雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析
雅思写作7分官方评分标准解析
Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school.Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? Foreign languages have increasingly gained popularity among students these years, given that the world is shrinking and each country now has a more frequent contact with the outside world. Many people[c1]argue that children should begin learning a foreign language at elementary school, instead of waiting until [c2] they enter secondary school. There are several reasons for this.Firstly, despite the fact that parents do not want to put too much pressure on their children, they also do not want them to lose at the starting line. This means, if the kids start to learn a foreign language early, their parents are relieved from the thought that their kids will have to catch up later on, which is true to some extent.On the other hand, it is scientifically proved that children tend to learn a language faster before the age of 12. As far as I know, my friends who started to learn English when they were six or seven now have a much more satisfactory English level than those who started at12 or 13. So it is wise to have foreign language course in primary school curriculum.Additionally, learning a foreign language at an earlier age can lay children a solid foundation for future studying.Rather than just learning a language itself, children learn a lot more about the learning methods. As a result, when they enter secondary school, they can explore more languages and enrich their knowledge by extensive readings.The only disadvantage of learning a foreign language at primary school might be one more course and pressure. However,primary schools can introduce advanced teaching methods to tackle this problem,such as playing games and role play, and ensure that children can enjoy the language learning process.In conclusion, the advantages of learning foreign languages at primary school rather than secondary school outweigh the disadvantages.注释：[c1]people 和expert是有区别的，注意看题目指的是哪类人[c2]tilTotal: (6.5+6.5+7+7.5)/4=7分Task response 6.5 分1. address all parts of the task 7分首先列举的advantages，然后提出disadvantage，紧接着驳斥了这个disadvantage。
用雅思评分标准解决在雅思写作中出现的问题
这一次我们来看看上海环球雅思令狐敬老师带来的雅思写作的另一个重要的评分标准，coherence and cohesion。
这个评分标准要求学生作文要有连贯性，这个连贯性是指，不仅每一个段落之间，句子与句子之间从表面上要有明显的连接性，每一个观点之间也应该有逻辑连贯性，从而使得整篇文章都有一个连贯性，相关性和完整性，简单说，就是从句子开始，到段落，最后一篇文章的开头段，结尾段，都要有内在明显的联系。
考试官网中雅思考试写作评分标准（公众版）给出考生们一些提示，比如注重整个文章的结构，并且用一些连接词等。
首先，说到文章的总体结构，为了能让读者更容易理解作者的观点，都推荐同学们要分段，一般一个段落一个内容，无论大小作文，都最好从意义上分清段落。
比如（1）小作文（一般4个部分）：第一部分introduction，介绍大概图表给出的主要话题。
第二部分overview，所谓的，概括介绍段，介绍一些图形中看到的主要变化趋势。
第三部分details，其实可以根据具体的情况，写成分开的两段去表述，把具体的数据代入。
第四部分summary，最后一个简短的总结。
这样一个完整的结构更容易帮助读者理解。
其实这四个部分内容都写到了，第一个评分标准也就自然达到了。
（2）大作文（一般分为3个部分，5个段落）第一部分：introduction 文章背景话题简单介绍第二部分：body parts 这个部分建议同学们分次3个段落描写，容易从内容上给出作者的倾向。
第三部分：conclusion 同样也需要一个结尾，总结一下整篇文章的提到的重要观点。
分段是给考官的第一印象，因此这个非常重要。
另外一点，是与我们中文的议论文考试不太一样，虽然说都是议论文，但是，我们大多以描述为主，不会太在意句子上一句与下一句的逻辑联系。
另外，我们通常喜欢描述很多意见点，最后再把以上说的给出一个总结，这恰好与英文学术写作的顺序不太一样。
反之把总结的这一句话当作论点和主要观点先写在每一段的开头句。
雅思大作文-评分标准之“CoherenceandCohesion”逻辑连贯性
雅思⼤作⽂-评分标准之“CoherenceandCohesion”逻辑连贯性雅思⼤作⽂－评分标准之“Coherence and Cohesion”逻辑连贯性事实上，上⼀次我们已经，提到了过⽂章应该有连接性，Coherence and Cohesion, 简单解释就是－逻辑连贯性，（还记得这个图吗？好⽂章是环环相扣的，就像看故事⼀样，要交代事情如何发展，不然读者会有什么感受呢？）⾔归正传，要保持逻辑连贯，上次提过的解决⽅案P(point)-E(explanation)-E(examples): 写每⼀个段落时先给出主要观点，然后给原因解释说明，最后给⼀个具体例⼦。
