Cso-called universal dreams, which are the equivalent of literary archetypes.D32. The Nature commentary says scientists working on aging now have to take into account theAprospect that ―drug-related approaches to interfere with this process may come at a price—theB Cdisruption of our natural mechanisms for keeping cancer to bay.‖D33.The work confirms hints that had already been emerging in the scientific literature in recentAyears that p53 and related proteins might play an important role in life, but the new paper is farmore detailed - and, scientists say, more compelling – that anything published previously.B C D34. For all the fretting about outsourcing and trade deficits in the United States, MTV offers aA Bhighly-end case study in how to export what seems, at first glance, to be a uniquely AmericanC Dbrand.35. The trend to empty a library is being driven, academicians and librarians say, by the dwindlingA B C need for undergraduate libraries, many of them were built when leading research libraries wereDreserved for graduate students and faculty.36. Dr. ELBaradei said his hope is that the Nobel Peace Prize will serve to help the internationalAcommunity, and to achieve the goal of developing a functional system of global security that doesnot derive from a nuclear weapons deterrent, would rather based on addressing the securityB C Dconcerns of all people.37. DDT, the most powerful pesticide the world has ever known, exposed nature‘s vulnerability.AUnlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is limited to destroy one or two types of insects, DDTB Cis capable of killing hundreds of different kinds at once.D38. For it is ―everybody‖, a whole society, which has identified being feminine with caring aboutA B Chow one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather ……..D39. The research also raises the possibility that younger people treat successfully for cancer with chemotherapy may be subject to premature aging later in life, a possibility that has never been rigorously examined.40. We peer out beyond our world to glimpse objects that lie at the very edge of the universe, stars teetering tantalizingly on the beginning of time. We peer inward to our own genome, swiftly unraveling the puzzle of what tiny bit of chemical code manifests themselves as appearance, tendency, advantage and liability in the marvelous human creature.PART III: Reading comprehension：（30 points）Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have observed that the Americans show a less decided taste for general ideas than the French. This is especially true in politics.Although the Americans infuse into their legislation far more general ideas than the English, and although they strive more than the latter to adjust the practice of affairs to theory, no political bodies in the United States have ever shown so much love for general ideas as the constituent Assembly and the Convention in France. At no time has the American people laid hold on ideas of this kind with the passionate energy of the French people in the eighteenth century, or displayed the same blind confidence in the value and absolute truth of any theory.This difference between the Americans and the French originates in several causes, but principally in the following one. The Americans are a democratic people who have always directed public affairs themselves. The French are a democratic people who for a long time could only speculate on the best manner of conducting them. The social condition of the French led them to conceive very general ideas on the subject of government, while their polit ical constitution prevented them from correcting those ideas by experiment and from gradually detecting their insufficiency; whereas in America the two things constantly balance and correct each other.It may seem at first sight that this is very much opposed to what I have said before, that democratic nations derive their love of theory from the very excitement of their active life. A more attentive examination will show that there is nothing contradictory in the proposition.Men living in democratic countries eagerly lay hold of general ideas because they have but little leisure and because these ideas spare them the redouble of studying particulars. This is true, but it is only be understood of those matters while are not the necessary and habitual subjec ts of their thoughts. Mercantile men will take up very eagerly, and without any close scrutiny, all the general ideas on philosophy, politics, science, or the arts which may be presented to them; but for such as relate to commerce, they will not receive them without inquiry or adopt them without reserve. The same thing applies to statesman with regard to general ideas in politics.If, then, there is a subject upon which a democratic people is peculiarly liable to abandon itself, blindly and extravagantly, to general ideas, the best corrective that can be used will be to make that subject a part of their daily practical occupation. They will then be compelled to enter into details, and the details will teach them the weak points of the theory. This remedy mayfrequently be a painful one, but its effect is certain.Thus it happens that the democratic institutions which compel ever citizen to take a practical part in the government moderate that excessive taste for general theories in politics which the principle of equality suggests.Comprehension questions41. According to the writer, what kinds of ideas have been favored by the French people?a. Political ideas that can be adjusted to the practice of government.b. Concrete ideas that they believe to be truthful.c. General ideas in political affairs.d. Eighteenth century ideas.42. Why do the Americans show less enthusiasm for general ideas than the French?a. The French constitution did not allow for experiment.b. In America, the constitution provides checks and balances.c. The social conditions in France led to different ideas.d. The Americans have always been in charge of their own public affairs.43. Some people in democratic countries prefer general ideas because _____.a. in politics it is easier to study general ideasb. general ideas on different subjects are more interestingc. mercantile men prefer general ideas on philosophy, politics, science and the artsd. they do not have time to address details44. What does the writer think would inhibit people‘s preference for general ideas?a. Teaching them the weak points of the theory.b. Encouraging them to take a practical part in democratic institutions.c. Trying to make them abandon those ideas.d. Compelling them to study details.45. The writer‘s conclusion is that _____.a. the principle of equality must be paramountb. general theories in politics should be the most important part of democracyc. citizens should be forced to take part in democratic institutions.d. people‘s taste for general ideas can be diminished through taking part in democraticinstitutions.Passage 2Of the great variety of opinions concerning ―marriage for money‖, the following three are important with reference to the development of the importance of money. Marriages based exclusively upon economic motives have not only existed in all periods and at all stages of development, but are particularly common among primitive groups and conditions where they do not cause any offence at all. The disparagement of personal dignity that nowadays arises in every marriage that is not based on personal affection –so that a sense of decency requires the concealment of economic motives –does not exist in simpler cultures. The reason for this development is that increasing individualization makes it increasingly contradictory and discreditable to enter into purely individual relationships for other than purely individual reasons.For nowadays the choice of a partner in marriage is no longer determined by social motives (though regard for the offspring may be considered to be such a motive), in so far as society doesnot insist upon the couple‘s equal social status – a condition, however, that provides a great deal of latitude and only rarely leads to conflicts between individual and social interests. In a quite undifferentiated society it may be relatively irrelevant who marries whom, irrelevant not only for the mutual relationship of the couple but also for the offspring. This is because where the constitutions, state of health, temperament, internal and external forms of life and orientations are largely the same within the group, the chance that the children will turn out well depends less upon whether the parents agree and complement each