术语中英文对照

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经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)经济术语价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges 金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价wholesale price 目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price 现行价格(时价)current price国际市场价格world (International)Marketpr ice离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board成本加运费价(离岸加运费价)C&F-cost and freightpublic sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account)current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder)cheque 支票(美作:check)bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill)to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production 渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence 生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约,反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded ente。

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表English-XXXGrammar:语法Syntax:句法Morphology:词法Structure:结构Rank:层次Sentence:句子Clause:从句Phrase:词组Part of Speech:词类Word:单词XXX:实词Structural Word:虚词Simple Word:单纯词XXX:派生词Compound:复合词Noun:名词Proper Noun:专有名词Common Noun:普通名词Countable Noun:可数名词Uncountable Noun:不可数名词Abstract Noun:抽象名词Concrete Noun:具体名词Material Noun:物质名词Collective Noun:集体名词Individual Noun:个体名词n:介词n:连词XXX:动词Main XXX:主动词XXX:及物动词Intransitive XXX:不及物动词Link XXX:系动词Auxiliary XXX:助动词Modal XXX:情态动词Regular Verb:规则动词Irregular Verb:不规则动词Phrasal XXX:短语动词XXX:限定动词Infinite XXX:非限定动词Causative Verb:使役动词Verb of Senses:感官动词Event Verb:动态动词XXX:静态动词XXX:感叹词Adjective:形容词Adverb:副词Adverb of Manner:方式副词Adverb of Degree:程度副词Adverb of Time:时间副词Adverb of Place:地点副词Adjunct:修饰性副词Conjunct:连接性副词Interrogative Adverb:疑问副词Relative Adverb:关系副词Pronoun:代词Personal Pronoun:人称代词Possessive Pronoun:物主代词Reflexive Pronoun:反身代词Reciprocal Pronoun:相互代词Demonstrative Pronoun:指示代词Pronouns are words used in place of nouns。

常用计算机术语[中英文对照]

常用计算机术语[中英文对照]

Aaccess control / 访问控制access control entry, ACE / 访问控制项account lockout / 帐户锁定ACE, access control entry / 访问控制项acknowledgment message / 应答消息ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) / 高级配置和电源接口active / 活动active content / 活动内容Active DirectoryActive Directory Users and Computers / Active Directory 用户和计算机active partition / 活动分区active volume / 活动卷ActiveXAddress Resolution Protocol, ARP / 地址解析协议administration queue / 管理队列administrative alerts / 管理警报administrator / 管理员Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, ACPI / 高级配置和电源接口agent / 代理Alerter service / 警报器服务allocation unit size / 分配单元大小American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII / 美国信息交换标准码AppleTalkAppleTalk Transport / AppleTalk 传输ARP, Address Resolution Protocol / 地址解析协议ASCII, American Standard Code for Information Interchange / 美国信息交换标准码Assistive Technology Program / 辅助技术程序asymmetric encryption / 非对称加密asynchronous communication / 异步通讯ATM asynchronous transfer mode / 异步传输模式attributes / 属性audit policy / 审核策略auditing / 审核authentication / 身份验证authoritative restore / 强制性还原authorization / 授权BB—channel / B—信道background program / 后台程序backup media pool / 备份媒体池backup operator / 备份操作员backup set / 备份集backup set catalog / 备份集分类backup types / 备份类型bandwidth / 带宽BAP, Bandwidth Allocation Protocol / 带宽分配协议base priority / 基本优先级basic disk / 基本磁盘basic input/output system, BIOS / 基本输入/输出系统basic volume / 基本卷batch program / 批处理程序baud rate / 波特率binary / 二进制binary digit, bit / 二进制数字,位bindery / 平构数据库BIOS, basic input/output system / 基本输入/输出系统bit, binary digit / 位,二进制数字bits per second, bps / 每秒位数boot / 启动boot files / 启动文件boot partition / 启动分区boot volume / 启动卷bps, bits per second / 每秒位数buffer / 缓冲区built—in groups / 内置组bus / 总线bytes received / 接收的字节数bytes transmitted / 传输的字节数CCA, certification authority / 证书颁发机构callback number / 回叫号码callback security / 回叫安全called subscriber ID (CSID) string / 被叫订户 ID (CSID)字符串CAPI (CryptoAPI)cartridge font / 字体盒字体catalog / 编录CDP, CRL Distribution Point / CRL 分发点certificate / 证书certificate revocation list, CRL / 证书吊销列表certificate store / 证书存储区certificate template / 证书模板certificate trust list, CTL / 证书信任列表certification authority, CA / 证书颁发机构certification hierarchy / 证书等级certification path / 证书路径channel / 信道CHAP, Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol / 质询握手身份验证协议character mode / 字符方式child object / 子对象clear / 清除client / 客户client application / 客户应用程序Client Service for NetWare / NetWare 客户服务ClipBook Server / 剪贴簿服务器Cluster Administrator / 群集管理器Cluster Administrator extension / 群集管理器扩展Cluster service / 群集服务cluster size / 簇大小Cluster.exeCMYK color space / CMYK 颜色空间code page / 代码页codec / 编解码器color gamut / 色阶color management / 颜色管理color profile / 颜色配置文件color space / 颜色空间Command Prom pt window /“命令提示符"窗口common groups / 公用组communication port / 通讯端口communication settings / 通讯设置community name / 社团名Compression Control Protocol, CCP / 压缩控制协议computer account / 计算机帐户Computer Browser service / 计算机浏览器服务computer quota / 计算机配额connect / 连接connected, authenticating user / 已连接,正验证身份的用户connected, user authenticated / 已连接且身份已验证的用户connector application / 连接器应用程序connector queue / 连接器队列console tree / 控制台树container object / 容器对象copy backup / 副本备份CPU Time / CPU 时间CPU Usage / CPU 使用CRC errors / CRC 错误CRL, certificate revocation list / 证书吊销列表CRL Distribution Point, CDP / CRL 分发点CryptoAPI (CAPI)cryptographic service provider, CSP / 加密服务提供程序cryptography / 加密CSID (called subscriber ID) string / CSID(被叫订户 ID)字符串CSP, cryptographic service provider / 加密服务提供程序CTL, certificate trust list / 证书信任列表custom file type / 自定义文件类型DD-channel / D-信道DACL, discretionary access control list / 任意访问控制表daily backup / 每日备份Data Communications Equipment, DCE / 数据通讯设备Data Terminal Equipment, DTE / 数据终端设备data-overrun error / 数据溢出错误DCE, Data Communications Equipment / 数据通讯设备DDE, dynamic data exchange / 动态数据交换dead-letter queue / 死信队列debugger / 调试器default button / 默认按钮default network / 默认网络default printer / 默认打印机default tree and context / 默认树和上下文default user / 默认用户defragmentation / 碎片整理dependency / 从属关系dependent client / 从属客户descendent key / 派生项desktop / 桌面desktop pattern / 桌面方案destination document / 目标文档details pane / 详细信息窗格device / 设备device conflict / 设备冲突device driver / 设备驱动程序device fonts / 设备字体Device Manager / 设备管理器DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机配置协议DHCP option / DHCP 选项dial location / 拨号位置dial—up connection / 拨号连接differential backup / 差异备份digital signature / 数字签名Digital Signature Standard, DSS / 数字签名标准digital video disc, DVD / 数字化视频光盘direct cable connection / 直接电缆连接direct memory access, DMA / 直接内存访问directory partition / 目录分区disable / 禁用discretionary access control list, DACL / 任意访问控制表disk / 磁盘disk configuration information / 磁盘配置信息dismount / 卸除display adapter / 显示适配器DLL, dynamic-link library / 动态链接库DMA, direct memory access / 直接内存访问DNS, Domain Name System / 域名系统DNS server / DNS 服务器docking station / 插接站document / 文档domain / 域domain controller / 域控制器domain name / 域名Domain Name System, DNS / 域名系统domain namespace / 域名空间dots per inch, DPI / 每英寸点数downloadable fonts / 可下载字体drag / 拖动drive / 驱动器drive letter / 驱动器号drop folder / 拖动文件夹DSS, Digital Signature Standard / 数字签名标准DTE, Data Terminal Equipment / 数据终端设备dual boot / 双重启动duplex / 双工DVD, digital video disc / 数字化视频光盘DVD decoder / DVD 解码器DVD drive / DVD 驱动器DWORDdynamic data exchange, DDE / 动态数据交换dynamic disk / 动态磁盘Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, DHCP / 动态主机配置协议dynamic volume / 动态卷dynamic—link library, DLL / 动态链接库EEAP, Extensible Authentication Protocol / 可扩展的身份验证协议EFS, encrypting file system / 加密文件系统embedded object / 内嵌对象emergency repair disk, ERD / 紧急修复磁盘enable / 启用encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file / 封装的 PostScript (EPS) 文件encrypted passwords / 加密的密码encrypting file system, EFS / 加密文件系统encryption / 加密enhanced small device interface, ESDI / 增强型小型设备接口environment variable / 环境变量EPS (encapsulated PostScript) file / EPS(封装的 PostScript)文件ERD, emergency repair disk / 紧急修复磁盘error detection / 错误检测event / 事件Event Log service / 事件日志服务event logging / 事件记录everyone category / everyone 的分类expanded memory / 扩充内存expansion slot / 扩展槽explicit permissions / 直接权限express message / 快递消息extended memory / 扩展内存extended partition / 扩展分区Extensible Authentication Protocol, EAP / 可扩展的身份验证协议external network number / 外部网络号Ffailback / 故障回复failed / 失败failover / 故障转移FAT, file allocation table / 文件分配表FAT32fault tolerance / 容错Fax Service / 传真服务FCB, file control block / 文件控制块Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1, FIPS 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1 FEP, (front-end processor) / 前端处理器file allocation table, FAT / 文件分配表file control block, FCB / 文件控制块File Server for Macintosh / Macintosh 文件服务器file system / 文件系统file type / 文件类型filter / 筛选器FIPS 140—1, Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1font / 字体font cartridge / 字体盒foreground program / 前台程序foreign computer / 外部计算机form / 表单FORTEZZAfragmentation / 碎片frame type / 帧类型free media pool / 可用媒体池free space / 可用空间front-end processor, FEP / 前端处理器full—duplex / 全双工full name / 全名GGateway Service for NetWare / NetWare 网关服务GDI objects / GDI 对象global group / 全局组graphics mode / 图形模式group / 组group account / 组帐户group memberships / 组成员身份group name / 组名Group Policy / 组策略Group Policy object / 组策略对象guest / 来宾guest account / 来宾帐户Hhalf—duplex / 半双工handle count / 句柄数handshaking / 握手Hardware Compatibility List, HCL / 硬件兼容性列表hardware compression / 硬件压缩hardware configuration / 硬件配置hardware decoder / 硬件解码器hardware profile / 硬件配置文件hardware type / 硬件类型hash / 散列hash algorithm / 散列算法Hash-based Message Authentication Mode, HMAC / 基于散列的消息验证模式HCL, Hardware Compatibility List / 硬件兼容性列表hexadecimal / 十六进制histogram / 直方图hive / 配置单元HMAC, Hash—based Message Authentication Mode / 基于散列的消息验证模式home directory / 主目录host name / 主机名HTML, Hypertext Markup Language / 超文本标记语言hub / 网络集线器hubbed mode / 集线模式hue / 色调Hypertext Markup Language, HTML / 超文本标记语言II/O (input/output) port / I/O(输入/输出)端口ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol / 网际消息控制协议IDE, integrated device electronics / 集成设备电路IEEE 1394Image Name / 映像名称IME, Input Method Editor / 输入法import media pool / 导入媒体池incremental backup / 增量备份independent client / 独立客户。

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照一、Medical Category :医学科别Allergy:过敏性病科Cardiology :心脏內科Cardiovascular:心脏血管科Dentistry:牙科Dermatology :皮肤科External Wo unds :外伤Gastric & Intestine :胃肠科General Medicine :普通內科Geriatric s :老人病科Hematology :血液科Infectious Diseases :传染病科Inhalation Th erapy :呼吸治疗科Neonatology:新生小儿科Neurology:神经科Obstetrics & Gynecology :妇产科Ophthalmology :眼科Orthodontics :牙齿矫正科Orthoped ics:骨科Otorlaryngology :耳鼻喉科Pediatrics :小儿科Plastic Surgery :整形外科Psychiatry :精神病科Radiology :放射线科Surgery :外科Syphilology :性病科Urology :泌尿科Alternative Medicine:另类医学二、Medical Departm ent:医疗及其它部门Admitting Office:收症室Cardiac Care Unit(C.C.U.) :心脏护理部Dental Clinic:牙科诊所Emergency Dept:急症室Extended Care Uni t (E.C.U.):延续护理部Home Care;Long Term Care Unit:家庭护理部Intensi ve Care Unit (I.C.U.) :深切治疗部Laboratory:化验所Labour;Delivery Room:产房Medical Office;Clinic :医务所Mortuary:殓房Nursing Home:护理院O ccupational Therapy Department :职业治疗部Operating Room:手术室Outpati ent Dept:门诊部Pharmacy:药房Physiotherapy Dept :物理治疗部Private;Se mi-private;Standard Room:私家;半私家;普通病房Public Health Unit :公共卫生中心Radiotherapy Unit :放射治疗部Records Dept :病历储藏部门Reco very Room 康复室Rehabilitation Centre :康复中心Speech Therapy Unit :语言治疗部Terminal Care Unit(T.C.U.) :末期护理部Ward :病房三、Specialists a nd Health Care Personnel:专科医生及医护人员Accoucheur:妇产科医生Acc oucheuse :助产士Acupuncturist :针灸师Allergist:过敏性科医生Ambulance P aramedic:紧急救援队员Anesthetist:麻醉科医生Attendant Physician:巡诊医生Aurist:耳科医生Cardiologist:心脏科医生Chiropractor:脊骨推拿医师Clinical Pathologist:临床病理医生Clinical Psychologist:临床心理医生Community Hea lth Nurse:社区护士Dental Surgeon/Dentist :牙医Dematologist :皮肤科医生D iagnostic Radiologist:放射诊断医生Endocrinologist :內分泌科医生Family Phy sician:家庭医生Gastroenterologist肠胃科医生General Practitioner :全科医生G eneral Surgeon:外科医生Geriatrician :老人科医生Gynecologist and Obstetrici an:妇产科医生Hematologist:血液科医生Herbalist Doctor:中医Homecare Wo rker :家务助理员Intern:见习医生Laboratory Technologist:化验师Laryngolog ist :喉科医生Mid-wife:助产士Nephrologist肾科医生Neuro-sugeon:脑外科医生Neurologist:神经科医生Nurse:护士Nutritionist/Dietician:营养师Occupati onal Therapist:职业治疗师Oncologist :肿瘤科医生Ophthalmologist:眼科医生Optometrist:视光师Oral Hygienist:口腔卫生师Ortheopath :按摩医生Orthodo ntist矫形牙科医生Orthopaedist:矫形医生Orthopedic Surgeon:骨科Otolaryngo logist/ENT Surgeon:耳鼻喉科医生Paramedic:医务辅助人员Pediatrist:小儿科医生Pharmacist :药剂师Physician:内科医生Physiotherapist:物理治疗师Plastic Surgeon:整形外科医生Podiatrist:足科治疗师Psychiatrist:精神科医生Radi ologist:放射科医生Radiotherapist:放射治疗医生Resident Doctor:住院医生R espirologist/Pulmonologist:胸肺科医生Rheumatologist:风湿病医生Rhinologist:鼻科医生Speech Therapist :语言治疗师Thoracic Surgeon:胸肺外科医生Urol ogist:泌尿科医生四、Pain and Ache :痛Ache All Over:周身疼痛Acute P ain:剧痛Back Pain:背痛Burning Pain:灼痛Chest Pain :胸痛Colic:绞痛Co ntinuous Pain持续痛Cramping Pain:绞痛Crushing Pain:压迫痛Distended Pai n:镇痛Dull Pain:暗痛Earache:耳痛Headache:头痛Hunger Pain饥痛Inter mittent Pain:阵痛Labour Pain :分娩阵痛Low Back Pain:腰痛Mild Pain:轻痛Pain Come at Intervals断续痛Persistent Pain持续痛Piercing Pain:刺骨痛Pressing Pain:压痛Prickling Pain:针刺样痛Rediating Pain:扩散痛Severe Pa in:急痛Sharp Pain:尖痛Slight Pain:微痛Sore Pain:肿痛Stabbing Pain:刀刺痛Stomachache:胃痛Tearing Pain:剧烈痛Throbbing Pain:跳痛Tingling P ain:刺痛Toothache:牙痛五、Sickness Sympton :病症Anxiety:焦虑Biter Taste On My Tongue:苦涩Black Out:短暂昏厥Bloated:胃胀Blood Stool:糞便帶血Boil :疮Bowel Movement:大便Can't Concentrate:不能集中精神Ca n't Crouch:不能蹲下Can't See Clearly:視觉模糊Cataqmatic:骨折Chest Feel s Tight:胸口闷Chills:发冷Coma :昏睡Constipation:便秘Depression:情绪低落Diarrhea:腹泻Difficulty in Sallowing:咽食困难Dislocation:脱臼Disten ded Tummy:腹部肿胀Disturbance of Speech:语言障碍Dizziness:眼花Dizzy;Giddy:头晕Drool:流口水Drowsy:昏沉Ear Discharge:耳分泌物Exhausted Easily :容易疲倦Eye Discharge:眼分泌物Eyelid Itching:眼盖痕痒Eyelid S wollen:眼盖肿Faint:头晕Fatigue:疲倦Fever:发烧Gritty/Sandy in Eyes :沙粒入眼Gurgling Sound in My Tummy:腹腔雷鸣Hard Stool:硬条状粪便H eat Troke:中暑Hiccup:打嗝High fever:高烧Hoarse Voice:声音嘶哑Illusi on:幻觉Impotence:性无力Indigestion:消化不良Inflame:发炎Insect Stings:昆虫刺伤Insomnia:失眠Irregular Heartbeats:心律不齐Itchy and Swollen:痕和肿Itchy Throat:喉痕Jaws are Dislocated:下颌脱臼Light Headedness:轻微头痛Loose and Watery Stool:糞便稀Loose Stool :软条状粪便Loss of Confi dence:失去自信Loss of Hearing:失去听觉Loss of Interest :失去兴趣Loss of Voice失声Lost my Appetite:食欲不振Lost Weight:体重减轻Lumpy Stoo l:粒状粪便Muscle Spasm:肌肉抽筋Mucus in Stool:粪便带粘液Nasal Blee ding:流鼻血Nasal Discharge:鼻涕Nausea:恶心Night Sweats:盗汗Numb :麻痹Headaches:偶有头痛Pale Face :面色苍白Pass Gas;。

