02英美文学-新古典主义时期
英美文学主要内容
英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British LiteratureThis subject is about the historical development of British literature, it describes the lives and careers of the great and major writers, especially their representative works.英国1. 中古英国文学（8世纪-14世纪）2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪中）3. 新古典主义时期（17世纪中-18世纪）4. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪中-19世纪中）5. 维多利亚时期（1836- 1901）6. 现代主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪）Mediaeval times (the 8th ~ 14th century)1)The Anglo-saxon period:About Teutons: before the invasion of Britain, the Teutons inhabited the central part of Europe as far as the Rhine, a tract which in a large measured coincides with the modern Germany. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons were different tribes of Teutons. These ancestors of the English dwelt in Danmark and in the lands extending southward along the North Sea.The literature form of this period falls into two divisions –pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral saga. The latter represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks. Two important poets in this period are Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf: the poem can be justly termed England’s national epic, its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles again the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.2)The Anglo-Norman period: the literature of this period is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales oflove and adventure, in contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the representative. Its theme is a series of the tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. The story presents a profoundly Christian view of man’s character and his destiny. By placing self-protection before honour, and deceit before his trust in the love of God, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is undoubtedly a romance told with the purpose of portraying ideal character in action.3)Geoffrey Chaucer,the ‘father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet. Chaucer’s masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, which has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled. These people include young squire, yeoman, forester, Prioress, miller, ploughman, etc.文艺复兴时期文学The Renaissancethe 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art, this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance, which originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism (vagueness).In Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. In the renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievement of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English renaissance.1. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. His greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His greatest comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the Merchant of Venice, as you like it and Twelfth Night. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideal of happiness. They trust in themselves and their efforts are crowned with success. The general spirit is optimism.The Merchant of Venice: A moneyless young man Bassanio loves a rich beauty Portia. He wants to marry to her, so he appeals to his friend Antonio for help. To aid Bassanio in his courtship, he borrows money from Shylock the Jewish usurer. Shylock agrees to lend the money on the condition that if the loan is not paid in three months, he may cut a pound of flesh from Antonia’s body. Unfortunately, Antonio can’t pay the money because his ship doesn’t return on time. Shylock demands his pound of flesh and Antonio is in danger now. At the critical moment, a young doctor of law comes to help him. He asks Shylock to take no more or no less than one pound of flesh and spilling no drop of blood. Shylock can’t do this, so Antonia is saved. The man who saves the life of Antonio is no other than Portia in disguise! Portia: she is one of S hakespeare’s ideal women--- beautiful, cultured, courteous（谦恭）and capable of rising to an emergency. Shylock: he is an avaricious money-lender and a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has suffered much in the hands of the Christians. His revolting bond is counterbalanced by Antonio’s arrogant treatmen t of him. We can see his loud protest against racial discrimination.Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole story shows how hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. The famous line in the play “to be or not to be” by hamlet is often quoted by people. He is a hero of the renaissance. He loves good and hates evil. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.Othello is a splendid Moorish general in Venice. He marries to a beautiful girl and they live happily together. Iago is a very bad man and he envies his happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed him. He believes him and kills his wife. But at last he knows the truth and regrets very much, so he killed himself. It is a tragedy of humanism and a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice. Othello is a great warrior and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Though his kin is dark, he has great moral beauty. He loves Desdemona dearly because he finds her to be the embodiment of integrity, sincerity and loftiness of mind. Their tragedy shows that noble-minded people maybe led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit mistakes if they can not distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good.King Lear: Lear is the king of Britain and he is a self-wild old man, intends to divide his realm among his three daughters by asking them how much they love him. The two elder daughters win his trust by fine words. But his little daughter Cordelia says she loves him according to her duty, not more or less. Her father is angry and decides to give her nothing.Sonnet: the sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme scheme.Francis Bacon:an outstanding prose writer in time. His works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical (the Advancement of Learning), the literary (Essays - Of Truth, Of Death, Of Friendship), and the professional (Reading on the Status of Uses) works.17世纪文学(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1. John Milton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. His works include paradise lost, paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. Milton has noble thought and splendid imagery. He is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous. His works are marked by cosmic themes and lofty religious idealism. Paradise lost is his masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, god is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody his belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. John Bunyan. The Pilgrim’s Progress.The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bibble, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire. He tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the on coming disaster and asks them to go with him i search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. so he starts off with a friend Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures, they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are attempted to take a pleasant path and are thn captured by Gelestial City at last. There they enjoy eternal life in the followship of the blessed.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in English language. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey –is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English scenes, but throughout details. Here the strange is combined with familiar and trivial joined to the divine, and at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for story-telling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.Th secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of all, not a procession of shadows repeating theauthor’s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humour, in a word, with all qualities that cuch a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having an story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.18世纪文学(the age of Enlightenment in England)After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Enlightenment: it was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Realism. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. What the writers described in their works were social realities and the main characters were usually common men. The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment held that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to an evil environment.1. Daniel Defoe has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascination. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. Crusoe was a sailor, a merchant and a slave-owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. Finally, he was saved and got married in England. At last, he sailed back to the island and established a colony there.2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s travels ; A Modest Proposal3. Joseph Addison. Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the Assizes.3. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones4. William Blake songs of innocence, songs of experience- the chimney-sweeper, London and the tiger. It shows the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.5. Robert burns a red, red rose. He wrote poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet. His major poets include I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The solitary reaper. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of its language.2. George Gordon Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. She walks in beauty and Don Juan. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. T he long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in many countries.3. Percy Bysshe ShelleyHis short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics are Ode to the west wind and to a skylark. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is a famous line in ode tothe west wind.4. John KeatsHis famous works are ode to a nightingale, ode on a Grecian Urn and ode to autumn. Ode is his main form of poetry. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is beauty in truth, truth beauty. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.5. Walter ScottWaverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. He is the first novelist to recreate the past. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. He is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people.In a sense, his literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane AustenHer major works are Pride and prejudice, Emma, sense and sensibility. She was popular all through the 19th century. Pride and prejudice is his masterpiece. The central character is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets. Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because she thinks he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, misunderstandings disappear and they are happily united. The plot is simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life. 维多利亚时期文学The Victorian AgeCritical realism appeared during this period. Dickens is the representative writer. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representation of social and political events, and one of the fate of individuals and of whole social class.1. Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. He wrote lots of famous works, such as a tale of two cities. David Copperfield, Hard times and.Oliver Twist,Oliver Twist is one of the best works of Dickens. Oliver Twist is an orphan boy. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under cruel conditions. Then he runs to London and meets a gang of thieves. They try to convert Oliver into a thief. He is rescued by a rich man, but the thieves kidnap him, make him join them again. At last, he is saved and adopted by the kind man. His vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London shows the sympathy for the lower classes. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. This happy issue shows his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.2. William Makepeace Thackeray is a representative of critical realism in 19th century. He is a realist, a satirist and a moralist.Vanity fair: the title was taken from Bunyan’s pilgrim’s Progress. The main characters are Amelia and Becky. Amelia is a simple but kind girl and Becky is a craft and resourceful girl. Becky is an orphan and tries to make her way into the upper society. She is a classic example of those who grub money by all means.3. Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre is a story about an orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt, she goes to a charity school. Later she becomes a governess of Mr. Rochester. He loves her. Before their wedding, she learns that he has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, she left him. When she heard that his house is destroyed in a fire and he becomes blind, she returned to him and became his wife. In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.4. Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights it deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is a gipsy. He ispicked up by Me. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Healthcliff and the daughter Miss Catherine have loved each other since childhood. When he grows up, he joins the army and three years later he becomes a rich man. When he comes back, he finds his lover has been married to another man. Later, he becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. It’s a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.5. George Eliot: has three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The mill on the floss, silas marner. The hero of Adam Bede is a village carpenter, an honest young man. He falls in love with a girl, but the girl gives her heart to a selfish squire. Later the girl is put into prison for deserting her own child. Adam and a woman preacher get married.7. Alfred Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. His main poetical works include Ulysses; break, break, break; Crossing the Bar. He has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. He has genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. No poet could surpass him at linking descriptions of nature to the state of the mind.8. Robert Browning is realistic, optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. His contribution to poetry is his dramatic monologues.现代作家—twentieth century literature.In modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and the objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. 1. John Galsworthy is one of the greatest novelists in the early 20th century. He was born in a wealthy family. After graduation from Oxford, he began to devote himself to literary work. His style is noted for its strength and elasticity. His language is simple, clear and straightforward.The forsyte saga has been regarded as his masterpiece. It includes three novels and two interludes. And the man of propert y marks the peak of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works. Forsyte is the central figure of the story, who is the man of property. He has married a girl, but pays no attention to her thoughts and feelings, regarding her as a piece of his property. Then his wife loves another who is killed by a car.2. Bernard Shaw was a greatest dramatist in the 20th century. He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His play deals with contemporary social problems. His major plays include widowers’ houses, the apple cart, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren’s profession and heartbreak house. Widowers’ houses satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor, suffering people. An English businessman Mr. Sartorius and his daughter meet a young doctor Harry Trench while traveling in Germany. The two youth fall in love with each other and plan to get married. Then Trench finds that his future father-in-law makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, so he refuses to marry her daughter. Later, Sartorius reveals that Trench's income is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius. At last, Harry and Blanche reunite.3. David Herbert Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright and literary critic. In his works, he confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. He is best known for his novels Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an Industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His use of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal wayof thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behavior and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilization's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.Sons and Lovers is Lawrence’s semi-autob iographical novel. It tells the story of a coal miner’s family with the son Paul as the central character. The thread of the story evolved around Paul’s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother Mrs. Morel.4. James Joyce was born in Dublin. His major novels include: a portrait of the artist as a young man, Ulysses and Dubliners. James Joyce is the founder of stream of consciousness.He tried not merely to describe how a character might think, but also to present a record of the character’s thoughts.5. Thomas Hardy1)The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rulesthe world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. 2) fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 3) Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness.Tess of the D’Urbervilles, His masterpieces are Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the major of Casterbridge, far from the madding crowed and Jude the obscure. Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Clare. On their wedding night, she confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. He husband can not accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, he comes back and wants Tess to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is arrested and hanged. The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicket oppressors represented by Alec.The son’s veto。
02英美文学-新古典主义时期
《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》
Comments
1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).