other than it does in highly differentiated society. It therefore seems quite natural and expedient that the choice of the partner should be determined by reasons other than purely individual affection. Y et personal attraction should be decisive in a highly individualized society where a harmonious relationship between two individuals becomes increasingly rare.The declining frequency of marriage which is to be found everywhere in highly civilized cultural circumstances is undoubtedly due, in part, to the fact that highly differentiated people in general have difficulty in finding a completely sympathetic complement to themselves. Y et we do not possess any other criterion and indication for the advisability of marriage except mutual instinctive attraction. But, happiness is a purely personal matter, decided upon entirely by the couple themselves, and there would be no compelling reason for the official insistence on at least pretending love may be misleading –particularly in the higher strata, whose complicated circumstances often retard the growth of the purest instincts –no matter how much other conditions may affect the final results, it remains true that, with reference to procreation, love is decidedly superior to money as a factor selection. In fact, in this respect, it is the only right and proper thing.Marriage for money directly creates a situation of panmixia –the indiscriminate pairing regardless of individual qualities – a condition that biology has demonstrated to be the cause of the most direct and detrimental degeneration of the human species. In the case of marriage for money, the union of a couple is determined by a factor that has absolutely nothing to do with racial appropriateness –just as the regard for money often enough keeps apart a couple who really belong together –and it should be considered as a factor in degeneration to the same extent to which the undoubted differentiation of individuals makes selection by personal attraction more and more important. This case too illustrates once more that the increasing individualization within society renders money increasingly unsuitable as a mediator of purely individual relationships.Comprehension questions46. According to the text, what is said to influence matrimonial compatibility and stability insimpler cultures?a. Personal dignityb. Economic declinec. Monetary considerations d Financial growth47. Marriages motivated by monetary aspirations are more likely not to be camouflaged in whatstrata of society?a. Upper middleb. Middle middlec. Lower middled. Lower lower48. The marriage rate is said to be decreasing because _____.a. we demand too much of our partnersb. partners don‘t give complimentsc. people are too differentiated sociallyd. the economic disparity in many regions is growing49. How is the question of race in relation to marriage similar to the question of money?a. They fuel mutual instinctual attractionb. They inspire individual responsibilitiesc. They deflect superficial relationshipsd. They prohibit suitable marriages50. Panmixia is said to _____.a. aid the selection processb. complement individualizationc. inspire positive resultsd. set up biological declinePassage 3But probably the fullest statement of the doctrine of the rule of law occurs in the work of William Paley, the ―great codifier of thought in an age of codification.‖It deserved quoting at some length: ―The first maxim of a free state,‖ he writes, ―is, that the laws be made by one set of men, and administered by another; in other words, that the legislative and the judicial character be kept separate. When these offices are unified in the same person or assembly, particular laws are made for particular cases, springing often times from partial motives, and directed to private ends: whilst they are kept separate, general laws are made by one body of men, w ithout foreseeing whom they may affect; and, when made, must be applied by the other, let them affect whom they will… When the parties and interests to be affected by the laws were known, the inclination of the law makers would inevitably attach to one side or the other; and where there were neither any fixed rules to regulate their determinations, nor any superior power to control their proceedings, these inclinations would interfere with the integrity of public justice. The consequence of which must be, that the subjects of such a constitution would live either without constant laws, that is, without any known pre-established rules of adjudication whatever; or under laws made for particular persons, and partaking of the contradictions and iniquity of the motives to which they owed their origin.―Which dangers, by the division of the legislative and judicial functions, are in this country effectually provided against. Parliament knows not the individuals upon whom its acts will operate; it has no case or parties before it; no private designs to serve: consequently, its resolutions will be suggested by the considerations of universal effects and tendencies, which always produce impartial and commonly advantageous regulations.‖With the end of the eighteenth century, England‘s major contributions to the development of the principles of freedom came to a close. Though Macaulay did once more for the nineteenth century what Hume had done for the eighteenth, and though the Whig intelligentsia of the Edinburgh to think of liberty in classical terms, there was little further development. The new liberalism that gradually displaced Whiggism came more and more under the influence of the rationalist tendencies of the philosophical radicals and the French tradition. Bentham and his Utilitarians did much to destroy the beliefs that English had in part preserved from the Middle Ages, by their scornful treatment of most of what until then had been the most admired features of the British constitution. And they introduced into Britain what had so far been entirely absent – the desire to remark the whole of her law and institutions on rational principles.The lack of understanding of the traditional principles of English liberty on the part of the men guided by the ideals of the French Revolution is clearly illustrated by one of the early apostles of that revolution in England, Dr. Richard Price. As early as 1778 he argued: ―Liberty is too imperfectly defined when it is said to be ‗a Government of LA WS and not by MEN.‘ If the laws are made by one man, or a junto of men in a state, and not by common CONSENT, a government by them is not different from slavery.‖ Eight years later he was able to display a commendatory letter from Turgot: ―How comes it that you are almost the first of the writers of your country, who has given a just idea of liberty, and shown the falsity of the notion so frequently repeated by almost all Republican Writers, ‗that liberty consists in being subject only to the laws?‘‖ From then onward, the essentially French concept of political liberty was indeed progressively to displace the English ideal of individual liberty, until it could be said that ―in Great Britain, which, little more than a century ago, repudiated the ideas on which the French Revolution was based, and led the resistance to Napoleon, those ideas have triumphed.‖ Though in Britain most of the achievements of the seventeenth century were preserved beyond the nineteenth, we must look elsewhere for the further development of the ideals underlying them.Comprehension Questions51. Concerning William Paley‘s main vision of the rule of law, which of the following is Not true?a. The purpose of and independent counsel is to eliminate potential conflicts of interests.b. Paley‘s political strategy illustrates the concept of checks and balances.c. The absence of separation of powers would inevitably result in injustice and inequity.d. The rule of law and the separation of powers could be deemed unconstitutional princ iples.52. According to Paley, what would happen to a person living in a country where the judiciary andlegislative powers are n‘t kept separate?a. The inviolability of the legal apparatus would be guaranteed.b. Laws could be manipulated to serve particular interests.c. Lawmakers would have to mitigate conflicts of interest.d. Lawmakers would have adjudication powers.53. Complete the following sentence: ―The Whig intelligentsia _____.