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照A.A.R = against all risks 担保全险,一切险A.B.No. = Accepted Bill Number 进口到单编号A/C = Account 账号AC. = Acceptance 承兑acc = acceptance,accepted 承兑,承诺a/c.A/C = account 帐,帐户ackmt = acknowledgement 承认,收条[/color]a/d = after date 出票后限期付款(票据)ad.advt. = advertisement 广告adv. = advice 通知(书)ad val. = Ad valorem(according to value) 从价税A.F.B. = Air Freight Bill 航空提单Agt. = Agent 代理商AI = first class 一级AM = Amendment 修改书A.M.T. = Air Mail Transfer 信汇Amt. = Amount 额,金额A.N. = arrival notice 到货通知A.P. = account payable 应付账款A/P = Authority to Purchase 委托购买a.p. = additional premiun 附加保险费A.R. = Account Receivable 应收款Art. = Article 条款,项A/S = account sales 销货清单a/s = after sight 见票后限期付款asstd. = Assorted 各色俱备的att,.attn. = attention 注意av.,a/v = average 平均,海损a/v = a vista (at sight) 见票即付经贸常用词缩写(D)、(E)DD/A =documents against acceptance, 承兑后交付单= documents for acceptance,= documents attached, 备承兑单据= deposit account 存款账号d/a = days after acceptance 承兑后……日付款D.A. = Debit advice 付款报单D/D,D. = Demand draft,documentary draft 即期汇票,跟单汇票d/d = day’s date (days after date) 出票后……日付款d.f.,d.fet. = dead freight 空载运费(船)Disc. = Discount 贴现;折扣DLT = Day Letter Telegram 书信电D/N = debit note 借方通知D/O = delivery order 卸货通知书D/P = documents against payment 付款后交付单据Dr. = debit debter 借方,债务人d/s. = days’ sight 见票后……日付款DV = Dividends 股利Eea. = each 每,各e.e.E.E. = error excepted 错误除外E/B = Export-Import Bank 进出口银行(美国)enc.,encl.= enclosure 附件E.& O.E. = errors and omissions excepted 错误或遗漏不在此限ETA = estimated time of arrival 预定到达日期ex. = example,executive,exchange,extract 例子,执行官,外汇交换,摘要Exp. = Export 出口常用词缩写(F)f.a.q.=fair average quality 良好平均品质f.a.s.=free alongside ship 船边交货价F.B.E.=foreign bill of exchange 国外汇票f.c.l.=full container load 整个集装箱装满f.d.free discharge 卸货船方不负责F.& D.=Freight and Demurrage 运费及延装费f.i.=free in 装货船方步负责f.i.o.=free in and out 装卸货船方均不负责f.i.o.=free in out stowed and trimming 装卸堆储平仓船方均不负责f.o.=free out 卸货船方不负责f.o.,f/o=firm offer 规定时限的报价f.o.b.=free on board 船上交货价f.o.c.=free of charge免费F.O.I.=free of Interest 免息f.o.r.=free on rail,free on road 火车上交货价f.o.s.=free on steamer 轮船上交货价f.o.t.=free on truck 卡车上交货价f.p.a.=free of particular average 单独海损不保fr.f=franc,from,free 法郎,从,自由FX=Foreign Exchange 外汇经贸常用词缩写(G)、(H)Gg=good,goods,gramme 佳,货物,一克G/A=general average 共同海损GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税贸易总协定gm.=gramme 一克g.m.b.=good merchantable brand品质良好适合买卖之货品g.m.q.=good merchantable quality良好可售品质G/N=Guarantee of Notes 承诺保证g.s.w.=gross shipping weight 运输总重量gr.wt.=gross weight 毛重经贸常用词缩写IIATA=International Air Transport Association 国际航空运输协会IBRD=International Bank Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行I/C=Inward Collection 进口托收ICC=International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会IMO=International Money Orders 国际汇票Imp=Import 进口IN=Interest 利息IMF=International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金inst.=instant(this month) 本月int.=interest 利息Inv.=Invoice 发票IOU=I owe you 借据I/P=Insurance Policy 保险单I/R=Inward Remittance 汇入汇款ISIC=International Standard Industrial Classification 国际行业标准分类it.=item 项目经贸常用词缩写(K)、(L)Kk.=karat(carat) 卡拉(纯金含有度)kg.=keg,kilogramme笑,公斤K.W.=Kilo Watt 千瓦LL/A=Letter of Authorization 授权书lbs.=pounds 磅L/C=Letter of Credit 信用证L/H=General Letter of Hypothecation 质押权利总股定书L/I=Letter of Indemnity赔偿保证书L/G=Letter of Guarantee 保证函l.t.=long ton 长吨(2,240磅)L/T=Letter Telegram 书信电报Ltd.=Limited 有限责任L/U=Letter of Undertaking 承诺书Mm.=mile,metre,mark,month,minute,meridian(noon)哩,公尺,记号,月,分,中午m/d=month after date 出票后……月付款memo.=memorandum 备忘录M.I.P.=marine insurance policy 海上保险单misc.=miscellaneous杂项M/L=more or less增或减M/N=Minimum最低额MO=Money Order拨款单,汇款单,汇票m/s=months after sight见票后……月付款m.s.=mail steamer,mail transfer油船,轮船M.T.=metric ton,mail transfer公吨,信汇M/T=Mail Transfer信汇m.v.=motor vessel轮船MNC=multi-national corporation跨国公司NN.B.=Nota Bene(take notice)注意NO.=number号码n/p=non-payment拒付Nt.Wt=Net Weight净重O.=Order定单,定货O.B/L=Order bill of lading指示式提单O.C.P.=Overland Common Point通常陆上运输可到达地点O/C=Outward Collection出口托收OD.=Overdraft透支O/d=overdraft,on demand透支,要求即付款(票据)O/No.=order number定单编号o.p.=open policy预约保单O/R=Outward Remittance汇出汇款ORT=ordinary telegram寻常电报o/s=on sale,out of stock廉售,无存货O/S=old style老式o.t.=old term旧条件oz=ounce盎斯PP/A,p/a=particular average单独海损pa=power of attorney委任状=private account私人账户p.a.=per annum(by the year)每年p.c.=per cent,petty cash百分比,零用金p.l.=partial loss分损P.&I.=Protection and Indemnity意外险P.&L.=profit and loss益损P.M.O.=postal money order邮政汇票P/N=promissory note本票P.O.B.=postal office box邮政信箱p.o.d.=payment on delivery交货时付款P.O.D.=Pay on Delivery发货付款P/O=Payment Order支付命令P/R=parcel receipt邮包收据prox.=proximo(next month)下月PS.=postscript再启pt.=pint品脱P.T.O.=please turn over请看里面PTL=private tieline service电报专线业务Qqlty=quality品质qr=quarter四分之一qty=quantity数量quotn=quotation报价单qy=quay码头Rrecd=received收讫recpt=receipt收据ref.=reference参考,关于RFWD=rain,fresh water damage雨水及淡水险remit.=remittance汇款r.m.=ready money,readymade备用金,现成的RM=Remittance汇款R.O.=remittance Order汇款委托书R.P.=reply paid,returnof post邮下或电费预付,请即会示rt.=rate率SS.A.=-Statement of Account账单s.a.=subject to approval以承认(赞成,批准)为条件S/C=sale contract售货合同S/D=sight draft即期汇票S/D=sea damage海水损害SD.=Sundries杂项SE.=Securities抵押品S/N=shipping note装运通知S.O.s.o.=shipping order,seller’s option装船通知书,卖方有权选择S/S,s/s,ss,s.s=steamship轮船s.t.=short ton短吨TT/A=telegraphic address电报挂号tgm=telegram电报T.L.O.=total loss only只担保全损(分损不赔)T.M.O.=telegraphic money order电报汇款T.R.=trust receipt信托收据T.T.=telegraphic transfer电汇TPND=theft,pilferage and nondelivery盗窃遗失条款Uult.=ultimo(last month)上月u/w=underwriter保险业者Vvoy.=voyage航次V.V.=Vice Versa反之亦然Ww.a.=with average水渍险(单独海损赔偿)war=with risk担保一切险W/B=way bill warehouse book货运单,仓库簿wgt=weight重量whf=wharf码头W/M=weight or measurement重量或容量w.p.a.=with particular average单独海损赔偿W.R.=War Risk战争险W.R.=warehouse receipt仓单wt=weight重量Xx.d.=ex dividend除息XX=good quality良好品质XXX=very good quality甚佳品质XXXX=best quality最佳品质Yyd.=yard码yr.=your,year你的,年ZZ=Zone地区,地带ZCL=Zone for free Commercial自由贸易区。

语法术语中英文

语法术语中英文

语法术语中英文1. Noun (名词)countable uncountable (可数名词、不可数名词)Number of N (名词的数)Irregular plurals (不规那么复数)Genitive case of N (名词的所有格)Double genitive (双重所有格)2.Pronoun (代词)Personal pronoun (人称代词)Possessive pronoun (物主代词)Reflexive pronoun (反身代词)Interrogative pronoun (疑问代词)Indefinite pronoun (不定代词)3.Numeral (数次)Cardinal 、ordinal numbers (基数词、序数词)Percentage (百分数)Fraction (分数)Decimal (小数)Multiple (倍数)4.Determiner (限定词)Definite, indefinite, zero articles (定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词)Quantifiers (数量词)5.Preposition (介词)6.Adjective (形容词)Attributive 定语Predicative 表语Adverb clause equivalent 副词性从句7. Adverb (副词)Modifier of Adj / Adv / Prep-phrase / N-Phrase / Adverb-clause (形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语)The comparative and superlative degrees of Adj / Adv (形容词和副词的比较级和最高级)9. Verb classes (动词)Transitive and intransitive verbs(及物动词和不及物动词)Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries(助动词和情态动词)Semi-auxiliaries (半助动词)Phrasal verbs (短语动词)10. Tense (时态)Simple present, past, future and with modals (一样此刻时,一样过去时,一样以后时和情态助动词加动词)Present and past progressive(此刻进行时和过去进行时)Future progressive and with modals(以后进行时和情态动词加进行时)Present and past perfect(此刻完成时和过去完成时)Future perfect and with modals (以后完成时和情态动词加完成时)Present perfect progressive(此刻完成进行时)Past perfect progressive (过去完成进行时)voice (被动语态)Passive voice in simple tense(被动语态的一样时态)Passive voice in perfect and progressive tenses (被动语态的完成和进行时态)Passive voice of phrasal verbs (短语动词的被动语态)12.Subjunctive mood (虚拟语气)13.To V (Infinitive 动词不定式)as subject, object and complement (用作主语,宾语和补足语)Indicating purpose / result (表示目的和结果)Modifying adjective (修饰形容词)as post modifier in a noun phrase (后位修饰名词)to be + V-ed2, to have + V-ed2, to be + V-ing (不定式的被动式,完成式和进行式)14.V-ing (Gerund 动名词)object, subject and predicative (宾语, 主语和表语)N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing as subject and object (名词/ 代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语)Prep + N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing (介词加名词/代词或其所有格加动名词)being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as a noun equivale nt (动名词的被动式,完成式和完成被动式起名词作用)15pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 此刻分词和过去分词)as complement (补足语)as an adverb clause equivalen t(作状语)When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加此刻分词或过去分词)(with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名词加此刻分词或过去分词)Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalen t(无归属此刻分词作状语)being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalen t(此刻分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语)16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements (大体句型和句子成份)Pattern 1: S + VPattern 2: S + V + CsPattern 3: S + V + OPattern 4: S + V + Oi + OdPattern 5: S + V + Od + Co17. Interrogative form (疑问形式)Negative form (否定形式)Passive form (被动形式)relative clause (定语从句)Restrictive and non-restrictive (限制Pare nt hesis (插入语)Omission (省略)Omission through coordination (并列结构中的省略)Negation (否定)Total negation (全数否定)Partial negation (部份否定)Double negation (双重否定)Transferred negation (转移否定)性和非限制性定语从句)Appositive clause (同位语从句)Noun phrase appositive to clause(名词短语作句子的同位语)Clause of time and space(时刻从句和地址从句)Clauses of condition, concession and con tras t (条件从句、妥协从句和对照从句)Clauses of cause, result and purpose(缘故从句、结果从句和目的从句)Clauses of manner and comparison(方式从句和比较从句)Clauses of proportion and other types(比例从句和其它从句)3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns (第三人称代词,第一、二人称代词的复数)indefinite pronouns (不定代词)(+ of + N / Pron)Subjec t-verb inversion(主语与谓语倒装)朗文高级英语语法》第一章动词时态概述(Overview Of Verb Tenses)1- 1 一样时态(The Simple Tenses)1- 2 进行时态(The ProgressiveTenses)31- 3 完成时态(The Perfect Tenses)1- 4 完成进行时态(The PerfectProgressive Tenses)1-5 时态用法总结(Summary Chart ofVerb Tenses)1- 6 -ing 和-ed 形式的拼写(Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms)第二章一样此刻时,一样过去时,此刻进行时和过去进行时(Present And Past,Simple And Progressive)2- 1 一样此刻时(Simple Present) 2- 2 此刻进行时(Present Progressive)2- 3 静态动词( Stative Verbs)2-5 规那么动词和不规那么动词(Regular and Irregular Verbs)2-6 规那么动词:-ed的发音(RegularVerbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings)2-7 不规那么动词表(Irregular Verbs: an Alphabetical List)2-8 易混淆的动词:raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie (Troublesome Verbs: raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie)2-9 一样过去时(Simple Past)2-10 过去进行时(Past Progressive)2-11进行时态与always连用表示抱怨(Using Progressive Verbs with always to Complain)2-12 进行时态中地址状语的用法(Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs) being + Adjective)3- 1 此刻完成时(Present Perfect)2-4 am/is/are being+形容词(am/is/are第三章完成时和完成进行时(Perfect And Perfect Progressive Tenses)3- 2 此刻完成进行时(Present Perfect Progressive) 3- 3 过去完成时(Past Perfect)3- 4 过去完成进行时(Past Perfect Progressive)第四章以后时(Future Time)4- 1 一样以后时:will 和be going to (Simple Future: will and be going to)4- 2 will 与be going to 的比较(will vs. be going to)4- 3 历时刻状语从句表示以后(Expressing the Future in Time Clauses)4-4 用一样此刻时和此刻进行时表示以后(Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time)4- 5 以后进行时(Future Progressive)4- 6 以后完成时(Future Perfect)4-7 以后完成进行时(Future Perfect Progressive)第五章时刻状语从句和时态的温习(Adverb Clauses Of Time And Review Of Verb Tenses)5- 1 时刻状语从句:形式(Adverb Clauses of Time: Form)5- 2 历时刻状语从句表示时刻关系(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships)第六章主谓一致(Subject-verbAgreement)6-1以-s或-es结尾的词:用法、发音和拼写(Final -s/-es: Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling)6-2 大体的主谓一致问题(BasicSubject-verb Agreement)6-3 主谓一致:表达数量(Subject-verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity)6-4 主谓一致:there be的用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Using there + be)6- 5 主谓一致:不规那么用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Some Irregularities)第七章名词(Nouns)7- 1 名词复数形式的规那么和不规那么转变(Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns)7- 2 所有格(Possessive Nouns)1037- 3 名词作修饰语(Using Nouns as Modifiers)7-4 可数名词和不可数名词(Count andNoncount Nouns)7- 5 不可数名词(Noncount Nouns)7- 6 常见不可数名词(Some Common Noncount Nouns)7-7 冠词的大体用法(Basic ArticleUsage)7-8 冠词用法的大体原那么(General Guidelines for Article Usage)7-9 数量的表达(Expressions of Quantity)7-10 a few 和few, a little 和little 的用法(Using a few and few; a little and little)7-11 带of 的数量表达(Using of in Expressions of Quantity)7-12 all (of)和both (of)〔All (of) and both (of) 7-13 单数的数量表达:one, each, every (Singular Expressions of Quantity: one, each, every)第八章代词(Pronouns)8- 1 人称代词(Personal Pronouns)8- 2 人称代词:与类属名词、不定代词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns)8-3 人称代词:与集合名词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns)8- 4 反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)8-5 you, one 和they 用作非人称代词(Using you, one, and they as Impersonal Pronouns)8- 6 other 的形式(Forms of other)8-7 other 的常见表达(CommonExpressions with other)第九章情态动词(一) (Modals, Part 1)9- 1 概述(Introduction)9-2 I作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with I as the Subject)9-3 you 作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with you as the Subject)9- 4 would you mind 用作礼貌请求(Polite Requests with would you mind)9- 5 表示必需:must, have to, have got to (Expressing Necessity: must, have to, have got to)9-6 没必要要和禁止:have to和must的否定形式(Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: have to and must in the Negative)9-7 忠告:should, ought to, had better (Advisability: should, ought to, had better)9-8 should 的过去式(The Past Form of should)9-9 期望:be supposed to (Expec tatio ns: be supposed to)9-10 提议:let's, why don't, shall I/we(Making Suggestions: let's, why don't, shall I/we)9-11 提议:could与should的比较(Making Suggestions: could vs. should) 第十章情态动词(二) (Modals, Part 2)10- 1 表示确信程度:此刻时(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time)10-2 表示确信程度:此刻时的否定形式(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative)10-3 表示确信程度:过去时(Degrees of Certainty: Past Time)10-4 表示确信程度:以后时(Degrees of Certainty: Future Time)10-5 情态动词的进行式(Progressive Forms of Modals)10-6 表示能力:can 和could (Ability:can and could)10-7 would 表示过去重复性的动作(Using would to Express a RepeatedAction in the Past)10-8 表示偏向: would rather(Expressing Preference: would rather)10-9 情态动词和短语情态动词的结合(Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals)10-10 情态动词和类似表达的总结表(Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions)第十一章被动语态(The Passive)11-1 被动语态的组成(Forming the Passive)11-2 被动语态的用法(Using thePassive)11-3 间接宾语用作被动语态的主语(Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects)11-4 情态动词与短语情态动词的被动语态(The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals)11-5 静态被动语态(Stative Passive)11-6 常见静态被动语态动词 + 介词(Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions)11-7 get 与被动语态(The Passive with get) 11-8 分词形容词(Participial Adjectives)第十二章名词性从句(Noun Clauses)12-1 概述(Introduction)12-2 以疑问词开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word)12-3以whether或if开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with whether or if)12-4疑问词后接不定式(Ques tion Words Followed by Infinitives)12-5 以that 开头的名词性从句(NounClauses Beginning with that)12-6 直接引语(Quoted Speech)12-7 间接引语:名词性从句中动词的形式(Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses)12-8 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法(Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses)12-9 带有-ever的辞汇的用法(Using -ever Words)第十三章定语从句(Adjective Clauses)13- 1 概述(Introduction)13-2 定语从句的关系代词作主语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject)13-3 定语从句的关系代词作动词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb)13-4 定语从句的关系代词作介词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition)13-5 定语从句的经常使用句型(UsualPatterns of Adjective Clauses)13-6 whose 的用法(Using whose)13-7定语从句中where的用法(Using where in Adjective Clauses)13-8 定语从句中when的用法(Using when in Adjective Clauses)13-9 定语从句修饰代词的用法(Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns)13-10 定语从句中标点符号的利用(Punctuating Adjective Clauses) 13-11 定语从句中数量的表示方式(Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses)13-12 名词+of which 的用法(U sing Noun + of which)28613-13 which修饰整个句子的用法(Using which to Modify a Whole Sentence)28613-14 将定语从句简化为形容词短语:概述(Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction)13-15 将定语从句转变成形容词短语(Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase)第十四章动名词和不定式(一) (GerundsAnd Infinitives, Part 1)14- 1 动名词:概述(Gerunds: Introduction)14-2 动名词作介词的宾语(Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions)14-3 后面接动名词的常见介词短语(Common Preposition CombinationsFollowed by Gerunds)14-4 后面接动名词的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Gerunds)14-5 go+动名词(go + Gerund)14-6后面接动词-ing形式的固定搭配(Special Expressions Followed by -ing)14-7 后面接不定式的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Infinitives)14-8 后面既可接不定式又可接动名词的常见动词(Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds)14-9 后面接动名词的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed byGerunds) 14-10 后面接不定式的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives)14-11 it +不定式;动名词和不定式作主语(it + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects) And Infinitives, Part 2)15-1 表示目的的不定式:in order to (Infinitive of Purpose: in order to)15-2 后面接不定式的形容词(Adjectives Followed by Infinitives)15-3 不定式与too和enough连用(Using Infinitives with too and enough)15-4 不定式和动名词的被动语态和完成式(Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds)15-5 need 后接动名词或不定式的被动语态形式(Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following need)15-6 所有格修饰动名词(Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund)15-7 感官动词的用法(Using Verbs of Perception)15-8 let和help后接动词原形(Using the Simple Form after let and help)15-9 使役动词的用法:make, have, get(Using Causative Verbs: make, have, get)第十五章动名词和不定式(二) (Gerunds第十六章并列连词(Coordinating16-1 平行结构(Parallel Structure)16-2 成对连词:both・・・and; not only… but also; either … or; neither … nor (Using Paired Conjunctions: both . . . and; not only . . . but also; either . . . or; neither . . . nor)16- 3 用并列连词连接独立分句(Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions)第十七章状语从句(Adverb Clauses)17- 1 概述(In troduc tion)17-2 缘故状语从句(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect)17-3表达对照(意外的结果):even though 的用法〔Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using even though〕17-4 表达直接对照:while和whereas (Showing Direct Contrast: while and whereas)17-5条件状语从句:if从句(Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: 17-6 条件状语从句:whether or not和even if 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using whether or not and even if)17-7 条件状语从句:in case和in the event that 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using in case and in the event that)17-8 条件状语从句:unless的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using unless)17-9 条件状语从句:only if的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using only if)第十八章将状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Reduction Of Adverb Clauses To Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18- 1 概述(In troduc tion)18-2 将时刻状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-3 用修饰性的副词短语表达“与此同时”的概念(Expressing the Idea of “During the Same Time” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-4 用修饰性的副词短语表示因果关系(Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-5 在修饰性的副词短语中利用“upon + -ing” (Using upon + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)第十九章表示因果、对照和条件关系的关联词(Connectives That Express Cause And Effect, Contrast, And Condition)19-1 because of 和due to 的用法(Using because of and due to)19-2用过渡词表示因果关系:therefore 和consequently (Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: therefore and consequently)19-3 句型和标点符号小结(Summary ofPatterns and Punctuation)19-4其它表示因果关系的方式:such… that 和so …that (Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: such . . . that and so . . . that)19-5 表示目的:so that的用法(Expressing Purpose: Using so that)19-6 表示对照(意料之外的结果) 〔Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)〕19-7 表示直接对照(Showing Direct Contrast)19-8 表示条件:otherwise 和or (else) 的用法〔Expressing Conditions: Using otherwise and or (else)〕19-9 关联词小结:因果、对照和条件关系(Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition)第二十章条件句和表达愿望的方式(Conditional Sentences And Wishes)20- 1 条件句中一样动词形式概述(Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences)20-2 此刻和以后的真实条件句(True in the Present or Future)20-3 此刻和以后的非真实条件句(与事实相反)〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future〕20-4 过去的非真实条件句 (与事实相反) 〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past〕20-5 在条件句中利用动词的进行时形式(Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences)20-6条件句中“混合时刻”的用法(Using“ Mixed Time ” in ConditionalSentences)42420-7 if 的省略(Omitting if)20-8 暗含的条件(Implied Cond it ions)20-9 as if / as though 的用法(Using as if/as though) 20-10 wish后面的动词形式(Verb Forms Following wish)20-11 用would 表达关于以后的希望(Using would to Make Wishes about the Future)434and Objects)A-2 介词和介词短语(Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases) A-3 形容词(Adjectives)A-4 副词(Adverbs)A-5 be 动词(The Verb be)A-6 系动词(Linking Verbs)B单元:疑问句(Questions)B-1 一样疑问句和特殊疑问句的形式(Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions)B-2 疑问词(Ques tion Words)B-3 简化的一样疑问句(Shortened Yes/No Questions)B-4 否定疑问句(Negative Questions) B-5 反意疑问句(Tag Questions)附录增补语法单元(Supplementary Grammar Units)A 单元:大体语法术语(Basic GrammarTerminology)C 单元:缩写(Contractions) D单元:否定句(Negatives)D-1 not与其它否定词的用法(Using not and Other Negative Words)A-1 主语、动词和宾语(Subjects, Verbs,D-2 幸免“重复两次否定” (Avoiding Double Negatives)D-3 以否定词开头的句子(Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word)E 单元:介词搭配(Preposition Combinations)E 形容词和动词的介词搭配(Preposition Combinations withAdjectives and Verbs)F 单元:用来举例和延续观点的关联词(Connectives To Give Examples And To Continue An Idea)F-1 用来举例的关联词(Connectives to Give Examples)F-2 用来延续观点的关联词(Connectives to Continue the Same Idea)G 单元:动词形式的回忆练习(Verb Form Review Exercises)。