John Dryden’s Works:
3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “All for Love” “一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy” “论戏剧诗”
新古典主义文学
新古典主义时期（Neo-Classicism）
产生背景
欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价值、倡导公民义务等新古典主义文艺思潮。
这一思潮发源于法国，对西欧也有一定影响。
新古典主义时期的文学理论和创作原则遵循唯理主义观点，认为艺术必须从理性出发，注重古典艺术形式的完整，追求雅典、庄重、和谐。
新古典主义在英国的发展
新古典主义在英国文学中主要是指1660-1784年从德莱顿到
约翰逊这一文学发展阶段，大致可以分为三个时期：王政时期、文学鼎盛时期和约翰逊时期。
主要代表作家：德莱顿、斯威夫特、斯梯尔、哥尔德斯密斯、吉本等。
这一阶段作家的散文、诗歌以及戏剧创作一般以严谨清晰的思想、简约优美形式与和谐完整的结构为主。
17世纪中叶英国散文开始进入形式讲究、体律丰满的境地，古典主义的创作原则逐渐促使散文体规范化和形式上典雅完美。
18世纪中叶散文又出现了一次自觉繁荣的高潮，斯梯尔、斯威夫特、爱狄生等撰写的散文一扫文风雕琢、华而不实之习气而使散文面向生活，走向朴素、诚实和自信。
18世纪初，古典主义精神在蒲诗中得到了极其充分的体现，并
使英雄双韵形式的运用达到最高的完美境界。
他的诗作思想明晰，结构匀称，语言优雅，音韵和谐，影响英国多年。
二新古典主义时期
一：新古典主义时期界定:The Neoclassical period is a period in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordswoth and Coleridge in 1798.二：政治经济背景:Of the great political and social events there were the Restoration of King Charles Ⅱin 1660 ,the Great Plague of 1665 ,the Glorious Revolution in1689 .England practiced the Acts of Enclosure .Middle of the 18th,the first powerful capitalist c ountry ,“the work-shop of the world”,they believed in self-restraint ,self-reliance and hard-work .三：此时期文学艺术特色:创作规则:(Alexander Pope ,John Dryden ,Samuel Johnson ):Prose should be precise ,direct ,smooth and flexible .Poetry should belyrical ,epical ,didactic ,satiric or dramatic ,and each class should be guided by its own principles .Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets ;the three unities oftime ,space and action should be strictly observed ;regularity in construction should be adhered to ,and type characters rather than individuals should be represented .四:启蒙运动影响：the Age of Enlightenment(18th-century) : The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas .提倡order ,reason and rules ,advocated universal education .五:英国现代小说:起于18世纪中叶.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats ,the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people .六：重要作家：①Daniel Defoe 笛福重要作品:著名代表作:《Robinson Crusoe》.艺术特色:He had a gift for organizing minute details in such vivid way that his histories could be both credible and fascinating .语句时而short ,crisp and plain ,有时long and rambling ,which leave an the reader an impression of casual narration .His language issmooth ,easy ,colloquial and mostly vernacular .《Robinson Crusoe》解析:In Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a navie and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man ,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life .Robinson is a real hero :a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man ,with a great capacity for work ,inexhaustible energy ,courage ,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles ,in struggling against the hostile natural environment .He is the very prototype of the empire builder ,the pioneer colonist .②Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特:主要作品:《A Tale of a Tub》,《The Battle of the Book》最佳小说作品:《Gulliver's Travels》解析:共四卷:Each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune .contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life .其社会讽刺:The book Gulliver's Travels is one of the most effective and devastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life --socially ,politically ,religious ,philosophically ,scientifically ,and morally .《A Modest Proposal》is generally taken as a perfect satire model .③Henry Fielding菲尔丁的语言风格:誉为“Father of the English Novel”.The first to set out ,both in theory and practice ,to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”,the fire to give the modern novel its structur e and style ,he adropted “the third-per-son”narration ,so“all-knowing God”.His language is easy ,unlaboured and familiar ,but extremely vivid and vigorous .His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm ,and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending .His works are also noted for lively ,dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspence ,coincidence and unexpectedness .《The History of Tom Jones 》《汤姆琼斯》主题意义:The full name is The History of Tom Jones ,a Foundling is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature .Tom ,the titular hero of the story ,is a boy found in Mr. Allworthy's house and brought up here with the kind old man's nephew Bilifil .The latter ,a hypocritical ,wicked man ,is envious of Mr. Allworthy's fondness for the foundling and of Tom's intimacy with the beautiful Sophia ,daughter of the well-off squire Western .He plays some tricks so that Mr. Allworthy drives Tom out of the house .Tom ,intending to go to sea ,wrongly takes the road to london ,and Sophia ,in rebellion against her father's desire that she be married to Bilifil ,marches out for London too ,accompanied by her maid .The two young people ,especially Tom ,have many adventures on the road ,but in the end ,after some misunderstanding between them ,they are happily united .Generally cosidered Fielding 's masterpiece ,it brings its author the name of the“Prose Homer”.By this ,Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a “comic epic in prose”.。
英语专八 马思特英国作家作品[重点]
![英语专八 马思特英国作家作品[重点]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/3fd0e5c34028915f804dc2e9.png)
英美文学资料( I )英国文学Chapter 1 Renaissance文艺复兴时期The father of English poetry: Geoffrey Chaucer：heroic couplet The Canterbury Tales英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）The House of FameI. Edmund Spenser : ―the poet’s poet‖Epithalamion 《贺新婚曲》The Faerie Queene 《仙后》II．Christopher MarloweTamburlaine 铁木耳转Dr. Faustus 浮士德悲剧The Jew of Malta 马乐他岛的犹太人Edward II 爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德尔Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦III. William ShakespeareRape of Lucrece 鲁克斯受辱记Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳Richard II 理查二世King John 约翰王Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry VSix Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人Much Ado About Nothing 无事无非As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们Two Tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗米欧与朱丽叶Julius Caesar 凯撒HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里佩特拉Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达All’ s Well That Ends Well (comedy) 终成成眷属Measure for Measure (comedy) 一报还一报Pericles 伯里克利Cymbeline 辛白林The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨Henry VIIIThe Two Noble Kinsmen两位贵族亲戚IV. Francis Bacon：philosopher, scientist, essayist the first English essayist The Advancement of Learning 论科学的价值与发展Novum Organum (New Instrument) 新工具Apophthagmes New and Old 新旧格言录The History of the Reign of Henry VIIThe New Atlantis 新大西岛Maxims of Law 法律原理The Learning Reading upon the Statute of Uses法令使用读书Essays 论说文集，随笔V. John Donne: the leading figure of the ―Metaphysical school‖玄学派Conceit ―奇喻‖: a far-fetched metaphor or simileThe Elegies and Satires挽歌与十四行诗The Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗A Hymns to God the Father 给圣父的赞美诗VI. John Milton: the greatest English poet and writer of political pamphlets Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Lycidas 利西达斯Areopagitica 论出版自由Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期(1660-1798)Enlightenment literature:The reign of so-called classicismThe revival of romantic periodThe beginnings of the modern novelThe Realistic Novel：pioneers: Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.I． John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 罪人头目的赫免The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 拜德门先生生死录The Holy War 圣战II． Alexander Pope --poet & satiristThe Dunciad 群愚史诗;愚人志An Essay on Criticism 论批评The Rape of the Lock 夺发记III. Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记Captain Singleton 辛立顿船长Moll Flanders 莫尔弗兰德斯A Journal of the Plague Year 灾疫之年的日记Colonel Jack 杰克上校Roxana 罗克萨那IV. Jonathan Swift : Proper words in proper places make the true definition of a style.A Tale of a Tub 木桶传The Battle of the Books 书籍的战斗Gulli ver’s Travels 格列弗游记A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议The Drapier’s Letters 布商的书信V. Henry Fielding: Father of the English NovelThe Coffee House Politician 咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of the Tragedies 悲剧中的悲剧The Historical Register for the Year 1736 1736历史年鉴The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adam s, Written in Imitation of the Manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the GreatThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯The History of Amelia 阿米亚Joseph AndrewsVI. Samuel Johnson English writer，critic，& lexicographerThe Vanity of Human Wishes 人生希望多空幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (a romance)阿比西尼亚王子的故事Irene (a tragedy) 艾琳The Rambler and The Idler 漫游者和闲散者Lives of PoetsA Dictionary of the English LanguageVII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan: British dramatist & statesmanThe Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校St. Patrick’s Day圣特帕里克节日Scheming Lieutenant 诡计多端的中尉The Duenna 少女的监护人The Critic 批评家Pizarro 比扎罗VIII． Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 写在教堂墓地的挽歌Ode on a Spring 春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College 伊顿远眺Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat 爱猫之死颂Hymn to Adversity 逆境颂Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 浪漫住义时期Lyric Ballads Wordsworth and ColeridgeI． William BlakePoetic Sketches 诗歌扎记The Songs of Innocence 天真之歌The Songs of Experience 经验之歌Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻The Book of Urizen 尤里曾的书The Book of Los 洛斯的书The Four Zoas 四个成熟的个体Milton 弥尔顿Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose, My Heart’s in the HighlandAn excellent native poet of ScotlandII. William Wordsworth (Worshiper of Nature): Lake Poets Coleridge, Robert Southey Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature."Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)The PreludeThe ExcursionWorshipper of Nature(The Sparr,w’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walking, My Heartn Leaps up, Tintern Abbey)She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, The Solitary ReaperIII. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ：poet & criticLyrical BalladsThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner （古舟子咏）Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）This Lime Free Bower My Prison （酸橙树亭------我的监牢）Frost at Midnight 午夜霜The Nightingale 夜莺Biographia Literaria文学传记ChristabelIV． George Gordon ByronHours of Idleness 闲散的时光Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记Oriental Tales 东方化的传奇The Prisoner of Chillon 锡庸的囚徒Manfred 曼弗雷德Don Juan 唐璜Cain 该隐The Island 岛屿The Vision of Judgement 审判的想象V. Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindTo a SkylarkThe CloudThe Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem 仙后麦布Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude 复仇者或隐居者的精神Julian and Maddalo 朱利安与麦达格The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci 钦契一家The Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Adomais 阿多尼斯Hellas 海娜斯A Defense of Poetry 诗之辩护VI. John Keats: pursuits a kind of romantic beauty iOn First Looking into Chapman’s HomerEndymion[希神]恩底弥翁(月神)Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Psyche)Lyric masterpiece (To Autumn, Hyperion)VII. Jane AustenSense and Sensibility 理智与情感Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德花园Emma 埃玛Persuasion 劝导The Watsons 屈陈氏一爱Fragment of a Novel 小说的片断Plan of a Novel 小说的计划Walter Scott : the first major historical novelistWaverleyIvanhoeRob RoyChapter 4. The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期(1836-1901)I． Charles Dickens：the greatest representative of English critical realism Sketches by Boz 博兹特写集The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝American NotesDavid Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁朱尔述维特A Christmas CarolDombey and Son 董贝父子Barnaby RudgeBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友II. The Bronte SistersPoems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily, Anne)Agnes Grey（Anne）The Tenant of Wildfell Hall（Anne）The Professor (Charlotte) 教师Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte) 简爱Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte) 呼啸山庄III. Alfred TennysonPoems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 诗集，主要是抒情诗Poems 诗集The Princess 公主In Memoriam 悼念Idylls of the King 国王叙事集Crossing the BarBreadk, Breadk, BrealIV. Robert Browning: Dramatic MonologueMy Last DuchessPauline 波琳Sordello 索尔戴洛Dramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧罗曼史和抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛与石榴Men and Women 男人与女人Dramatic Personae 剧中人The Ring and the Book指环与书Dramatic Idylls 戏剧田园诗V. George Eliot:woman novelist psychological analysisMost of her novels are characterized by two features：moral teaching & psychological realism. Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Adam Bede 亚当比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊Romola 罗慕拉Felix holt, the Radical 激进分子菲尼克斯霍尔特Middlemarch 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda 但尼尔狄隆达VI. Thomas Hardy: novels of Character and Environment―Fatalism‖—pessimistic philosophyThe Dynasts 列后A Pair of Blue EyesThe Trumpet Major 号兵长Desperate RemediesThe Hand of EthelbertaThe Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Under the Greenwood 林间居民Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣The Return of the Native 还乡Tess of the D’Urbervilles苔丝Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德Chapter 5 现代主义时期(end of the 19c –20c)I. George Bernard Shaw: dramatistCashel Byron’s Profession 卡歇尔拜伦的职业[novel]Our Theaters in the Nineties 90年代的英国戏剧[criticism]Widowers’ Houses 鳏夫的房产Candida 堪迪达Mrs. Warren’s Profession 沃伦夫人的职业Caesar and Cleopatra 凯撕与克利奥佩特拉 [history play]St. Joan 圣女贞德[history play]Back to Methuselah 回归玛士撒拉 [life power]Man and Superman人与超人[life power]Apple CartJohn Bull’s Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿Pygmalion 茶花女Getting Married 结婚Misalliance 不合适的媳妇Fanny’s First Play 范尼的第一部戏剧The Doctor’s Dilemma医生的困境Too True to Be Good 难以置信II. John GalsworthyFrom the Four Winds 来自四位吹奏者The Man of Property 财主;The Silver Box 银盒The Forsyte Saga弗尔赛特三部曲 ( The Man of Property, 有产业的人 In Chancery 骑虎难下, To Let 出租)A Modern Comedy 现代喜剧End of the Chapter 篇章未尾III. William Butler Yeats: In 1923，he was awarded NobeI Prize for 1iterature.The Lake of Innisfree 伊尼斯岛Easter of 1916New Era 新的纪元Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭：explored the problems of death, love,old age and art Down by the Salley GardensHis Play:The Countess Cathleen 女伯爵凯瑟琳Cathleen ni Houlihan 故里痕的凯瑟琳The Land of Heart’s Desire 心里渴望的地方The Shadowy Waters 浅水区Purgatory 炼狱IV. T. S. EliotHis play:Murder in the Cathedral （1935）教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion （1939）家人团聚The Cocktail Party （1950）鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk （1954）机要秘书The-Elder Statesman （1959）政治家His poem:The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 布鲁富劳克的情歌The Waste Land 荒园His prose:Tradition and Individual TalentV. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers 儿子与情人The White Peacock白孔雀The Trespasser 过客The Rainbow彩虹Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod亚伦神仗Kangaroo 袋鼠The Plumed Serpent带羽毛的蛇Lady Chatterley’s LoverSt. Mawr 圣摩尔The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿The Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿The Captain’s Doll 般长的娃娃The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉普塞人Trilogy(A Collier’s Friday Night, 矿工周五的夜晚The Daughter-in-law,儿媳The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍尔伊德夫人VI. James Joyce: the most prominent stream of consciousness novelistDubliner 都柏林人A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的自画像Ulysses 尤利西斯Finnegans Wake 为芬尼根守灵Herbert George WellsThe Time MachineThe Island of Dr.MoreauWilliam Somerset Maugham毛姆Of Human bondageThe Moon and SixpenceVirginia Woolf 沃尔夫novelist and essayistMr. DallowayTo the Lighthouse 到登塔去The WavesWilliam Golding：was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983Lord of the Flies 蝇王美国文学Chapter 1 The Romantic Period (the end of 18c ---the outbreak of the Civil War)Longfellow 朗费罗：poetEvangeline (1847) 伊凡吉兰The Song of Hiawatha (1885) 海华沙之歌[在美国文学史上这是描写印第安人的第一部史诗]I． Washington Irving : Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources，which are chiefly Germanic. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.A History of New York form the Beginning of the World to the End of Dutch Dynasty 自古至荷兰占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent 见闻扎记Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇庄园Tales of a Travel 旅行者的故事Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说II. Ralph Waldo Emerson：Transcendentalism 超验主义–an American version of Romantism Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau，Whitman，and Dickinson.Nature 论自然Essay 散文集The American Scholar 论美国学者Self-Reliance 论自助The Over-Soul 论超灵Henry David Thoreau: transcendentalist writerWalden瓦尔登湖James Fenimore Cooper: the first great American writer of fictionThe PioneersThe Last of the MohicansThe PrairieThe PathfinderThe DeerslayerEdgar Allan Poe: poet and critic, the first master of the short story formThe Murder in the Rue MorgueIII. Nathaniel HawthorneMosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 雪像和其他故事新编The Scarlet Letter 红字The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance 福谷传说The Marble Faun 大理石雕像IV. Herman Melville : Moby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel，the first American prose epic（散文史诗：a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated），though it is presented in the form of a novel. Typee 泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi 玛迪Redburn 雷德本White Jacket 白外衣Pierre 皮埃尔Confidence-Man 信心人Moby-Dick 白鲸：It is a mixture of romanticism and realismBilly Budd 比利伯德V.Harriet Beecher StowerUncle Tom’s CabinWalt Whitman: He is the poet of the common people and the prophet and singer of democracy. Leaves of GrassChapter 2 The Realistic Period 现实主义时期(1865-1914)I. Mark Twain : Mark Twain is a great literary giant of America, whom H.L.Mencken considered ―the true father of our national literature.‖Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: The book marks the climax of Twain's literary creativityLife on MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyInnocent Abroad 傻瓜出国记Roughing It 含莘如苦The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Gilded Age 镀金时代A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger 神秘的陌生人II. Henry James: a novelist and criticThe American 美国人Daisy Miller 黛西米勒The European 欧洲人The Protrait of A Lady 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians 波士顿人Princess Casamassima 卡撒玛西公主The Private Life 私生活The Middle Years 中年The Turn of the Screw 螺丝的拧紧The Beast in the Jungle 丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows 梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼The Ambassadors 大使The Golden Bowl 金碗The Death of a Lion 狮之死The Art of Fiction：literary criticismIII. Emily Dickinson: American best known female poetIf you were coming in the fallThere came a day Summer’s fullI cannot live with YouI’m ceded-I’ve stopped being theirsI like to see it lap the MilesBecause I could not stop for deathIV． Theodore Dreiser [naturalism]Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹 Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗格姆和他的特里萨 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘Trilogy of Desire The Financier 金融家 The Titan The Stoic The Genius 天才An American Tragedy 美国悲剧 Dreiser at Russia 德莱塞对俄罗斯的观感Stephen Crane [naturalism]The red badge of courageJack LondonThe Call of the WildThe Sea WolfWhite FangThe Iron HeelMartin EdenChapter 3 The Modern Period 现代主义时期[20世纪初期至中叶]I. Ezra Pound : Imagist MovementHis poetic works：The Cantos 诗章Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound 庞德的诗章Personae 人物Cantos Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利His critical essays：Make It New 要革新Literary Essays 文学散文The ABC of Reading 阅读入门Polite Essays 优雅的随笔His translations：The Translations of Ezra Pound 庞德译文集Confucius 孔子Shih-Ching 诗集II. Robert Lee Frost ：He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961.Known for his verse concerning New England life.After Apple-PickingThe Road Not TakenA Boy’s Will 一个男孩儿的愿望North of Boston 波士顿以北Mountain IntervalNew Hampshire 新罕布什尔Snowy Evening 雪夜停马在林边West-Running Brook 向西流去的小溪Collected Poems 诗选A Winter TreeIII. Eugene O’Neill: the Greatest American playwright, Nobel Prize 1936Eugene O'Neill is unquestionably America's greatest playwright. He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize （1936）。
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
自考英美文学选读_第二章_新古典主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第二章新古典主义时期这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。
在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。
在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。
市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。
在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。
英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。
到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。
随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。
工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。
这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(3)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（3）-2Samuel Johnson，commonly called Dr. Johnson，was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet，dramatist，prose romancer，biographer，essayist，critic，lexicographer & publicist.2. 识记：His major worksHis major works include poems：“London”(1738)，& “The vanity of Human Wishes”(1749); a romance：The History of Rasselas，Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy：Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)。