‖a. supported traditional tendenciesb. supported reformist tendenciesc. supported Manichean tendenciesd. supported aesthetical tendencies54. Which of the following best expresses the author‘s opinion of the Utilitarians?a. Unbiased.b. Neutral. C. Critical. d. Sympathetic.55. Which of the following is true?a. The author favors the principles of English freedom as opposed to the ideals of the Frenchrevolution.b. The author favors the principles of the French revolutions as opposed to the principles ofEnglish freedom.c. The author is deeply attached to the status quo between the principles of English freedomand the ideals of the French revolution.d. The author shows that the principle of political alienation in a capitalist society has aneconomic base.Passage 4There are two opinions as to the production of light. Augustine seems to say that Moses could not have fittingly passed over the production of the spiritual creature, and therefore when we read, In the beginning God created heaven and earth, a spiritual nature as yet formless is to be understood by the word heaven, and the formless matter for the corporeal creature by the word earth. And spiritual nature was formed first, as being of higher dignity than corporeal. The forming, therefore, of this spiritual nature is signified by the production of light. That is to say, the light in question is a spiritual light. For a spiritual nature receives its formation by the illumination whereby it is led to adhere to the Word of God.Other writers think that the production of spiritual creatures was purposely omitted by Moses, and give various reasons. Basil says that Moses begins his narrative from the beginning of the time which belongs to sensible things; but that the spiritual or angelic creation is passed over, as having been created beforehand.Chrysostom gives us a reason for the omission that Moses was addressing an ignorant people, to whom material things alone appealed, and whom he was endeavoring to draw away from the worship of idols. It would have been to them a pretext for idolatry if he had spoken to them of natures spiritual in substance and nobler than all corporeal creatures; for they would have paid them divine worship, since they were prone to worship as gods even the sun, moon, and stars, which was forbidden them (Deut. Iv. 9)But scripture also mentioned several kinds of formlessness, in regard to the corporeal creature (Gen. i. 2). One is where we read that the earth was void and empty, and another where it is said that darkness was upon the face of the deep. Now it was necessary, for two reasons, that the infirmity of darkness should be removed first of all by the production of light. In the first place because light is a quality of the first body, as was stated, and thus it was fitting that the world should be first formed according to light. The second reason is because light is a common quality. For light is common to terrestrial and celestial bodies. But just as in knowledge we proceed from general principles, so do we in work of every kind. For the living thing is generated before the animal, and the animal before man, as is shown in De Gener. Anim. It was fitting, then, as an evidence of the divine wisdom, that among the works of distinction the production of light should take first place, since light is a form of the primary body, and because it is a more common quality.Basil, furthermore, adds a third reason: that all other things are made manifest by light. And there is yet a fourth, already touched upon in the objections, namely, that day cannot be unless light exists. It had to be made, therefore, on the first day.Comprehension Questions56. the purpose of this article is to _____.a. discuss the origination of lightb. argue that physical light came firstc. argue that spiritual light came firstd. discuss early religious idol origins57. in this passage, the meaning of corporeal is ______.a. a living thingb. a spiritual thingc. a physical bodyd. a form of light58. What does Chrysostom say is Moses‘s reason for not discussing the spiritual nature of light?a. The people wouldn‘t understand.。
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (20 points)(略)Part ⅡReading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D．Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Scientists now tend to agree that the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70decibels. Some of them are very concerned because normal daily life often exposes people to noise levels of about 70 decibels even inside their homes. Cities have always been noisy, but noise is now spreading to areas that were quiet just a few years ago.Clearly, something must be done or noise will seriously and permanently maim the population. Fortunately, the knowledge and methods to control noise already exist. As a matter of fact, this is one instance where the knowledge of control methods exceeds the knowledge about the effects on human life and on the environment.There are two common means for control. The first is reducing noise at its source, and the second is changing the sound path by distance or by shielding.The second approach is being used more often today as people become more aware of the danger of noise. New building codes require better sound insulation in homes and apartments. More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas. Sound-absorbent materials and construction designed to block sound paths are slowly coming into use in offices and homes. New highways are being built to redirect traffic noise up and away from nearby areas. Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports.There are many examples of available noise control methods that are not being used. More flexible building codes would permit the use of quieter kinds of plumbing pipes. Sound-absorbing materials can reduce the noise of motors and engines. Power generators can be quieted with baffles, exhaust silencers, and sound absorbers. Truck tires can be made with quieter treads. In many cases, the cost of building quieter machines is the same or only slightly higher than that of the current noisy ones. Even though the new equipment may cost more initially, it can prove more profitable in the long run. The new jumbo jets, for example, are quieter than the older ones, yet they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers.All of these methods are only partial measures as noisy levels continue to rise. Most specialists in the field agree that much of the solution must come from eliminating some of the noise at its source, therefore saving through prevention the large costs of hearing loss.21．The noise level for possible hearing loss begins at about ______.A．30 decibels B．75 decibels C．100 decibels D．none of the above 22．Jet pilots are being advised to land ______.A．on longer runways B．from nearby areas C．after dark D．with reduced power 23．How many practical means for controlling noise does the author present?A．One. B．Two. C．Three. D．Four.24．The reader can assume that airport of the future will ______.A．have runways in a north-south patternB．be located in unpopulated areasC．be required to warn passengers of high noise levelsD．in nearby areas25．Jumbo jets are mentioned as examples of ______.A．efficient transportation with low levels of noiseB．vehicles that cause serious air pollutionC．scientific advances that do more harm than goodD．quieter and older vehiclePassage 2Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community, such as supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drugstores. These selections make a difference in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another. Milk and milk products, such as cheeses, ice cream or milk, buttermilk, and yogurt, are often slighted. Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables, particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C．These include dark green leafy vegetables; deep yellow vegetables; and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbage, tomatoes, and green peppers.Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed. If a person believes that she is well fed, attitudes, habits, and information cannot be forced upon her.There are life situations, however, that tend to cause all individual to want to know how to make the best choices. For example, a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.26．Food preference in America is ______.A．culturally oriented B．inherited C．individualistic D．according to ages 27．Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in ______.A．celery B．banana C．milk D．cabbage28．According to the author, nutritionists are concerned with ______.A．improving the vitamin content of processed foodsB．restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foodsC．informing the public about wholesome foodsD．helping people enjoying uninformed about nutrition29．Some people judge their nutrition by the ______.A．