中英文对照术语表精选全文

中英文对照术语表精选全文

加速试验
acceptance criteria
认可标准
accuracy
准确性
acelerated/stress stability Studies
加速/强力破坏稳定性研究
acetylation
乙酰化作用
achiral assay
非手性测定
achlorhydric elderly
老年性胃酸缺乏症
action limits
内控限值
active components/comcound/moiety
活性成分
active ingredient
活性组分
adaption to specific culture conditions
特定培养条件的适应
additives
添加剂
adjuvant
佐剂
adventitious agents
精选全文完整版(可编辑修改)
中英文对照术语表(ICH 质量)
英文
中文
abbreviated or abridged aplication
简略申请
abnormal karyology
异常核形
absorbed moisture
吸附水
acceptable daily intake
可接受的日摄入量
acceptable test
2 / 21
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中英文对照术语表

中英文对照术语表

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中英文对照术语表A Absorption costing(完全成本法)Accelerated depreciation method(加速折旧法) Account(账户) Account form (账户式) Account payable(应付账款) Account receivable (应收账款) Accounting(会计) Accounting cycle(会计循环)Accounting equation(会计恒等式) Accounting period concept (会计期间概念) Accounting system(会计系统) Accounts payable subsidiary ledger(应付账款明细分类账)(应付账款明细分类账) Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger(应收账款明细分类账)(应收账款明细分类账) Accounts receivable turnover (应收账款周转率) Accrual basis(应计制;权责发生制)Accruals(应计项目) Accrued assets(应计资产) Accrued expenses(应计费用) Accrued liabilities(应计负债) Accrued revenues(应计收入) Accumulated depreciation(累计折旧)Accumulated other comprehensive income(累计其他全面收益)(累计其他全面收益) Activity base (driver)(作业基础/动因)Activity-based costing (ABC)(作业成本计算法) Adjusted trial balance(调整后试算平衡表) Adjusting entries(调整分录)Adjusting process(调整过程)Administrative expenses (general expenses)(管理费用(一般费用))Aging the receivables(应收账款账龄分析) Allowance method(备抵法)1/ 12Amortization(摊销)Annuity(年金)Assets(资产)Available-for-sale securities(可供出售证券) Average cost method(平均成本法) Average rate of return(平均回报率) B Balance of the account(账户余额) Balance sheet(资产负债表) Balanced scorecard(平衡记分卡) Bank reconciliation (银行存款余额调节表) Bond(债券) Bond indenture(债券契约) Book value(账面价值) Book value of the asset(资产的账面价值) Boot(补价) Bottleneck(瓶颈) Break-even point (盈亏临界点) Budget(预算) Budget performance report(预算业绩报告) Budgetary slack(预算松弛) Business(企业)Business entity concept(企业主体概念) Business stakeholder (企业利益相关者) Business strategy(企业战略) Business transaction(经济业务) C Capital expenditures(资本性支出) Capital expenditures budget(资本支出预算) Capital investment analysis(资本投资分析)Capital leases(资本性租赁) Capital rationing(资本分配)Carrying amount(账面金额) Cash(现金) Cash basis(现金制;收付实现制) Cash budget(现金预算) Cash dividend(现金股利) Cash equivalents(现金等价物) Cash flows from financing activities(筹资活动现金流量)(筹资活动现金流量)Cash flows from investing activities(投资活动现金流量)(投资活动现金流量) Cash flows from operating activities(经营---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 活动现金流量)(经营活动现金流量) Cash payback period(现金回收期) Cash payments journal(现金付款日记账) Cash receipts journal(现金收款日记账) Cash short and over account (现金余缺账户) Certified public accountant (CPA)(注册会计师) Chart of accounts(会计科目表) Clearing account(清理账户) Closing entries(结账分录) Closing process(结账程序) Combination strategy(混合战略) Common stock(普通股)Common-size statement(通用报表) Component(成分;组成部分)Comprehensive income(全面收益)Consolidated financial statements(合并财务报表)(合并财务报表) Consolidation(创立合并) Continuous budgeting(滚动预算) Contra account (抵减账户) Contract rate(约定利率) Contribution margin(贡献毛益) Contribution margin ratio(贡献毛益率) Controllable expenses(可控费用)Controllable variance(可控差异)Controller(主计长)Controlling account(控制账户)Conversion costs(加工成本) Copyright(版权) Corporation (公司) Cost(成本) Cost accounting system(成本会计系统)Cost allocation(成本分配) Cost behavior(成本性态) Cost center(成本中心) Cost of goods sold(产品销售成本) Cost of goods sold budget(产品销售成本预算) Cost of merchandise sold(商品销售成本) Cost of production report(生产成本报3/ 12告) Cost per equivalent unit(单位约当产量成本) Cost price approach(成本价格法)Cost variance(成本差异)Cost-volume-profit analysis(本-量-利分析)Cost-volume-profit chart(本-量-利图) Credit memorandum (贷项通知单) Credits(贷记) Cumulative preferred stock (累积优先股) Currency exchange rate(货币汇率) Current assets(流动资产) Current liabilities(流动负债) Current ratio(流动比率) Currently attainable standards(当前可达标准) D Debit memorandum(借项通知单)Debits(借记) Decentralization(分权) Declining-balance method(余额递减法) Deferred expenses(递延费用) Deferred revenues(递延收入) Deficiency(亏损) Deficit(亏损)Defined benefit plan(固定收益计划) Defined contribution plan (固定缴款计划) Depletion(折耗) Depreciation(折旧)Depreciation expense(折旧费用) Differential analysis(差异分析) Differential cost(差异成本) Differential revenue (差异收入) Differential strategy(差异化战略) Direct labor cost(直接人工成本) Direct labor rate variance(直接人工工资率差异) Direct labor time variance(直接人工工时差异)Direct materials cost(直接材料成本) Direct materials price variance(直接材料价格差异)(直接材料价格差异) Direct materials purchases budget(直接材料采购预算)(直接材料采购---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 预算) Direct materials quantity variance(直接材料数量差异)(直接材料数量差异) Direct method(直接法) Direct write-off method(直接注销法) Discontinued operations(停止经营)Discount(贴现息;折价) Discount rate(贴现率) Dishonored note receivable(拒付应收票据) Dividend yield(股利收益率)Division(分部) Doomsday ration(终极流动比率) Double-entry accounting(复式会计) Drawing(提款) DuPont formula(杜邦公式) E Earnings per common share (EPS)(每股收益)Earnings per common share (EPS) on common stock(普通股每股收益) E-commerce(电子商务) Effective interest rate method (实际利率法)Effective rate of interest(实际利率)Electronic funds transfer (EFT)(电子资金转账) Elements of internal control(内部控制要素) Employee fraud(员工舞弊)Employee s earnings record(员工收入记录) Equity method(权益法) Equity securities(权益证券) Equivalent units of production(约当产量) Ethics(伦理) Expenses(费用)Extraordinary items(非常项目) F Factory overhead cost(制造费用) FICA tax(联邦社会保险税) Financial accounting (财务会计) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)(财务会计准则委员会) Financial statements(财务报表) Finished goods inventory(完工产品存货) Finished goods ledger(完工5/ 12产品分类账) First-in, first-out (fifo) method(先进先出法)Fiscal year(会计年度) Fixed (plant) assets(固定资产) Fixed asset impairment(固定资产减值) Fixed assets(固定资产)Fixed costs(固定成本) Flexible budget(弹性预算) FOB (free on board) destination(目的地交货) FOB (free on board) shipping point(装运地交货)(装运地交货) Free cash flow(自由现金流量) Fringe benefits(额外福利) Future value(未来价值,终值) G General journal(普通日记账) General ledger(总分类账) Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)(公认会计原则) Goal conflict(目标冲突) Goodwill (商誉) Gross pay(工资总额) Gross profit(毛利) Gross profit method(毛利法) H Held-to-maturity securities(持有至到期证券) High-low method(高低点法) Horizontal analysis (水平分析) I Ideal standards(理想标准) Income from operations (operating income) (营业利润)(营业利润) Income statement(损益表) Income summary(收益汇总) Indirect method (间接法) Inflation(通货膨胀) Initial public offering (IPO)(首次公开招股) Intangible assets(无形资产) Internal controls(内部控制) Internal rate of return method(内含回报率法) Inventory shrinkage(存货损耗) Inventory turnover (存货周转率) Investment center(投资中心) Investment turnover(投资周转率) Investments(投资) Invoice(发票)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------J Job cost sheet(分批成本计算单) Job order cost system(分批成本计算法) Journal(日记账) Journal entry(日记账分录)Journalizing(编制分录) Just-in-time (JIT) processing(适时加工制) L Last-in, first-out (lifo) method(后进先出法)Ledger(分类账) Leverage(杠杆收益) Liabilities(负债)Limited liability corporation (LLC)(有限责任公司)(有限责任公司) Liquidation(清算) Long-term liabilities(长期负债)Low-cost strategy(低成本战略) Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method(成本与市价孰低法)(成本与市价孰低法) M Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA)(管理层讨论与分析) Managerial accounting(管理会计) Manufacturing business(制造企业)Manufacturing cells(制造单元) Margin of safety(安全边际)Market price approach(市场价格法) Markup(加成) Master budget(全面预算) Matching concept(配比概念) Materiality concept(重要性概念)Materials inventory(材料存货)Materials ledger(材料分类账) Materials requisitions(领料单) Maturity value(到期值) Merchandise inventory(商品存货) Merchandising business(商业企业) Merger(吸收合并)Minority interest(少数股权)Mixed cost(混合成本)Multiple-step income statement (多步式损益表) N Natural business year(自然营业年度) Negotiated price approach(协7/ 12议价格法) Net income(净利润) Net loss(净亏损) Net pay (工资净额) Net present value method(净现值法) Net realizable value(可变现净值) Nonparticipation preferred stock(非参与优先股)(非参与优先股) Note receivable(应收票据) Number of days sales in inventory(存货销售周期)(存货销售周期) Number of days sales in receivables(应收账款周转天数)(应收账款周转天数) Number of times interest charges are earned(利息保障倍数) O Operating leases(经营性租赁)Operating leverage(经营杠杆) Opportunity cost(机会成本)Other comprehensive income(其他全面收益) Other expense(其他费用) Other income(其它收入) Outstanding stock(流通在外股票) Overapplied factory overhead(制造费用过度分配)(制造费用过度分配) Owners equity(所有者权益) P Paid-in capital(实缴资本) Par(面值) Parent company(母公司)Partnership(合伙企业) Partnership agreement(合伙契约)Patents(专利权) Payroll(工资) Payroll register(工资表)Period costs(期间成本) Periodic method(定期盘存制)Permanent differences(永久性差异) Perpetual method(永续盘存制) Petty cash fund(备用金) Physical inventory(实地盘存) Post-closing trial balance(结账后试算平衡表)Posting(过账) Predetermined factory overhead rate(预定制造费用分配率)(预定制造费用分配率) Preferred stock(优先股)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Premium(溢价) Prepaid expenses(预付费用) Present value (现值) Present value concept(现值概念) Present value index(现值指数) Present value of an annuity(年金现值)Price-earnings (P/E) ratio(市盈率) Price-earnings ratio (市盈率) Prior period adjustments(前期调整) Private accounting(内部会计) Proceeds(贴现净额) Process(流程;步骤)Process cost system(分步成本计算法)Process manufacturers(分步制造企业) Product cost concept(产品成本概念) Product costs(产品成本) Production budget(生产预算) Profit center(利润中心) Profit margin(销售利润率)Profitability(获利能力) Profit-volume chart(利润-产量图)Promissory note(承兑票据) Property, plant, and equipment (财产、厂房和设备)(财产、厂房和设备) Proprietorship(独资企业) Public accounting(公共会计) Purchase method(购买法) Purchase return or allowance(购货退回或折让) Purchases discounts(购货折扣) Purchases journal(采购日记账) Q Quick assets(速动资产) Quick ratio(速动比率) R Rate earned on common stockholders equity(普通股股东权益收益率) Rate earned on stockholders equity(股东权益收益率)(股东权益收益率) Rate earned on total assets(总资产收益率) Rate of return on investment (ROI)(投资回报率)(投资回报率) Ratio of fixed9/ 12assets to long-term liabilities(固定资产对长期负债比率)(固定资产对长期负债比率) Ratio of liabilities to stockholders equity(负债对股东权益比率)(负债对股东权益比率) Real accounts(实账户) Realization(变现) Receivables(应收款项) Receiving report(收货单) Relevant range(相关范围)Report form(报告式) Residual income(剩余收益) Residual value(残值)Responsibility accounting(责任会计)Responsibility center(责任中心)Restrictions(限制)Restructuring charge(重组费用) Retail inventory method(零售价格法) Retained earnings(留存收益) Retained earnings statement(留存收益表) Revenue expenditure(收益性支出)Revenue journal(收入日记账) Revenue recognition concept (收入确认概念) Revenues(收入) Reversing entry(转回分录) S Sales(销售收入) Sales budget(销售预算) Sales discounts(销售折扣) Sales mix(销售组合) Sales returns and allowances(销售退回与折让) Selling expenses(销售费用)Service business(服务企业) Service department charges(服务部门费用) Single-step income statement(单步式损益表)Sinking fund(偿债基金) Slide(滑位) Solvency(偿债能力)Special journals(专用日记账) Standard cost(标准成本)Standard cost systems(标准成本系统) Stated value(设定价值) Statement of cash flows(现金流量表) Statement of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ members equity(成员权益报表) Statement of owner s equity (所有者权益表) Statement of partnership equity(合伙企业权益表)(合伙企业权益表)Statement of partnership liquidation(合伙企业清算表)(合伙企业清算表) Statement of stockholders equity(股东权益表) Static budget(固定预算)Stock(股票) Stock dividend(股票股利) Stock split(股票分割) Stockholders(股东) Stockholders equity(股东权益)Straight-line method(直线法) Subsidiary company(子公司)Sunk cost(沉没成本) T T account(T 型账户) Target costing (目标成本法) Taxable income(应税所得) Temporary (nominal) accounts(临时性(虚)账户)(临时性(虚)账户) Temporary differences(暂时性差异) Temporary investments(临时性投资)Theory of constraints (TOC)(限制理论) Time tickets(计工单) Time value of money concept(货币时间价值概念)(货币时间价值概念) Total cost concept(完全成本概念) Trade discounts(商业折扣) Trade-in allowance(以旧换新折让)Trademark(商标) Trading securities(交易证券) Transfer price(转移价格) Transposition(换位) Treasury stock(库藏股票) Trial balance(试算平衡) Two-column journal(两栏式日记账) U Uncollectible accounts expense(坏账费用)Underapplied factory overhead(制造费用分配不足)(制造费用分11/ 12配不足) Underwriting firms(证券包销公司) Unearned revenue (预收收入) Unearned revenues(预收收入) Unit contribution margin(单位贡献毛益) Unit of measure concept(计量单位概念) Units-of-production method(产量法) Unrealized holding gain or loss(未实现持有利得或损失) V Value chain(价值链)Variable cost concept(变动成本概念) Variable costing(变动成本计算) Variable costs(变动成本) Venture capitalist (VC)(风险投资家) Vertical analysis(垂直分析) Volume variance(产量差异) Voucher(付款凭单) Voucher system(付款凭单制度) Work in process inventory(在产品存货) Work sheet(工作底稿) Working capital(营运资本) Yield(收益率) Zero-based budgeting(零基预算)。