As a lexicographer，Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)，a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &styleSamuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism，be was rather conservative，openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience，i.e. Nature; he must please，but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope，he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.Samuel Johnson’s language is characteristically general，often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However，no matter how complex his sentences are，his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use “learned words，” they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English LanguageIn 1746，a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755，A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole，the work showed great scholarship，although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson’s prejudices.5. 应用：Selected ReadingTo the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfieldThe letter is written in a refined & very polite language，with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection，reasoning & questioning express，to the best satiric effect，the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical l ord. It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence，signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan1. 一般识记：His dramatic careerRichard B. Sheridan，British dramatist & statesman，born in Dublin，Ireland，Oct. 30，1751，and died in London，England，July 7，1816.Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip，hypocrisy，& the corrupting influence of fashionable city life，it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan’s other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775)，is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop，whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays，in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing，represent a rebirth of the type of polished，sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)2.识记The theme of his playsMorality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan’s plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.3.领会：His writing techniquesSheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized，his characters，either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn，& his manipulation of such devices as disguise，mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
02英美文学-新古典主义时期
莱
Achitophel”
顿
“押沙龙与阿托奈拖菲尔”
Its subject is politics and written in heroic couplet.
6. a comedy
Marriage a la Mode
《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》
Comments
1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level.
2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell.
3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet.
The Neoclassical Period
The Neoclassical Period
Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798
Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an
恪守希腊罗马时期的古典美学原则 形式上强调体裁的既定形式，主题上强调
《英美文学选读》辅导(4) 第二章 新古典主义时期1(BunyanPopeDefoe and S
D A C
ha
t r n
a
pi
a
d
n o
i y
n e
T he Ha d r ly
t
I t a li a n
n
d m ir e d
v e
t
he
n
Fre
s
h
p
t
yo
.
n
e
lo
d
t
a he l 、 li a
e x e e
he F e r n c h
D
u
t
e
h
r M朋 t a d d mi e e e
A
m
u se
d m
t
o
d
t
n e
e一
ide
a s
ibe
a
y
a n
d p h i lo s o p h ie a l m
.
o v e
e n
in g
o
一
4
e n
.
In
t
h e f ie ld men
o
o
f li t e r
u
_
tu
a
d
a r
t is t ie
r e
,
t t
.
he E
a r e v
n
l ig h t
t
d
t
h e p r in
ip
a
l l it
y
e r a
Th
5 1
e
n e
o la c
ss
ie
a
l pe be
t
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（2）
II. Alexander pope 1. ⼀般识记His life & career English poet & satirist， born in London， England， May 21， 1688， died in Twickenham， England May 30， 1744. Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy， literature， & criticism. In An Essay on Man， he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. 2. 识记Pope's literally outlook As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism， emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order， reason， logic， restrained emotion， good taste & decorum. According to Pope， almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible， Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic， satiric or dramatic， & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed； regularity in construction should be adhered to， & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 3. 识记His major works 1） The Rape of the Lock A delightful burlesque of epic poetry， it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair. 2） An Essay on Criticism His first important work， An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work， he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste， common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style， hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading. 3） The Dunciad Generally considered Pope's best satiric work， The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general， & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies， are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government， social morals， education & even religion， is expertly exposed & satirized. 4. 领会His language style Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit， good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare， he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems， developed a satiric， concise，smooth， graceful &well-balanced style. 5. 应⽤Selected Readings An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism. An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle， Horace， Boileau， etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists. In Part 2， Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style. III. Daniel Defoe 1. ⼀般识记His life English novelist & journalist， born in London， England， 1660， and died in London， Apr. 26，1731. Like Pope， he never went to university， but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant & all his life his business underwent many ups & downs & yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues. 2. 识记His social outlook As a member of the middle class， Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works， he gave his praise to the hard-working， sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden， unfortunate poor. 3. 识记His major works Defoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials， such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages， personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe （1719）， an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year （1722）， sometimes considered his best work， has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece， Moll Flanders （1722）， is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions"， the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts，prisons， & other social institutions of Defoe's era. 4. 