status of their health B．grocery stores where they shop C．amount of protein in their diets D．food they took30．The author advocatesA．requiring high school students to take courses on nutritionB．making information on nutrition available to the publicC．forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packagesD．people has the right to choose foodPassage 3Almost since the beginning of mankind, governments have been recording the numbers of their populace. The first known census report took place in 3800 B. C. in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes. As time went by, governments found other, more creative uses for knowing their numbers. Egyptian King Ramses Ⅱused the census not only to determine who should pay taxes, but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects. These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B. C.William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085. All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation. By the fifteenth century, Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census. They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government project' namely, replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.A rebellious tide swept over England, however, in the mid-1700s. A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies. But the tide of rebellion soon turned, and in 1800 England established its first regular census.Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years. It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people. The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has. Since its beginning, the American census has gone through many changes. Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here. It takes polls on transportation, economic planning, and agriculture. The census also provides data for most government agency statistics, such as the unemployment rate.Counting costs have risen since 1790．The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans. Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person. That's a long way since 3800 B．C．.31．The first known census report took place in Babylonia in ______.A．1085 B．1200 B. C．3800 B.C. D．179032．The first census was created for the sole purpose of ______.A．counting available troops B．dividing farmlandC．providing manpower D．taxing the populace33．The American census today costs the government approximately ______.A．$0.01/person B．$0.10/person C．$1.00/person D．$10.00/person 34．Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it ______.A．might give valuable news to EnglandB．would give England's enemies cause for rebellionC．would be too expensiveD．might disclose information to England's enemies35．The author implies the American census is ______.A．relatively inexpensive to conductB．important to various government branchesC．an exact count of the citizenryD．fairly expensive before 1790Passage 4It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution.Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows.Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.36．The author attributes today's air pollution to ______.A．the growth of civilization B．man's carelessnessC．environmental imbalance D．some mysterious cause37．The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to ______.A．protective foliage B．thick bark C．genetic makeup D．tainted air38．Air pollution causes the most damage to ______.A．hardwoods B．conifers C．fruit trees D．fluorides39．The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is ______.A．heavy industry B．chemical processing plantsC．urban expansion D．salt spray40．We can conclude that ______.A．air pollution is easier to control than water pollutionB．the problem of polluted air is a problem overnightC．the impact of air pollution has been known for centuriesD．research on the efforts of air pollution is incompletePart ⅢVocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41．Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.A．careful B．clever C．ignorant D．economical 42．Thick with trees and sparse with homes, this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven.A．molten B．serene C．isolated D．snobbish 43．Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.A．criminal B．pump C．psychology D．lodgings44．History was being catalogued here, the missed opportunities, blunders, and outright mistakes.A．attempts B．insults C．mistakes D．arguments45．The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.A．ridiculed B．entertained C．ignored D．drew46．The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.A．encounter B．stick to C．prepare D．anticipate 47．Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906～1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.A．convoluted B．belied C．encumbered D．stoked 48．Helplessly she blinked up at him, feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body. A．provision B．cylinder C．contradiction D．exhaustion49．The attack was meticulously planned and executed.A．negligently B．slovenly C．fussily D．discreetly50．At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.A．damaging B．magnificent C．useful D．relevant51．The batteries can be recharged when they run ______.A．over B．down C．out D．along52．The rioters headed downtown, ______ they attacked city hall.A．since B．as C．whereupon D．yet53．Monday's earthquake ______ windows and woke residents.A．slammed B．prosecuted C．rattled D．pierced 54．Environmentalists ______ that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.A．deliver B．deserve C．contrast D．concede 55．Lately, the restaurant chain, which______ mainly to blue-collar diners, has been hurt by competition.A．caters B．fabricates C．facilitates D．flees56．The nation ______ the death of its great war leader.A．protruded B．lamented C．rebuked D．racked57．The report ______ poor safety standards for the accident.A．blames B．charges C．complains D．accuses58．The new school building is ______ completion.A．nearly to B．close to C．almost at D．just about at 59．Walking is excellent for working ______ tension.A．out B．away C．down D．off60．Any negative statements and accusations made should be ______ and forthrightly answered, preferably at the level on which they originate.A．promptly B．thoroughly C．punctually D．exactlyPart ⅣCloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.It is not long since conditions in the mines were worse than they are now. There are still 61 a few very old women who in their youth have worked 62, with harness round their waists, and a chain 63 passed between their legs, crawling on all 64 and dragging tugs of coal. They used to go on 65 this even when they were pregnant.And 66 now, if coal could not be produced without pregnant women dragging it 67 and fro, I fancy we should let them do it 68 than deprive ourselves of coal. But most of the time, of course, we should 69 to forget that they were doing it. It is the 70 with all types of manual work; it keeps us alive, and we are oblivious of its existence. More than anything 71 perhaps, the miner can stand as the type of manual worker, not only because it is so vitally necessary and 72 so 73 , that we are capable 74 forgetting it as we forget the blood in our veins. In 75 way it is even humiliating to watch coal-miners working. It raises in you a momentary doubt 76 your own status as an “intellectual” and a superior person generally. For it is brought 77 to you, at least while you are watching, that it is only 78 miners sweat their guts out 79 superior persons can 80 superior.61．A．alive B．living C．walking D．breathing 62．A．underground B．above C．below D．late63．A．it B．this C．who D．that64．A．limbs B．fours C．legs D．bodies 65．A．making B．working C．do D．doing66．A．just B．even C．right D．well67．A．from B．for C．to D．at68．A．rather B．more C．would D．less69．A．ask B．prefer C．make D．willing70．A．same B．what C．so D．that71．A．more B．beside C．too D．else72．A．but B．yet C．however D．also 73．A．efficient B．silent C．black D．required74．A．to B．for C．of D．at75．A．the B．its C．a D．that76．A．about B．with C．for D．of77．A．point B．home C．much D．it78．A．for B．why C．because D．how79．A．so B．that C．why D．therefore 80．A．retain B．do C．remain D．makePart ⅤTranslation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe.Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the so-called “dark matter” that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe.All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the “missing mass” is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects.According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modern cosmology today.The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.Part ⅥWriting (15 points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the Answer Sheet(2): Opportunity and Success.。