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照一、Medical Category :医学科别Allergy :过敏性病科Cardiology :心脏內科Cardiovascular :心脏血管科Dentistry :牙科Dermatology :皮肤科External External Wo Wo unds :外伤Gastric Gastric & & & Intestine Intestine :胃肠科General General Medicine Medicine :普通內科Geriatric s :老人病科Hematology :血液科Infectious Infectious Diseases Diseases :传染病科Inhalation Inhalation Th Th erapy :呼吸治疗科Neonatology :新生小儿科Neurology :神经科Obstetrics Obstetrics & & Gynecology :妇产科Ophthalmology :眼科Orthodontics :牙齿矫正科Orthoped ics :骨科Otorlaryngology :耳鼻喉科Pediatrics :小儿科Plastic Plastic Surgery Surgery :整形外科Psychiatry :精神病科Radiology :放射线科Surgery :外科Syphilology :性病科Urology :泌尿科Alternative Alternative MedicineMedicine :另类医学二、Medical Departm ent :医疗及其它部门Admitting Admitting Office Office :收症室Cardiac Cardiac Care Care Care Unit(C.C.U.) Unit(C.C.U.) :心脏护理部Dental Dental ClinicClinic :牙科诊所Emergency Emergency Dept Dept :急症室Extended Extended Care Care Care Uni Uni t t (E.C.U.)(E.C.U.):延续护理部Home Home Care Care ;Long Long Term Term Term Care Care Care Unit Unit :家庭护理部Intensi ve ve Care Care Care Unit Unit Unit (I.C.U.) (I.C.U.) :深切治疗部Laboratory :化验所Labour ;Delivery Delivery Room Room :产房Medical Medical Office Office ;Clinic :医务所Mortuary :殓房Nursing Nursing HomeHome :护理院O ccupational ccupational Therapy Therapy Therapy Department Department :职业治疗部Operating Operating RoomRoom :手术室Outpati ent ent Dept Dept :门诊部Pharmacy :药房Physiotherapy Physiotherapy Dept Dept :物理治疗部Private ;Se mi-private ;Standard Standard Room Room :私家;半私家;普通病房Public Public Health Health Health Unit Unit :公共卫生中心Radiotherapy Radiotherapy Unit Unit :放射治疗部Records Records Dept Dept :病历储藏部门Reco very very Room Room 康复室Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Centre Centre :康复中心Speech Speech Therapy Therapy Therapy Unit Unit :语言治疗部Terminal Terminal Care Care Care Unit(T.C.U.) Unit(T.C.U.) :末期护理部Ward :病房三、Specialists a nd Health Care Personnel :专科医生及医护人员Accoucheur :妇产科医生Acc oucheuse :助产士Acupuncturist :针灸师Allergist :过敏性科医生Ambulance Ambulance P P aramedic :紧急救援队员Anesthetist :麻醉科医生Attendant Attendant Physician Physician :巡诊医生Aurist :耳科医生Cardiologist :心脏科医生Chiropractor :脊骨推拿医师Clinical Pathologist :临床病理医生Clinical Clinical Psychologist Psychologist :临床心理医生Community Community Hea Hea lth lth Nurse Nurse :社区护士Dental Dental Surgeon/Dentist Surgeon/Dentist :牙医Dematologist :皮肤科医生D iagnostic iagnostic Radiologist Radiologist :放射诊断医生Endocrinologist :內分泌科医生Family Family Phy Phy sician :家庭医生Gastroenterologist 肠胃科医生General General Practitioner Practitioner :全科医生G eneral eneral Surgeon Surgeon :外科医生Geriatrician :老人科医生Gynecologist Gynecologist and and and Obstetrici Obstetrici an :妇产科医生Hematologist :血液科医生Herbalist Herbalist Doctor Doctor :中医Homecare Homecare Wo Wo rker :家务助理员Intern :见习医生Laboratory Laboratory TechnologistTechnologist :化验师Laryngolog ist :喉科医生Mid-wife :助产士Nephrologist 肾科医生Neuro-sugeon :脑外科医生Neurologist :神经科医生Nurse :护士Nutritionist/Dietician :营养师Occupati onal onal Therapist Therapist :职业治疗师Oncologist :肿瘤科医生Ophthalmologist :眼科医生Optometrist :视光师Oral Oral Hygienist Hygienist :口腔卫生师Ortheopath :按摩医生Orthodo ntist 矫形牙科医生Orthopaedist :矫形医生Orthopedic Orthopedic Surgeon Surgeon :骨科Otolaryngo logist/ENT logist/ENT Surgeon Surgeon :耳鼻喉科医生Paramedic :医务辅助人员Pediatrist :小儿科医生Pharmacist :药剂师Physician :内科医生Physiotherapist :物理治疗师Plastic ic Surgeon Surgeon :整形外科医生Podiatrist :足科治疗师Psychiatrist :精神科医生Radi ologist :放射科医生Radiotherapist :放射治疗医生Resident Resident Doctor Doctor :住院医生R espirologist/Pulmonologist :胸肺科医生Rheumatologist :风湿病医生Rhinologist :鼻科医生Speech Speech Therapist Therapist :语言治疗师Thoracic Thoracic SurgeonSurgeon :胸肺外科医生Urol ogist :泌尿科医生四、Pain Pain and and and Ache Ache :痛Ache Ache All All All Over Over :周身疼痛Acute Acute P P ain:剧痛Back Back Pain Pain :背痛Burning Burning Pain Pain :灼痛Chest Chest Pain Pain :胸痛Colic :绞痛Co ntinuous ntinuous Pain Pain 持续痛Cramping Cramping Pain Pain :绞痛Crushing Crushing Pain Pain :压迫痛Distended Distended Pai Pai n :镇痛Dull Dull Pain Pain :暗痛Earache :耳痛Headache :头痛Hunger Hunger Pain Pain 饥痛Inter mittent mittent Pain Pain :阵痛Labour Labour Pain Pain :分娩阵痛Low Low Back Back Back Pain Pain :腰痛Mild Mild Pain Pain :轻痛Pain Pain Come Come Come at at at Intervals Intervals 断续痛Persistent Persistent Pain Pain 持续痛Piercing Piercing Pain Pain :刺骨痛Pressing Pressing Pain Pain :压痛Prickling Prickling Pain Pain :针刺样痛Rediating Rediating Pain Pain :扩散痛Severe Severe Pa Pa in :急痛Sharp Sharp Pain Pain :尖痛Slight Slight Pain Pain :微痛Sore Sore Pain Pain :肿痛Stabbing Stabbing Pain Pain :刀刺痛Stomachache :胃痛Tearing Tearing PainPain :剧烈痛Throbbing Throbbing Pain Pain :跳痛Tingling Tingling P P ain :刺痛Toothache :牙痛五、Sickness Sickness Sympton Sympton :病 症Anxiety :焦虑Biter Taste Taste On On On My My My Tongue Tongue :苦涩Black Black Out Out :短暂昏厥Bloated :胃胀Blood Blood Stool Stool :糞便帶血Boil :疮Bowel Bowel MovementMovement :大便Can't Can't Concentrate Concentrate :不能集中精神Ca n't n't Crouch Crouch :不能蹲下Can't Can't See See See Clearly Clearly :視觉模糊Cataqmatic :骨折Chest Chest Feel Feel s s Tight Tight :胸口闷Chills :发冷Coma :昏睡Constipation :便秘Depression :情绪低落Diarrhea :腹泻Difficulty Difficulty in in in Sallowing Sallowing :咽食困难Dislocation :脱臼Disten ded ded Tummy Tummy :腹部肿胀Disturbance Disturbance of of of Speech Speech :语言障碍Dizziness :眼花Dizzy ;Giddy :头晕Drool :流口水Drowsy :昏沉Ear Ear Discharge Discharge :耳分泌物Exhausted Easily :容易疲倦Eye Eye DischargeDischarge :眼分泌物Eyelid Eyelid Itching Itching :眼盖痕痒Eyelid Eyelid S S wollen :眼盖肿Faint :头晕Fatigue :疲倦Fever :发烧Gritty/Sandy Gritty/Sandy in in in Eyes Eyes :沙粒入眼Gurgling Gurgling Sound Sound Sound in in in My My My Tummy Tummy :腹腔雷鸣Hard Hard Stool Stool :硬条状粪便H eat eat Troke Troke :中暑Hiccup :打嗝High High fever fever :高烧Hoarse Hoarse V V oice :声音嘶哑Illusi on :幻觉Impotence :性无力Indigestion :消化不良Inflame :发炎Insect Insect Stings Stings :昆虫刺伤Insomnia :失眠Irregular Irregular HeartbeatsHeartbeats :心律不齐Itchy Itchy and and and Swollen Swollen :痕和肿Itchy Itchy ThroatThroat :喉痕Jaws Jaws are are are Dislocated Dislocated :下颌脱臼Light Light Headedness Headedness :轻微头痛Loose Loose and and and Watery Watery Watery Stool Stool :糞便稀Loose Loose Stool Stool :软条状粪便Loss Loss of of of Confi Confi dence :失去自信Loss Loss of of of Hearing Hearing :失去听觉Loss Loss of of of Interest Interest :失去兴趣Loss of of V V oice 失声Lost Lost my my my Appetite Appetite :食欲不振Lost Lost Weight Weight :体重减轻Lumpy Lumpy Stoo Stoo l :粒状粪便Muscle Muscle Spasm Spasm :肌肉抽筋Mucus Mucus in in in Stool Stool :粪便带粘液Nasal Nasal Blee Blee ding :流鼻血Nasal Nasal Discharge Discharge :鼻涕Nausea :恶心Night Night Sweats Sweats :盗汗Numb :麻痹Headaches :偶有头痛Pale Pale Face Face :面色苍白Pass Pass GasGas ;。

术语(中英文对照表)

术语(中英文对照表)

CPM Complaint per Million 每一百萬個使用者會有幾次抱怨CQE Customer Quality Engineering 顧客品質工程CQI Contiunity Quality Imporvement 持續品質改善計劃CRM Customer Relationship Management 客戶關係管理CRP Cost reduction Plan 成本削減計劃 CSL Central Specification Limit 規格中心線CSP Continuous Sampling Plan 連續生產型抽樣檢驗CWQC Company-wide Quality Control 全員品管DDFM Design for ManufacturabilityDFMA Design for Manufacturability and AssemblyDFMEA Design Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 設計失效模式與效應分析DOA Dead on Arrival 新品到貨即死DOE Design of Experiments 實驗設計DQE Design Quality Engineering 設計品質工程DVT Design Verification Testing 設計驗證EEDI Electronic Data Interchange 電子資料交換EER Energy Efficiency Ratio 能源效率比EL Environment Label 環保標章EMM Environmental Managemental Manual 環境管理手冊EMS Environmental Management System 環境管理系統EMS Equipment Management System 設備控管EOL End Of Life 生命週期EOQ Economic Order Quantity 基本經濟訂購量EOS Electrical Over Stress 電壓過應力EPC Engineering Process Control 工程製程管制EPE Environment Performance Evaluation 環境績效評估ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企業資源規劃ESD Electrostatic Discharge 靜電/放電FFAI First Article Inspection 首件檢查FMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 失效模式與效應分析FMECA Failure Modes and Effects Criticality Analysis 失效模式、效應與關鍵性分析FQC Finish or Final Quality control 成品品質管制FRR Field Failure Rate 客戶端累積故障率GGP Green Partner 綠色伙伴GP Green Products 綠色產品GRR Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility 量具的重複性和再生性GSQM Global Supplier Quality ManagerHIIE Industrial Engineering 工業工程師IFIR Initial Field Incident RateIPP Integrated Product Policy 整合性產品政策IPQC In-Process Quality Control 製程品質管制IQC In-coming Quality Control 進料品質管制ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工業標準架構ISAR Initial Sample Approval Request 首批樣品認可ISO International Organization for Standardization 國際標準組織IT Information Technology 資訊科技JJIS Japanese Industry Standard 日本工業標準JIT Just In Time 及時生產系統KKM Knowledge Management 知識管理KPI Key Performance Indicators 主要績效指標LLCA Life Cycle Analysis 生命週期評估LCL Lower Control Limit 管制下限LRR Line Reject Rate 批退率LSL Lower Specification Limit 下規格界限LT Lead time 前置時間LTC Least Total Cost 最小總成本法LTPD Lot Tolerance Percent Defective 拒收水準LUC Least Unit Cost 最小單位成本MMES Manufacturing Execution System 製造執行系統MMS Material Management System 物料管理MO Manufacture Order 製令MP Management Procedures 管理程序書MPS Master production schedule 主生產排程MQE Manufacture Quality Engineering 製造品質工程MRB Material Review Board 物料評估會議MRP Material Requirements Planning 物料需求計劃MRR Manufacturing Readiness Review 產期預備會議MSA Measurement System Analysis 量測系統分析MTBF Mean Time Between Failure 平均失效間隔時間MTTF Mean Time To Failure 平均失效時間NNDF Next Day FailureNFF No Fault FoundOOBA Out of Box AuditODM Original Design & Manufacture 委託設計與製造OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 委託代工OI Operational Instructions 作業指導書OLAP On-Line Analytical Processing 線上分析處理OQC Out-going Quality Control 出貨品質管制ORT Ongoing Reliability TestingPPCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷電路板PCBA Printed Circuit Board Assembly 印刷電路板裝配PDCA Plan-Do-Check-Action PDCA管理循環PDM Product Data Management 產品資料管理PFMEA Process Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 製程失效模式與效應分析PL Product Liability 產品責任PPAP Productive Parts Approval Procedure 生產性零組件核准程序PSP Problem Solving Process 問題分析與解決PSS Production Scheduling System 生產排程QQA Quality Assurance 品質保證QAS Quality Assurance System 品質保證系統QC Quality Control 品質管制QCC Quality Control Circle 品管圈QE Quality Engineering 品質工程QFD Quality Function Deployment 品質機能展開QIR Quality Improvement Report 品質改善報告QMS Quality Management System 品質管理系統QPA Quality Process AuditQSA Quality Systems Assessment 品質系統評鑑QSA Quality System Audit 品質系統稽核QSE Quality System Engineering 品質系統工程RRMA Returned Material Approval 退貨驗收RoHS Restrict of Hazardous Substance 危害物質限制RPN Risk Priority Number 風險優先數值SSAGE The Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment 環境策略諮詢小組SBR Supplier Business ReviewSC Central Specification Limit 規格中心線,代號 SCSCAR Supplier Corrective Action RequestSCM Supply Chain Management 供應鏈管理SE Simultaneous Engineering 同步工程SET Secure Electronic Transaction 安全電子交易SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language 標準通用標示語言SIP Standard Inspect Procedure 標準檢驗程序SL Lower Specification Limit 規格下限,代號 SLSMD Surface Mount Device 表面裝著(黏著)零件SMT Surface Mount Technology 表面裝著(黏著)技術SOP Standard Operating Procedure 標準作業程序SOR Special Order Request 特殊訂單求SPC Statistical Process Control 統計製程管制SPR Sequential Probability Ratio 逐次抽樣檢驗原理SQC Statistical Quality Control 統計品質管制SQE Supplier Quality Engineering 供應商品質工程ST Specification Tolerance 規格公差SU Upper Specification Limit 規格上限 ,代號 SUS-OJT S-OJT 結構化在職訓練TTPM Total Production Management 全面生產管理TQC Total Quality Control 全面品質管制TQM Total Quality Management 全面品質管理UUCL Upper Control Limit 管制上限USL Upper Specification Limit 上規格界限VWWEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 廢棄電器電子設備WI Work Instruction 工作說明書WIP Work In Process 在製品WIP Work In Process Tracking 製程控管系統XYZZD Zero Defect 零缺點。

(完整word版)英语语法术语 中英文对照

(完整word版)英语语法术语 中英文对照

一.词性 part of speech1.名词 noun1)专有名词 proper noun2)普通名词 common noun3)可数名词 countable noun4)不可数名词 uncountable noun5)抽象名词 abstract noun6)具体名词 concrete noun7)物质名词 material noun8)集体名词 collective noun9)个体名词 individual noun2.动词 verb1)及物动词 transitive verb2)不及物动词 intransitive verb3)限定动词 finite verb form4)非限定动词 non-finite verb form5)主动词 main verb6)系动词 link verb7)助动词 auxiliary verb8)情态动词 modal verb 9)规则动词 regular verb10)不规则动词 irregular verb11)短语动词 phrasal verb12)限定动词 finite verb13)非限定动词 infinite verb14)使役动词 causative verb15)感官动词 verb of senses16)动态动词 event verb17)静态动词 state verb18)3.形容词 adjective4.副词 adverb1)方式副词adverb of manner 2)程度副词adverb of degree 3)时间副词adverb of time4)地点副词adverb of place5)修饰性副词 adjunct6)连接性副词 conjunct7)疑问副词 interrogative adverb 8)关系副词 relative adverb5.代词 pronoun1)人称代词 personal pronoun2)物主代词 possessive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun 3)反身代词 reflexive pronoun4)指示代词 demonstrative pronoun5)疑问代词 interrogative pronoun6)关系代词 relative pronoun7)不定代词 indefinite pronoun6.冠词 article1)定冠词 definite article2)不定冠词 indefinite article7.数词 numeral1)基数词 cardinal numeral2)序数词 ordinal numeral8.介词 preposition9.连词 conjunction10.感叹词 exclamation一、 数/格/性 number/case/gender 1. 数number1) 单数形式 singular form 2) 复数形式 plural form 3) 规则形式 regular form 4) 不规则形式 irregular form 2. 格case1) 普通格 common case 2) 所有格 possessive case 3) 主格 nominative case 4) 宾格 objective case 3. 性gender 1) 阴性 feminine 2) 阳性 masculine 3) 中性 neuter 4) 通性 common 4. 人称 person 第一人称 first person 第二人称 second person 第三人称 third person二、 句子成分 members of sentences 1. 主语 subject 2. 谓语 predicate 3. 表语 predicative 4. 宾语 object1) 双宾语 dual object 2) 直接宾语 direct object 3) 间接宾语 indirect object 4) 复合宾语 complex object 5) 同源宾语 cognate object 5. 定语 attribute 6. 状语 adverbial 7. 同位语 appositive 8. 补语 complement1) 主补subject complement 2) 宾补object complement 9. 表语 predicative 10. 定语 attribute 11. 同位语 appositive 12. 状语 adverbial三、 句子sentence (基本句型 basic sentence patern) 1. 简单句 simple sentence 2. 并列句 compound sentence 3. 复合句 complex sentence 4. 并列复合句 compound complex sentence 5. 陈述句 declarative sentence 6. 存在句 existential sentence 7. 疑问句 interrogative sentence 1) 一般疑问句 general question 2) 特殊疑问句 special question 3) 选择疑问句 alternative question 4) 反义疑问句 disjunctive question 5) 附加疑问句 tag question 6) 反义疑问句 disjunctive question 7) 修辞疑问句 rhetorical question 8) 感叹疑问句 exclamatory question 8. 肯定句 positive sentence 9. 否定句 negative sentence 10. 祈使句 imperative sentence 11. 省略句 elliptical sentence 12. 感叹句 exclamatory sentence 四、 语气/语态/语序 mood/voice/order 1. 语气mood 1) 陈述语气 indicative mood 2) 祈使语气 imperative mood 3) 虚拟语气 subjunctive mood 2. 语态voice 主动语态 active voice 被动语态 passive voice 3. 否定 negation 否定范围 scope of negation 全部否定 full negation 局部否定 partial negation 转移否定 shift of negation 4. 语序 order 1) 自然语序 natural order 2) 倒装语序inversion i. 全部倒装 full inversion ii. 部分倒装 partial inversion 3) 直接引语 direct speech 4) 间接引语 indirect speech 5) 自由直接引语 free direct speech 6) 自由间接引语 free indirect speech 5. 一致 agreement 主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement 概念一致 notional agreement 就近原则 principle of proximity 强调 emphasis 重复 repetition6. 语音 pronunciation 语调 tone 升调 rising tone 降调 falling tone 降升调 falling-rising tone7. 文体 style 正式文体 formal 非正式文体 informal 、 口语 spoken/oral English 套语 formulistic expression 英国英语 British English 美国英语 American English8. 用法 usage 感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory 贬义 derogatory 幽默 humorous 讽刺 sarcastic 挖苦 ironic 词性 part of speech 语法 grammar 句法 syntax 词法 morphology 结构 structure 层次 rank 句子 sentence 从句 clause 词组 phrase9. 词类 part of speech 单词 word 实词 notional word 虚词 structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 10. 句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate 从属 subordination 修饰 modification 前置修饰 pre-modification 后置修饰 post-modification 限制 restriction 双重限制 double-restriction 非限制 non-restriction 五、 从句clause 1. 从属句 subordinate clause 2. 并列句 coordinate clause 3. 名词性从句 nominal clause 1) 主语从句subject clause 2) 表语从句 predicative clause 3) 宾语从句 object clause 4) 同位语从句appositive clause 4. 定语从句 attributive clause 5. 宾语从句 object clause 6. 主语从句 subject clause 7. 同位语从句 appositive clause 8. 状语从句adverbial clause 1) 时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time 2) 地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place 3) 方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner 4) 让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession 5) 原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause 6) 结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result 7) 目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose 8) 条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition 9) 比较状语从句 adverbial clause of comparison 六、 时态 tense 1. 现在时present tense 1) 一般现在时 present simple tense 2) 现在进行时 present continuous tense 3) 现在完成时 present perfect tense 4) 现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 2. 过去时 past tense 1) 一般过去时past simple tense 2) 过去进行时 past continuous tense 3) 过去完成时 past perfect tense 4) 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense 3. 将来时future tense 1) 一般将来时 future simple tense 2) 将来进行时 future continuous tense 3) 将来完成时 future perfect tense 4) 将来完成进行时 future perfect continuous tense 4. 其他 1) 一般过去将来时past future tense2) 过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 3) 过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense 4) 过去将来完成进行时past future perfectcontinuous tense。