－段落内逻辑连接所以事实上，考官主要考察⼤家的以下⼏个⽅⾯：1.Paragraph 段内逻辑连接2.Logical organization of essay ⽂章逻辑结构3.Cohesive devices need to be used well 连接⼿法4.Punctuation 标点符号我们来看具体如何做到考官的要求：1.Paragraph 段内逻辑连接：⽂章⼀般都要分段，每⼀段有清晰的中⼼观点，使⽤相关的观点⽀持主要观点。
（我们之前提过，这⾥就不做过多解释。
）Solution：这是⼀个考官给同学们的解决⽅案：‘ Make sure that each paragraph is about one idea. In the planning stage make sure you have enough to say about an idea before you start writing about it. This means that you may choose the ideas that are easiest to write about andnot the ones that are the most intelligent.’确保⼀个段落就⼀个主要观点，在开始审题的阶段就把能想到的观点罗列出来，另外，强调⼀点，应该把你最有把握的观点写下，⽽不是你认为能吸引考官眼球的例⼦（词汇⽤错了，便可能弄巧成拙），要记住，雅思考试是⼀个语⾔测试，不是智⼒测试。
雅思大作文四项评分标准 考官这样解释.doc
雅思大作文四项评分标准考官这样解释是需要雅思成绩的，今天我整理了雅思大作文四项评分标准的相关内容，有需要的同学们赶紧来阅读看看，希望对你有帮助。
1、Task response 即对应题目要求。
简单来说，就是不能偏题。
要回答题目要求你回答的内容。
要求有明确观点，根据题目要求来写，所举的例子都要能论证观点的。
英国作业写作对于本篇作文，考官的观点如下：As I mentioned above， misunderstanding the task （or you understand the task； however， your writing impede the communication） will affect this score.You also need to further develop your answer by giving explanations.（正如之前提到的，你对题目的理解有些偏差，或者说你理解了题目，但是你写出来的文章却有跑题之嫌。
此外，你还需要更深入、更清楚的解释你的观点，可以借助举例来详细的解释你的观点。
）2、Coherence & Cohesion 连贯性和逻辑。
逻辑性就是要求因果之间有较为直接的联系，不要跳跃性的思维。
这点是很多中国考生所忽略的，一定要是直接的原因或者结果才能紧跟其后。
而连贯性的要求就要使用恰当适合的连词，使得文章的联系更为紧密。
这篇文章考官认为：Cohesion of your essay is okay； however， cohesive devices should be used wisely and also need to examine the suggestion I gave to you in your preceding essay， as you made the same mistake again.（这篇文章的逻辑连贯性还算OK，但是连接词的使用还需提高，用法上应该更广泛，更准确。
雅思写作评分细则
雅思写作评分细则雅思考试的写作答题卡上,无论是TASK 1还是TASK 2，最后的考官评分专栏上(EXAMINER'S USE ONLY)都是从TR\CC\LR\GRA四方面来评定的，每项分别为0-9分，最后算出一个平均分。
之后两位考官的评分相加后再平均。
如，某位考生的TASK2 ，EXAMINER1评分：TR6 CC6 LR 6 GRA 5 该位考官评分为5.75 最终此得分6分;EXAMINER2 评分：TR6 CC6 LR5 GRA5 该位考官评份 5.5 最终得分 5.5分。
该位考生的TASK2 最终得分(6+5.5)/2=5.75晋升为6分。
该例表明，考生作文的评价必须从四方面综合评价给分，不能有所偏颇。
而如果有一项得分两位考官之间有歧义的话，以高分为准。
当然如果有两至三项阅卷人有歧义的话，分值可能会相差半分，一般最多相差一分。
官方公布了0-9分的详细评分描述，是否这些信息足以让阅卷者做出准确客观的评价呢?我们来看目前中国考生最常见的分数段5-7分的评分描述。
TASK ACHIEVEMENT 是TASK1的任务完成情况。
我们来细看这三个分数段的差异。
第一条：requirements of the task7分描述：cover;6分描述：address;5分描述：generally address这项限定词究竟有何差别，官方不曾给出更多的描述，因而该项描述判断必然存在一定的模糊性和主观性。
第二条：(Academic)overview7分描述：clear/main trends,differences or stages6分描述：information appropriately selected5分描述：recounts detail mechanically /no clear /no data to support the description此条评分描述判断起来就明确多了——有主要趋势、差异和阶段的给7分，机械列举数据或完全没有数据的得5分。
解读官方评分标准：提高雅思写作水平
IELTS备考资料杭州朗思教育解读官方评分标准：提高雅思写作水平很多考生在准备雅思考试的时候不知道如何着手，对雅思考试中写作的要求和文章的结构也知之甚少。
然而所有的要求都是有据可循的，秘密就在雅思官方评分标准中。
为了方便同学们更好地进行雅思备考，下面为大家准备了解读官方评分标准提高雅思写作水平，正在雅思备考的你可千万别错过以下内容哦。
很多考生在准备雅思考试的时候不知道如何着手，对雅思考试中写作的要求和文章的结构也知之甚少。
然而所有的要求都是有据可循的，秘密就在雅思官方评分标准中。
写出好文章就要剖析这些条条框框，理出头绪总结出框架这篇文章将以7分评分为准，以6分标准为鉴，向各位考生同学讲述如何正确解读雅思写作要求并写出高质量的文章。
在四项评分标准中，具有决定性意义的是“任务回答”（Task response）。
它是给文章定性的依据，是文章取得高分的前提。
很多考生把它理解为不跑题不偏题，固然正确，因为7分标准里第一条是address all parts of the task，但是task response的含义远不止于此。
第二小项是present a central position throughout the response, 这是在明白所问问题之后，锁定题干中的关键词，每一段都指向问题。
重点在于中心句的设定要和问题中关键词直接对应。
那么应该如何写段落，不要着急，请看第三小项presents, extends and supports main ideas。
这三个动词应该分别对应段落里的每一句话实现特定的功能，如present topic sentence, extend topic sentence by explanation, support explanation by examples等。
通过这样的方式可以写出合格的分论点辅以严谨的论证方式，指向中心论点。
我们把task response看作是定性的标准，因为如果在这一项上出现偏差就会导致整篇文章质量的下降。