清华大学2007年博士入学英语真题
清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)(请将答案写在答题纸上)Section OneDirections:In this section you will hear a talk about some language problems you may encounter while in the United States. The speaker will mainly talk about five problems. Listen to the recording and write down the five problems. Make your answers as brief as possible. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分1～5题的答案写在答题纸上)Topic: language problems you may encounter in the United States1．________________________________________________________________________ 2．________________________________________________________________________ 3．________________________________________________________________________ 4．________________________________________________________________________ 5．________________________________________________________________________ Section TwoDirections:In this section you will hear a lecture by a journalism professor. Listen to the recording and take notes to fill in the outline below. You will hear the recording twice.(请将本部分6～15题的答案写在答题纸上)Main Idea: Government regulation of television has had limited success and will continue to be a challenge in the future.Original problems/reasons for regulation:— watching TV violence leads to violent behavior —________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ — Solutions: Telecommunications Act— TV industry responsibility: ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ —________________________________________________________________________ Manufacturer responsibility: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Continuing problems: V-chips— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________ Ratings system— ________________________________________________________________________ — ________________________________________________________________________Part ⅡReading Comprehension (40 points)(请将答案涂在答题卡上，从16题开始)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different—despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analystsquestion how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996,the stock traded between a range of $ 36.10 and $ 54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2.48．Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40.30 and $ 45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $ 2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.16．This passage is probably a part of ______.A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word “stagnant” (Line 4, P ara. 1) can be best paraphrased as ______.A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because ______.A．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT ______.A．The cash dividend has increasedB．The earning power has become strongerC．Both businesses have continued to growD．The stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author, one had better ______.A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price falls downPassage TwoQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today's college students are more narcissistic (自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating …You're special' and having children repeat that back,” said the study's lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown o f close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlli ng and violent behaviors.” Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before,” said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be m ore authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, andnobody should stand in your way,” Kader said, “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,” she said, “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, …No, I'm not special‟.”21．According to the passage, a narcissistic person may ______.A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．all the above22．The italicized word “commended” (Line 1, Para. 3) means ______.A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24．It is implied that ______.A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be ______ when you hear someone say “I'm special.”A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedPassage ThreeQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the US Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights,” said the National A ssociation of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫)from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes fro m employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals, while managers talking to workers aren't,” Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and n ot would be the difference between night and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款)as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional.” “I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees' income.27．According to its opponents, the bill ______.A．will protect employees' rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．Th e word “it” (Line 5, Para. 5) refers to ______.A．the change B．the legislation C．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.A．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level C．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30．It is implied that ______.A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers' coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterPassage FourQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people's views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhaimmad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the US Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois born in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books,four journals and many other scholarly article s. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be]the problem of the color-line.”Martin Luther King Jr.The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；做先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964．Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the US major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army.B．He learned to fight at an early age.C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D．He loves peace.32．The italicized word “prolific” (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to ______.A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U. S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C．Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death.C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of famous African AmericansB．Influence of famous African AmericansC．Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectualsPart ⅢVocabulary(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to ______ the weight of the building.A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very ______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative 38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong ______ to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was ______ by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be ______ in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______ from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years ______ before he returned home from the United States.A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______ plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X______ the unknown number.A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much ______ by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a ______ relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's ______ was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get ______ quickly.A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a ______ action to strengthen the market management.A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to ______ it.A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same ______ on the matter.A．potentiality B．sentiment C．postscript D．subscription 54．We cannot be______ with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously ______ their progress to their destination in that region.A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPart ⅣCloze(10 points)(请将答案划在答题卡上)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36miles of a coastline. Most of the world's great seaport cities would be 56 : New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. 60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking watersupplies, and irreplaceable, natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops.Human health would also be affected. Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69 . There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today's colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered57．A．which B．where C．when D．what58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflectedPart ⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10 points)(请将翻译写在答题纸上) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part ⅥWriting(15 points)(请将作文写在答题纸上)Directions:You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