专用术语中英对照表

专用术语中英对照表

专用术语中英对照表Abrasion Resistance 耐磨性(尤指油磨或纸张)Absorption 吸水性Achromatic Color 消色法(一种分色技巧,即将图案中的洋红、黄、青,直接转换成黑色的方法)Additive Primaries 加色法(红光+绿光+黄光形成白光)Airbrush 喷雾效果(美工制作的一种技巧)Aliasing 线条的不平滑、阶梯状效果,一般是图案的解析度不足Anilox Roll 网纹辊ANSI(American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会Anvil Rotary Die Cutting 优力胶回轧模Apple talk 苹果电脑之网络通讯协定Application 应用软体Artwork 美工制作Bar code 条码BCM(Billion Cubic microns) 网纹辊中网穴的墨含量单位1BCM=1.55cm3/m2=109 cm3/m2Biocide 防腐剂Bit 位元,电脑中最小的计量单位Bitmap 位元图像,利用位元所组成之图像或字型等Black and white photo 黑白相片Blank 纸板模切,开槽前的尺寸Bleed 出血(美工制作技巧,即制作尺寸实际需求尺寸,以利于印刷套印之误差)Blue line 蓝图(打样用蓝色图案)Boiler 锅炉Boric acid 硼酸Box Compression Test (BCT) 纸箱耐压测试Box make 瓦楞纸箱生产厂家Bridge Brake 天桥刹车(复瓦机设备之一)Brightness 亮度(指纸或油墨)Bursting Test 耐破测试Byte 位元组CAD(Computer Assisted Design)电脑辅助制作(如绘声绘色图机,电控锯切机等)Camber(Roll Crown) 中高Caustic Soda 苛性碱(氢氧化钠)CCM (Corrugated case Materials)瓦楞纸箱材质Cell of Anilox Roll 网纹辊网穴CEPS (Color Electronic prepress System)电子彩色印前系统Central Control 中央控制(终控部)Chipboard 纸管纸Choke 缩分(分色的一种技巧,将网点或线条稍许缩小,以利于叠印)。

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。

专业术语中英文对照

专业术语中英文对照

Two-stroke cycle 二冲程循环Four-stroke cycle 四冲程循环Diesel cycle 狄塞尔循环Otto cycle 奥托循环Mixed cycle 混合循环Constant volume cycle 定容循环Constant pressure cycle 等压循环Working cycle 工作循环Ideal cycle 理想循环Thermodynamic cycle 热力循环Stroke 冲程,行程Piston stroke 活塞行程Long stroke 长行程Up stroke 上行程Down stroke 下行程Intake stroke 吸气行程Charging stroke 充气行程Compression stroke 压缩行程Working stroke 工作行程Explosion stroke 爆炸行程Expansion stroke 膨胀行程Power stroke 动力行程Exhaust stroke 排气行程Expansion-exchange stroke 膨胀-换气行程Exchange-compression stroke 换气-压缩行程Dead center 止点Top dead center 上止点Lower dead center 下止点Before top dead center 上止点前After top dead center 上止点后Before bottom dead center 下止点前After bottom dead center 下止点后Cylinder bore 缸径Bore and stroke 缸径与冲程Air-cell 空气室Cylinder clearance volume 气缸余隙容积Combustion chamber volume 燃烧室容积Maximum cylinder volume 气缸最大容积Compression chamber 压缩室Displacement (swept volume) 排气量Engine displacement 发动机排量Piston displacement 活塞排量Cylinder capacity 气缸容量Single-chamber capacity 单室容量V olumetry 容积法Compression ratio 压缩比Critical compression ratio 临界压缩比Expansion ratio 膨胀比Surface to volume ratio 面容比Stroke-bore ratio 行程-缸径比Mixture ratio 混合比Compression pressure 压缩压力Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) 制动平均有效压力Air fuel ratio 空燃比Fuel air ratio 燃空比Fuel equivalence ratio 燃料当量比Torque 扭矩Power per cylinder 单缸功率Power per liter 升功率Torque per liter 升扭矩Mass per liter 升质量Derating power 减额功率Output power 输出功率Gross power 总功率Net power 净功率Fuel consumption 燃油消耗量Specific fuel consumption 比燃料消耗量Air consumption 空气消耗量Oil consumption 机油消耗量Rated power 额定功率Brake power 制动功率Brake thermal efficiency 制动热效率Indicted thermal efficiency 指示热效率Overall efficiency 总效率Smoke limiting power 排烟极限功率Power curve 功率曲线Mechanical loss 机械损失Mechanical efficiency 机械效率Effective thermal efficiency 有效热效率V olumetric efficiency 容积效率Excess air coefficient 过量空气系数Adaptive coefficient 适应性系数Torque adaptive coefficient 扭矩适应性系数Speed adaptive coefficient 转速适应性系数Intensification coefficient 强化系数Correction factor 校正系数Conversion factor 换算系数Mean piston speed 活塞平均速度Engine speed 发动机速度Idling speed 怠速转速Economic speed 经济转速Starting speed 起动转速Lowest continuous speed with load 最低稳定工作转速Lowest idling temperature 发动机怠速转动最低温度Maximum torque speed 最大转矩转速Maximum noload governed speed 受控最高空转转速Speed governing调速Overspeed超速Idling怠速Speed fluctuation rate转速波动率Working condition (operating condition)工况Rated working condition额定工况Variable working condition变工况Steady working condition稳定工况No –load空载Full load 全负荷Over load 超负荷Part load 部分负荷Charge 充量(进气)Direction of rotation 旋转方向Clockwise 顺时针Anticlockwise 逆时针Left-hand rotation 左转Right-hand rotation 右转Major diameter 外径Pitch diameter 中径Minor diameter 内径Radial clearance 径向间隙Engine performance 发动机性能Loading performance 加载性能Starting performance 起动性能Acceleration performance 加速性能Power performance 动力性能Emission performance 排放性能No load characteristics 空转特性Partial throttle characteristics 负荷特性Governor control characteristics 调速特性Mapping characteristics 万有特性Steady-state speed governing rate 稳定调速率Working medium 工质Practical cycle 实际循环Firing order 点火次序Timing 定时Stroke-bore ratio 行程缸径比Number of cylinders 气缸数Piston area 活塞面积Connecting rod length 连杆长度Crank radius 曲柄半径Crank radius-connecting rod length ratio 曲柄连杆比Working medium volume 气缸体积Piston swept volume 气缸工作体积Effective piston swept volume 气缸有效工作体积Cylinder clearance volume 气缸余隙体积Maximum cylinder volume 气缸最大体积Effective cylinder volume 气缸有效体积Engine swept volume 发动机排量Engine cylinder volume 发动机气缸总体积Clearance 余隙高度Injector protrusion 喷嘴端伸出量Intake process 进气过程Intake temperature 进气温度Intake pressure 进气压力Natural aspiration 自然进气Stratified charge 层状充气Intake advance angle 进气提前角Intake lag angle 进气迟后角Intake duration angle 进气持续角Intake swirl 进气涡流Intake turbulence 进气紊流Helical duct intake 螺旋进气道进气Tangential duct intake 切向进气道进气Masked inlet valve intake 导流屏进气Time-area value 时面值Valve lift 气阀升程Scavenging port area 气阀开度Gas exchange process 换气过程Scavenging process 扫气过程Scavenging duration 扫气持续期Scavenging pressure 扫气压力Uniflow scavenging 直流扫气Loop scavenging 回流扫气Cross scavenging 横流扫气Crankcase scavenging 曲轴箱扫气Scavenging by blower 扫气泵扫气Piston underside pump scavenging 活塞底泵扫气Exhaust-pulse scavenging 排气脉冲扫气Coefficient of scavenging 扫气系数Trapping efficiency 扫气利用系数Scavenging efficiency 扫气效率Coefficient of scavenging loss 扫气漏失系数Delivery ratio 给气比Valve timing 配气定时Valve overlap 气阀重叠Swirl rate 涡流比Compression process 压缩过程Compression pressure 压缩压力Compression beginning pressure 压缩始点压力Compression beginning temperature 压缩始点温度Compression end pressure without combustion 压缩终点压力Compression end temperature without combustion 压缩终点温度Fuel injection starting compression pressure 喷油始点压缩压力Ignition starting compression pressure 着火始点压缩压力Ratio of pressure rise 压力升高比Effective compression ratio 有效压缩比Polytropic index of compression 压缩多变指数Compression swirl 压缩涡流Injection process 喷油过程Direct injection 直接喷射Indirect injection 间接喷射Electronic-controlled injection 电控喷射Fuel supply advance angle 供油提前角Fuel injection advance angle 喷油提前角Injection lag 喷油延迟角Injection duration 喷油持续角Nozzle hole area 喷孔面积Total area of nozzle holes 喷孔总面积Ratio of nozzle hole length-nozzle hole diameter 喷孔长径比Nozzle hole cone 喷孔锥体Nozzle hole cone angle 喷孔锥角Needle lift 针阀升程Sac volume 针阀压力室体积Retraction volume of delivery valve 出油阀卸载体积Injection pressure 喷油压力Injection starting pressure 启喷压力Injection peak pressure 喷油峰值压力Inject back pressure 喷油背压Spray 喷注Spray penetration 喷注贯穿距离Spray penetration curve 喷注贯穿规律Spray penetration ratio 喷注贯穿率Fuel delivery per cycle per cylinder 循环喷油量Minimum fuel delivery per cycle per cylinder 最小循环喷油量Fuel supply rate 供油率Fuel injection rate 喷油率Accumulated fuel delivery rate 累计喷油率Fuel supply rate curve 供油规律Fuel injection rate curve 喷油规律Fuel delivery curve at constant speed 喷油泵负荷特性Fuel delivery curve at fixed rack 喷油泵速度特性Nozzle flow characteristic 喷嘴流通特性Nozzle hydrokinetic characteristic 喷嘴液力特性Spray characteristic 喷雾特性Spray cone angle 喷雾锥角Atomization 雾化Sauter mean diameter (SMD) 索特平均直径Abnormal injection 异常喷油Secondary injection 二次喷油Fluctuating injection 波动喷油Intermittent injection 间断喷油Disorder injection 不齐喷油Nozzle dribbing 喷油滴漏Mixture formation process 混合气形成过程Mixture concentration 混合气浓度Mixture ratio 混合比V olumetric mixture ratio 体积混合比Mole mixture ratio 摩尔混合比Theoretical mixture ratio 理论混合比Theoretical mixture gas 理论混合气Film mixture 油膜混合Combustible mixture 可燃混合气Total air-fuel ratio 总空燃比Total excess air ratio 总过量空气系数Air untilization ratio 空气利用系数Chamber mixture 雾化混合Compound mixture 复合混合Peripheral mixture 周边混合Thermo-mixture effect 热混合效应Thermo-hamper effect 热束缚效应Micro swirl 微涡流Combustion chamber 燃烧室Divided combustion chamber 分开式燃烧室Semi-open combustion chamber 半开式燃烧室Open combustion chamber 开式燃烧室Direct injection combustion chamber 直喷式燃烧室Piston chamber 活塞顶内燃烧室M-process chamber 球型燃烧室Basin shaped combustion chamber 盆形燃烧室Swirl combustion chamber 涡流燃烧室Prechamber 预燃燃烧室Pre-swirl combustion chamber 涡流预燃室Heat-reserve combustion chamber 储能燃烧室Main combustion chamber 主燃室Subsidiary combustion chamber 副燃室L-combustion chamber L形燃烧室Wedge shaped combustion chamber 楔型燃烧室Bathtub shaped combustion chamber 盆形燃烧室Hemispherical combustion chamber 半球形燃烧室V olume ratio of combustion chamber 燃烧室体积比Calibre ratio of combustion chamber 燃烧室口径比Surface-volume ratio of combustion chamber 燃烧室面容比Area ratio of combustion chamber passage 燃烧室通道面积比Ignition 着火Ignition process 着火过程Ignition temperature 着火温度Compression ignition 压燃Spark ignition 点燃Cold flame 冷焰Blue flame 蓝焰Hot flame 热焰Pre-flame reaction 焰前反应Chain reaction 链反应Pre-mixing combustion 预混合燃烧Diffusion combustion 扩散燃烧Lean mixture combustion 稀薄燃烧Stratified combustion 层状燃烧Ignition delay period 滞燃期Rapid combustion period 速燃期Main combustion period 主燃期Normal combustion period 缓燃期After combustion period 后燃期Combustion duration 燃烧持续期Heat release beginning 放热始点Heat release end 放热终点Duration of heat release 放热持续期Combustion rate 燃烧率Heat release rate 放热率Heat release rate curve 放热规律Heat utilization ratio 热量利用率Spark advance angle 点火提前角Spark lag 点火延迟Pre-ignition 早燃Surface ignition 热面点火Miss-fire 失火Back fire 回火Flame propagation velocity 火焰传播速度Detonation 爆燃Squish area 挤气面积Quench effect 冷激效应Combustion swirl 燃烧涡流Squish swirl 挤压涡流Anti-squish swirl 反挤压涡流Maximum combustion pressure 最高燃烧压力Maximum combustion temperature 最高燃烧温度Pressure rise rate 压力升高率Alternative fuel 代用燃料Emulsified fuel 乳化燃料Main fuel 主燃料Pilot-ignition fuel 引燃燃料Basic fuel 基础燃料Lower calorfic value of fuel 燃料低热值Cetane number 十六烷值Octane number 辛烷值Antiknock quality index 抗爆指数Antiknock sensitivity 抗爆敏感度Antiknock quality 抗爆性Polytropic index of expansion 膨胀多变指数Coefficient of molecular change 分子变更系数Initial exhaust 先期排气Free exhaust 自由排气Forced exhaust 强制排气Supercritical exhaust 超临界排气Subcritical exhaust 亚临界排气Exhaust advance angle 排气提前角Exhaust lag angle 排气迟后角Exhaust duration 排气持续期Exhaust pressure 排气压力Exhaust back pressure 排气背压Exhaust temperature 排气温度Residual gas 残余废气Coefficient of residual gas 残余废气系数Exhaust purification 排气净化Poisonous exhaust composition 排气有害万分Emission 排放物Concentration of emission 排放浓度Emission rate 排放分数Exhaust pollution 排气污染Exhaust smoke 排气烟度Soot 黑烟Exhaust particulate 排气微粒Exhaust gas recirculation 废气再循环Indicated work 指示功Indicated power 批示功率Mean indicated pressure 平均指示压力Indicated thermal efficiency 指示热效率Indicated specific fuel consumption 指示油耗率Indicated specific energy consumption 指示能耗率Indicator diagram 示功图Motoring indicator diagram 拖动示功图Low pressure indicator diagram 低压示功图Heat balance 热平衡Exhaust heat loss 排气热损失Cooling heat loss 冷却热损失Remainder heat loss 余项热损失Supercharging 增压Supercharging level 增压度Pressure ratio 增压比Boost pressure 增压压力Low pressure-charging 低增压Medium pressure-charging 中增压High pressure-charging 高增压Super high pressure-charging 超高增压Mechanical supercharging 机械增压Turbo-charging 废气涡轮增压Combined supercharging 复合增压Pulse turbo-charging 脉冲增压Constant-pressure turbo-charging 定压增压Inertia supercharging 惯性增压Intake fluctuation effect supercharging 气波增压器增压Two stage supercharging 两级增压pulse converter supercharging 脉冲转换增压sequential turbocharging 相继涡轮增压tuned intake supercharging 谐波增压modular pulse converter supercharging 模件式脉冲转换增压inter-cooling 增压中冷inter-cooling level 中冷度exhaust expansion ratio through turbine 涡轮膨胀比equivalent area of turbine nozzle 涡轮当量喷嘴面积surge 喘振surge line 喘振线supercharger speed 增压器转速supercharger outlet temperature 增压器出口温度starting speed 起动转速declared speed 标称转速idling speed 最低空载转速maximum no-load speed 最高空载转速lowest continues speed with load 最低工作稳定转速economic speed 经济转速speed at maximum torque 最大转矩转速right-hand rotation 右转left-hand rotation 左转overspeed 超速coefficient of speed reserve 转速储备系数speed governing 调速coefficient of speed fluctuation 转速波动率maximum transient speed 最高瞬时转速minimum transient speed 最低瞬时转速speed recovery time 转速稳定时间transient speed regulation 瞬时调速率steady-state speed regulation 稳定调速率hunting 游车load 负荷full load 全负荷partial load 部分负荷overload 超负荷no-load 空载working condition 工况steady working condition 稳定工况variable working condition 变工况transient working condition 过渡工况declared working condition 标定工况economic working condition 经济工况mechanical loss 机械损失功率brake power 有效功率declared power 标称功率15-minute rated power 15 min功率one hour rated power 1h功率12-hour rated power 12h功率continues power 持续功率power per piston area 活塞面积功率power per cylinder 单缸功率power to bulk ratio 体积功率economic power 经济功率normal power 常用功率maximum power 最大功率gross power 总功率net power 净功率smoke limit power 冒烟极限功率derating power 减额功率power take-off 功率分支输出power reserve 储备功率adjusted power 修正功率standard power 标准功率coefficient of power reserve 功率储备系数mechanical power 机械功率。