雅思大作文评分标准
雅思大作文评分标准雅思作文怎么评分?下面为你介绍雅思大作文评分标准。
雅思大作文评分标准Task Fulfillment (完成任务)G类：书信作文应该完成书信的使命，题目里的每一项要求都不可或缺。
A类：图表作文应该在对于图表所给出的数据进行分析的基础上指出图表的总体趋势和走向，并点明与总趋势不相吻合的特殊之处，而且还要有数据的支持Coherence and Cohesion (连贯与衔接)文章通过一定的衔接手段(Cohesive Devices)来表明上下文的连贯性(Coherence)。
衔接手段，或叫语篇纽带，经常用的有(logical)逻辑、(grammatical) 语法和(semantic)语义三方面的连接词(connectors)Vocabulary and Sentence Structure (词汇和句子构成)文章的语言表达。
5分或5分以下的作文一般语法错误较多。
6分作文则一般没有致命的语法错误，用词和句子基本准确。
而7分以上的作文用词丰富(Variety)、句子结构复杂(Complexity)。
雅思写作注意事项雅思写作的评分标准和雅思口语评分标准类似。
也是分项式评分(analyticalscoring)。
也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个分数，而是根据具体的评分细则分项给分，最后得分是分项的平均分。
但是目前雅思官方并没有给出具体的评分标准，只是一个大概范围。
小编从网络上查询若干资料以及咨询了很多雅思写作老师，都没有明确的详细的评分标准(与雅思口语评分标准对比)。
最后我整理了目前比较详尽的评分标准，以供大家参考。
目前网络上无论说雅思作文是三方面还是四方面评分标准，但是整体上是差不多的，只不过是把评分标准细化而已，那我就把雅思写作评分标准选定为四方面。
雅思大作文四个评分标准英文
雅思大作文四个评分标准英文1. Task Achievement: This criterion assesses how well you address the task and present a clear position throughout your essay. You need to fully respond to the prompt, develop your ideas logically, and support your arguments with relevant examples and evidence. Make sure to stay on topic and avoid going off on tangents.2. Coherence and Cohesion: This criterion looks at the organization of your essay and how well your ideas flow from one paragraph to the next. You should use a variety of cohesive devices such as linking words, pronouns, and transitional phrases to connect your ideas and create a smooth progression of thoughts. Your essay should be well-structured with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.3. Lexical Resource: This criterion assesses your vocabulary range and accuracy. You should use a variety of vocabulary, including both common and academic words, to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid repeating the same words or phrases and demonstrate an ability to use collocations and idiomatic expressions appropriately.Additionally, pay attention to word forms and spelling to show a good command of English vocabulary.4. Grammatical Range and Accuracy: This criterion looks at your ability to use a variety of grammatical structures accurately. You should demonstrate a good understanding of sentence structure, verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and other grammatical features. Avoid making frequent errors in grammar, punctuation, and sentence construction. Try to use complex sentences, passive voice, and conditional structures to show a high level of grammatical proficiency.1. 任务完成度：这一标准评估了您如何应对任务并在整篇文章中明确表达立场。
学位英语作文评分标准及评分细则
学位英语作文评分标准及评分细则{z}Degree English Essay Scoring Criteria and DetailsIntroduction:The degree English essay is an essential component of English language assessment for students pursuing higher education.This document outlines the scoring criteria and detailed scoring guidelines for evaluating the degree English essays.I.Scoring Criteria:The degree English essay is assessed based on the following criteria:1.Task Achievement (30%): This criterion evaluates the extent to which the student has addressed the essay prompt and fulfilled the requirements of the task.2.Coherence and Cohesion (35%): This criterion assesses the organization, structure, and logical flow of the essay.It includes the use of cohesive devices, paragraphing, and unity.3.Lexical Resource (20%): This criterion measures the student"s vocabulary range, accuracy, and the appropriate use of words in the context of the essay.4.Grammatical Range and Accuracy (15%): This criterion evaluates the student"s command of English grammar, including the variety of sentence structures, tense, and aspect usage, as well as the accuracy of grammatical structures.II.Scoring Details:1.Task Achievement:- The essay should clearly respond to the prompt and present a well-focused argument or discussion.