北京理工大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析
北京理工大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题附答案和解析Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe aroma of chocolate perfumes the air of the Rue d'Assas in Paris. Entering Christian Constant's state-of-the-art boutique, you find yourself in the kingdom of Paris's king of chocolate, where the humble cocoa bean is turned into mouth-watering chocolate Easter eggs.Constant, who is a chef, admits that chocolate is his passion and main interest in life. He first developed a fascination with chocolate when he was working for Gaston Len tre, a famous French pastry chef.Every year he has a theme for decorating Easter eggs: this year his decorations are inspired by “Art Nouveau〞. Tonight he has a dinner for 130 to organize and he has to prepare a three-foot-high Art Nouveau-style Easter egg by noon tomorrow. This, for Constant, is a normal schedule.Constant believes that his chocolate creations are as much of a work of art as other sculptures. It is, therefore, understandable that the restaurant, which he opened last month, is situated in the National Monuments Museum in Paris. During the day the restaurant is a tearoom and offers chocolate in every imaginable form. Customers can choose from a selection of sweet chocolate desserts or try the more exotic spicy chocolates. Constant is also a professional “nose〞, working closely with the French Institute of Taste. He is capable of identifying 450 different tastes and flavors. Constant explains that the mouth, which can only taste four things—salt, sweet, acid and bitter—is “stupid〞in comparison to the nose. He believes that the nose is everything.In his book The Taste of Chocolate, he explains how in 1502 Christopher Columbus came across an island and went ashore. He was greeted by an Indian chief bearing gifts，among which were huge sacks of beans which Columbus thought was local currency. To his surprise, they prepared a drink for him. But Columbus, who disliked the odd bitter taste, continued on his travels,ignorant of the fact that he had just tasted cocoa. Like Columbus, Constant travels the cocoa countries where he checks quality and works with local experts. Quality can vary depending on the region, year, and method of preparation. According to Constant, Venezuela and Trinidad have the best cocoa beans, which they export all over the world either as beans or as cocoa.Constant, who is a hard worker, only sleeps three hours a night. He talks long into the night with members of a club he has formed. The club is called “The Chocolate Munchers〞. Their main official activity is to get together for monthly dinners where they eat a very tiny dinner and tons of chocolate desserts.“I am an addict,〞Constant admits, “and I don't want to be cured!〞1．Which of the following is the most inclusive title for the passage?A．Chocolate — The Passion of a Lifetime.B．The Chocolate Munchers Club.C．Chocolate—A New Art Form.D．The Last Word in Good Taste.2．What does Constant do now?A．He works for a French pastry chef.B．He owns his own restaurant and tearoom.C．He is a sculptor for a museum in Paris.D．He is a chef in the Institute of Taste.3．Constant's newly-opened business ______.A．provides chocolates with various flavorsB．exhibits all of his chocolate sculpturesC．often needs to prepare a big Easter dinnerD．serves as a national monument in Paris4．The underlined part “Constant is also a... ‘nose’〞means ______.A．he believes he has the best nose in the worldB．his nose can taste salt, sweet, acid and bitterC．his nose can identify various tastes and flavorsD．he is capable of smelling flavors from a long distance5．According to Constant, ______.A．ancient Indians used cocoa beans as local currencyB．Columbus checked, the quality of cocoa beans in different placesC．chocolate addiction makes people sleep lessD．the quality of cocoa beans varies from region to regionPassage TwoFrench are elegant people. They are artists in everyday life, having a very good taste in everything. They don't like American tourists wearing jeans to go into their luxurious and exquisite five-star restaurants. So one of the restaurants put a notice outside its front door. It read “No trousers, please!〞A gourmet coffee was sold in Tokyo as an antidote to stress. Its name supposedly meant to people that it would smooth the troubled breast. Yet when it was printed in English, it turned out to be “Ease Your Bosoms〞.Swedes started a promotion stunt to promote the sales of their vacuum cleaner named Electro. Their original ad slogan was translated as “Noth ing sucks Like Electro〞.The General Motors' selling of Chevrolet was very bad in South America. And the reason? The translation of this brand sounds like “nova〞, which means “It doesn't go〞in Spanish.When Pepsi-cola invaded the huge Chinese and German markets, the efforts initially fizzled. The product's slogan, “Come alive with the Pepsi generation,〞was rendered into German as “come out of the grave with Pepsi.〞Coca-Cola also discovered something had gone wrong in Taiwan. The Chinese characters chosen for the world-famous product sound like “Bite the Wax Tadpole.〞A beer company's slogan “Turn it loose〞became, in Spanish, equivalent to “suffer from diarrhea.〞A company translated its sticky tape slogan into Japanese and came up with a sticky problem. The slogan “Sticks like crazy〞became literally “it sticks foolishly〞in Japanese.A tonic produced in China is made of royal jelly and is supposed to be very effective for some chronic diseases. Yet it was translated as “oral liquid〞, which means “saliva〞in English. In the brochure, it was described in this way: “it tastes like medicine〞, when the language in the original meant to use it as a food therapy.Even the wrong nonverbal cue can bring havoc to a product. A baby food company initiallypackaged their African products just the same as in the US—with a cute baby picture on the jar. They didn't realize that because so many Africans cannot read, nearly all pack aged products sold in Africa carry pictures of what is inside. Pureed baby! How horrible!In an Asian city, where traffic is really very bad, to secure people's safety, the municipal government has built underground passageways. Pedestrians are asked to use them whenever they need to cross the main street. A sign was posted once on the roadside, pointing to the entrance to an underground passageway, intending to notify English-speaking passengers, “Go underground.〞We chuckled at such clumsy translations. Is there anything wrong in the language? We must be aware that few words and idioms can be literally translated. It's best to hire the best for translation. Don't take it for granted that as long as one speaks a little English, he is autonomously able to do the translation. It takes a while to learn to be a good translator.6．“No trousers, please!〞sounds funny on the front door of a five-star restaurant, because it could mean“ ______ 〞in English.A．Take off your trousers, then come in, pleaseB．We don't sell any trousers hereC．We don't have any pairs of trousers hereD．Anyone who does not wear trousers is not welcome7．From the passage, you may guess that Chevrolet is most probably ______.A．shoes of some kind that South Americans likeB．the brand name of a kind of vehicleC．a pet animal which runs fastD．a word in Spanish which has a very bad meaning8．Any product with a cute baby picture on the jar will most probably ______ in Africa, according to the author.A．sell wellB．receive favorable attentionC．cause great interestD．bring an end to the product9．The Chinese characters chosen for Coca-Cola ______ in Taiwan first.A．were well receivedB．had a wrong nameC．sounded terrible in the languageD．were all terrible words10．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Clumsy translations can sometimes produce the desired effect.B．We should not take it for granted that anything can be translated.C．Few words and idioms can be literally translated.D．