常见医学术语中英文对照

常见医学术语中英文对照

welcome[]vt、& n、欢迎;a、受欢迎的offer[]vt、& n、提供;贡献be about to[](不久)就要,即将training[]n、训练;培养program[]n、规划;(教学)大纲general[]a、一般的,普遍的basic[]a、基本的,基础的course[]n、课程;过程;疗程biology[]n、生物学devote[]vt、贡献medical[]a、医学的,医药的anatomy[]n、解剖学;解剖physiology[]n、生理学biochemistry[]n、生物化学term[]n、学期;期限;术语internal[]a、内服的;内部的surgery[]n、外科学,外科and so on[]等等,诸如此类clinical[]a、临床的have to[]不得不,只好in addition[]另外follow-up[]a、& n、接着的,后续的advanced[]a、高级的;先进的besides[]ad、此外;prep、除…之外qualified[]a、合格的campus[]n、校园storey[]n、层(楼)collection[]n、收集,收藏central[]a、中心的,中央的laboratory[]n、实验室,研究室dormitory[]n、宿舍altogether[]ad、总共treat[]vt、治疗;处理;对待divide[]vt、分;隔开speciality[]n、专业;特征department[]n、科室;系;学部traditional[]a、传统的affiliate[]vt、使…加入;使附于out-patient[]n、门珍病人in-patient[]n、住院病人emergency[]n、紧急情况emergency room[]急诊室timely[]a、及时的;合时的available[]a、可取得的;可用的round the clock[]全天二十四小时consult[]vt、请教;瞧病;查阅consulting room[]诊室complaint[]n、疾病;主诉;抱怨ward[]n、病房surgical[]a、外科的pediatric[]a、儿科的intensive[]a、加强的;集中的intensive care unit[]监护抢救小组(室) separate[]a、单独的;分离的separate、、、from、、、[]把…分开section[]n、(组织)部分x-ray[]n、x射线pharmacy[]n、药房;药学sterilize[]vt、消毒;使…断种instrument[]n、器械;仪器store[]vt、& n、储藏;店铺in store for[]贮藏以备…bank[]n、库;银行;河岸blood[]血库transfusion[]n、输血;注入staff[]n、工作人员(全体)medical staff[]医务人员make up[]v、组成;决定;配制be made up of[]由…组成operator[]n、话务员;技术员operate[]vi、& vt、运转;开动engage[]vt、使从事于,使忙于put、、、through to、、、[]接通(电话)…go on[]进行;继续preparation[]n、准备;制备;制剂perform[]vt、执行;施行;演出acute[]a、急性的;尖锐的appendicitis[]n、阑尾炎immediately[]ad、即刻,立即rib[]n、肋骨fracture[]vt、使折断;n、骨折arrange[]vt、安排;布置arrange for[]为…作准备(安排) arrangement[]n、安排;布置;筹备right away[]立刻by the way[]顺便type[]n、类型;典型;榜样anesthesia[]n、麻醉general anesthesia[]全身麻醉assist[]vt、协助,帮助planet[]n、行星non-living[]a、无生命的by、、、we mean[]所谓…指的就是…whereas[]ad、而,却;反之recognize[]vt、认识,识别;承认example[]n、实例,范例for example[]例如function[]n、机能;vi、活动(器官) activity[]n、活动;积极性what is more[]而且on one's own[]靠(某人或某物)自己by oneself[]靠…自己;独立secondly[]ad、其次,第二surroundings[]n、周围事物;环境stimulus[]n、刺激;刺激物thirdly[]ad、第三environment[]n、外界;环境ability[]n、能力,(pl、)才能be known as[]叫作;称为;以…闻名irritability[]n、应激性,兴奋性reproduce[]vt、繁殖,再生,复制reproduction[]n、繁殖,再生,复制offspring[]n、后代,后裔process[]n、过程,程序;vt、处理generation[]n、一代;产生,发生to sum up[]总而言之,总之growth[]n、生长,增加respond[]vi、响应;回答respond to[]对…有反应;回答response[]n、反应;回答response to[]对…的反应property[]n、特性;财产increase[]vt、增加;n、增加;增大brain[]n、脑子likely[]a、可能的;似乎合适的man-like[]a、象人的minute[]a、微小的electron[]n、电子microscope[]n、显微镜virus[]n、病毒single[]a、唯一的;单一的thread[]n、线;线索nylon[]n、尼龙astonishing[]a、非常惊人的computer[]n、计算机automatic[]a、自动的thousand[]n、千,(pl、)成千上万control[]n、& vt、控制;支配wonderful[]a、奇妙的;令人惊奇的artificial[]a、人工的,非天然的attempt[]vt、& n、尝试;企图copy[]vt、抄写;仿效;n、副本robot[]n、机器人happen[]vi、发生;偶然,碰巧human[]n、人;a、人的;人类的solve[]vt、解决;解答reference[]n、参考;谈到look after[]v、照顾;寻求librarian[]n、图书管理员provide[]vt、提供as well as[]conj、又;以及periodical[]n、期刊;a、周期的classify[]vt、分类,分等ownership[]n、所有制,所有权private[]a、私有的;私立的content[]n、内容;容量;目录engineering[]n、工程,工程学frequently[]ad、时常,屡次contain[]vt、包含,容纳;装有nowadays[]ad、现今,现在fiction[]n、小说non-fiction[]n、非小说类文学作品encyclopedia[]n、百科全书refer to[]v、查阅;参考;提及deal with[]v、论述;处理;对待subject[]n、科目;主题subject-matter[]n、主题;素材author[]n、作者title[]n、标题;书目catalog[]n、目录alphabetical[]a、按字母顺序的locate[]vt、查出;设置be located in[]座落于,位于information[]n、资料;消息;情报well-informed[]a、消息灵通的regular[]a、定期的;经常的resource[]n、资源;富源amount[]n、数量,总数a large amount of[]大量creation[]n、创造;创造物object[]n、物体;目的;宾语centimetre[]n、厘米width[]n、宽度,宽大organism[]n、机体,有机体range[]n、& vt、范围;排列range from、、、to、、、[]从…到…particle[]n、颗粒;虚词(语法) bacterium[]n、细菌greek[]a、希腊的;n、希腊人invent[]vt、发明,创造dutch[]a、荷兰的;n、荷兰人merchant[]n、商人homemade[]a、国产的;家庭制的grind[]vt、磨;碾lens[]n、透镜,镜头magnify[]vt、放大;扩大identify[]vt、辨认;视为同一unit[]n、单位;单元;部队compound[]a、复合的;n、化合物eyeglass[]n、眼镜go by[]v、过去(时间);依照degree[]n、度,度数;程度precision[]n、精确,精确度principle[]n、原理,原则optical[]a、光学的;视觉的on the other hand[]另一develop[]vt、& vi、发展;发生beam[]n、一道(光线),一束play、、、a role in、、、[]在…中起…作用physicist[]n、物理学家structure[]n、结构;组织care for[]v、照顾;喜欢take care of[]v、照瞧,照料personnel[]n、全体人员;人事contact[]vt、& n、接触,联系have contact with[]与…接触;与…联系in case[]conj、如果;万一thorough[]a、彻底的;详尽的profession[]n、职业the profession[]同行,同业substance[]n、物质;实体cure[]vt、医治,治愈;矫正cure、、、of[]医好某人的病;纠正clinic[]n、门诊所;临床further[]a、& ad、更进一步的treatment[]n、治疗;处理,对待seriously[]ad、严重地;严肃地specialize[]vt、专门研究,专门化specialize in、、、[]专攻…;专于…particular[]a、特别的;特殊的branch[]n、分科,学科;分枝for instance[]例如surgeon[]n、外科医生physician[]n、内科医生solely[]ad、单独地,只non-surgically[]ad、非外科手术地cardiologist[]n、心脏病学家specialist[]n、专家hematologist[]n、血液学家damage[]vt、& n、损害,毁坏dentist[]n、牙科医生specially[]ad、特别地,专门地ounce[]n、盎斯,英两means[]n、(sing)方法,手段prevention[]n、预防,防止smallpox[]n、天花case[]n、病例;患者;情况die[]vi、死die of[]死于…die from[]死于…recover[]vt、恢复,复元recover from[]vi、恢复健康,痊愈scar[]vt、使留下伤疤;n、伤疤rare[]a、稀有的;罕见的notice[]vt、注意;通知;n、注意immune[]a、免疫的;免除的immune to、、、[]对…有免疫力immunity[]n、免疫;免除acquired[]后天免疫observation[]n、观察;观测inoculation[]n、接种;预防注射deliberately[]ad、有意地;审慎地diseased[]a、有病的mild[]a、轻微的;与缓的severe[]a、严重的;严厉的acquire[]vt、获得resist[]vt、抵抗;抗,耐set to work[]开始工作cowpox[]n、牛痘germ[]n、病菌;胚芽transfer[]vt、转移;转变;转让vaccination[]n、种痘;接种疫苗practically[]ad、实际上;几乎wipe out[]v、消灭;根除obvious[]a、清楚的;明白的obviously[]ad、显然,显著地intricate[]a、复杂的,难了解的spaceship[]n、宇宙飞船,太空船microscopic[]a、极微小的,微观的macroscopic[]a、肉眼可见的,宏观的block[]n、砌块;部件;街区structural[]a、结构的;构造的unaided[]a、无助的;独立的unaided eye[]肉眼similar[]a、类似的;同样的similar to、、、[]与…相似fashion[]n、样子;方式;时髦tissue[]n、组织;薄纸namely[]ad、即,就就是epithelial[]a、上皮的cover[]vt、覆盖,包括;n、盖子outer[]a、外面的;外层的surface[]n、面,表面line[]vt、衬里;n、线;行organ[]n、器官,机关muscular[]a、肌肉的;肌肉发达的connective[]a、连接的;结合的naked[]a、无遮盖的;裸体的naked eye[]肉眼in turn[]反过来,转过来,依次complex[]a、复杂的,复合的stomach[]n、胃,腹circulatory[]a、循环的(血液) respiratory[]a、呼吸的digestive[]a、消化的;有消化力的vessel[]n、管;脉管;容器;船blood vessel[]血管tube[]n、管air tube[]气管constitute[]vt、组成;构成spinal[]a、脊椎骨的cord[]n、髓;索;带spinal cord[]脊髓coordinate[]vt、使协调;使同等nervous[]a、神经的;神经紧张的nervous tissue[]神经组织circulation[]n、循环(血液);流通circular[]a、循环的;环形的circulate[]vt、循环(血液);流通define[]vt、解释;给…下定义be defined as、、、[]下定义为…accomplish[]vt、完成vascular[]a、血管的,脉管的compose[]vt、组成,构成be composed of、、、[]由…组成component[]n、成分;部分a series of、、、[]一系列的…collectively[]ad、集体地,共同artery[]n、动脉capillary[]n、毛细血管vein[]n、静脉connect[]vt、连接;联系connect、、、with、、、[]把…与…连接bring about[]v、引起;发生;带来pump[]n、唧筒;抽机hollow[]n、腔;穴;凹;a、空的all the time[]每时每刻briefly[]ad、简短地;简单地oxygen[]n、氧气oxygen-laden[]n、带氧的;携氧的deoxygenate[]vt、除去氧气aorta[]n、主动脉give off[]v、放出,排出absorb[]vt、吸收;吸引intestine[]n、肠liver[]n、肝脏carbon[]n、碳dioxide[]n、二氧化物carbon dioxide[]二氧化碳by way of、、、[]经由…;通过…方法pulmonary[]a、肺的;肺状的discharge[]vt、排出(气体);解除cycle[]n、循环;周期major[]a、主要的;较大的systemic[]a、全身的;系统的transport[]vt、输送;运输lesser[]a、较小的;更少的minor[]a、较小的,较少的hepatic[]a、肝的cerebral[]a、脑的;大脑的pollution[]n、污染pollute[]vt、污染;弄脏polluter[]n、污染者;污染物质community[]n、社团;社会;团体bothersome[]a、令人厌恶的;麻烦的in、、、way[]以…方式partly[]ad、部分地;不完全地exhaust[]n、排气,排出;vt、用尽pipe[]n、管子exhaust pipe[]排气管trash[]n、废物,垃圾;断枝invisible[]a、瞧不见的detect[]vt、检测;探测current[]n、气流;电流;趋势trap[]vt、止住blanket[]n、毛毯;毡a blanket of、、、[]一片或一页的smog[]n、烟雾irritate[]vt、刺激,使兴奋keep、、、from、、、[]v、阻止;避开like[]prep、像;跟…一样emphysema[]n、肺气肿bronchitis[]n、支气管炎affect[]vt、侵袭(疾病);影响uncomfortable[]a、不舒服的;不自在的lack[]n、& vt、缺乏,不足lack of[]缺乏soil[]vt、弄脏;n、污点;土壤rust[]vt、生锈,使…生锈discolor[]vt、使…变色(或褪色) tremendous[]a、巨大的;惊人的sum[]n、总数;总与a sum of money[]一笔钱research[]n、调查;研究;科研conduct[]vt、实施;进行;传导effective[]a、有效的;有力的combat[]vt、与…斗争;反对diagnosis[]n、诊断;诊断书determine[]vt、确定;决定nature[]n、性质;种类;自然symptom[]n、症状;症候sign[]n、体征;征兆;迹象objective[]a、客观的;n、目的observe[]vt、观察;遵守characteristic[]a、表明特性的;特有的characteristic of、、、[]表明…特性的accompany[]vt、与…同时发生syndrome[]n、综合症evaluate[]vt、估计;评价extremely[]ad、极其,非常valuable[]a、很有价值的,贵重的disorder[]n、失调;轻病;混乱prescribe[]vt、开(药方);规定therapy[]n、治疗;疗法chemotherapy[]n、化学疗法(化疗) physiotherapy[]n、物理疗法(理疗) measure[]n、措施;办法;量度carry out[]v、进行;执行;实施recent[]a、最近的,近来的recently[]ad、近来relate[]vt、叙述;涉及;有关professional[]a、职业的;业务的take on[]v、承担;接受responsibility[]n、责任;负责aim[]n、目的;目标;vi、瞄准aim at[]目的在于exist[]vt、存在;生存existing[]a、现存的;现有的concept[]n、概念seek[]vt、试图;寻找;请求actually[]ad、实际上promotion[]n、促进;增长;晋级vast[]a、巨大的;广阔的organization[]n、组织;机构international[]a、国际的individual[]a、个别的;n、个体local[]a、地方的,当地的maintenance[]n、维持;保养mental[]a、精神的,脑力的antibiotic[]n、抗生素;a、抗生的resistant[]a、反抗,抵抗resistant to、、、[]对…有抵抗力antibiotic-resistant[]a、耐抗生素的arrest[]vt、阻止;抑止;逮捕pathogenic[]a、致病的upset[]vt、扰乱;n、紊乱vital[]a、生命的,极其重要的derive[]vt、取得,得到be derived from、、、[]由…而来;起源于mold[]n、霉penicillin[]n、盘尼西林,青霉素penicillium[](拉)青霉素be made from[]由…制成streptomyces[]n、链霉菌素streptomycin[]n、链霉素incalculable[]a、不可胜数的;无数的benefit[]n、利益,好处of benefit to、、、[]对…有好处mankind[]n、人类give rise to[]v、引起,使发生,招致complication[]n、并发症;复杂的情况secondary[]a、继发的,第二次的infection[]n、感染;传染病specific[]a、特殊的;特定的coexist[]vi、同时存在,共存fungus[]n、真菌,霉菌up to[]直到;该由;胜任administration[]n、给药;用药;管理eliminate[]vt、消灭,除去unaffected[]a、不受影响的prevent、、、from、、、[]v、使…不能,阻止unrestrainedly[]ad、无限制地set up[]v、引起;设立,建立allergy[]n、过敏性反应,过敏症abnormal[]a、不正常的,反常的reaction[]n、反应;反作用consequence[]n、后果,结果widespread[]a、分布广的;普及的result in、、、[]v、产生…的结果,导致evolution[]n、发展;发育,进化strain[]n、株(细菌等);品系medication[]n、药疗法;药剂prevalence[]n、流行;普遍fast[]a、抗拒的drug-fast[]抗药的,耐药的staphylococci[]葡萄球菌quinine[]n、奎宁free from、、、[]a、无…的,免去…的malaria[]n、疟疾value[]n、价值;重要的spaniard[]n、西班牙人count[]n、伯爵(贵族的头衔)lima[]n、利马(秘鲁首都)peru[]n、秘鲁peruvian[]a、秘鲁的;秘鲁人的america[]n、美洲;美国amerindian[]n、美洲印第安人indian[]n、印第安人;印度人mosquito[]n、蚊breed[]vt、& vi、繁殖;饲养drain[]v、排去;排水;引流drain away[]排去…的水bark[]n、树皮powder[]n、粉末;粉剂mix[]vt、混合mix with、、、[]与…混在一起fall ill[]生病intimate[]a、亲密的;密切的worry about、、、[]为…担心,为…着急secretly[]ad、秘密地;隐蔽地secret[]n、秘密;秘诀;奥妙murder[]vt、& n、杀害;谋杀disclose[]vt、揭开;泄露utter[]vt、说出;表达absent[]a、制度;缺乏的inquire[]vt、询问;打听servant[]n、仆人;雇工get to[]v、到达square[]n、广场;街区in time[]及时;迟早at the last moment[]在最后的时刻wonder[]n、奇迹,惊奇reveal[]vt、揭示;揭露;启示europe[]n、欧洲swedish[]a、瑞典的;瑞典人name、、、after、、、[]v、以…命名countess[]n、伯爵夫人;女伯爵as to[]prep、至于…;关于…kidney[]n、肾,腰子transplant[]vt、& n、移植(物) fail[]vi、不能;失败remedy[]n、治疗法;药物paw-paw[]n、番木瓜grocery[]n、食品杂货店exotic[]a、外来的,异国的strip[]n、一片,一条infect[]vt、感染;传染surprise[]n、惊奇;意外之事to one's surprise[]使…感到惊奇marvellous[]a、奇异的;惊人的remark[]vt、& n、说;谈论,评论impress[]vt、给予深刻印象in one's opinion[]据某人瞧来efficacious[]a、有效的(不指人) otherwise[]ad、在其她方面detrimental[]a、有害的,有损的anyhow[]ad、无论如何explanation[]n、解释,说明decay[]vt、& n、腐烂,衷败lay[]vt、放置;产卵beetroot[]n、甜菜根onion[]n、洋葱herbal[]a、草本植物的herb[]n、药草;草本植物digitalis[]n、洋地黄,毛地黄originate[]vi、发生;发起originate from、、、[]起源于…despite[]prep、不管,不顾criticism[]n、批评意见hold[]vt、认为;相信;握heal[]vt、& n、治愈normal[]a、正常的,正规的routine[]n、常规;例行手续expensive[]a、昂贵的import[]'vt、输入,进口britain[]n、英国idea[]n、主意;思想medicinal[]a、有药性的;医药的defence[]n、保护,保卫,防御by far[]大量;最;非常droplet[]n、飞沫;小滴droplet infection[]飞沫感染swarm[]vi、密集;涌往;充满inside[]prep、在…里面positively[]ad、绝对地;肯定地helpful[]a、有益的;有帮助的gain entrance to、、、[]进入…ensue[]vi、随着发生;结果就是disease-producing[]a、致病的overcome[]vt、战胜,克服;压倒fairly[]ad、相当地,适度地terminate[]vt、& vi、终止;结束fortunately[]ad、幸运地,幸好manage[]vt、设法;控制;管理penetrate[]vt、进入;穿透;渗透invader[]n、侵略者,侵犯者invasion[]n、发病;侵袭;侵略barrier[]n、障碍物,屏障guard[]vt、保护,保卫;防止break[]n、破口;天亮;暂停beneath[]prep、在…下面parasite[]n、寄生物expense[]n、代价;花费;费用at the expense of、、、[]以…作代价,牺牲…host[]n、宿主;主人a host of、、、[]许多fluid[]n、液体;流体release[]vt、释放;解放responsible[]a、有责任的,负责的normally[]ad、正常地;平常地swallow[]vt、吞;吞没;n、吞,咽secrete[]vt、分泌;藏匿acid[]n、酸;a、味酸的digest[]vt、消化;领会counteract[]vt、抵抗;抵消leucocyte[]n、白细胞site[]n、部位,位置;场所eat up[]吃光engulf[]vt、吞没phagocytosis[]n、噬菌作用;吞噬作用phagocyte[]n、(吞)噬细胞antibody[]n、抗体manufacture[]vt、& n、制造,生产bloodstream[]n、血流protection[]n、保护,防护物cross[]vt、横过;n、十字(形)cross