- The essay should address all necessary aspects of the topic and provide relevant examples or evidence to support the main points.- Each main point should be clearly developed and supported with adequate details.2.Coherence and Cohesion:- The essay should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.- The use of cohesive devices, such as conjunctions and transitional phrases, should enhance the flow and readability of the essay.- Paragraphs should be well-structured, and each paragraph should have a main idea or topic sentence.3.Lexical Resource:- The essay should demonstrate a wide range of vocabulary, with words used appropriately in the context.- The use of synonyms and idiomatic expressions is encouraged to showcase variety and precision in language use.- The essay should be free from significant vocabulary errors.4.Grammatical Range and Accuracy:- The essay should demonstrate a mix of simple and complexsentence structures, demonstrating the student"s ability to vary sentence length and structure.- The use of different tenses and aspects should be accurate and appropriate for the context.- The essay should be free from grammatical errors that hinder understanding.III.Scoring Rubric:The degree English essay will be scored on a scale of 0 to 100, with the distribution as follows:- Task Achievement: 30 points- Coherence and Cohesion: 35 points- Lexical Resource: 20 points- Grammatical Range and Accuracy: 15 pointsConclusion:The degree English essay scoring criteria and details provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating students" English language proficiency in academic writing.By adhering to these guidelines, essay assessors can ensure a fair and consistent scoring process, promoting accurate reflection of students" abilities.。
雅思写作中的“cohesion”到底是什么？如何提升？
雅思写作中的“cohesion”到底是什么？如何提升？Coherence and Cohesion（简称CC）作为雅思写作四大评分标准之一, 相信大家都不会陌生；但实际来说，很多同学并不真正理解Cohesion 到底是什么（Coherence 我们放到以后谈）。
根据官方解释：Cohesion refers to the way ideas are connected and is usually managed by using linking words.想必大家都注意到了linking words。
于是不少同学都误以为linking words 就是把however, on the other hand 等 transition signals（过渡词）用上就可以了, 这的确是其中一部分。
▼比如在表达对比时写上in comparison，给出例子时写for instance，下结论时写to conclude 等等。
这些确实都没有问题，但这不是全部。
Linking 还包括 referencing by using pronouns（代词指代）和using substitution（同义替换）。
▼请记住，三个方面 1. transition signals2. referencing by using pronouns3. using substitution下面是剑桥雅思15第135页考官对一篇7分文章的评语，可以得到很好的印证。
▼今天我们只说 transition signals 的问题，2和3放到后面再跟大家展开。