Clumsy translation could mean more than just a laughing matter.Passage ThreeVitamins are a group of substances found in food. The body needs them for life and health. So naturally, many people are concerned with the question: Am I getting enough vitamins, and am I getting the right kind?Even though very small amounts of each vitamin are enough for the needs of the body, the worry people have about vitamins has some basis. And this has something to do with their diet—the food they take in. A person eating a good variety of foods gets all the vitamins now known to be needed (with the possible exception of vitamin D).The problem is that there are many people who don't choose foods wisely, don't get enough variety, and don't eat the basic foods they need to get their vitamins. So the answer to this question is.. No extra vitamins are needed, providing you eat proper foods. In fact, many of the vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so when extra vitamins taken in, the body simply gets rid of them. It is even harmful to put too much of certain vitamins into the body. This has been found to be true of vitamin A and D, when large amounts are taken in．What foods supply what vitamins? Here is a quick general idea. Vitamin A, for the health of the eyes, skin, teeth, and bones, is found in green vegetables, fruits, eggs, liver and butter. Vitamin B1 which helps the nervous and digestive system and prevents certain diseases, is found in cereals, pork and liver. Vitamin B2 is found in milk, eggs, green vegetables and meats. Vitamin C, which helps bones and teeth, is found in tomatoes, certain fruits and vegetables. These are only a few of the most important vitamins the body needs.11．Vitamin A is needed by ______ and can be found in ______.A．bones/pork B．nervous system/milkC．eyes/green vegetables D．teeth/meats12．Vitamin C helps ______ while vitamin B1 is very important to ______.A．teeth/digestive system B．skin/bonesC．bones/liver D．eyes/meats13．Vitamins are a group of substances found in ______.A．body B．foodC．pork D．digestive system14．The body needs ______ for life and health.A．extra vitamins B．a good variety of vitaminsC．large amounts of certain vitamins D．small amounts of each vitamin15．If you take in more vitamins than you actually need, ______.A．they are harmful to your bodyB．you get all the vitamins now known to be neededC．they help our bodies more properlyD．your body simply gets rid of themPassage FourAs the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation．Once you are in the habit of rushing through life and working from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is of ten supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual diffic lties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between “flight or fight〞and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure tostress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives—it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.16．People are finding less and less time to relax themselves because ______.A．they do not know how to enjoy themselvesB．they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthC．they are traveling fast all the timeD．they are becoming busier with their work17．According to the author, the most important character for a good manager is his ______.A．not fearing stressB．knowing the art of relaxationC．high sense of responsibilityD．having control over performance18．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．We can find some ways to remove stress.B．Stress is always harmful to people.C．It is easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D．Different people can withstand different amount of stress.19．In paragraph 2, “such a reaction〞refers back to ______.A．“making a choice between ‘flight or fight'〞B．“reaction to stress both chemically and physically〞C．“responding to crises quickly〞D．“losing heart at the signs of difficulties〞20．In the last sentence of the article, “do so〞refers to ______.A．“expose ourselves to stress〞B．“find ways to deal with stress〞C．“remove stress from our lives〞D．“establish links between diseases and stress〞Part ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points)21．Love is of three varieties: unselfish, mutual and ordinary or selfish. Unselfish love is of the highest kind. Here, the one who loves seeks only the welfare of the beloved and does not care whether he suffers pains and hardships thereby. The second kind of love is mutual love in which the one who loves desires not only the happiness of his beloved, but has an eye to his own happiness also. Selfish love is the lowest. It makes a man care only for his own happiness without having any regard for the feeling of the beloved.22．Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces, and each of us must choose which we want to shape our outlook and our expectations. There is enough good and bad in everyone's life—ample sorrow and happiness, sufficient joy and pain—to find a rational basis for either optimism or pessimism. We can choose to laugh or cry, bless or curse. It's our decision: From which perspective do we want to view life? Will we look up in hope or down in despair? I believe in the upward look. I choose to highlight the positive and slip right over the negative. I am an optimist by choice as much as by nature.23．Youth is not a time of life；it is a state of mind；it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a mater of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental pre dominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, of adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20．Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. Years may wrinkle the skin. But to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust．24．All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with inherent and unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government; ...Section BDirections：Translate the following paragraph into English．(20 points)每个人一生中都该有个志向，否那么他的精力便会浪费掉。
2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试英语试卷
2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试英语试卷英语试题库2007年南京师范大学博士招生入学考试试卷Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.growing industries over 31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fa stest-decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers ofLaundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means ofproviding the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with aplausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchiremarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishesrespect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior USofficial said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a politeform of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchangecontrols are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunitiesto hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy. 1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase“stamp it out” (para.1) in thefirst paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.1英语试题库d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance oflegitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia. 4. In money-laundering, money would be moved fromthe scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-launderinghas expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student atBerkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus.Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided mewith some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. Peoplegather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electroniccity. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave theviewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also providespowerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, tel evision seemed to provide2英语试题库positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rallyfor peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ i mpression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with theverdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have anill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbedand a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happensnaturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certaincountries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of staticelectricity(静电) indoors from carpets orclothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US3英语试题库Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accountsfor the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, somescientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizersnot only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their4英语试题库program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bothertrying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs forthe benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape ofthings to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged offhis cha ir at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,” says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And twoformer hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out thatthe computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affectsthe way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identityby allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and texturedrelationships with the compute rs as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable 18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase “to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be some benefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrow5英语试题库d) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alonepublish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primaryassets, which are our software and our software-development skills,do not show up on the balance sheet at all,” says Microsoft’s boss,Bill Gates. “This is probably not veryenlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may bethe growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market valuesto book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-marketreturns and reported earnings hasincreased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investorsunderstand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software programis developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback of6英语试题库knowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses bases hisdecision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products 25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refe rs to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntary-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are theindividuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance,the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users fromeach other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance.Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course,you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, bothlarge and small. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house inth late 17century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of themunderwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared7英语试题库to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A. Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B. Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , by combining them,substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured. C. If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy. D. So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance market and youcannot do business with it directly.E. If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to you or yourcar, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F. This spreading of risk protects the individual against lossesthat may be disastrous if hehas to bear them alone.G. Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries overdecade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could notunderstand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, somescientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable toother users.35. A study has found that the share price of Americanmultinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light intoheat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took morethan an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls andtalk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the presi dent’sspeech. Today the media investigate less and preach more.......8英语试题库Part III WritingSection ADirections: For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, PleasureOr Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as People are almost phobic(恐惧症fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激).In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can robyour life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity(长寿)Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(5%) Who is Confucius(孔子),(over)9。
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2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：自然地理学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题4分）1、自然区划2、气温垂直递减率3、土地结构4、内流河二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述地壳演化及年代确定方法。
2、简述湖泊的主要类型与成因。
3、简述人地关系理论。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述全球气候变暖对长江流域自然环境演变的可能影响。
2、试述水资源分布的特点及其优化配置途径。
3、论述城市化对水文水资源的影响。
4、试述近100年来中国气候变化的主要特点和近30年气候变化的主要原因。
科目名称：自然地理学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。
3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。
3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。
分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。
科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：计算机应用基础考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题5分）1、数字高程模型2、虚拟内存3、CGI4、ORACLE二、选择题（每题1分）下列A）、B）、C）、D）四个选项中，请在正确答案选项的编号字母上打“√”。
(1) 一台计算机连入计算机网络后，该计算机A) 运行速度会加快 B) 可以共享网络中的资源 C) 内存容量变大 D) 运行精度会提高(2) 下列各项中，不属于多媒体硬件的是A) 声卡 B) 光盘驱动器 C) 显示器 D) 多媒体制作工具(3) 计算机网络与分布系统之间的区别主要是在A) 系统物理结构 B) 系统高层软件 C) 传输介质 D) 服务器类型(4) 当用户向ISP申请Internet账户时，用户的E-mail账户应包括A) UserName B) MailBox C) Password D) UserName、Password(5) 常见的pc机上连接的显示设备是A) 多色显示器 B) 彩色电视机 C) 彩色显示器 D) 黑白电视机(6) 在主存储器中的基本存储单元A) bit B) byte C) character D) word(7) 某硬盘组有6个双面盘片组成，通常应该有多少个读写头?A) 2 B) 10 C) 6 D) 12科目名称：计算机应用基础第1页共4页(8) 关系数据库设计理论主要包括三个方面内容，其中起核心作用的是A) 范式 B) 数据模式 C) 数据依赖 D) 范式和数据依赖(9) 下列说法中正确的是A) 计算机体积越大，其功能就越强B) 在微机性能指标中，CPU的主频越高，其运算速度越快C) 两个显示器屏幕大小相同，则它们的分辨率必定相同D) 点阵打印机的针数越多，则能打印的汉字字数越多(10) 字数和字符在计算机内最终都化为二进制，对于人们习惯的十进制数，通过的转换是以A) BCD码 B) 扩展BCD码 C) ASCII码 D) 扩展ASCII码(11) 当前最适合用来存储多媒体信息的是A) SRAM B) 高密度软盘 C) 磁带 D) CD-ROM(12) 自动批处理文件必须放在A) C盘根目录下 B) A盘根目录下 C) 启动盘的任一目录下 D) 启动盘的根目录下(13) 信息高速公路传送的是A) 二进制数据 B) 系统软件 C) 应用软件 D) 多媒体信息(14) 如果发现某张软盘上已染上病毒，正确的处理方法是A) 将该软盘销毁B) 将该软盘上的文件复制到另外的软盘上使用C) 换一台计算机使用该软盘上的文件，使病毒慢慢消失D) 用反病毒软件清除该软盘上的病毒或在安装有防病毒卡的计算机上格式化该软盘(15 ) 微机运算速度快慢的表示为A) 时钟频率 B) 每秒执行程序个数 C) 启动速度 D) 内存访问速度(16) 下面的程序执行后，文件testt.t中的内容是#include <stdio.h>void fun(char *fname.,char *st){ FILE *myf; int i;myf=fopen(fname,"w" );for(i=0;i<strlen(st); i++)fputc(st[i],myf);fclose(myf);}main()科目名称：计算机应用基础第2页共4页{ fun("test","new world"; fun("test","hello,"0;)A) hello, B} new worldhello, C) new world D) hello, rl(17) 以下程序的输出结果是union myun{ struct{ int x, y, z; } u;int k;} a;main(){ a.u.x=4; a.u.y=5; a.u.z=6;a.k=0;printf(%d\n",a.u.x);}A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 0(18)以下程序的输出结果是struct HAR{ int x, y; struct HAR *p;} h[2];main(){ h[0],x=1;h[0];y=2;h[1],x=3;h[1];y=4;h[0],p=&h[1],p=h;printf("%d %d \n",(h[0],p)->x,(h[1],p)->y);}A) 12 B) 23 C) 14 D) 32(19) 以下程序的输出结果是main(){ int a, b;for(a=1, b=1; a<=100; a++){ if(b>=10) break;if (b%3= =1){ b+=3; continue; }}printf("%d\n",a);}A) 101 B) 6 C) 5 D) 4(20) 以下程序的输出结果是＃define MAX(x,y) (x)>(y)?(x): (y)main(){科目名称：计算机应用基础第3页共4页int a=5,b=2,c=3,d=3,t;t = MAX(a+b,c+d)*10;printf(“d\n”, t);}A) 70 B) 7 C) 6 D) 60三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、求所有满足如下条件的三位数：它除以11得的商等于它各位数字的平方和。
例如：500除以11，商为50，52＋52＋02＝50。
使用穷尽三位数，寻找满足条件的数。
[程序]#include <stdio.h>main(){int i,j,n,s;for(i=100; i<=999; i++){n=i;j=n/11;s=0;while(n){__________________③___________________n/10;}if(j==s){printf(“%5d”, i);}}}2、虚拟现实技术编程中使用的图形接口OpenGL与DirectX的特点及主要异同点。
3、用你熟悉的程序设计语言编写出下列程序：首先输入一个整数n,然后输入n 个实数，计算其均值，并打印输出最小值、最大值和均值。
4、试述操作系统的概念、组成和分类。
科目名称：计算机应用基础第4页共4页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。
2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。
3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。
在560－620K 温度条件下，向烟气注入NH3就可削除NO和HCl并抑制PCDD的生成。
现有烟气50400m3/h，并已知其中含NO800ppm，含HCl 1520mg/L，求为去除98%NO和全部HCl所需要的NH3量（按25℃和1.013×105Pa条件下计）。
4、请试述人类对水体环境破坏的主要途径及水体保护对策。
科目名称：环境化学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境科学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、水质净化2、土地置换3、生物群落4、生化需氧量5、废物资源化6、环境管理7、清洁生产8、自然环境二、简答题（每题8分）1、对河水化学组分影响最大的环境因素有哪些？2、简述环境科学的研究对象和主要任务。
3、简述在土壤中污染物自然净化的机制。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、什么是土地沙漠化？并叙述人类在土地沙漠化过程中所起的至关重要的作用。
2、试就中国近10多年间GDP高速增加的情势，对资源过度开采和利用可能造成的环境恶果，以及国家在应对这些问题方面的宏观策略谈谈你的看法。
3、谈谈你对我国水污染的特点与治理难点的认识。