infection[]交叉感染other than[]不同于,非;除了admit[]vt、许可进入;可容纳occur[]vi、发生;存在occur to sb、[]想起,想到fatal[]a、致命的;命中注定的be aware of[]意识到;明白;觉察到take place[]发生;举行secretion[]n、分泌物;隐藏faeces[]n、粪;排泄物,渣滓urine[]n、尿indirectly[]ad、间接地lesion[]n、创伤(身体上的)access[]n、通路;接触gain access to、、、[]进入…inhalation[]n、吸入;吸入药剂ingestion[]n、咽下;吸收significant[]a、有意义的;重要的significance[]n、重要性,重大;意义strict[]a、严格的;精确的preventive[]a、预防的;n、预防法attend[]vt、出席;参加attend to、、、[]护理,照顾;专心considerable[]a、重要的,值得重视的consequently[]ad、因而,所以equipment[]n、装备,设备article[]n、物件,物品;文章employ[]vt、& n、使用,雇用linen[]n、亚麻织物(指台布等)bed-sheet[]n、床单disinfect[]vt、给…消毒;清除thoroughly[]ad、彻底地,全面地free of[]无…的;免除的route[]n、路,路线;航线transmission[]n、传染;传送;发射essential[]a、必不可少的;实质的hand-washing[]n、洗手above-mentioned[]a、以上提到的,上述的undertake[]vt、进行,从事;承担be sure to inf、[]必定,一定reduce[]vt、减少,缩减;复位pharmacologist[]n、药物学家pharmacology[]n、药物学noted[]a、著名的province[]n、省;领域;范围childhood[]n、幼年;童年期keen[]a、强烈的;锐利的go into、、、[]从事…;加入…concern[]vt、涉及;对…有关render[]vt、提供;翻译;使得commence[]vt、开始carry on、、、[]继续;经营tradition[]n、传统,习俗delay[]n、& vt、耽误;延迟constant[]a、经常的;恒定的recipe[]n、处方;秘诀integrate[]vt、使成为整体integrate、、、with、、、[]使…与…结合in particular[]特别地;尤其grave[]a、严重的;严肃的error[]n、错误decade[]n、十年,十年期work at、、、[]忙于…,从事于…eventually[]ad、最后,终于""ben cao gang mu""[]n、《本草纲目》pharmacopoeia[]n、药典present[]vt、提出,给予;介绍explicit[]a、明确的;详述的direction[]n、说明;指导;方向prescription[]n、处方;吩咐;指示illustration[]n、插图;例证description[]n、描述;图说describe[]vt、描绘;叙述described as[]说成就是moreover[]ad、此外;而且;再者seemingly[]ad、表面上;外观上distillation[]n、蒸溜mercury[]n、汞;水银ephedrine[]n、麻黄碱;麻黄素iodine[]n、碘,碘酒masterpiece[]n、名著;杰作universally[]ad、普遍地world-wide[]a、遍及全球的fame[]n、名声;声誉universe[]n、宇宙atmosphere[]n、大气;空气;气氛pure[]a、纯净的,单纯的salt[]n、盐chalk[]n、粉笔;白垩protein[]n、蛋白质concerned with、、、[]有关…aspect[]n、方面;外貌;外观break down[]v、分解;捣毁;瓦解silver[]n、银non-metal[]n、非金属物质sulphur[]n、硫(磺)monoxide[]n、一氧化物fume[]n、汽,烟exhaust fume[]废气yield[]vt、产生;出产yield to、、、[]屈服于;投降exhale[]vt、呼出;发出neutron[]n、中子composition[]n、成分;构成;作文transformation[]n、转变;变质;变形undergo[]vt、经历;遭受hardness[]n、硬;硬度heaviness[]n、重;重量dissolve[]vt、溶解;消散naturally[]ad、自然地;必然地consistent[]a、一致的;经常的fall into[]v、分成…;陷入…division[]n、部分;分开;划分subdivision[]n、细分;再分的部分organic[]a、有机的;器质性的inorganic[]a、无机的analytical[]a、分析的;用分析法的radiochemistry[]n、放射化学associate[]vt、使发生联系associated with、、、[]a、与…有关;由于fundamental[]a、基本的,基础的atomic[]a、原子的radioactive[]a、放射性的,辐射性的involve[]vt、包括;牵涉foodstuff[]n、食料,食品utilization[]n、利用biological[]a、生物学的nutrition[]n、营养;营养学nutrient[]n、营养物a、营养的nourishment[]n、营养品;食物whatever[]pron、不论什么require[]vt、要求;需要enable[]vt、使能够,使可以replace[]vt、取代;代替;放回replace by[]用…来代替nail[]n、指甲;铁钉category[]n、种类;范畴carbohydrate[]n、糖类;碳水化合物vitamin[]n、维生素mineral[]n、矿物,无机物figure[]n、数字;插图;vt、想象figure out[]想出;理解figure into[]列入;包括进diet[]n、饮食;食物quantity[]n、量;数量compare[]vt、比较compare with、、、[]与…比较compare to、、、[]比作…builder[]n、建设者,建造者hemoglobin[]n、血红蛋白carrier[]n、载体;媒介物calcium[]n、钙phosphorus[]n、磷indispensable[]a、不可缺少的indispensable to、、、[]为…所不可缺少的thyroid[]n、甲状腺;a、盾状的gland[]n、腺thyroid gland[]甲状腺emphasize[]vt、强调detail[]n、详情;细节in detail[]详细地regulation[]n、调节;管理;规则metabolism[]n、新陈代谢,代谢作用distinguish[]vt、区别,辨别;分类distinguish from、、、[]把…区别于…soluble[]a、可溶解的respectively[]ad、个别地;分别地b-complex[]复合维生素babsence[]n、缺乏;缺席;离开deficiency[]n、缺乏;缺席;离开blindness[]n、瞎,盲night blindness[]夜盲rickets[]n、佝偻病,软骨病scurvy[]n、坏血病characterize[]vt、以…为特征hemorrhage[]n、出血,溢血fragility[]n、易碎,脆性loosen[]vt、使放松,松驰none[]pron、毫无varied[]a、不同的;各种各样的well-balanced[]a、均衡的well-balanced diet[]均衡饮食motto[]n、箴言,座右铭exercise[]vi、运动,锻炼;n、运动depend[]vt、依赖,依靠;信赖depend on[]依…而定;依靠…primarily[]ad、主要地;根本上地base[]n、基地;底部based on、、、[]建立在…基础上out of、、、[]prep、没有;缺乏intensity[]n、强度duration[]n、持续;持久fitness[]n、适应能力;恰当physical fitness[]体质适应力ease[]n、容易;舒适;vt、减轻with ease[]不费力地tax[]vt、增添…负担;n、税to some extent[]在某种程度上built-in[]a、嵌入的,内装的valve[]n、瓣膜;阀reasonable[]a、适当的,有道理的fatigue[]n、疲劳,劳累recuperate[]vt、复原;恢复健康guide[]vt、引导;带领;n、指南strenuously[]ad、奋发地;使劲地breathlessness[]n、屏息;气喘吁吁pound[]vt、跳动;敲打;猛击pulse[]n、脉搏;有节奏的跳动rate[]n、速率;比率;等级appropriate[]a、适当的;恰如其分的interfere[]vi、打扰;干涉interfere in、、、[]妨碍interfere with、、、[]打扰unduly[]ad、过度地;过分地stiff[]a、僵直;一动就痛except for[]prep、除…之外;若无sore[]a、痛的;使人痛苦的pick[]vt、选择;摘;挖regularly[]ad、有规律地;定期地variety[]n、多样化;变化;种类a variety of[]种种spice[]n、趣味;香料add spice to、、、[]调味;使…增添兴趣schedule[]n、计划表;课程表in a position to inf、[]能够(做某事) indulge[]vt、纵情享受;使沉迷indulge in、、、[]沉溺于…vigorous[]a、强有力的look forward to[]v、盼望brisk[]n、活跃的;轻快的supplement[]vt、增补;补充;n、增补convenient[]a、方便的;合适的interrupt[]vt、打扰;打断;阻断mind[]vt、注意;介意;n、头脑manner[]n、礼貌;方式;态度ill-mannered[]'a、无礼貌的;粗野的well-mannered[]a、有礼貌的behave[]vi、行动;举止;运转politely[]ad、客气地;有礼貌地race[]n、种族;种类;比赛asian[]a、& n、亚洲的;亚洲人take off[]v、脱掉;起飞european[]a、& n、欧洲的;欧洲人muddy[]a、多泥的;泥色的guest[]n、客人;宾客malay[]a、马来西亚的;n、马来人find out[]v、找出;发现;查明custom[]n、风俗;习惯customs[]关税wrong[]ad、错误地;不正当地go wrong[]犯错误;出毛病trouble[]n、毛病;苦恼;麻烦in trouble[]处于困境(不幸)之中gentle[]a、有礼貌的;温柔的post office[]n、邮局take one's turn[]依次;轮流queue[]n、长队;辫子accidentally[]ad、偶然地;意外地bump[]v、撞击bump into[]碰…;撞…get in one's way[]挡住…的路excuse[]vt、原谅excuse me.[]请原谅request[]vt、& n、要求;请求seat[]vt、使…坐下;n、座位be seated[]坐着;坐下full of[]a、充满…handkerchief[]n、手帕;手绢sneeze[]vi、打喷嚏;n、喷嚏campaign[]n、运动;战役cultivate[]vt、培养;修养;耕种civic[]a、公民的;市民的virtue[]n、美德;功效;善as a matter of fact[]事实上morality[]n、道德;道义provided[]conj、假如;以…为条件observer[]n、观察者;奉行者conception[]n开始怀孕;概念check-up[]n、检查;体检interval[]n、间隔,空隙;休息at regular intervals[]定期地restore[]vt、使恢复正常;归还restore、、、to health[]使…恢复健康on hand[]在场;拥有;在手头labor[]n、分娩;劳动;vi、工作encounter[]n、& vt、遇见;遭遇safeguard[]vt、保护;维护shot[]n、注射;拍摄;发射diphtheria[]n、白喉tetanus[]n、破伤风whoop[]vi、& n、哮喘声;高喊whooping cough[]百日咳discomfort[]n、不舒适;不安visible[]a、瞧得见的stethoscope[]n、听诊器bell-shaped[]a、铃状的chest piece[]n、听胸器,胸件ear piece[]n、接耳管;耳件plastic[]a、塑料的heartbeat[]n、心脏跳动decision[]n、决定;决断exact[]a、精确的;正确的ailment[]n、失调,小毛病establish[]vt、建立,设立;确立predict[]vt、预测;预言prediction[]n、预言;预示prognosis[]n、预后judgement[]n、判断;见识stomach-ache[]n、胃痛;腹痛indigestion[]n、消化不良症malady[]n、疾病region[]n、部位;地区;区域in fact[]其实,实际上relatively[]ad、相对地;比较地condition[]n、情况;状态;条件concentration[]n、集中;专心;浓度ensure[]vt、保证;担保disastrous[]a、灾难性的therapeutic[]a、治疗的;治疗学的administer[]vt、供给;管理,实施pain-killer[]n、止痛药aspirin[]n、阿司匹林self-limited[]a、自限的relief[]n、减轻(病,痛苦)vanish[]vi、消失;消灭warrant[]vt、使有理由,保证sample[]n、样本;标本analyse[]vt、分析,分解lab-technician[]n、化验员;技术员indicate[]vt、表明(症状);指示perceive[]vt、察觉;瞧出;理解scrutinize[]vt、细瞧;仔细检查dislocate[]vt、使脱臼;脱位(骨头) shatter[]vt、使粉碎;毁灭reset[]vt、使复位;重接(断骨) align[]vt、排列;使成直线somewhat[]ad、稍微;有点diminish[]vt、减轻;减少severity[]n、严重;严格;严肃keep up with[]v、跟上…go through[]v、经受;经历lengthy[]a、漫长的,冗长的apart from[]prep、除去…;撇去…well-being[]n、健康;福利beyond[]prep、超出(范围)lay-person[]n、外行;俗人prolong[]vt、延长prolonged[]a、持续很久的candidate[]n、候选人;参加考试者background[]n、经历;背景;幕后patient[]a、有耐心的;n、病人sympathetic[]a、同情的;与谐的model[]n、典型;模型;样式ideal[]n、思想;理想;典型self-sacrificing[]a、自我牺牲的bethune[]n、白求恩norman bethune[]诺尔曼·白求恩amputate[]vt、切除;截肢anger[]n、怒;忿怒hesitantly[]ad、犹豫地bandage[]n、绷带;vt、用绷带包扎pus[]n、脓stick[]vt、粘贴;插入stick to[]粘住;坚持;坚守tear[]vt、撕;撕掉;n、泪coldly[]ad、冷淡地splint[]n、夹板director[]n、指导者;主任,董事blame[]vt、责备;n、过失;责难be to blame[]该受责备negligence[]n、粗心;疏忽negligent[]a、粗心的;不注意的in use[]在使用spare[]a、多余的;备用的whatsoever[]a、& pron、无论什么choke[]vi、& vt、窒息;噎住choke with anger[]气得说不出话来rage[]n、& vi、盛怒;发怒genuine[]a、真实的;真正的callous[]a、无情的;冷淡的proceed[]vt、前进;着手proceed with、、、[]继续进行patiently[]ad、耐心地lifetime[]n、终身;一生buffalo[]n、水牛;野牛detachment[]n、分队,支队;分开sheer[]a、纯粹的;近乎透明的self-disciplined[]a、自我训练的;自律的endeavor[]n、努力;企图come to、、、[]逐渐…assign[]vt、分配;指派assign、、、to[]把…分配给all-round[]a、全面的;综合性的instruction[]n、指导;教导;指示skilled[]a、熟练的;有经验的founder[]n、创立者,奠基者bacteriology[]n、细菌学louis pasteur[]n、路易·巴斯德(姓名) acknowledge[]vt、供认;承认career[]n、生涯;经历;职业achievement[]n、成就;功绩prominent[]a、卓越的;显著的talent[]n、才能;才智mark[]n、分数;标记;特征be marked by、、、[]特征就是…inspire[]vt、鼓舞;使感悟wine[]n、酒;葡萄酒dreadful[]a、可怕的sour[]a、酸的;酸腐的ruin[]n、毁灭;破产;vt、破坏sound[]a、完好的;健全的unsound[]a、腐烂变质的;谬误的beer[]n、啤酒yeast[]n、酵母;发酵物ball-shaped[]a、球形的alcohol[]n、醇,酒精fermentation[]n、发酵rod-shaped[]a、杆状的latter[]a、后者的;后面的the latter[]后者lactic[]a、乳的lactic acid[]乳酸pasteurization[]n、巴氏消毒法in honor of、、、[]为纪念…;为庆祝…contaminate[]vt、污染;弄脏;传染alter[]vt、改变;改做(衣服)quality[]n、质,质量;特性immense[]a、巨大的,广大的demonstrate[]vt、显示;表明;未范raw[]a、生的;未煮过的silkworm[]n、蚕eradicate[]vt、根除;连根拔掉suspect[]'vt、猜想;怀疑confirm[]vt、证实;使更坚定formulate[]vt、系统地阐述revolutionize[]vt、使革命化disinfectant[]n、消毒剂;a、消毒的elimination[]n、消除;消灭brilliant[]a、杰出的;卓越的foundation[]n、基础;创办;基金at war[]处于战争状态,交战russia[]n、俄国;俄罗斯russian[]n、俄国人;俄语disturb[]vt、扰乱;打扰;妨碍disturbing[]a、令人担心的the times[]《泰晤士报》(英国)regarding[]prep、关于at the time[]那时候florence nightingale[]n、弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔in charge of[]负责…london[]n、伦敦as soon as[]conj、一…就…appalling[]a、骇人听闻的minister[]n、部长;大臣personally[]ad、亲自地;私人地service[]n、服务;职位;公务make one's way[]前进,行进;成功imagine[]vt、想象;认为furniture[]n、家具towel[]n、毛巾,手巾fork[]n、叉scarcely[]ad、几乎不,几乎没有worship[]vt、尊敬,崇拜;n、崇拜comfort[]n、安慰,舒服;安逸pass by[]v、走过by the hundreds[]大批地;数以百计shadow[]n、影子;树萌scrub[]vt、擦洗carelessly[]ad、疏忽地,粗心地confusion[]n、混乱;慌乱;混淆accomplishment[]n、成就;完成;造诣at home[]在家;在国内opposition[]n、反对;相反;对立british[]a、英国的;英国人的at one's back[]支持renovate[]vt、更新;修复award[]vt、授予;n、奖品;判定merit[]n、功绩;荣誉;优点order of merit[]一等功pass away[]v、逝世acupuncture[]n、针刺;针刺疗法apply[]vt、使用;适用;申请puncture[]n、& vt、刺;穿刺hand down[]v、把…传下来insert[]vt、插入analgesia[]n、止痛法;无痛procedure[]n、程序;手续;方法typically[]ad、有代表性地in position[]在适当的位置;在原位manipulate[]vt、熟练地使用;操作twirl[]vi、迅速转动;捻针activate[]vt、使活化;激活pulsate[]vi、跳动;颤动;脉冲stimulation[]n、刺激(作用);兴奋so-called[]a、所谓的acupressure[]n、针压法approach[]n、探讨;研究;处理ultrasound[]n、超声laser[]n、激光;激光器moxibustion[]n、艾炙;艾灼represent[]vt、代表;描绘;阐述moxa[]n、艾;灼烙剂pathophysiology[]n、病理生理学inherent[]a、固有的;生来的pervade[]vt、遍及;充满;渗透qi[]n、气(中医)channel[]n、海峡;航道;路线meridian[]n、经络(中医)lobe[]n、耳垂;叶(脑、肺) combination[]n、联合,结合in combination with[]与…结合(联合) adhere[]vi、粘附adhere to[]坚持;依附strictly[]ad、严格地;明确地empirically[]ad、经验主义地in accordance with[]prep、根据…;依照…institution[]n、机构;学校;协会mechanism[]n、机理;结构investigate[]vt、调查,调查研究investigation[]n、调查,调查研究contribute[]vt、贡献出;捐(款) contribute to、、、[]起一份作用;出一份力correlate[]vt、使相互关联correlate with[]与…相关联efficacy[]n、功效;效验claim[]vt、声称;主张;要求effectiveness[]n、效力;生效abuse[]n、滥用;vt、滥用diagnostic[]a、诊断的;特征的aid[]n、帮助,辅助物diagnostic aid[]辅助诊断手段conjunction[]n、关联;联合fluoroscopy[]n、荧光检查;荧光学gastrointestinal[]a、胃肠的panacea[]n、万应药weight[]n、重要性;影响;重量evidence[]n、根据;证据;迹象accumulation[]n、收集;累积countless[]a、无数的treasure-house[]n、宝库unrivalled[]a、无匹的;无对手的richness[]n、丰富;繁茂adopt[]vt、采纳;采取;选定satisfactory[]a、令人满意的;良好的incurable[]a、不能治疗的unique[]a、独特的;无与伦比的feature[]n、特色;特征;容貌outstanding[]a、杰出的;凸出的management[]n、管理;处理;手段abdominal[]a、腹部的abdomen[]n、腹部consist[]v、出…组成entity[]n、实体;实在物;存在pathologic[]a、病理的manifestation[]n、表现;表示appearance[]n、出现;出场;外观tongue[]n、舌;语言classification[]n、分类;归类obstruction[]n、阻碍;堵塞interference[]n、干涉;防碍functional[]a、功能的;官能的disturbance[]n、扰乱;紊乱;失调evaluation[]n、估价;评价biliary[]a、胆的;胆汁的tract[]n、管;道biliary tract[]胆管regulate[]vt、调节;管理;控制antibacterial[]a、抗菌的;n、抗菌剂toxin[]n、毒素;毒质tranquilize[]vt、使平静;使镇定adrenal[]a、肾上腺的;n、肾上腺cortex[]n、皮质;外皮enhance[]vt、提高;增加;增强enhancement[]n、提高;增加on the one hand[]在一方面causative[]a、引起…的causative agent[]病原体,致病物resultant[]a、作为结果的;合成的physiological[]a、生理的;生理学的perforation[]n、穿孔;打眼peptic[]a、消化性的;消化液的ulcer[]n、溃疡peptic ulcer[]胃溃疡peritonitis[]n、腹膜炎scope[]n、范围;余地;视界extend[]vt、伸出;扩展;延长extremity[]n、肢(身体的);手,足spine[]n、脊骨additional[]a、另外的;附加的amenable[]a、可改正的amenable to、、、[]可以治好的。