下面是考官评语中提到的文章，为了减少阅读时间，只给出了两个段落，段落讨论的话题是：Advertising is so common that we no longer pay attention to it.7分文章▼Advertisements can act as a strong persuasion device to seemingly hypnotize people into buying goods and services. This is so because of the tactics placed in the messages, such as showing people having a good time together when using a particular product, using bandwagen, showing only the upsides of usage, and applying compare and contrast strategies to show the effects of using the product and make it stand out. Even if people do not know it, these messages are repeated several times and soon it may brainwash people to finally go out and get the product. For instance, if a person is watching television and sees a certain advertisement of a snack many times, the repeatedsight of the scrumptious food may result in that person feeling hungry and succumbing to the advertisement at last.In conclusion, advertisements can be successful in persuading people to purchase goods and services, or they can be unsuccessful in many ways. They are very commonly seen nowadays, but not all of them fulfill their purpose. Thus, advertisements must be designed and presented in the correct way to result in the highest effectiveness.大家可以看到，过渡词的使用是非常充分和准确的。
Cohesive Devices_在雅思写作中,什么样的连接方式才是真正有效的连接方式？
Cohesive DevicesCoherenceWhen sentences, ideas, and details fit together clearly, readers can follow along easily, and the writing is coherent. The ideas tie together smoothly and clearly. To establish the links that readers1. Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase核心词重复This helps to focus your ideas and to keep your reader on track.Example: The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.2. Synonyms同义词替换Synonyms are words that have essentially the same meaning, and they provide some variety in your word choices, helping the reader to stay focused on the idea being discussed.Example：Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.3. Pronouns 代词的使用This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they,and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.Example: When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.4. Transitional Words (Linking Words/Linkers) 连接词There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. See below for a table of transitional words. There you'll find lists of words such as however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover, etc.Example: I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.Note that transitional words have meaning and are not just used at beginnings of sentences. They can also be used to show relationships between different parts of the same sentence. As mentioned above they cue readers to relationships between sentences/clauses. If you use the wrong transitional word then you confuse your reader.It would be better if you didn’t use any transitional word rather than the wrong one. Furthermore you do not need a transitional word at the beginning of each sentence. Good writers rarely use them as they achieve coherence by using other techniques. Many students overuse transitional words.5. Sentence Patterns句型重复、平行句子结构Sometimes, repeated or parallel sentence patterns can help the reader follow along and keep ideas tied together.Example :( from a speech by President John F. Kennedy)And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America can do for you; ask what together we can do for the freedom of man.。
雅思作文task2评分标准