领会Characteristics of his works Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short， crisp & plain， & sometimes long & rambling， which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth， easy， colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language： it is common English at its best. 5. 应⽤Selected Reading An Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse. Robinson Crouse， an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time， is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel， Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na？ve & simple youth into a mature & hardened man， tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero： a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work， inexhaustible energy， courage， patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles， in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder，the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island， Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude， which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence， & get his reward. VI. Jonathan Swift 1. ⼀般识记His life English author， born in Dublin， Ireland， Nov. 30， 1667， and died in Dublin， Oct. 19， 1745. Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist in English literature. Through fables， allegories， & pamphlets he savagely exposed the vices &follies of mankind &championed common sense. 2. 识记Swift's humanist view Swift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience， he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion， human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life， enlightenment is needed， but to redress it is very hard. So， in his writings， although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation. 3. 领会His style Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple， direct，precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear， simple， concrete diction，uncomplicated sentence structure， economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays， poems & novels. 4. 应⽤Selected reading An Excerpt from Chapter III， Part I of Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels， Jonathan Swift's best fictional work， contains four parts， each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially， politically， religiously， philosophically，scientifically， & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound. Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure，the four parts make an organic whole， with each contrived upon an independent structure， & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & even immortality. The lost part，where comparison is made through both similarities &。
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".新古典主义英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.现实主义小说笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)：主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高成就，被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
哥特式小说哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
“哥特”被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题,并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡, 修道院。
他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺．Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.背景：It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.特点：In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical workskeep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracya furderance of the renaissencethe enlightenment movement,advocated the universal educationhad specificrules for almost every gener of literatureliterature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity启蒙运动：he enlightenment movementin 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the timethe moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-centuryits purpose was to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideasthe enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and sciencethey called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope班扬天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress蒲伯论批评 An Essay on Criticism笛福鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe斯威夫特格列佛游记 Gulliver's Travels菲尔丁汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones约翰逊英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English Language谢里丹造谣学校 The School for Scandal格雷墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard班阳 John Bunyan语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣其它作品：罪人头目的赦免败德门先生生死录圣战天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a religious aellgory pursue the turththe most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literaturethe theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrinesand seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds ofsocial evil应用：The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair”名利场的寓言意义 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‟s heart, so people are spiritually lost.However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.蒲柏Alexander Pope是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义
Alexander Pope
1688-1774
2。亚历山大 蒲柏 Alexander Pope
1688-1744 A great poet
蒲柏是启蒙主义时期英国文学的代表人物，新古典主义的倡 导者，他第一个将理性主义（rationalism)引入英国，强调 秩序在文艺创作中的重要性。作为当时最伟大的诗人，他发 展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅及平衡的诗风，并使英雄偶句 诗体(Heroic couplet) 完美化。 代表作有 《论批评》（An Essay on Criticism), 《夺发纪》（The Rape of the Lock), 《群愚史诗》（The Dunciad）， 《论人类》（An Essay on Man）等， 另有译作《伊里亚特》（Iliad) 和《奥德赛》（Odyssey）
Heroic Couplet
The heroic couplet, lines in iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs, appeared early in English---it was Chaucer„s favorite meter---and came into vogue流行 in poetic drama in the seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth century, in the hands of masters like Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, it became for many years the dominant English verse form. In the Neo-classical period the heroic couplet consisted of a couplet of end-stopped lines which formed a short stanza, and substituted for the Greek and Latin heroic hexameter 六音步 .
英国文学第二章新古典主义时期
英国文学第二章新古典主义时期The Neoclassical PeriodI. John Bunyannovelist.His masterpiece is The pilgrim’s Progress. As a stout Puritan , he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believe in salvation through spiritual struggle.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and kinds of social evils.II. Alexander Popepoet.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order , political order, social order, aesthetic order , and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.III. Daniel Defoea novelist.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. He wrote four other novels:Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders,Colonel Jack and Roxana, those novels deal with the personal history of some hero or heroine, usually a whore, a pirate, a pickpocket, a rogueor some other criminal.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Defoe was a very good story-teller.The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, the pioneer colonist.IV. Jonathan Swifta prose writer and a master satirist.A Tale of a Tub and Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist.His A Modest Proposal is generally taken as a perfect model.His other works are: The Drapier’s Letters , Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels: Swift’s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve humannature and human institutions.