英语语法术语中英文对照

英语语法术语中英文对照

英语语法术语中英文对照词性partofspeech1.名词noun1)专有名词propernoun2)普通名词commonnoun3)可数名词countablenoun4)不可数名词uncountablenoun5)抽象名词abstractnoun6)具体名词concretenoun7)物质名词materialnoun8)集体名词collectivenoun9)个体名词individualnoun2.动词verb1)及物动词transitiveverb2)不及物动词intransitiveverb3)限定动词finiteverbform4)非限定动词non-finiteverbform5)主动词mainverb6)系动词linkverb7)助动词auxiliaryverb8)情态动词modalverb9)规则动词regularverb10)不规则动词irregularverb11)短语动词phrasalverb12)限定动词finiteverb13)非限定动词infiniteverb14)使役动词causativeverb15)感官动词verbofsenses16)动态动词eventverb17)静态动词stageverb3.形容词adjective4.副词adverb1)方式副词adverbofmanner2)程度副词adverbofdegree3)时间副词adverboftime4)地点副词adverbofplace5)修饰性副词adjunct6)连接性副词conjunct7)疑问副词interrogativeadverb8)关系副词relativeadverb5.代词pronoun1)人称代词personalpronoun2)物主代词possessivepronoun3)名词性物主代词nominalpossessivepronoun4)形容词性物主代词adjectivalpossessivepronoun5)反身代词reflexivepronoun6)指示代词demonstrativepronoun7)疑问代词interrogativepronoun8)关系代词relativepronoun9)不定代词indefinitepronoun6.冠词article1)定冠词definitearticle2)不定冠词indefinitearticle7.数词numeral1)基数词cardinalnumeral2)序数词ordinalnumeral8.介词preposition9.连词conjunction10.感叹词exclamation 一、数/格/性number/case/gender1.数number1)单数形式singularform2)复数形式pluralform3)规则形式regularform4)不规则形式irregularform2.格case1)普通格moncase2)所有格possessivecase3)主格nominativecase4)宾格objectivecase3.性gender1)阴性feminine2)阳性masculine3)中性neuter4)通性mon4.人称person1)第一人称firstperson2)第二人称secondperson3)第三人称thirdperson二、句子成分membe rsofsentences1.主语subject2.谓语predicate3.表语predicative4.宾语object1)双宾语dualobject2)直接宾语dir ectobject3)间接宾语indirectobject4)复合宾语complexobject5)同源宾语cognateobject5.定语attribute6.状语adverbial7.同位语appositive8.补语complement1)主语补足语subjectcomplement2)宾语补足语objectplement三、句子sentence(基本句型basicsentencepattern)1.简单句simplesentence2.并列句compoundsentence3.复合句plexsentence4.并列复合句compoundcomplexsentence5.陈述句declarativesentence6.存在句existentialsentence7.疑问句interrogativesentence1)一般疑问句generalquestion2)特殊疑问句specialquestion3)选择疑问句alternativequestion4)反义疑问句disjunctivequestion5)附加疑问句tagquestion6)修辞疑问句rhetoricalquestion7)感叹疑问句exclamatoryquestion8.肯定句positivesent ence9.否定句negativesentence10.祈使句imperativesentence11.省略句ellipticalsentence12.感叹句exclamatorysentence四、语气/语态/语序mood/voice/order1.语气mood1)陈述语气indicativem ood2)祈使语气imperativemood3)虚拟语气subjunctivemood2.语态v oice1)主动语态activevoice2)被动语态passivevoice3.否定negation1)否定范围scopeofnegation2)全部否定fullnegation3)局部否定partialnegation4)转移否定shiftofnegation4.语序order1)自然语序naturalorder2)倒装语序inversioni.全部倒装fullinvers ionii.部分倒装partialinversion3)直接引语directspeech4)间接引语indirectspeech5)自由直接引语freedirectspeech6)自由间接引语freeindirectspeech5.一致agreement1)主谓一致subject-predicateagreement2)语法一致grammaticalagreement3)概念一致notionalagreement4)就近原则principleofproximity5)强调emphasis6)重复repetition6.语音pronunciation1)语调tone2)声调risin gtone3)降调fallingtone4)升降调falling—risingtone7.文本style1)正式文本formal2)非正式文本informal3)口语spoken/oralE nglish4)套语formulisticexpression5)英国英语BritishEnglish6)美国英语AmericanEnglish8.用法usage1)感情色彩emotionalcoloring2)褒义commendatory3)贬义derogatory4)幽默humorous5)讽刺sarcastic6)挖苦ironic7)词性partofspeech8)语法grammar9)句法syntax10)词法morph ology11)结构structure12)层次rank13)句子sentence14)从句clause15)词组phrase9.词类partofspeech1)单词word2)实词notionalword3)虚词structuralword4)单纯词simpleword5)派生词derivativ e6)复合词pound10.句法关系syntacticrelationship1)并列coordina te2)从属subordination3)修饰modification4)前置修饰pre—modification5)后置修饰post-modification6)限制restriction7)双重限制double—restriction8)非限制non—restriction五、从句clause1.从属句subordinateclause2.并列句coordinateclause3.名词性从句nominalclause1)主语从句subjectclause2)表语从句predicativeclause3)宾语从句objectclause4)同位语从句appositiveclause4.定语从句attributiveclause5.宾语从句objectclause6.主语从句subjectclause7.同位语从句appositiveclause8.状语从句adverbialclause1)时间状语从句adverbialclauseoftime2)地点状语从句adverbialclauseofplace3)方式状语从句adverbialclauseofmanner4)让步状语从句adverbialclauseofconcession5)原因状语从句adverbialclauseofcause6)结果状语从句adverbialclauseofresult7)目得状语从句adverbialclauseofpurpose8)条件状语从句adverbialclauseofconditioni.真实条件状语从句adverbialclauseofrealconditionii.非真实条件状语从句adverbialclauseofunrealconditioniii.含蓄条件句adverbialclauseofimpliedconditioniv.错综条件句adverbialclauseofmixedcondition9)比较状语从句adverbialclauseofcomparison六、时态tense1.现在时presenttense1)一般现在时presentsimpletense2)现在进行时presentcontinuoustense3)现在完成时presentperfecttense4)现在完成进行时presentperfectcontinuoustense2.过去时pasttense1)一般过去时pastsimpletense2)过去进行时pastcontinuoustense3)过去完成时pastperfecttense4)过去完成进行时pastperfectcontinuoustense3.将来时futureten se1)一般将来时futuresimpletense2)将来进行时futurecontinuoustense3)将来完成时futureperfecttense4)将来完成进行时futureperfectcontinuoustense4.其她1)一般过去将来时pastfuturetense2)过去将来进行时pastfuturecontinuoustense3)过去将来完成时pastf utureperfecttense4)过去将来完成进行时pastfutureperfectcontinuoustense。

英语语法术语中英文对照

英语语法术语中英文对照

词性part of speech1.名词noun1)专有名词proper noun2)普通名词common noun3)可数名词countable noun4)不可数名词uncountable noun5)抽象名词abstract noun6)具体名词concrete noun7)物质名词material noun8)集体名词collective noun9)个体名词individual noun2.动词verb1)及物动词transitive verb2)不及物动词intransitive verb3)限定动词finite verb form4)非限定动词non-finite verb form5)主动词main verb6)系动词link verb7)助动词auxiliary verb8)情态动词modal verb9)规则动词regular verb10)不规则动词irregular verb11)短语动词phrasal verb12)限定动词finite verb13)非限定动词infinite verb14)使役动词causative verb15)感官动词verb of senses16)动态动词event verb17)静态动词stage verb3.形容词adjective4.副词adverb1)方式副词adverb of manner2)程度副词adverb of degree3)时间副词adverb of time4)地点副词adverb of place5)修饰性副词adjunct6)连接性副词conjunct7)疑问副词interrogative adverb8)关系副词relative adverb5.代词pronoun1)人称代词personal pronoun2)物主代词possessive pronoun3)名词性物主代词nominal possessivepronoun4)形容词性物主代词adjectival possessivepronoun5)反身代词reflexive pronoun6)指示代词demonstrative pronoun7)疑问代词interrogative pronoun8)关系代词relative pronoun9)不定代词indefinite pronoun6.冠词article1)定冠词definite article2)不定冠词indefinite article7.数词numeral1)基数词cardinal numeral2)序数词ordinal numeral8.介词preposition9.连词conjunction10.感叹词exclamation一、数/格/性number/case/gender1.数number1)单数形式singular form2)复数形式plural form3)规则形式regular form4)不规则形式irregular form 2.格case1)普通格common case2)所有格possessive case3)主格nominative case4)宾格objective case 3.性gender1)阴性feminine2)阳性masculine3)中性neuter4)通性common4.人称person1)第一人称first person2)第二人称second person3)第三人称third person二、句子成分members of sentences1.主语subject2.谓语predicate3.表语predicative4.宾语object1)双宾语dual object2)直接宾语direct object3)间接宾语indirect object4)复合宾语complex object5)同源宾语cognate object 5.定语attribute6.状语adverbial7.同位语appositive8.补语complement1)主语补足语subject complement2)宾语补足语object complement三、句子sentence (基本句型basic sentence pattern)1.简单句simple sentence2.并列句compound sentence3.复合句complex sentence4.并列复合句compound complexsentence5.陈述句declarative sentence6.存在句existential sentence7.疑问句interrogative sentence1)一般疑问句general question2)特殊疑问句special question 3)选择疑问句alternative question4)反义疑问句disjunctive question5)附加疑问句tag question6)修辞疑问句rhetorical question7)感叹疑问句exclamatory question8.肯定句positive sentence9.否定句negative sentence10.祈使句imperative sentence11.省略句elliptical sentence12.感叹句exclamatory sentence四、语气/语态/语序mood/voice/order1.语气mood1)陈述语气indicative mood2)祈使语气imperative mood3)虚拟语气subjunctive mood2.语态voice1)主动语态active voice2)被动语态passive voice3.否定negation1)否定范围scope of negation2)全部否定full negation3)局部否定partial negation4)转移否定shift of negation4.语序order1)自然语序natural order2)倒装语序inversioni.全部倒装full inversionii.部分倒装partial inversion3)直接引语direct speech4)间接引语indirect speech5)自由直接引语free direct speech6)自由间接引语free indirect speech 5.一致agreement1)主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 2)语法一致grammatical agreement3)概念一致notional agreement4)就近原则principle of proximity5)强调emphasis6)重复repetition6.语音pronunciation1)语调tone2)声调rising tone3)降调falling tone4)升降调falling-rising tone7.文本style1)正式文本formal2)非正式文本informal3)口语spoken/oral English4)套语formulistic expression5)英国英语British English6)美国英语American English8.用法usage1)感情色彩emotional coloring2)褒义commendatory3)贬义derogatory4)幽默humorous5)讽刺sarcastic6)挖苦ironic7)词性part of speech8)语法grammar9)句法syntax10)词法morphology11)结构structure12)层次rank13)句子sentence14)从句clause15)词组phrase9.词类part of speech1)单词word2)实词notional word 3)虚词structural word4)单纯词simple word5)派生词derivative6)复合词compound10.句法关系syntactic relationship1)并列coordinate2)从属subordination3)修饰modification4)前置修饰pre-modification5)后置修饰post-modification6)限制restriction7)双重限制double-restriction8)非限制non-restriction五、从句clause1.从属句subordinate clause2.并列句coordinate clause3.名词性从句nominal clause1)主语从句subject clause2)表语从句predicative clause3)宾语从句object clause4)同位语从句appositive clause4.定语从句attributive clause5.宾语从句object clause6.主语从句subject clause7.同位语从句appositive clause8.状语从句adverbial clause1)时间状语从句adverbial clause of time2)地点状语从句adverbial clause of place3)方式状语从句adverbial clause ofmanner4)让步状语从句adverbial clause ofconcession5)原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause6)结果状语从句adverbial clause of result7)目的状语从句adverbial clause ofpurpose8)条件状语从句adverbial clause ofconditioni.真实条件状语从句adverbialclause of real conditionii.非真实条件状语从句adverbialclause of unreal conditioniii.含蓄条件句adverbial clause ofimplied conditioniv.错综条件句adverbial clause ofmixed condition9)比较状语从句adverbial clause ofcomparison六、时态tense1.现在时present tense1)一般现在时present simple tense2)现在进行时present continuous tense3)现在完成时present perfect tense4)现在完成进行时present perfectcontinuous tense2.过去时past tense1)一般过去时past simple tense2)过去进行时past continuous tense3)过去完成时past perfect tense 4)过去完成进行时past perfect continuoustense3.将来时future tense1)一般将来时future simple tense2)将来进行时future continuous tense3)将来完成时future perfect tense4)将来完成进行时future perfectcontinuous tense4.其他1)一般过去将来时past future tense2)过去将来进行时past future continuoustense3)过去将来完成时past future perfecttense4)过去将来完成进行时past future perfectcontinuous tense。

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2.0.1城市居民city's residential2.0.1 民用建筑civil building供人们居住和进行公共活动的建筑的总称。

2.0.2 居住建筑residential building供人们居住使用的建筑。

2.0.3 公共建筑public building供人们进行各种公共活动的建筑。

2.0.5 停车空间parking space停放机动车和非机动车的室内、外空间。

2.0.7 道路红线boundary line of roads规划的城市道路(含居住区级道路)用地的边界线。

2.0.8 用地红线boundary line of land;property line各类建筑工程项目用地的使用权属范围的边界线。

2.0.9 建筑控制线building line有关法规或详细规划确定的建筑物、构筑物的基底位置不得超出的界线。

2.0.10 建筑密度building density;building coverage ratio在一定范围内,建筑物的基底面积总和与占用地面积的比例(%)。

2.0.11 容积率plot ratio,floor area ratio在一定范围内,建筑面积总和与用地面积的比值。

2.0.12 绿地率greening rate一定地区内,各类绿地总面积占该地区总面积的比例(%)。

2.0.4 城市绿化 urban greenirng,urban planting 栽种植物以改善城市环境的活动。

2.0.5 城中绿地 urban green space2.0.13 日照标准insolation standards根据建筑物所处的气候区、城市大小和建筑物的使用性质确定的,在规定的日照标准日(冬至日或大寒日)的有效日照时间范围内,以底层窗台面为计算起点的建筑外窗获得的日照时间。

2.0.1 城市用地竖向规划 vertical planning on urban field城市开发建设地区(或地段),为满足道路交通、地面排水、建筑布置和城市景观等方面的综合要求,对自然地形进行利用、改造,确定坡度、控制高程和平衡土石方等而进行的规划设计。

2.0.2 高程 elevation以大地水准作为基准面,并作零点(水准原点)起算地面各测量点的垂直高度。

2.0.7 平坡式 tiny slope style用地经改造成为平缓斜坡的规划地面形式。

2.0.8 台阶式 stage style用地经改造成为阶梯式的规划地面形式。

2.0.9 混合式 comprehensive style用地经改造成平坡和台阶相结合的规划地面形式。

2.0.10 台地 stage台阶式用地中每块阶梯的用地。

2.0.1 办公建筑 office building供机关、团体和企事业单位办理行政事务和从事各类业务活动的建筑物。

2.0.2 公寓式办公楼 apartment-office building由统一物业管理,根据使用要求,可由一种或数种平面单元组成。

单元内设有办公、会客空间和卧室、厨房和厕所等房间的办公楼。

2.0.3 酒店式办公楼 hoteL-office building提供酒店式服务和管理的办公楼。

2.0.4 综合楼 multiple-use building由两种及两种以上用途的楼层组成的公共建筑。

2.0.8商住楼 business–living building底部商业营业厅与住宅组成的高层建筑。

2.0.11高级住宅 high–grade residence建筑装修标准高和设有空气调节系统的住宅。

2.0.5 商务写字楼 business office budilding在统一的物业管理下,以商务为主,由一种或数种单元办公平面组成的租赁办公建筑。

2.0.17 商业服务网点 commercial serving cubby2.0.11 场地平整 field engineering使用地达到建设工程所需的平整要求的工程处理过程。

2.0.12 坡比值 grade of side slope两控制点间垂直高差与其水平距离的比值。

2.0.3 住宅单元 residential building unit由多套住宅组成的建筑部分,该部分内的住户可通过共用楼梯和安全出口进行疏散。

2.0.4 套 dwelling space由使用面积、居住空间组成的基本住宅单位。

2.0.7 公共绿地public green space满足规定的日照要求、适合于安排游憩活动设施的、供居民共享的集中绿地。

2.0.14 层高storey height建筑物各层之间以楼、地面面层(完成面)计算的垂直距离,屋顶层由该层楼面面层(完成面)至平屋面的结构面层或至坡顶的结构面层与外墙外皮延长线的交点计算的垂直距离。

2,0.15 室内净高interior net storey height从楼、地面面层(完成面)至吊顶或楼盖、屋盖底面之间的有效使用空间的垂直距离。

2.0.16 地下室basement房间地平面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/2者为地下室。

2.0.17 半地下室semi-basement房间地平面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/3,且不超过1/2者为半地下室。

2.0.18 设备层mechanical floor建筑物中专为设置暖通、空调、给水排水和配变电等的设备和管道且供人员进入操作用的空间层。

2.0.2 自然层floor按楼板、地板结构分层的楼层。

2.0.20 架空层 open floor仅有结构支撑而无外围护结构的开敞空间层。

2.0.9 建筑物通道 passage为道路穿过建筑物而设置的建筑空间。

2.0.10 架空走廊 bridge way建筑物与建筑物之间,在二层或二层以上专门为水平交通设置的走廊。

2.0.21 台阶 step在室外或室内的地坪或楼层不同标高处设置的供人行走的阶梯。

2.0.22 坡道 ramp连接不同标高的楼面、地面,供人行或车行的斜坡式交通道。

2.0.16 阳台 balcony供使用者进行活动和晾晒衣物的建筑空间。

2.0.18 雨篷 canopy设置在建筑物进出口上部的遮雨、遮阳篷。

2.0.23 飘窗 bay window为房间采光和美化造型而设置的突出外墙的窗。

2.0.24 骑楼 overhang楼层部分跨在人行道上的临街楼房。

2.0.1裙房 skirt building2.0.2建筑高度 building altitude2.0.32 采光daylighting为保证人们生活、工作或生产活动具有适宜的光环境,使建筑物内部使用空间取得的天然光照度满足使用、安全、舒适、美观等要求的技术。

2.0.35 通风ventilation为保证人们生活、工作或生产活动具有适宜的空气环境,采用自然或机械方法,对建筑物内部使用空间进行换气,使空气质量满足卫生、安全、舒适等要求的技术。

2.1.1 建筑边坡 building slope在建(构)筑物场地或其周边,由于建(构)筑物和市政工程开挖或填筑施工所形成的人工边坡和对建(构)筑物安全或稳定有影响的自然边坡。

在本规范中简称边坡。

2.1.4 永久性边坡 pennanent slope使用年限超过2年的边坡。

2.1.5 临时性边坡 temporary slope使用年限不超过2年的边坡2.0.8 疏散出口 evacuation exit用于人员离开某一区域至另一区域的出口。

2.0.9 安全出口 safe exit通向避难走道、防烟楼梯间和室外的疏散出口。

2.0.10 疏散走道 evacuation walk用于人员疏散通行至安全出口或相邻防火分区的走道。

2.0.11 避难走道 fire-protection evacuation walk设置有防烟等设施,用于人员安全通行至室外出口的疏散走道。

2.0.12 防烟楼梯间 smoke prevention staircase在每层楼梯间和主体建筑之间设置有专用防烟设施,能达到防烟目的的楼梯间。

2.0.14 设计使用年限design working life设计规定的结构或结构构件不需进行大修即可按其预定目的使用的时期。

住宅术语:2.0.1 住宅residential buildings供家庭居住使用的建筑。

2.0.2 套型dwelling size按不同使用面积、居住空间组成的成套住宅类型。

2.0.3 居住空间habitable space系指卧室、起居室(厅)的使用空间。

2.0.4 卧室bed room供居住者睡眠、休息的空间。

2.0.5起居室(厅)living room供居住者会客、娱乐、团聚等活动的空间。

2.0.6厨房kitchen供居住者进行炊事活动的空间。

2.0.7卫生间bathroom供居住者进行便溺、洗浴、盥洗等活动的空间。

2.0.8使用面积usable area房间实际能使用的面积,不包括墙、柱等结构构造和保温层的面积。

2.0.9标准层typical floor平面布置相同的住宅楼层。

2.0.10层高storey height上下两层楼面或楼面与地面之间的垂直距离。

2.0.11室内净高interior net storey height楼面或地面至上部楼板底面或吊顶底面之间的垂直距离。

2.0.12阳台balcony供居住者进行室外活动、晾晒衣物等的空间。

2.0.13平台terrace供居住者进行室外活动的上人屋面或由住宅底层地面伸出室外的部分。

2.0.14过道passage住宅套内使用的水平交通空间。

2.0.15壁柜cabinet住宅套内与墙壁结合而成的落地贮藏空间。

2.0.16吊柜wall-hung cupboard住宅套内上部的贮藏空间。

2.0.17跃层住宅duplex apartment套内空间跨跃两楼层及以上的住宅。

2.0.18自然层数natural storeys按楼板、地板结构分层的楼层数。

2.0.19中间层middle-floor底层和最高住户入口层之间的楼层。

2.0.20单元式高层住宅tall building of apartment由多个住宅单元组合而成,每单元均设有楼梯、电梯的高层住宅。

2.0.21塔式高层住宅apartment of tower building以共用楼梯、电梯为核心布置多套住房的高层住宅。

2.0.22通廊式高层住宅gallery tall building of apartment以共用楼梯、电梯通过内、外廊进入各套住房的高层住宅。

2.0.23走廊gallery住宅套外使用权的水平交通空间。

2.0.24地下室basement房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/2者。

2.0.25半地下室semi-basement房间地面低于室外地面的高度超过该房间净高的1/3,且不超过1/2者。

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