雅思作文task2评分标准英文回答：The IELTS Writing Task 2 is assessed based on four criteria: Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource, and Grammatical Range and Accuracy. Eachcriterion carries equal weightage and is scored on a scale of 0-9.Task Achievement refers to how well you have addressed the prompt and fulfilled the requirements of the task. To score well in this criterion, it is important to clearly present your ideas, support them with relevant examples, and provide a well-structured essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Make sure to stay on topic and avoid going off on tangents.Coherence and Cohesion assesses the overall organization and coherence of your essay. This includes the logical progression of ideas, the use of cohesive devicessuch as transition words and phrases, and the appropriate use of paragraphing. It is important to have a clear and logical flow of ideas throughout the essay.Lexical Resource evaluates your vocabulary and word choice. To score well in this criterion, you should demonstrate a wide range of vocabulary, including both common and academic words. Use idiomatic expressions and collocations to add depth and variety to your writing. Avoid repetitive words and phrases, and try to use synonyms and paraphrasing to show your lexical resource.Grammatical Range and Accuracy focuses on your ability to use a variety of sentence structures and grammatical constructions accurately. To score well in this criterion, you should demonstrate a good command of grammar, including the accurate use of tenses, subject-verb agreement, and sentence structures. Avoid making frequent grammatical errors and use complex sentences to showcase your grammatical range.中文回答：雅思写作任务2的评分标准主要包括四个方面，任务完成度、连贯性与衔接、词汇资源和语法的广度与准确性。
雅思写作评分标准英文版
雅思写作评分标准英文版英文回答：The IELTS Writing Task is scored according to the following four criteria:Task Achievement (TA)。
Response is fully relevant to the topic.Completes the task.Coherence and Cohesion (CC)。
Cohesive devices are used accurately and appropriately.Paragraphs are well-organized and logically sequenced.Ideas flow smoothly and coherently.Lexical Resource (LR)。
Range of vocabulary is appropriate to the task.Vocabulary is used accurately and appropriately.Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA)。
Range of grammatical structures is appropriate to the task.Grammatical structures are used accurately and appropriately.中文回答：雅思写作评分标准。
雅思写作分为Task 1和Task 2，评分标准如下：Task Achievement（任务完成度）。
回答是否与题目相关。
是否完成写作任务。
Coherence and Cohesion（连贯性和衔接性）。
使用连词是否准确得体。
段落组织是否清晰合理。
观点是否流畅连贯。
Lexical Resource（词汇资源）。
词汇量是否符合任务要求。
词汇使用是否准确得体。
Grammatical Range and Accuracy（语法范围和准确性）。
雅思写作捷径透析雅思写作评分规则
SCORE: 5
This answer is less than 250 words and it does not address all parts of the question, so it loses marks.
2. 还原雅思考官评分过程
2. 还原雅思考官评分过程
The first reason for universities should provide these knowledge and skill is the students’ needs. Obviously, the most of the students go to university purpose of is to get some knowledge and skills which could make them have the ability to get a job. If a university does not provide these knowledge and skills, the students might not get a job and they would be very disappointed. As a result, the university would lose its students.
2. 还原雅思考官评分过程
Moreover, providing knowledge and skills needed in the workplace maks a university progress. The new skills and information always are initiated in the workplace, so focusing on the needs of the workplace the university could get sound strategies to do research and make it more mordenization.
雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析
雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。
这一项是涉及要点最多，却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。
该项目涉及三大要点：文章信息点安排（information and ideas organization）、衔接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。
本文将重点关注该项目中所提到的Cohesive Device:（衔接手段）。
Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文：Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use6分第二条原文为：Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;6分第三条提到：May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately与之对应的5分第二条为：Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices5 分第三条为：May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出，referencing（指代关系）和substitution （替代）都是cohesive device（衔接手段）的表现，而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。
那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device（衔接手段）究竟是什么呢？Cohesive Device:（衔接手段）定义：能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。
雅思学术类写作评分标准
•Task Tesponse • 回答问题充分性 •Coherence and Cohesion •连贯和连接
•Lexical Range •词汇量 •Grammatical Range and Accuracy •语法点和准确性
Task Response (Band 5) 回答问题充分性 （5分） addresses the task only partially; the format may be inappropriate in places 只部分地涉及题目；某些地方的样式不对 expresses a position but the development is not always clear and there may be no conclusions drawn. 表达了一个立场或假设，但是后续展开并不总是清晰的，而且可能 会没有一个后续的结论 presents some main ideas but these are limited and not sufficiently developed; there may be irrelevant detail 提出了一些主要的观点所在，但是有些局限并且没有足够地展开； 可能会出现一些与题目无关的细节
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雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析
在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。
这一项是涉及要点最多，却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。
该项目涉及三大要点：文章信息点安排（information and ideas organization）、衔接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。
本文将重点关注该项目中所提到的Cohesive Device:（衔接手段）。
Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文：
Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use
6分第二条原文为：
Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
6分第三条提到：
May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
与之对应的5分第二条为：
Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
5 分第三条为：
May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution
由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出，referencing（指代关系）和substitution （替代）都是cohesive device（衔接手段）的表现，而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。
那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device（衔接手段）究竟是什么呢？
Cohesive Device:（衔接手段）定义：
能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。
逻辑关系主要涉及：并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举列。
具体来看，可分成以下三类：
Lexical aspect:（词汇方面）
Linking word（连词）：
并列或递进关系：and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
让步或转折关系：but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等
因果关系：because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
举例：like
Linking phrase(短语)：
并列或递进关系：not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that
让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of，It is true that…;
因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case
举例：for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
Adverb (副词)：
并列或递进关系：additionally; similarly; alternatively;
让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly
因果关系: consequently; eventually;
举例：especially;
Reference(代词)：
They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等
（句法）Syntax:
Punctuation (标点符号)：
并列或递进关系：分号
同位、举例：冒号；破折号；括号
Clause (各种从句)：主句的信息为重点信息；从句信息为次要信息
Unnoticeable cohesive device(高级连接手段)
Rhetorical purpose: （修辞)
排比：并列关系
Substitution/paraphrasing(同义转换)：用词性转换、近义词、下义词、等有关联的信息来重复重点信息。
这是获得7分以上高分的重要标志。
很多学生总是抱怨自己词汇量小，思路打不开。
或是背了一大堆的词汇，真到考试就用不上了。
或是写了一堆语言，但中心论点不明确。
其实，如果一个段落的每一句话，都能出现要点信息，文章就会很容易读懂，并给人浑然一体的感觉。
为了让读者更好的理解这一高级的连接手段，我们来做一个小小的练习。
中心话题为Disaster，要求说出的短语，单词必须要能让人联想到该主题。
我们可以有以下几种思路：
词性转换: disastrous; disastrously
近义词：catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
下义词：
disaster→
natural disaster →
flood; tsunami; earthquake→
quake-scattered area→
victims→the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless→orphan; the old without any family members;
survivor; survival
rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
condolence; mourn
通过这种思维方式，我们还可以想出很多能体现“灾难“的语言。
尤其是下义词的有效使用，即可掩盖词汇量不大的缺陷，还可以让文章生动，说理性强。
官方给出的高分文章也可以体现这一特点。
Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the ‘realities’ of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.（53words）
引自IELTS Scores Explained DVD
（/general_pages/media_centre/ielts_scores_explained_d vd.aspx）
Cohesive device:
通过同意转换和代词的使用，该段每句话主语紧扣题目主题信息：children from poor families,
Children of poor parents；These children；Their parents
句子之间没用使用明显的连词或连接短语，但通过problems of adult life; the ‘realities’ of life; parents own struggles’凸显该段分论点“生活艰难“另外，首句中的‘prematurely’由第二句的‘begin to’第三句的‘serve an example’对应，使得该段的信息环环相扣，读起来浑然一体。
该段使用最突出的”cohesive device”是信息对应。
即用下义词，反义词等与主题句的分论点相关的各种具体形像化和相关性的词来展开论证。
这是paraphrasing的最高表现。
也是确保“cohesion”的最佳方案。
以上是笔者对“cohesive device(衔接手段)”的一些新的认识，并在课堂教学中进行了初步的尝试。
尤其是同义转换中通过下义词来强调文章中心论点的思维方式，让不少学生不再畏惧无话可写的困境。