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings----essays, poems and novels.V. Henry Fieldinga novelist.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel”, for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern novel.His masterpiece is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.During his career as a dramatist Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the year 1736.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home”. The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.Tome Jones, the novel consist of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.VI. Samuel Johnsona poet, lexicographer.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer, He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. He was the last great neoclassical enlightener in the later eighteenth century.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridana playwright.His masterpiece : The School for Scandal and The Rivals.In his plays, morality is the constant theme.In the Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter’s opinion.In The School for Scandal, the satire becomes even sharper as the characters are exposed scene by scene to their defenseless nakedness.His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and language also make acharacteristic of his plays.VII. Tomas Graya poet.His masterpiece: Elegy Written in a County Churchyard, this poem established his fame as the leader of sentimental poetry of the day. Especially “the Graveyard school.His style is sophisticated ad allusive. His poem marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.。
英美文学选读复习资料 2. 新古典主义时期
一.新古典主义时期概述1. 识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定（2）政治经济背景（3）启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.3) The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme & are written with five beats each..4) the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.二.该时期的重要作家1，一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯2，识记：重要作品及主要内容3，领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色其代表作的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，艺术特色，社会意义等。
英美文学选读四大史诗
英美文学选读四大史诗英国文学：上古和中世纪时期(公元450年—14世纪下叶)《贝奥武甫》英国上古时期盎格鲁撒克逊的民族史诗，杰弗雷·乔叟其首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
作品：《坎特伯雷故事集》文艺复兴时期(14世纪到17世纪中叶)埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552－1599)著名诗人主要作品：《仙后》，《牧人月历》，《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》克里斯托弗·马洛(1564—1593)诗人，剧作家，革新了中世纪的戏剧，在舞台上创造了反映时代精神的巨人性格和“雄伟的诗行”，主要作品:《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《帖木儿大帝》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》威廉·莎士比亚(1564—1616)世界上最杰出的戏剧家和诗人之一，一生创作了38个剧本，154首十四行诗及两首长诗。
主要作品：《亨利六世》(上，中，下)、《理查三世》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》弗朗西斯·培根（1561—1626）英国文艺复兴时期代表人物，著名的散文家、唯物主义哲学家，实验科学的创始人，是近代归纳法的创始人，又是给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱。
主要作品:《新工具》、《学术的进步》、《新大西岛》《培根随笔》约翰·邓恩（1572—1631），英国玄学派诗人、教士，为T·S艾略特所推崇，主要作品:《歌与十四行诗》、《圣十四行诗》约翰·弥尔顿(1608—1674）英国诗人、政论家。
主要作品：《失乐园》、《复乐园》《力士参孙》新古典主义时期(1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟—1798年华兹华斯与柯勒律治合作出版《抒情歌谣集》)约翰·班扬英国著名作家、布道家。
主要作品：《天路历程》《灵魂城圣战》《恶人传》《奔走天路》《绝望者的盼望》《自省》《丰盛的恩典》亚历山大·蒲柏启蒙运动时期新古典主义的代表，著名诗人，主要作品：《夺发记》、《愚人志》、《人论》《与阿布斯诺博士书》丹尼尔·笛福（1660—1731）英国作家，主要作品：《成为异教徒的途径》，《地地道道的英国人》，《鲁滨逊漂流记》(此书是他60岁才开始动笔的) 乔纳森·斯威夫特英国著名文学家、讽刺作家、政治家主要作品：《书的战争》《格列佛游记》，《一只桶的故事》、《一个温和的建议》亨利·菲尔丁（1707-1754)英国小说之父，创造了散文体喜剧史诗。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
具有寓意性质的和人名 具有寓意性质的和地名
Faithful
Truth
the Celestial City
天国城
Judge Hate-good
恨善法官
the Delectable Mountains
快乐山
Envy
对当时 社会现 实生活 作了相 当广泛 的批判 性描述
Workmanship
• 1. Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. • 2.He became so perfect in using heroic couplet. • 3. He was a diligent reader.
Pope’s Works:
• (6) “The Dunciad” • “愚人志”, a satirical poem. • (7) “Moral Essays” • “道德论”, a philosophic poem. • (8) “An Essay on Men” • “人论”, a philosophic poem.
3. “Vanity Fair” is a remarkable passage. It is an epitome of the English society after the Restoration. Everything can be sold or bought in this fair and the persecution of Christian and Faithful is described.
Superstition Pickthank拍马 Badman恶人 Malice怨恨
Doubting Castle 怀疑城堡 the Vanity Fair the Slough of Despond the City of Destruction
毁灭城 绝望泥潭 名利场
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
2) Pope’s Works:
(1) Pastorals《田园组诗》 (2) Essay on Criticism《论批评》a didactic
poem in heroic couplets (3) The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》, the masterpiece, which is worth reading for its description and satire of the dull court life of England of that time.
John Dryden’s Works
Changeable, a time-server(随波逐流的人): 1. an elegy on Cromwell’s death: “Herioick Stanza” ”英雄诗辩” 2. An Ode on Charles II: “Astraea Redux””伸张正义” 3.a didactic poem when James II in reign “The Hind and the Panther” “牝鹿与豹”
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
• 4. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. • 5. Bunyan’s prose is admirable. • It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible.
John Bunyan
6.Symbolism is another feature in The Pilgrim’s Progress.
人生→朝圣者们的艰难历程 人→天路的朝圣者 基督寻求救赎的朝圣历程→ 人类摆脱世间烦恼和焦虑、 追求美好永恒未来的过程。
Bunyan’s language:
1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance. 2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.
5. political satires: 1) “Absolom and Achitophel” “押沙龙与阿托奈拖菲尔” Its subject is politics and written in heroic couplet. 6. a comedy
Marriage a la Mode
Pope’s Works:
(4) Translations, in heroic couplet The Iliad of Homer《荷马的伊里亚特》 The Odyssey of Homer 《河马的奥德赛》 (5)The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚 全集》
John Bunyan 约翰· 班扬
John Bunyan(1628—1688)
John Bunyan: a Puritan poet
• •
• • •
His Works:
1. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner (writ. Pilgrim’s Progress
(masterpiece) 《天路历程》
John Bunyan: a Puritan poet
3. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 《恶人先生的生平和死亡》 《贝德曼先生的一生》 4.The Holy War 《神圣战争》
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
…a
man clothed with rags standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked, and saw him open the book, and read therein; 基督徒 and as he read, he wept and trembled; and, not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, 一个人穿着破烂的衣服, 站在一个地方,背对着自 saying, "What shall I do?" 己的房舍,手里拿着一本书,背上 负着一个沉重的包袱。我正看着，只见他打开书本一边阅读， 一边流泪，全身颤抖，后来情不自禁地伤心起来：“我应该做 点什么？” the worldly troubles the Bible and worries
The Neoclassical Period
The Neoclassical Period
Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 恪守希腊罗马时期的古典美学原则 形式上强调体裁的既定形式，主题上强调 文学的道德说教性 与文艺复兴的最大区别：后者更注重古典 文艺中的人文主义精神
Bunyan’s language:
3.He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe.
Alexander Pope 亚历山大· 薄伯 （1688—1744）
Alexander Pope 亚历山大·薄伯
Alexander Pope 亚历山大· 薄伯
1) Pope is a classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment. (At the age of 12, he contracted得病 tuberculosis结核 of the spine脊骨 that left him dwarfed变矮小, twisted and hunchbacked驼背.)
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).